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United States Agency for International Development - Wikipedia
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id="toc-Disaster_relief" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disaster_relief"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Disaster relief</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disaster_relief-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poverty_relief" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poverty_relief"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Poverty relief</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poverty_relief-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Global issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._national_interests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._national_interests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>U.S. national interests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._national_interests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Socioeconomic_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Socioeconomic_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Socioeconomic development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Socioeconomic_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modes_of_assistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modes_of_assistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Modes of assistance</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modes_of_assistance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modes of assistance subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modes_of_assistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Technical_assistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technical_assistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Technical assistance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technical_assistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financial_assistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial_assistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Financial assistance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financial_assistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Organization</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Organization subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Country_development_programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Country_development_programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Country development programs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Country_development_programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-USAID/Washington" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#USAID/Washington"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>USAID/Washington</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-USAID/Washington-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Staffing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Staffing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Staffing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Staffing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-USAID_field_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#USAID_field_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>USAID field missions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-USAID_field_missions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle USAID field missions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-USAID_field_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Assistance_management_offices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assistance_management_offices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Assistance management offices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assistance_management_offices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Health_and_Family_Planning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_and_Family_Planning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Health and Family Planning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_and_Family_Planning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Democracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>Democracy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_Growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_Growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.5</span> <span>Economic Growth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_Growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_assistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_assistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.6</span> <span>Special assistance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_assistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Office_of_the_Mission_Director_and_the_Program_Office" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Office_of_the_Mission_Director_and_the_Program_Office"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>The Office of the Mission Director and the Program Office</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Office_of_the_Mission_Director_and_the_Program_Office-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contracting,_financial_management_and_management_offices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contracting,_financial_management_and_management_offices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Contracting, financial management and management offices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contracting,_financial_management_and_management_offices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contracting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contracting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Contracting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contracting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financial_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Financial management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financial_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Management</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assistance_projects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assistance_projects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Assistance projects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Assistance_projects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Assistance projects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Assistance_projects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Budget_support_to_a_government_agency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Budget_support_to_a_government_agency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Budget support to a government agency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Budget_support_to_a_government_agency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contract_for_technical_assistance_to_a_government_agency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contract_for_technical_assistance_to_a_government_agency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Contract for technical assistance to a government agency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contract_for_technical_assistance_to_a_government_agency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grant_to_finance_NGO_services_to_a_beneficiary_group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grant_to_finance_NGO_services_to_a_beneficiary_group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Grant to finance NGO services to a beneficiary group</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grant_to_finance_NGO_services_to_a_beneficiary_group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grant_to_international_NGOs_for_technical_assistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grant_to_international_NGOs_for_technical_assistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Grant to international NGOs for technical assistance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grant_to_international_NGOs_for_technical_assistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_mechanisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_mechanisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Other mechanisms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_mechanisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Budget_agreements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Budget_agreements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.1</span> <span>Budget agreements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Budget_agreements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cases_of_integration_with_U.S._military_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cases_of_integration_with_U.S._military_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.2</span> <span>Cases of integration with U.S. military operations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cases_of_integration_with_U.S._military_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Before_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Before_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Before World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Before_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Institutionalization_of_American_development_aid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institutionalization_of_American_development_aid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Institutionalization of American development aid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Institutionalization_of_American_development_aid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maturation_of_American_development-assistance_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maturation_of_American_development-assistance_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Maturation of American development-assistance institutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maturation_of_American_development-assistance_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Post-war_foreign_aid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_foreign_aid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.1</span> <span>Post-war foreign aid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war_foreign_aid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korean_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korean_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.2</span> <span>Korean War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korean_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eisenhower_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eisenhower_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.3</span> <span>Eisenhower administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eisenhower_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resolving_debate_over_foreign_aid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resolving_debate_over_foreign_aid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.4</span> <span>Resolving debate over foreign aid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resolving_debate_over_foreign_aid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multilateral_Initiatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multilateral_Initiatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3.5</span> <span>Multilateral Initiatives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multilateral_Initiatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creation_of_USAID_and_Decade_of_Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creation_of_USAID_and_Decade_of_Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Creation of USAID and Decade of Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creation_of_USAID_and_Decade_of_Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Directions_Act" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Directions_Act"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>New Directions Act</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Directions_Act-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolving_organizational_linkages_with_the_State_Department" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolving_organizational_linkages_with_the_State_Department"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Evolving organizational linkages with the State Department</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolving_organizational_linkages_with_the_State_Department-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Budget" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Budget"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Budget</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Budget-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>By region</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-By_region-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle By region subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-By_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Haiti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haiti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Haiti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haiti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afghanistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afghanistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Afghanistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afghanistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iraq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Iraq</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iraq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lebanon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lebanon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Lebanon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lebanon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuba" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuba"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Cuba</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuba-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bolivia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bolivia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Bolivia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bolivia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.7</span> <span>East Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palestinian_territories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palestinian_territories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.8</span> <span>Palestinian territories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palestinian_territories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public–Private_Partnerships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public–Private_Partnerships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Public–Private Partnerships</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public–Private_Partnerships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies_and_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies_and_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Controversies and criticism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies_and_criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Controversies and criticism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies_and_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Non-career_contracts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-career_contracts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Non-career contracts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-career_contracts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financial_conflicts_of_interest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial_conflicts_of_interest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Financial conflicts of interest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financial_conflicts_of_interest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_operations_abroad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_operations_abroad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Political operations abroad</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_operations_abroad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_the_United_Nations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_the_United_Nations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Influence on the United Nations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_the_United_Nations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_Department_terrorist_list" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_Department_terrorist_list"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>State Department terrorist list</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_Department_terrorist_list-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renouncing_prostitution_and_sex_trafficking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renouncing_prostitution_and_sex_trafficking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.6</span> <span>Renouncing prostitution and sex trafficking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renouncing_prostitution_and_sex_trafficking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Involvement_in_Peru's_forced_sterilizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Involvement_in_Peru's_forced_sterilizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.7</span> <span>Involvement in Peru's forced sterilizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Involvement_in_Peru's_forced_sterilizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Office_of_Inspector_General_investigation_into_alleged_terror-linked_funding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Office_of_Inspector_General_investigation_into_alleged_terror-linked_funding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.8</span> <span>Office of Inspector General investigation into alleged terror-linked funding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Office_of_Inspector_General_investigation_into_alleged_terror-linked_funding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">United States Agency for International Development</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الوكالة الأمريكية للتنمية الدولية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الوكالة الأمريكية للتنمية الدولية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/AB%C5%9E_Beyn%C9%99lxalq_%C4%B0nki%C5%9Faf_Agentliyi" title="ABŞ Beynəlxalq İnkişaf Agentliyi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="ABŞ Beynəlxalq İnkişaf Agentliyi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A1" title="ইউএসএইড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইউএসএইড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%97%D0%A8%D0%90_%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BC_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%86%D1%86%D1%96" title="Агенцтва ЗША па міжнародным развіцці – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Агенцтва ЗША па міжнародным развіцці" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Американска агенция за международно развитие – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Американска агенция за международно развитие" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agentura_Spojen%C3%BDch_st%C3%A1t%C5%AF_americk%C3%BDch_pro_mezin%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_rozvoj" title="Agentura Spojených států amerických pro mezinárodní rozvoj – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Agentura Spojených států amerických pro mezinárodní rozvoj" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development" title="United States Agency for International Development – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="United States Agency for International Development" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development" title="United States Agency for International Development – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="United States Agency for International Development" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agencia_de_los_Estados_Unidos_para_el_Desarrollo_Internacional" title="Agencia de los Estados Unidos para el Desarrollo Internacional – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Agencia de los Estados Unidos para el Desarrollo Internacional" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usona_Agentejo_por_Internacia_Evoluo" title="Usona Agentejo por Internacia Evoluo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Usona Agentejo por Internacia Evoluo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%84%DB%8C" title="نمایندگی ایالات متحده آمریکا برای انکشاف بینالمللی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نمایندگی ایالات متحده آمریکا برای انکشاف بینالمللی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agence_des_%C3%89tats-Unis_pour_le_d%C3%A9veloppement_international" title="Agence des États-Unis pour le développement international – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Agence des États-Unis pour le développement international" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EA%B5%AD_%EA%B5%AD%EC%A0%9C%EA%B0%9C%EB%B0%9C%EC%B2%98" title="미국 국제개발처 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미국 국제개발처" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%84%D5%86_%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A6%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="ԱՄՆ Միջազգային զարգացման գործակալություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="ԱՄՆ Միջազգային զարգացման գործակալություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAID" title="USAID – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="USAID" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lembaga_Pembangunan_Internasional_Amerika_Serikat" title="Lembaga Pembangunan Internasional Amerika Serikat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lembaga Pembangunan Internasional Amerika Serikat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agenzia_degli_Stati_Uniti_per_lo_Sviluppo_Internazionale" title="Agenzia degli Stati Uniti per lo Sviluppo Internazionale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Agenzia degli Stati Uniti per lo Sviluppo Internazionale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%97_%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9F-%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99" title="הסוכנות האמריקנית לפיתוח בין-לאומי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הסוכנות האמריקנית לפיתוח בין-לאומי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A8-%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A8%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D" title="აშშ-ის საერთაშორისო განვითარების სააგენტო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აშშ-ის საერთაშორისო განვითარების სააგენტო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakala_wa_Kimarekani_kwa_Maendeleo_ya_Kimataifa" title="Wakala wa Kimarekani kwa Maendeleo ya Kimataifa – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Wakala wa Kimarekani kwa Maendeleo ya Kimataifa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agency_for_International_Development" title="Agency for International Development – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Agency for International Development" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A8_%E0%B4%8F%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF" title="അന്താരാഷ്ട്ര വികസന ഏജൻസി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അന്താരാഷ്ട്ര വികസന ഏജൻസി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%87_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الوكاله الامريكيه للتنميه الدوليه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الوكاله الامريكيه للتنميه الدوليه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%A3-%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%85%D3%A9%D0%B3%D0%B6%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="АНУ-ын Олон улсын хөгжлийн агентлаг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="АНУ-ын Олон улсын хөгжлийн агентлаг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development" title="United States Agency for International Development – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="United States Agency for International Development" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD%E5%9B%BD%E9%9A%9B%E9%96%8B%E7%99%BA%E5%BA%81" title="アメリカ合衆国国際開発庁 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アメリカ合衆国国際開発庁" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Agency_for_International_Development" title="U.S. Agency for International Development – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="U.S. Agency for International Development" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/AQSh_Xalqaro_taraqqiyot_agentligi" title="AQSh Xalqaro taraqqiyot agentligi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="AQSh Xalqaro taraqqiyot agentligi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88" title="یو ایس ایڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یو ایس ایڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%97%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%8A%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8B%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%8C%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8D%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%8D%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B7" title="ទីភ្នាក់ងារសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកសម្រាប់ការអភិវឌ្ឍន៍អន្តរជាតិ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ទីភ្នាក់ងារសហរដ្ឋអាមេរិកសម្រាប់ការអភិវឌ្ឍន៍អន្តរជាតិ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ag%C3%AAncia_dos_Estados_Unidos_para_o_Desenvolvimento_Internacional" title="Agência dos Estados Unidos para o Desenvolvimento Internacional – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Agência dos Estados Unidos para o Desenvolvimento Internacional" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agen%C8%9Bia_Statelor_Unite_pentru_Dezvoltare_Interna%C8%9Bional%C4%83" title="Agenția Statelor Unite pentru Dezvoltare Internațională – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Agenția Statelor Unite pentru Dezvoltare Internațională" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90_%D0%BF%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8E" title="Агентство США по международному развитию – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Агентство США по международному развитию" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agjencia_e_Shteteve_t%C3%AB_Bashkuara_p%C3%ABr_Zhvillim_Nd%C3%ABrkomb%C3%ABtar" title="Agjencia e Shteteve të Bashkuara për Zhvillim Ndërkombëtar – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Agjencia e Shteteve të Bashkuara për Zhvillim Ndërkombëtar" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development" title="United States Agency for International Development – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="United States Agency for International Development" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agent%C3%BAra_Spojen%C3%BDch_%C5%A1t%C3%A1tov_americk%C3%BDch_pre_medzin%C3%A1rodn%C3%BD_rozvoj" title="Agentúra Spojených štátov amerických pre medzinárodný rozvoj – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Agentúra Spojených štátov amerických pre medzinárodný rozvoj" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%94_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%92%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%98" title="Агенција САД за међународни развој – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Агенција САД за међународни развој" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAID" title="USAID – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="USAID" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yhdysvaltain_kehitysyhteisty%C3%B6virasto" title="Yhdysvaltain kehitysyhteistyövirasto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yhdysvaltain kehitysyhteistyövirasto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development" title="United States Agency for International Development – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="United States Agency for International Development" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development" title="United States Agency for International Development – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="United States Agency for International Development" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%92%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90" title="หน่วยงานเพื่อการพัฒนาระหว่างประเทศสหรัฐ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หน่วยงานเพื่อการพัฒนาระหว่างประเทศสหรัฐ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%98%D0%9C%D0%90_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BB%D3%A3" title="Намояндагии ИМА барои тавсеъаи байнулмилалӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Намояндагии ИМА барои тавсеъаи байнулмилалӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABD_Uluslararas%C4%B1_Kalk%C4%B1nma_Ajans%C4%B1" title="ABD Uluslararası Kalkınma Ajansı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="ABD Uluslararası Kalkınma Ajansı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%A8%D0%90_%D0%B7_%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Агентство США з міжнародного розвитку – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Агентство США з міжнародного розвитку" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%88" title="یو ایس ایڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="یو ایس ایڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">United States Agency for International Development</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Agency_for_International_Development.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Agency_for_International_Development.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Agency_for_International_Development.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Agency_for_International_Development.svg/225px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Agency_for_International_Development.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Agency_for_International_Development.svg/300px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Agency_for_International_Development.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Seal of USAID</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-image-border skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_United_States_Agency_for_International_Development.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_the_United_States_Agency_for_International_Development.gif/208px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Agency_for_International_Development.gif" decoding="async" width="208" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_the_United_States_Agency_for_International_Development.gif/312px-Flag_of_the_United_States_Agency_for_International_Development.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Flag_of_the_United_States_Agency_for_International_Development.gif 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="216" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Flag of USAID</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:USAID-Identity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/USAID-Identity.svg/210px-USAID-Identity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="210" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/USAID-Identity.svg/315px-USAID-Identity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/USAID-Identity.svg/420px-USAID-Identity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153" /></a></span><br />Wordmark of USAID</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Agency overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">November 3, 1961<span class="noprint">; 63 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1961-11-03</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceding agency</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/International_Cooperation_Administration" title="International Cooperation Administration">International Cooperation Administration</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Building_and_International_Trade_Center" title="Ronald Reagan Building and International Trade Center">Ronald Reagan Building</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Motto</th><td class="infobox-data">"From the American people"</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employees</th><td class="infobox-data">10,235 employees (FY 2016)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Annual budget</th><td class="infobox-data">$50 billion (FY 2023 Budgetary Resources)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Agency executive</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Samantha_Power" title="Samantha Power">Samantha Power</a>, <a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_the_United_States_Agency_for_International_Development" title="Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development">Administrator</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usaid.gov/">www<wbr />.usaid<wbr />.gov</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217072#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Footnotes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>United States Agency for International Development</b> (<b>USAID</b>) is an <a href="/wiki/Independent_agency_of_the_United_States_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent agency of the United States government">independent agency of the United States government</a> that is primarily responsible for administering civilian <a href="/wiki/United_States_foreign_aid" title="United States foreign aid">foreign aid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Development_assistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Development assistance">development assistance</a>. With a budget of over $50 billion, USAID is one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_development_aid_country_donors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of development aid country donors">largest official aid agencies</a> in the world and accounts for more than half of all U.S. foreign assistance—the highest in the world in absolute dollar terms. </p><p>Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Assistance_Act" title="Foreign Assistance Act">Foreign Assistance Act</a> on September 4, 1961, which reorganized U.S. foreign assistance programs and mandated the creation of an agency to administer economic aid. USAID was subsequently established by the <a href="/wiki/Executive_order" title="Executive order">executive order</a> of President <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, who sought to unite several existing foreign assistance organizations and programs under one agency.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> USAID became the first U.S. foreign assistance organization whose primary focus was long-term socioeconomic development. </p><p>USAID's programs are authorized by Congress in the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Assistance_Act" title="Foreign Assistance Act">Foreign Assistance Act</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which Congress supplements through directions in annual funding appropriation acts and other legislation. As an official component of U.S. foreign policy, USAID operates subject to the guidance of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">secretary of state</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">National Security Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USAID_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USAID-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> USAID has missions in over 100 countries, primarily in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purposes">Purposes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Purposes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>USAID's decentralized network of resident field missions is drawn on to manage U.S. government programs in low-income countries for a range of purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Disaster relief</li> <li>Poverty relief</li> <li>Technical cooperation on <a href="/wiki/List_of_global_issues" title="List of global issues">global issues</a>, including the environment</li> <li>U.S. bilateral interests</li> <li>Socioeconomic development</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disaster_relief">Disaster relief</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Disaster relief"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USAID.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/USAID.jpg/220px-USAID.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/USAID.jpg/330px-USAID.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/USAID.jpg/440px-USAID.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3582" data-file-height="2232" /></a><figcaption>USAID packages are delivered by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard" title="United States Coast Guard">United States Coast Guard</a> personnel</figcaption></figure> <p>Some of the U.S. government's earliest foreign aid programs provided relief in crises created by war. In 1915, U.S. government assistance through the <a href="/wiki/Commission_for_Relief_in_Belgium" title="Commission for Relief in Belgium">Commission for Relief in Belgium</a> headed by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> prevented starvation in Belgium after the German invasion. After 1945, the European Recovery Program championed by Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George Marshall</a> (the "<a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a>") helped rebuild war-torn Western Europe. </p><p>USAID manages relief efforts after wars and natural disasters through its Bureau for Humanitarian Assistance, which is the lead federal coordinator for international disaster assistance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poverty_relief">Poverty relief</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Poverty relief"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_reading_and_literacy_programs_contribute_to_long-term_development_(7269588282).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Early_reading_and_literacy_programs_contribute_to_long-term_development_%287269588282%29.jpg/220px-Early_reading_and_literacy_programs_contribute_to_long-term_development_%287269588282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Early_reading_and_literacy_programs_contribute_to_long-term_development_%287269588282%29.jpg/330px-Early_reading_and_literacy_programs_contribute_to_long-term_development_%287269588282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Early_reading_and_literacy_programs_contribute_to_long-term_development_%287269588282%29.jpg/440px-Early_reading_and_literacy_programs_contribute_to_long-term_development_%287269588282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3283" data-file-height="2462" /></a><figcaption>Early reading and literacy programs contribute to long-term development, USAID <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After 1945, many newly independent countries needed assistance to relieve the chronic deprivation afflicting their low-income populations. USAID and its predecessor agencies have continuously provided poverty relief in many forms, including assistance to public health and education services targeted at the poorest. USAID has also helped manage food aid provided by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Agriculture">U.S. Department of Agriculture</a>. Also, USAID provides funding to NGOs to supplement private donations in relieving chronic poverty. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_issues">Global issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Global issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Technical cooperation between nations is essential for addressing a range of cross-border concerns like communicable diseases, environmental issues, trade and investment cooperation, safety standards for traded products, money laundering, and so forth. The United States has specialized federal agencies dealing with such areas, such as the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a>. USAID's special ability to administer programs in low-income countries supports these and other U.S. government agencies' international work on global concerns. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Environment">Environment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among these global interests, environmental issues attract high attention. USAID assists projects that conserve and protect threatened land, water, forests, and wildlife. USAID also assists projects to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and to build resilience to the risks associated with global <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U.S. environmental regulation laws require that programs sponsored by USAID should be both economically and environmentally <a href="/wiki/Sustainable" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable">sustainable</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._national_interests">U.S. national interests</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: U.S. national interests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To support U.S. geopolitical interests, Congress appropriates exceptional financial assistance to allies, largely in the form of "Economic Support Funds" (ESF). USAID is called on to administer the bulk (90%) of ESF<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is instructed: "To the maximum extent feasible, [to] provide [ESF] assistance ... consistent with the policy directions, purposes, and programs of [development assistance]."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also, when U.S. troops are in the field, USAID can supplement the "<a href="/wiki/Civil_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Affairs">Civil Affairs</a>" programs that the U.S. military conducts to win the friendship of local populations. In these circumstances, USAID may be directed by specially appointed diplomatic officials of the State Department, as has been done in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> during operations against al-Qaeda.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>U.S. commercial interests are served by U.S. law's requirement that most goods and services financed by USAID must be sourced from U.S. vendors.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Socioeconomic_development">Socioeconomic development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Socioeconomic development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To help low-income nations achieve self-sustaining socioeconomic development, USAID assists them in improving the management of their own resources. USAID's assistance for socioeconomic development mainly provides technical advice, training, scholarships, commodities, and financial assistance. Through grants and contracts, USAID mobilizes the technical resources of the private sector, other U.S. government agencies, universities, and NGOs to participate in this assistance. </p><p>Programs of the various types above frequently reinforce one another. For example, the Foreign Assistance Act requires USAID to use funds appropriated for geopolitical purposes ("Economic Support Funds") to support socioeconomic development to the maximum extent possible. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modes_of_assistance">Modes of assistance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Modes of assistance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>USAID delivers both technical assistance and financial assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technical_assistance">Technical assistance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Technical assistance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Technical assistance includes technical advice, training, scholarships, construction, and commodities. Technical assistance is contracted or procured by USAID and provided in-kind to recipients. For technical advisory services, USAID draws on experts from the private sector, mainly from the assisted country's own pool of expertise, as well as from specialized U.S. government agencies. Many host-government leaders have drawn on USAID's technical assistance for the development of IT systems and computer hardware procurement to strengthen their institutions. </p><p>To build indigenous expertise and leadership, USAID finances scholarships to U.S. universities and assists in the strengthening of developing countries' own universities. Local universities' programs in developmentally important sectors are assisted directly and through USAID support for forming partnerships with U.S. universities. </p><p>The various forms of technical assistance are frequently coordinated as capacity-building packages for the development of local institutions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financial_assistance">Financial assistance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Financial assistance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Open_Source_Software_Competition_-_USAID.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/National_Open_Source_Software_Competition_-_USAID.jpg/220px-National_Open_Source_Software_Competition_-_USAID.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/National_Open_Source_Software_Competition_-_USAID.jpg/330px-National_Open_Source_Software_Competition_-_USAID.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/National_Open_Source_Software_Competition_-_USAID.jpg/440px-National_Open_Source_Software_Competition_-_USAID.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>National Open Source Software Competition – USAID financial assistance for groups developing technology in Indonesia</figcaption></figure> <p>Financial assistance supplies cash to developing country organizations to supplement their budgets. USAID also provides financial assistance to local and international <a href="/wiki/NGOs" class="mw-redirect" title="NGOs">NGOs</a> who in turn give technical assistance in developing countries. Although USAID formerly provided loans, all financial assistance is now provided in the form of non-reimbursable grants. </p><p>In recent years, the United States has increased its emphasis on financial rather than technical assistance. In 2004, the <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush</a> Administration created the <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Challenge_Corporation" title="Millennium Challenge Corporation">Millennium Challenge Corporation</a> as a new foreign aid agency that is mainly restricted to providing financial assistance. In 2009, the Obama administration initiated a major realignment of USAID's own programs to emphasize financial assistance, referring to it as "government-to-government" or "G2G" assistance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>USAID is organized around country development programs managed by resident USAID offices in developing countries ("USAID missions"), supported by USAID's global headquarters in Washington, DC.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Country_development_programs">Country development programs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Country development programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>USAID plans its work in each country around an individual country development program managed by a resident office called a "mission". The USAID mission and its U.S. staff are guests in the country, with a status that is usually defined by a "framework bilateral agreement" between the government of the United States and the host government.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Framework bilaterals give the mission and its U.S. staff privileges similar to (but not necessarily the same as) those accorded to the U.S. embassy and diplomats by the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_Convention_on_Diplomatic_Relations" title="Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations">Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations</a> of 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>USAID missions work in over fifty countries, consulting with their governments and non-governmental organizations to identify programs that will receive USAID's assistance. As part of this process, USAID missions conduct socio-economic analysis, discuss projects with host-country leaders, design assistance to those projects, award contracts and grants, administer assistance (including evaluation and reporting), and manage flows of funds.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As countries develop and need less assistance, USAID shrinks and ultimately closes its resident missions. USAID has closed missions in a number of countries that had achieved a substantial level of prosperity, including South Korea,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turkey,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica_%E2%80%93_United_States_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Costa Rica – United States relations">Costa Rica</a>. </p><p>USAID also closes missions when requested by host countries for political reasons. In September 2012, the U.S. closed USAID/Russia at that country's request. Its mission in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> had been in operation for two decades.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On May 1, 2013, the president of <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evo_Morales" title="Evo Morales">Evo Morales</a>, asked USAID to close its mission, which had worked in the country for 49 years.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The closure was completed on September 20, 2013. </p><p>USAID missions are led by mission directors and are staffed both by USAID <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Service_Officers" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Service Officers">Foreign Service officers</a> and by development professionals from the country itself, with the host-country professionals forming the majority of the staff. The length of a Foreign service officer's "tour" in most countries is four years, to provide enough time to develop in-depth knowledge about the country. (Shorter tours of one or two years are usual in countries of exceptional hardship or danger.)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mission director is a member of the U.S. Embassy's "Country Team" under the direction of the U.S. ambassador.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a USAID mission works in an unclassified environment with relative frequent public interaction, most missions were initially located in independent offices in the business districts of capital cities. Since the passage of the Foreign Affairs Agencies Consolidation Act in 1998 and the <a href="/wiki/1998_United_States_embassy_bombings" title="1998 United States embassy bombings">bombings of U.S. Embassy chanceries</a> in east Africa in the same year, missions have gradually been moved into U.S. Embassy chancery compounds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="USAID/Washington"><span id="USAID.2FWashington"></span>USAID/Washington</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: USAID/Washington"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samantha_Power_official_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Samantha_Power_official_portrait.jpg/220px-Samantha_Power_official_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Samantha_Power_official_portrait.jpg/330px-Samantha_Power_official_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Samantha_Power_official_portrait.jpg/440px-Samantha_Power_official_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="2700" /></a><figcaption>USAID Administrator <a href="/wiki/Samantha_Power" title="Samantha Power">Samantha Power</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The country programs are supported by USAID's headquarters in Washington, D.C., "USAID/Washington", where about half of USAID's Foreign Service officers work on rotation from foreign assignments, alongside USAID's Civil Service staff and top leadership. </p><p>USAID is headed by an <a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_the_United_States_Agency_for_International_Development" title="Administrator of the United States Agency for International Development">administrator</a>. The current administrator, Samantha Power, was sworn in on May 3, 2021. Under the Biden administration, the administrator became a regular attendee of the National Security Council. </p><p>USAID/Washington<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> helps define overall federal civilian foreign assistance policy and budgets, working with the State Department, Congress, and other U.S. government agencies. It is organized into "Bureaus" covering geographical areas, development subject areas, and administrative functions. Each bureau is headed by an assistant administrator appointed by the president. </p><p>(Some tasks similar to those of USAID's Bureaus are performed by what are termed "Independent Offices".) </p> <ul><li>Geographic bureaus <ul><li>AFR—Africa</li> <li>ASIA—Asia</li> <li>LAC—Latin America & the Caribbean</li> <li>E&E—Europe and Eurasia</li> <li>ME—the Middle East</li></ul></li> <li>Subject-area bureaus <ul><li>GH—Global Health <ul><li>Every year, the Global Health Bureau reports to the U.S. Congress through its Global Health Report to Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Global Health Bureau also submits a yearly report on the Call to Action: ending preventable child and maternal deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is part of USAID's follow-up to the 2012,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where it committed to ending preventable child and maternal deaths in a generation with A Promise Renewed.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>E3—Economic Growth, Education, and the Environment <ul><li>Economic Growth offices in E3 define Agency policy and provide technical support to Mission assistance activities in the areas of economic policy formulation, international trade, sectoral regulation, capital markets, microfinance, energy, infrastructure, land tenure, urban planning and property rights, gender equality and women's empowerment. The Engineering Division, in particular, draws on licensed professional engineers to support USAID Missions in a multibillion-dollar portfolio of construction projects, including medical facilities, schools, universities, roads, power plants, and water and sanitation plants.</li> <li>The Education Office in E3 defines Agency policy and provides technical support to Mission assistance activities for both basic and tertiary education.</li> <li>Environment offices in E3 define Agency policy and provide technical support to Mission assistance activities in the areas of climate change and biodiversity.</li></ul></li> <li>Bureau for Humanitarian Assistance</li> <li>Bureau for Democracy, Human Rights and Governance <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li>The mission of the DRG Bureau is to lead USAID's efforts to invigorate democracy, enhance human rights and justice, and bolster governance that advances the public interest and delivers inclusive development.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li>LAB—U.S. Global Development Lab <ul><li>The Lab serves as an innovation hub, taking smart risks to test new ideas and partner within the Agency and with other actors to harness the power of innovative tools and approaches that accelerate development impact.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>RFS—Resilience and Food Security</li></ul></li> <li>Headquarters bureaus <ul><li>M—Management</li> <li>OHCTM—Office of Human Capital and Talent Management</li> <li>LPA—Legislative and Public Affairs</li> <li>PPL—Policy, Planning, and Learning</li> <li>BRM—Office of Budget and Resource Management</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Independent oversight of USAID activities is provided by its <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Inspector_General,_U.S._Agency_for_International_Development" title="Office of Inspector General, U.S. Agency for International Development">Office of Inspector General, U.S. Agency for International Development</a>, which conducts criminal and civil investigations, financial and performance audits, reviews, and inspections of USAID activities around the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Staffing">Staffing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Staffing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>USAID's staffing reported to Congress in June 2016 totaled 10,235, including both field missions "overseas" (7,176) and the Washington DC headquarters (3,059).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Of this total, 1,850 were USAID Foreign service officers who spend their careers mostly residing overseas (1,586 overseas in June 2016) and partly on rotation in Washington DC (264). The Foreign service officers stationed overseas worked alongside the 4,935 local staff of USAID's field missions. </p><p>Host-country staff normally work under one-year contracts that are renewed annually.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Formerly, host-country staff could be recruited as "direct hires" in career positions<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at present many host-country staff continue working with USAID missions for full careers on a series of one-year contracts. In USAID's management approach, local staff may fill highly responsible, professional roles in program design and management.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>U.S. citizens can apply to become USAID Foreign service officers by competing for specific job openings based on academic qualifications and experience in development programs.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within five years of recruitment, most Foreign service officers receive tenure for an additional 20+ years of employment before mandatory retirement. Some are promoted to the Senior Foreign Service with extended tenure, subject to the Foreign Service's mandatory retirement age of 65. </p><p>(This recruitment system differs from the State Department's use of the "Foreign Service Officer Test" to identify potential U.S. diplomats. Individuals who pass the test become candidates for the State Department's selection process, which emphasizes personal qualities in thirteen dimensions such as "Composure" and "Resourcefulness". No specific education level is required.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p><p>In 2008, USAID launched the "Development Leadership Initiative" to reverse the decline in USAID's Foreign service officer staffing, which had fallen to a total of about 1,200 worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although USAID's goal was to double the number of Foreign service officers to about 2,400 in 2012, actual recruitment net of attrition reached only 820 by the end of 2012. USAID's 2016 total of 1,850 Foreign service officers compared with 13,000 in the State Department.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="USAID_field_missions">USAID field missions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: USAID field missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USAID-Pakistan_Staff_in_2009.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/USAID-Pakistan_Staff_in_2009.jpeg/220px-USAID-Pakistan_Staff_in_2009.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/USAID-Pakistan_Staff_in_2009.jpeg/330px-USAID-Pakistan_Staff_in_2009.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/USAID-Pakistan_Staff_in_2009.jpeg/440px-USAID-Pakistan_Staff_in_2009.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3031" data-file-height="1680" /></a><figcaption>Pakistani and U.S. Staff of USAID/Pakistan in 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>While USAID can have as little presence in a country as a single person assigned to the U.S. Embassy, a full USAID mission in a larger country may have twenty or more USAID Foreign service officers and a hundred or more professional and administrative employees from the country itself. </p><p>The USAID mission's staff is divided into specialized offices in three groups: (1) assistance management offices; (2) the mission director's and the Program office; and (3) the contracting, financial management, and facilities offices.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assistance_management_offices">Assistance management offices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Assistance management offices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Called "technical" offices by USAID staff, these offices design and manage the technical and financial assistance that USAID provides to their local counterparts' projects. The technical offices that are frequently found in USAID missions include Health and Family Planning, Education, Environment, Democracy, and Economic Growth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Health_and_Family_Planning">Health and Family Planning</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Health and Family Planning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Examples of projects assisted by missions' Health and Family Planning offices are projects for the eradication of communicable diseases, strengthening of public health systems focusing on maternal-child health including family planning services, <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">HIV-AIDS</a> monitoring, delivery of medical supplies including contraceptives and <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a> vaccines, and coordination of Demographic and Health Surveys. This assistance is primarily targeted to the poor majority of the population and corresponds to USAID's poverty relief objective, as well as strengthening the basis for socio-economic development. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Education">Education</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>USAID's Education offices mainly assist the national school system, emphasizing broadening the coverage of quality basic education to reach the entire population. Examples of projects often assisted<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> by Education offices are projects for curriculum development, teacher training, and provision of improved textbooks and materials. Larger programs have included school construction. Education offices often manage scholarship programs for training in the U.S., while assistance to the country's universities and professional education institutions may be provided by Economic Growth and Health offices. The Education office's emphasis on school access for the poor majority of the population corresponds to USAID's poverty relief objective, as well as to the socioeconomic development objective in the long term. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Environment_2">Environment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Examples of projects assisted by environmental offices are projects for tropical forest conservation, protection of indigenous people's lands, regulation of marine fishing industries, pollution control, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, and helping communities adapt to climate change. Environment assistance corresponds to USAID's objective of technical cooperation on global issues, as well as laying a sustainable basis for USAID's socioeconomic development objective in the long term. </p><p>USAID (United States Agency for International Development) has recently initiated the HEARTH (Health, Ecosystems and Agriculture for Resilient, Thriving Societies) program, which operates in 10 countries with 15 activities aimed at promoting conservation of threatened landscapes and enhancing community well-being by partnering with the private sector to align business goals with development objectives. Through HEARTH, USAID implements One Health principles to achieve sustainable benefits for both people and the environment through projects focused on livelihoods, well-being, conservation, biodiversity, and governance.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Democracy">Democracy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Democracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Examples of projects assisted by Democracy offices are projects for the country's political institutions, including elections, political parties, legislatures, and human rights organizations. Counterparts include the judicial sector and civil society organizations that monitor government performance. Democracy assistance received its greatest impetus at the time of the creation of the successor states to the USSR starting in about 1990, corresponding both to USAID's objective of supporting U.S. bilateral interests and to USAID's socioeconomic development objective. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economic_Growth">Economic Growth</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Economic Growth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dry_Fruit_Wala._Peshawar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Dry_Fruit_Wala._Peshawar.jpg/220px-Dry_Fruit_Wala._Peshawar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Dry_Fruit_Wala._Peshawar.jpg/330px-Dry_Fruit_Wala._Peshawar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Dry_Fruit_Wala._Peshawar.jpg/440px-Dry_Fruit_Wala._Peshawar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>A dried fruit vendor in Peshawar, Pakistan (2007)</figcaption></figure> <p>Examples of projects often assisted by Economic Growth offices are projects for improvements in agricultural techniques and marketing (the mission may have a specialized "Agriculture" office), development of microfinance industries, streamlining of Customs administrations (to accelerate the growth of exporting industries), and modernization of government regulatory frameworks for the industry in various sectors (telecommunications, agriculture, and so forth). In USAID's early years and some larger programs, Economic Growth offices have financed economic infrastructure like roads and electrical power plants. Economic Growth assistance is thus quite diverse in terms of the range of sectors where it may work. It corresponds to USAID's socioeconomic development objective and is the source of sustainable poverty reduction. Economic Growth offices also occasionally manage assistance to poverty relief projects, such as to government programs that provide "cash transfer" payments to low-income families. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Special_assistance">Special assistance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Special assistance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some USAID missions have specialized technical offices for areas like counter-narcotics assistance or assistance in conflict zones. </p><p>Disaster assistance on a large scale is provided through USAID's <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Foreign_Disaster_Assistance" title="Office of Foreign Disaster Assistance">Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance</a>. Rather than having a permanent presence in country missions, this office has supplies pre-positioned in strategic locations to respond quickly to disasters when and where they occur.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Office_of_the_Mission_Director_and_the_Program_Office">The Office of the Mission Director and the Program Office</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: The Office of the Mission Director and the Program Office"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mission director's signature authorizes technical offices to assist according to the designs and budgets they propose. With the help of the Program Office, the mission director ensures that designs are consistent with USAID policy for the country, including budgetary earmarks by which Washington directs that funds be used for certain general purposes such as public health or environmental conservation. The Program Office compiles combined reports to Washington to support budget requests to Congress and to verify that budgets were used as planned. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contracting,_financial_management_and_management_offices"><span id="Contracting.2C_financial_management_and_management_offices"></span>Contracting, financial management and management offices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Contracting, financial management and management offices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the mission director is the public face and key decision-maker for an impressive array of USAID technical capabilities, arguably the offices that make USAID preeminent among U.S. government agencies in the ability to follow through on assistance agreements in low-income countries are the "support" offices. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contracting">Contracting</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Contracting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Commitments of U.S. government funds to NGOs and firms that implement USAID's assistance programs can only be made in compliance with carefully designed contracts and grant agreements executed by warranted Contracting and agreement officers. The mission director is authorized to commit financial assistance directly to the country's government agencies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Financial_management">Financial management</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Financial management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Funds can be committed only when the Mission's Controller certifies their availability for the stated purpose. "FM" offices assist technical offices in financial analysis and in developing detailed budgets for inputs needed by projects assisted. They evaluate potential recipients' management abilities before financial assistance can be authorized and then review implementers' expenditure reports with great care. This office often has the largest number of staff of any office in the mission. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Management">Management</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Called the "Executive Office" in USAID (sometimes leading to confusion with the Embassy's Executive Office, which is the office of the Ambassador), "EXO" provides operational support for mission offices, including human resources, information systems management, transportation, property, and procurement services. Increasing integration into Embassies' chancery complexes, and the State Department's recently increased role in providing support services to USAID, is expanding the importance of coordination between USAID's EXO and the embassy's Management section. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assistance_projects">Assistance projects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Assistance projects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the terms "assistance project" and "development project" might sometimes be used indiscriminately, it helps in understanding USAID's work to make a distinction. (1) Development is what developing countries do. Development projects are projects of local government agencies and NGOs, such as projects to improve public services or business regulations, etc. (2) Assistance is what USAID does. USAID's assistance projects support local development projects. </p><p>The key to a successful development project is the institutional capacity of local organizations, including the professional ability of their staff members. The key to successful assistance is how well it fits the needs of local development projects, including institutional capacity building and supporting professional education and training for staff. </p><p>When a local development project's assistance needs have been identified, USAID arranges the agreed assistance through funding agreements with implementing organizations, referred to by USAID staff as "implementing partners". USAID finances several types of implementers using a variety of funding agreements. </p><p>To illustrate, USAID might assist a development project with inputs provided through several different funding agreements: </p> <ol><li>A budget-support grant to a government agency.</li> <li>A contract with a firm for support to the agency.</li> <li>A grant to a local NGO serving the beneficiary group.</li> <li>A grant to an international NGO to strengthen the operations of the local NGO.</li></ol> <p>Each of these types of USAID funding agreements is profiled below. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Budget_support_to_a_government_agency">Budget support to a government agency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Budget support to a government agency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This funding agreement would take the form of a letter from USAID's mission director, countersigned by the recipient agency, explaining the agency's objectives, the amount of USAID's financial commitment, the specific expenditures to be financed by USAID's grant, and other operational aspects of the agreement. </p><p>USAID's technical office would assign a staff member (U.S. or local) to oversee progress in the agency's implementation. USAID's financial management office would transfer funds to the agency, in tranches as needed. Audit under this kind of government-to-government (G2G) financial assistance is usually performed by the host government's own audit agency. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contract_for_technical_assistance_to_a_government_agency">Contract for technical assistance to a government agency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Contract for technical assistance to a government agency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a government agency is usually specialized in services to the beneficiary population (medical services, for example), its staff may not be equipped to undertake planning and evaluation, construction, acquisition of equipment, or management of training and study tours. The government agency might, therefore, request USAID's assistance in these areas, and USAID could respond by contracting with a firm to supply the services or technical assistance requested. </p><p>USAID's technical office would collaborate with the government agency in drafting the specifications for what is needed (generally referred to as a "Statement of Work" for the contract) and in conducting market research for available sources and potential bidders. USAID's contracting officer would then advertise for bids, manage the selection of a contractor from among the competing bidders, sign the contract, and assign a technical-office staff member as the contracting officer's representative to oversee the performance under the contract. (If the workload permits, this staff member might be the same person who oversees USAID's financial assistance to the government agency.) </p><p>The contractor supplies technical assistance directly to the government agency, so that in monitoring contractor performance USAID relies substantially on the agency's evaluation of the contractor's work. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grant_to_finance_NGO_services_to_a_beneficiary_group">Grant to finance NGO services to a beneficiary group</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Grant to finance NGO services to a beneficiary group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Non-governmental organizations are, like their government counterparts, usually already engaged in service provision in areas where USAID wants to assist, and they often have unique abilities that complement public programs. Therefore, USAID technical-office staff might set aside a budget and, with the help of the mission's contracting office, publish a solicitation for applications from NGOs for financial assistance to their programs. One or several grants could be made to selected NGOs by the contracting office's "agreement officer". Similar to the case of a contract, a USAID technical-office staff member would be assigned as the agreement officer's representative to monitor progress in the NGOs' implementation and to arrange for external evaluations. USAID grants require recipient NGOs to contract for external audits. </p><p>As some local NGOs may be small and young organizations with no prior experience in receiving awards from USAID, the USAID mission's financial management office reviews grant applicants' administrative systems to ensure that they are capable of managing U.S. government funds. Where necessary, USAID can devote part of the grant to the NGO's internal strengthening to help the NGO qualify for USAID's financing and build the capacity of the organization in the process. Following completion of the NGO's internal strengthening, USAID would disburse financing for the NGO's service project. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grant_to_international_NGOs_for_technical_assistance">Grant to international NGOs for technical assistance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Grant to international NGOs for technical assistance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>International NGOs have their own development projects and capabilities. If USAID and its counterparts determine that development objectives can best be met by supporting an NGO project, and if local NGO capacity is not yet sufficient, the relevant USAID technical office will draft a program description and the contracting office will issue as a request for applications to solicit responses from the international NGO community. USAID manages the award and implementation processes in the same way as for local NGOs. </p><p>Also, international NGOs frequently make unsolicited proposals to USAID, requesting funding for their own planned assistance activities. Where NGOs or business enterprises are dedicating a substantial amount of non-governmental resources to their projects, they can receive USAID funding through "Global Development Alliance" grants, provided that the non-governmental resources are at least equal in value to USAID's grant. </p><p>In general, USAID provides financial assistance to support other organizations' programs when those programs correspond to the areas that USAID wants to support, while USAID uses contracts to procure products or services requested by the leaders of local development projects. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_mechanisms">Other mechanisms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Other mechanisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the types of projects described above, USAID uses various other assistance mechanisms for different U.S. objectives. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Budget_agreements">Budget agreements</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Budget agreements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Budget agreements with other federal agencies are common in supporting collaboration between the U.S. and other countries on global issues. Large budget-support grants, referred to as "non-project" assistance, may be made to recipient governments to pursue U.S. foreign policy interests. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cases_of_integration_with_U.S._military_operations">Cases of integration with U.S. military operations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Cases of integration with U.S. military operations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the exceptional circumstances of Vietnam in the 1960s and Afghanistan and Iraq in the 2000s, the government of the United States had USAID integrate selected staff with U.S. military units for "counterinsurgency" (COIN) operations.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The integrated institutions were "CORDS" in Vietnam ("<a href="/wiki/Civil_Operations_and_Revolutionary_Development_Support" title="Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development Support">Civil Operations and Revolutionary Development Support</a>") and "PRTs" in Afghanistan and Iraq ("<a href="/wiki/Provincial_Reconstruction_Teams" class="mw-redirect" title="Provincial Reconstruction Teams">Provincial Reconstruction Teams</a>"). </p><p>Counterinsurgency operations were undertaken in localities where insurgents were vying with the national government for control. In Vietnam, for example, these were areas where there was what the United States government called "Viet Cong infrastructure".<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>USAID's role was to assist the national government in strengthening its local governance and service capabilities, and in providing direct services to local residents. </p><p>In these areas, the national government could not provide physical security against attacks by insurgent forces. The role of the U.S. military assistance in COIN was, therefore, to combat insurgent military forces and to protect the civilian work of USAID and the national government. The military also contributed substantial resources for assistance projects. </p><p>The overall purpose of U.S. civilian-military assistance was to give the national government a capable and uncontested local presence. </p><p>In each of these countries, USAID also administered substantial conventional assistance programs that were not under the U.S. military chain of command. </p><p>The US military is assisting USAid in 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When the U.S. government created USAID in November 1961, it built on a legacy of previous development-assistance agencies and their people, budgets, and operating procedures. USAID's predecessor agency was already substantial, with 6,400 U.S. staff in developing-country field missions in 1961. Except for the peak years of the Vietnam War, 1965–70, that was more U.S. field staff than USAID would have in the future, and triple the number USAID has had in field missions in the years since 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the size of the development-assistance effort was not new, the 1961 decision to reorganize the government's main development-assistance agency was a landmark in terms of institutional evolution, representing the culmination of twenty years' experience with different organizational forms and procedures, in changing foreign-policy environments. </p><p>The new structure created in 1961 "proved to be sturdy and durable".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In particular, the U.S. government has maintained since then "the unique American pattern of placing strong resident aid missions in countries that [the U.S. was] helping."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The story of how the base for USAID's structure was built is described below, along with an account of changes that have been made since 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Before_World_War_II">Before World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Before World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The realization that early industrializers like the United States could provide technical assistance to other countries' development efforts spread gradually in the late 1800s, leading to a substantial number of visits to other countries by U.S. technical experts, generally with official support by the U.S. government even when the missions were unofficial. <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, China, Turkey, and several Latin American countries requested missions on subjects like fiscal management, monetary institutions, election management, mining, schooling, roads, flood control, and urban sanitation. The U.S. government also initiated missions, particularly to Central America and the Caribbean, when it felt that U.S. interests might be affected by crises like failed elections, debt defaults, or spread of infectious disease.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>U.S. technical missions in this era were not part of a systematic, government-supported program. Possibly the closest approximation to what U.S. government development assistance would become was the China Foundation for the Promotion of Education and Culture,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> established by the United States in 1924 using funds provided by China as reparations following the "Boxer" conflict. The foundation's activities ranged widely and included support for development of a leading Chinese university, <a href="/wiki/Tsinghua_University" title="Tsinghua University">Tsinghua University</a>. </p><p>A notable early example of U.S. government foreign assistance for disaster relief was its contribution to the 1915 <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Relief_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Committee for Relief in Belgium">Committee for Relief in Belgium</a> headed by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a>, to prevent starvation in <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> after the German invasion. After World War I in 1919, the U.S. government created the American Relief Administration, also headed by Hoover, which provided food primarily in Eastern Europe. </p><p>Between the two world wars, U.S. assistance to low-income countries was often a private initiative, including the work of private foundations such as the Rockefeller Foundation and the Near East Foundation.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rockefeller Foundation, for example, assisted the breeding of improved maize and wheat varieties in Latin America and supported public health initiatives in Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Institutionalization_of_American_development_aid">Institutionalization of American development aid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Institutionalization of American development aid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The coming of World War II stimulated the U.S. government to create what proved to be permanent, sustained foreign aid programs that evolved into USAID.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> U.S. development assistance focussed initially on Latin America. Since countries in the region were regularly requesting expert assistance from U.S. cabinet departments, an Interdepartmental Committee on Cooperation with the American Republics was established in 1938, with the State Department in the chair, to ensure systematic responses.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More ambitiously, the U.S. subsequently created an institution that for the first time would take an active role in development assistance programming: the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Inter-American_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Inter-American Affairs">Institute of Inter-American Affairs</a> (IIAA), chartered in March 1942. The I+institute was the initiative of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs, Nelson Rockefeller, the future vice president of the United States, whose family financed the Rockefeller Foundation. IIAA's 1,400 employees provided technical assistance across Central and South America for economic stabilization, food supply, health, and sanitation. The U.S. Department of Agriculture's <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Foreign_Agricultural_Relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations">Office of Foreign Agricultural Relations</a> (OFAR) also began during the war to assist Latin American countries in food production. U.S. benefits included development of sources for raw materials that had been disrupted by the war.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>IIAA's operational approach set the pattern for subsequent U.S. government technical assistance in developing countries, including ultimately USAID.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In each country, a program comprising a group of projects in a given sector—health, food supply, or schools—was planned and implemented jointly by U.S. and local staff working in an office located in the developing country itself.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In IIAA's case the offices were called "<i>servicios</i>". </p><p>After the end of the war in 1945, IIAA was transferred to the State Department. Based on positive evaluations from the U.S. Ambassadors in Latin America, the State Department succeeded in getting congressional authorization to extend IIAA, initially through 1950 and then through 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> OFAR continued to operate separately until 1954 and the <a href="/wiki/Smith-Mundt_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Smith-Mundt Act">Smith-Mundt Act</a> of 1948 also supported technical assistance in agriculture.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1949, President Truman, responding to advice from staff who had worked with IIAA,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> proposed a globalized version of the program as the fourth element of his overall foreign policy—"Point Four". The purpose of the program was to provide technical knowledge to aid the growth of underdeveloped countries around the world. After a lengthy debate, Congress approved Point Four in 1950<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Technical_Cooperation_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical Cooperation Administration">Technical Cooperation Administration</a> (TCA) was established within the Department of State in September 1950 to administer it.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After an initial attempt to operate in the mode of the old Interdepartmental Committee and to merely coordinate programs of other agencies (such as IIAA), TCA adopted an integrated implementation mechanism in November 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an approach that was greatly expanded after 1953, some early technical assistance projects were implemented by U.S. universities under contract to TCA. University project staff in some cases helped perform administrative functions in TCA missions that were in the process of being set up.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maturation_of_American_development-assistance_institutions">Maturation of American development-assistance institutions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Maturation of American development-assistance institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While U.S. government development assistance was institutionalized on a nearly global scale by TCA, strong currents of change in U.S. foreign economic policy during the 1950s affected how development assistance worked and at times called its continued existence into question. When this process finally resulted in the creation of USAID in 1961, USAID continued to use TCA's core mechanism—providing technical assistance led by in-country resident offices—and supplemented it with substantial amounts of financial assistance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-war_foreign_aid">Post-war foreign aid</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Post-war foreign aid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Point Four and TCA had been established in the context of several other programs in the large-scale U.S. foreign aid effort of the 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Already during the war, in 1943, the U.S. (jointly with its wartime allies, referred to collectively as "the United Nations") established the "United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration" (<a href="/wiki/UNRRA" class="mw-redirect" title="UNRRA">UNRRA</a>) for war-affected parts of Europe, China, the Philippines, Korea, and Ethiopia.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Immediately after the war, the United States government supplied relief in Germany and Japan, funded by appropriations for "Government and Relief in Occupied Areas" (<a href="/wiki/GARIOA" title="GARIOA">GARIOA</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Relief was quickly followed by reconstruction assistance. In 1946, the U.S. created a special financial-assistance program for rehabilitation of war damages in its former possession, the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1948, reconstruction assistance was expanded through the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a>, implemented by the Economic Cooperation Administration (ECA), mainly for Western Europe. In the same year, the U.S. and China established the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Commission_on_Rural_Reconstruction" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction">Joint Commission on Rural Reconstruction</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which, starting on the mainland and continuing for two decades in Taiwan, provided sustained development assistance. </p><p>Also, the <a href="/wiki/Fulbright_Program" title="Fulbright Program">Fulbright Program</a> of academic exchanges was established in 1946, globalizing the wartime program of exchange visits between professionals from Latin America and the United States. </p><p>In contrast to the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a>, Point Four focussed on technical assistance and provided financial assistance only in limited amounts to support its technical initiatives. </p><p>In terms of geographic focus, while the Marshall Plan and Point Four mainly operated in different countries, the Marshall Plan also expanded into developing nations. In particular, the Marshall Plan financed activities in: </p> <ul><li>Overseas territories of European allies, including territories in Africa.</li> <li>"The general area of China"—Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam, Burma, and the Philippines.</li></ul> <p>In the countries referred to as being in the general area of China, the Marshall Plan (ECA) operated through Special Technical and Economic Missions (STEMs). The STEMs were set up in 1950 and 1951, and had a "Point Four character" in the sense that they emphasized services by technical experts.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Minimizing overlaps with the Marshall Plan, Point Four managed assistance mainly in: </p> <ul><li>Latin America (via IIAA).</li> <li>India, Pakistan, and Ceylon.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The U.S. also participated in post-1945 UN initiatives for technical assistance to developing countries. Through a series of actions in 1948 and 1949, the UN's General Assembly and Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) created the <a href="/wiki/Expanded_Programme_of_Technical_Assistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Expanded Programme of Technical Assistance">Expanded Programme of Technical Assistance</a> (EPTA).<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. provided 60% of EPTA's financing.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1955, EPTA adopted a country-led approach where the UN's TA in each country was programmed according to a plan drawn up by the receiving country in consultation with the UN. ECOSOC also created a new Technical Assistance Board, which (similarly to the United States' wartime Interdepartmental Committee) coordinated the TA being provided to low-income countries by various individual UN agencies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Korean_War">Korean War</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Korean War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Coordination between development assistance and the Marshall Plan was tightened in response to the 1950–51 war in Korea. In October 1951 Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Mutual_Security_Act" title="Mutual Security Act">Mutual Security Act</a>, creating the <a href="/wiki/Mutual_Security_Agency" title="Mutual Security Agency">Mutual Security Agency</a> (MSA), which reported directly to the President and supervised both civilian and military assistance. MSA increased the emphasis on large-scale financial assistance to U.S. allies, which was provided as civilian "economic assistance" but was intended to help the allies to make greater military efforts and was therefore often called "defense support".<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Mutual Security Agency absorbed the Marshall Plan (the ECA), which otherwise had been scheduled to end in 1952. The Technical Cooperation Administration remained a semi-autonomous agency in the State Department to administer Point Four, but after 1951 under the supervision of MSA.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under this coordinated approach, the policy was adopted that ECA and TCA would not both operate in the same country ("one country—one agency"). Accordingly, each agency transferred programs to the other and closed down in some countries.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in Indonesia and Burma, ECA closed its financial-assistance programs, while TCA initiated technical assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eisenhower_administration">Eisenhower administration</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Eisenhower administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1953, the administration of Pres. <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> took office. The President's party, which had been out of the White House since 1933,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> took a critical view of the previous administrations' policies, including both the globalizing policies of the 1940s and the New Deal initiatives of the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An overall goal of the new administration was to administer the government efficiently and cut spending.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While TCA's technical assistance to developing countries was a small budget item and was considered a long-term program (although fresh funds were appropriated annually), "economic assistance" (or "defense support") was considered an inherently short-term measure.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In place of U.S. economic assistance, the Eisenhower administration proposed that U.S. allies should increasingly finance themselves through their own exports: in other words, through "trade not aid".<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With respect to financial assistance for developing countries, the policy was maintained that it should be provided primarily by the U.S. Export-Import Bank and by the World Bank,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that it should be available only on commercial terms and primarily to finance private investment.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To administer the foreign assistance more efficiently, President Eisenhower integrated management into a single agency, the newly created <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Operations_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Operations Administration">Foreign Operations Administration</a> (FOA).<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MSA, TCA (which had been under MSA's direction), and IIAA (which had been part of TCA) were all abolished as of August 1953 and their country offices became "United States Operations Missions" (USOMs) under FOA.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The President directed other U.S. government agencies to put their technical assistance in developing countries under FOA's management as well. USDA in particular transferred OFAR's programs to FOA, while reconstituting the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Agricultural_Service" title="Foreign Agricultural Service">Foreign Agricultural Service</a> for the task of building global markets for U.S. farm products.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Administrative functions were consolidated as the various agencies came into FOA, and the Mutual Security Act of July 1953 instructed FOA to reduce personnel by at least 10% within 120 days.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large number of TCA's senior professionals were summarily dismissed, and FOA's administrator mounted an effort to compensate for lower U.S. government staffing by drawing on experts from U.S. universities and private voluntary organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ExIm Bank's lending volume in developing countries was also cut dramatically in 1953.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While a "trade not aid" strategy required the U.S. to import more goods from its allies, the administration was unable to convince Congress to liberalize import policy.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the contrary, the main foreign commercial measure taken at this time went in the other direction: the U.S. ramped up subsidies for exports of U.S. agricultural products. The 1953 amendment to the Mutual Security Act and the much larger Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954, known as "PL-480", allowed the U.S. government to buy U.S. farm surpluses and sell them in developing countries for inconvertible local currencies.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of PL-480's foreign-currency revenue was returned to developing countries as a supplement to U.S. development assistance. PL-480 revenues in the first twenty years were sometimes huge and although PL-480 has become smaller it continues to provide resources to USAID for nutrition and disaster relief programs.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several factors arose that favored large-scale economic assistance to developing countries, especially in Asia. <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> needed massive economic assistance after an armistice was finally signed in July 1953,<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and U.S. economic assistance to South Vietnam increased after the retreat of France in 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On a global scale, the Cold War after the death of Joseph Stalin in March 1953 evolved in the direction of rivalry over influence in low-income countries who were seeking financing for their development initiatives. India was a particular case of a country where the U.S. felt it needed to provide economic assistance to balance the USSR's influence, even though India was not a U.S. military ally.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These considerations led to advocacy of expanded economic assistance by several voices within the Eisenhower administration: the FOA Director, former Minnesota governor Harold Stassen; national security advisor <a href="/wiki/Charles_Douglas_Jackson" title="Charles Douglas Jackson">Charles Douglas Jackson</a> (who drew on advice from MIT economists Max Millikan and Walt Rostow); and leading officials in the State Department and the National Security Council. </p><p>In June 1954, Congress raised the ExIm Bank's lending authority from $4.5 billion to $5 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pres. Eisenhower also created in December 1954 a Cabinet-level Council on Foreign Economic Policy,<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which in March 1955 recommended expanded soft loans for development. In April 1955, Pres. Eisenhower proposed a special economic fund for Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaufman_1982,_p._52_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaufman_1982,_p._52-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To implement Congress's August 1954 decision that technical assistance for developing countries should be put back under the State Department,<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pres. Eisenhower abolished FOA in May 1955 and created the new <a href="/wiki/International_Cooperation_Administration" title="International Cooperation Administration">International Cooperation Administration</a> (ICA) in the State Department.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This separated development assistance from military assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaufman_1982,_p._52_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaufman_1982,_p._52-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Resolving_debate_over_foreign_aid">Resolving debate over foreign aid</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Resolving debate over foreign aid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some voices in the administration continued to point in the opposite direction: for example, Under Secretary of State Herbert Hoover Jr. and the new ICA head, John Hollister, who represented more frugal attitudes.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given the lack of consensus, Pres. Eisenhower and Congress conducted in 1956 several studies to give foreign aid policy a more solid basis. Mainly delivered in early 1957, the reports included an updated version of the essay by Millikan and Rostow that C.D. Jackson had circulated in 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The overall view that emerged was that sustained development assistance would have long-term benefits for the U.S. position in the world and, more specifically, that developing countries needed substantial financial assistance in the form of low-interest loans.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Developing countries particularly needed softer financing to invest in public health systems, schools, and economic infrastructure, for which "hard", commercial lending was unsuitable.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Personnel changes soon reflected this change in the administration's view: Christian Herter succeeded Herbert Hoover Jr. as Under Secretary of State in February 1957, Robert Anderson succeeded George Humphrey as treasury secretary in July 1957, and James H. Smith Jr. replaced John Hollister as ICA Director in September 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pres. Eisenhower summarized the conclusions in his May 21, 1957 message to Congress: </p><p>"This past year ... Congressional Committees, the Executive Branch and distinguished private citizens have just examined these programs anew. ... I recommend the following legislative actions: ... economic development assistance should be provided primarily through loans, continuingly, and related closely to technical assistance. ... I recommend a clear separation of military and defense support assistance on the one hand, from economic development assistance on the other. ... I recommend that long[-]term development assistance be provided from a Development Loan Fund. ... Such loans should not compete with or replace such existing sources of credit [to] private investors, the International Bank [the World Bank], or the Export-Import Bank. ... I believe the Fund should be established and administered in the International Cooperation Administration. ... The technical cooperation program is one of the most valuable elements of our entire mutual security effort. It also should be continued on a long-term basis and must be closely related to the work of the Fund."<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result, the Development Loan Fund was established in August 1957. The DLF largely financed infrastructure (such as railroads, highways, and power plants), factories, and agriculture with loans whose terms were relatively "soft" in the sense of charging interest rates lower than commercial levels and being repayable in local currency rather than U.S. dollars.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some projects were financed by a combination of a DLF soft loan and a harder World Bank loan.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Operationally, the DLF became administratively self-contained by 1959 after contracting for administrative support from ICA for its first two years.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, the Export-Import Bank's lending limit was raised in 1958 from $5 billion to $7 billion,<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the administration advocated in January 1959 an expanded "food for peace" program.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The overall trend in U.S. government development-assistance activity in the 1950s is indicated by the change in the number of U.S. staff in field missions, which during Pres. Eisenhower's years in office from 1953 to 1961 rose from 2,839 to 6,387.<sup id="cite_ref-USAID_1976_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USAID_1976-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Multilateral_Initiatives">Multilateral Initiatives</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Multilateral Initiatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the U.S. expanded its development-assistance efforts in the course of the 1950s, other industrial countries were recovering economically from World War II and were increasingly able to engage in development assistance. The U.S. supported their involvement through several multilateral initiatives. </p><p>Three of these initiatives expanded World Bank facilities. </p> <ul><li>In November 1954, the U.S. decided to endorse the World Bank's proposed International Finance Corporation, which would raise funds from global capital markets to lend to the private sector in developing countries.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The IFC was finally established in 1956.</li> <li>With Senator <a href="/wiki/Mike_Monroney" title="Mike Monroney">Mike Monroney</a> playing a prominent role, Congress approved in July 1958 another new World Bank facility, the International Development Association (IDA). Funded by grants from industrialized countries, the IDA would make low-interest credits to developing countries for projects like public works. The IDA formally came into being in September 1960, with the U.S. contributing 42% of its initial resources.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Also in 1958, the United States proposed doubling industrialized countries' contributions to the World Bank, raising the bank's capitalization from $10 billion to $21 billion in September 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>While the U.S. supported expanded World Bank facilities, it did not support the proposal for a Special UN Fund for Economic Development (SUNFED). The UN did create a "Special Fund" in 1957, but it was limited to designing projects for the UN's technical assistance program, EPTA, and could not finance public works.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The U.S. also adopted a regional initiative with <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>. Through most of the 1950s, the U.S. concentrated on technical assistance in the region. Financial assistance sources were limited to the Eximbank and the World Bank, with the U.S. opposing proposals for a regional development bank. Events in 1958—notably a riot during Vice President Nixon's visit to <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> in May 1958—resulted in a reversal of the U.S. position in August 1958. With U.S. support, the Organization of American States created in April 1959 the Inter-American Development Bank, most of whose capital was contributed by the borrowing countries.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To further engage other wealthy countries in development assistance, the United States supported the creation of the Aid India Consortium in August 1958. This was the first of several informal groupings of donors focussing on particular countries. </p><p>The United States also encouraged Western Europe and Japan to increase their development assistance by building on the European Marshall Plan organization, the Organization of European Economic Cooperation (OEEC).<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The OEEC had been created in 1948 by recipients of Marshall Plan aid, at the request of the United States government, to decide on allocation of that aid within Europe, and by the late 1950s it had fulfilled its original mandate. In January 1960, Pres. Eisenhower and Under Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/C._Douglas_Dillon" title="C. Douglas Dillon">C. Douglas Dillon</a> got agreement from OEEC members to create a Development Assistance Group composed of the OEEC members who were the main sources of development assistance, along with non-members who were major donors—the U.S., Canada, and Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1961, the OEEC itself was restructured to become the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a>, which established a <a href="/wiki/Development_Assistance_Committee" title="Development Assistance Committee">Development Assistance Committee</a> (DAC) as a restructured DAG that was brought under the OECD. This effort resulted in informal agreements to increase budgets for development assistance. Several participating countries also established new agencies to manage development assistance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creation_of_USAID_and_Decade_of_Development">Creation of USAID and Decade of Development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Creation of USAID and Decade of Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the end of the 1950s, the momentum in favor of development assistance—as represented by PL-480, new mechanisms for financial assistance, larger U.S. budgets and staffing, and multilateral initiatives—picked up support from Senator John F. Kennedy, who was preparing to be a candidate for the presidency. In 1957, JFK proposed, in bipartisan collaboration with Sen. <a href="/wiki/John_Sherman_Cooper" title="John Sherman Cooper">John Sherman Cooper</a> (a former U.S. Ambassador to India), a major expansion of U.S. economic support for India. As a candidate in 1960, he supported the emphasis on humanitarian goals for PL-480 set by Sen. Hubert Humphrey's "Food for Peace" Act of 1959<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and supported the idea of a <a href="/wiki/Peace_Corps" title="Peace Corps">Peace Corps</a> that was under development thanks to the initiatives of Sen. Humphrey, Rep. Reuss, and Sen. Neuberger. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(See the "History" section of <a href="/wiki/Peace_Corps" title="Peace Corps">Peace Corps</a>.)</span><sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After his inauguration as president on January 20, 1961, JFK created the Peace Corps by Executive Order on March 1, 1961. On March 22, he sent a special message to Congress on foreign aid, asserting that the 1960s should be a "Decade of Development" and proposing to unify U.S. development assistance administration into a single agency. He sent a proposed "Act for International Development" to Congress in May and the resulting "Foreign Assistance Act" was approved in September, repealing the Mutual Security Act. In November, Pres. Kennedy signed the act and issued an Executive Order tasking the Secretary of State to create, within the State Department, the "Agency for International Development" (or A.I.D.: subsequently re-branded as USAID),<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the successor to both ICA and the Development Loan Fund.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With these actions, the U.S. created a permanent agency working with administrative autonomy under the policy guidance of the State Department to implement, through resident field missions, a global program of both technical and financial development assistance for low-income countries. This structure has continued to date.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Taking this momentum onto the world stage via an address to the UN General Assembly in September 1961, Pres. Kennedy called for a "United Nations Decade of Development". This initiative was endorsed by a General Assembly resolution in December, establishing the concepts of development and development assistance as global priorities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Directions_Act">New Directions Act</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: New Directions Act"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 1960s, foreign aid became one of the focal points in Legislative-Executive differences over the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1970, <a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Nixon" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard M. Nixon">President Nixon</a> proposed abolishing USAID and replacing it with three new institutions: one for development loans, one for technical assistance and research, and one for trade, investment and financial policy.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> USAID's field missions would have been eliminated in the new institutional setup.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consistent with this approach, in early 1971 President Nixon transferred the administration of private investment programs from USAID to the Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC), which had been established by foreign aid legislation at the end of 1969. </p><p>Congress did not act on the President's proposal for replacing USAID but rather amended the Foreign Assistance Act to direct that USAID emphasize "Basic Human Needs": food and nutrition; population planning and health; and education and human resources development. Specifically, USAID's budget would be reformed to account for expenditures for each of these Basic Human Needs, a system referred to as "functional accounts". (Previously, budgets had been divided between categories such as "development loans, technical assistance, <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Progress" title="Alliance for Progress">Alliance for Progress</a> [for Latin America], loans and grants, and population.")<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new system was based on a proposal developed by a bipartisan group of House members and staff working with USAID management and outside advisors.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Nixon signed the New Directions Act into law (PL 93-189) in December 1973. </p><p>Also in 1973, the "Percy Amendment" of the Foreign Assistance Act required U.S. development assistance to integrate women into its programs, leading to USAID's creation of its Women in Development (WID) office in 1974. The <a href="/wiki/Helms_Amendment_to_the_Foreign_Assistance_Act" title="Helms Amendment to the Foreign Assistance Act">Helms Amendment</a> of 1973 banned use of U.S. government funds for abortion as a method of family planning, which effectively required USAID to eliminate all support for abortion.<sup id="cite_ref-usaidweb1_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usaidweb1-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A further amendment of the Foreign Assistance Act in 1974 prohibited assistance for police, thus ending USAID's involvement in Public Safety programs in Latin America, which in the 1960s were, along with the Vietnam War, part of the U.S. government's anti-Communist strategy. </p><p>The reforms also ended the practice of the 1960s and 1970s in which many USAID officers in Latin America and Southeast Asia had worked in joint offices led by State Department diplomats or in units with U.S. military personnel. </p><p>The Basic Human Needs reforms largely cut off USAID's assistance to higher education.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large part of that assistance had gone to agricultural universities in hungry developing countries, as illustrated by a 1974 book by a University of Illinois professor, Hadley Read, describing USAID-supported U.S. land-grant universities' work in building India's agricultural universities.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Read's book inspired an Illinois Member of Congress concerned with famine prevention, Paul Findley, to draft a bill authorizing more support for programs like the ones Read described.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a legislative process involving USAID staff, the association of state universities and land-grant colleges (NASULGC), and Sen. Hubert Humphrey, Rep. Findley's bill ultimately became Title XII of the Foreign Assistance Act, via an amendment to the FAA passed in 1975. Title XII created the <a href="/wiki/Board_for_International_Food_and_Agricultural_Development_(BIFAD)" class="mw-redirect" title="Board for International Food and Agricultural Development (BIFAD)">Board for International Food and Agricultural Development (BIFAD)</a>, with seven members representing U.S. universities and agricultural technology institutions who advise USAID on Title XII implementation. </p><p>The impact of all these actions of the early 1970s on the overall scale of U.S. development assistance is indicated by the change in the number of U.S. staff in field missions. In 1969, the year when Pres. Nixon took office, the number was already decreasing from its Vietnam War high of 8,717 and had reached 7,701. By 1976, near the end of the Nixon-Agnew and Ford-Rockefeller administrations, it was 2,007.<sup id="cite_ref-USAID_1976_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USAID_1976-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolving_organizational_linkages_with_the_State_Department">Evolving organizational linkages with the State Department</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Evolving organizational linkages with the State Department"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Foreign aid has always operated within the framework of U.S. foreign policy and the organizational linkages between the Department of State and USAID have been reviewed on many occasions. </p><p>In 1978, legislation drafted at the request of Senator <a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Hubert Humphrey</a> was introduced to create a Cabinet-level International Development Cooperation Agency (IDCA), whose intended role was to supervise USAID in place of the State Department. Established by executive order in September 1979, it did not in practice make USAID independent. </p><p>In 1995, legislation to abolish USAID was introduced by Senator <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Jesse Helms</a>, the chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Foreign_Relations_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Foreign Relations Committee">Senate Foreign Relations Committee</a>, who aimed to replace USAID with a grant-making foundation.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the House of Representatives passed a bill abolishing USAID, the measure did not become law. To gain congressional cooperation for his foreign affairs agenda, President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> adopted in 1997 a State Department proposal to integrate more foreign affairs agencies into the department. The "Foreign Affairs Agencies Consolidation Act of 1998" (Division G of PL 105-277) abolished IDCA, the <a href="/wiki/Arms_Control_and_Disarmament_Agency" title="Arms Control and Disarmament Agency">Arms Control and Disarmament Agency</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Information_Agency" title="United States Information Agency">United States Information Agency</a>, which formerly maintained American libraries overseas. Although the law authorized the president to abolish USAID, President Clinton did not exercise this option.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2003, <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">President Bush</a> established PEPFAR, the <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Emergency_Plan_for_AIDS_Relief" title="President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief">President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief</a>, putting USAID's HIV/AIDS programs under the direction of the State Department's new Office of the <a href="/wiki/Global_AIDS_Coordinator" class="mw-redirect" title="Global AIDS Coordinator">Global AIDS Coordinator</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2004, the Bush administration created the <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Challenge_Corporation" title="Millennium Challenge Corporation">Millennium Challenge Corporation</a> (MCC) as a new foreign aid agency to provide financial assistance to a limited number of countries selected for good performance in socioeconomic development.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MCC also finances some USAID-administered development assistance projects. </p><p>In January 2006, Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Condoleezza_Rice" title="Condoleezza Rice">Condoleezza Rice</a> created the Office of the Director of U.S. Foreign Assistance ('F') within the State Department. Under a director with the rank of deputy secretary, F's purpose was to ensure that foreign assistance would be used as much as possible to meet foreign policy objectives.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> F integrated foreign assistance planning and resource management across State and USAID, directing all USAID offices' budgets according to a detailed "Standardized Program Structure" comprising hundreds of "Program Sub-Elements". USAID accordingly closed its Washington office that had been responsible for development policy and budgeting. </p><p>On September 22, 2010, President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> signed a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Determination" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential Determination">Presidential Policy Determination</a> (PPD) on Global Development. (Although the Administration considered the PPD too sensitive for release to the public, it was finally released in February 2014 as required by a U.S. court order. The Administration had initially provided a fact sheet to describe the policy.) The PPD promised to elevate the role of development assistance within U.S. policy and rebuild "USAID as the U.S. Government's lead development agency." It also established an Interagency Policy Committee on Global Development led by the National Security Staff and added to U.S. development efforts an emphasis on innovation.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To implement the PPD's instruction that "USAID will develop robust policy, planning, and evaluation capabilities," USAID re-created in mid-2010 a development planning office, the Bureau of Policy, Planning, and Learning.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On November 23, 2010, USAID announced the creation of a new Bureau for Food Security<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to lead the implementation of President Obama's <a href="/wiki/Feed_the_Future_Initiative" title="Feed the Future Initiative">Feed the Future Initiative</a>, which had formerly been managed by the State Department. </p><p>On December 21, 2010, Secretary of State Clinton released the <a href="/wiki/Quadrennial_Diplomacy_and_Development_Review" title="Quadrennial Diplomacy and Development Review">Quadrennial Diplomacy and Development Review (QDDR)</a>. Modeled after the military's <a href="/wiki/Quadrennial_Defense_Review" title="Quadrennial Defense Review">Quadrennial Defense Review</a>, the QDDR of 2010 reaffirmed the plan to re-build USAID's Foreign Service staffing while also emphasizing the increased role that staff from the State Department and domestic agencies would play in implementing U.S. assistance. In addition, it laid out a program for a future transfer of health sector assistance back from the State Department to USAID.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The follow-on QDDR released in April 2015 reaffirmed the Administration's policies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Budget">Budget</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Budget"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;margin-left:1em;float:right"> <caption><b>The 20 Countries with the Largest Budgets for U.S. Economic Assistance in Fiscal Year 2012</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="width:145px;">Nation </th> <th style="text-align:center; width:55px;">Billions of Dollars </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></td> <td>2.24 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></td> <td>0.97 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></td> <td>0.48 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></td> <td>0.45 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></td> <td>0.31 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></td> <td>0.31 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></td> <td>0.28 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Congo">Democratic Republic of Congo</a></td> <td>0.24 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></td> <td>0.22 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></td> <td>0.21 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></td> <td>0.20 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">West Bank and Gaza</a></td> <td>0.20 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></td> <td>0.19 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></td> <td>0.18 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></td> <td>0.18 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></td> <td>0.17 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></td> <td>0.16 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></td> <td>0.16 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></td> <td>0.16 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></td> <td>0.15 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The cost of supplying USAID's assistance includes the agency's "Operating Expenses", $1.35 billion in fiscal year 2012, and "Bilateral Economic Assistance" program costs, $20.83 billion in fiscal year 2012 (the vast bulk of which was administered by USAID). </p><p>Up-to-date details of the budget for USAID's assistance and other aspects of U.S. foreign assistance are available from USAID's budget webpage.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This page contains a link to the Congressional Budget Justification, which shows the U.S. Government's Foreign Operations budget (the "150 Account") for all International Affairs programs and operations for civilian agencies, including USAID. This page also has a link to a "Where Does the Money Go?" table, which shows the recipients of USAID's financial assistance (foreign governments as well as NGOs), the totals that were spent for various countries, and the sources (U.S. government agencies, universities, and private companies) from which USAID procured the goods and services that it provided as technical assistance. </p><p>U.S. assistance budget totals are shown along with other countries' total assistance budgets in tables in a webpage of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit" title="Earth Summit">Earth Summit</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> in 1992, most of the world's governments adopted a program for action under the auspices of the United Nations <a href="/wiki/Agenda_21" title="Agenda 21">Agenda 21</a>, which included an Official Development Assistance (ODA) aid target of 0.7% of gross national product (GNP) for rich nations, specified as roughly 22 members of the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a> and known as the Development Assistance Committee (DAC). Most countries do not adhere to this target, as the OECD's table indicates that the DAC average ODA in 2011 was 0.31% of GNP. The U.S. figure for 2011 was 0.20% of GNP, which still left the U.S. as the largest single source of ODA among individual countries. According to the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>, The United States' total official development assistance (ODA) (US$55.3 billion, preliminary data) increased in 2022, mainly due to support to Ukraine, as well as increased costs for in-donor refugees from Afghanistan. ODA represented 0.22% of gross national income (GNI).<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_region">By region</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: By region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haiti">Haiti</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Haiti"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the January 2010 earthquake in <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>, USAID helped provide safer housing for almost 200,000 displaced Haitians; supported vaccinations for more than 1 million people; cleared more than 1.3 million cubic meters of the approximately 10 million cubic meters of rubble generated; helped more than 10,000 farmers double the yields of staples like corn, beans, and sorghum; and provided short-term employment to more than 350,000 Haitians, injecting more than $19 million into the local economy. USAID has provided nearly $42 million to help combat cholera, helping to decrease the number of cases requiring hospitalization and reduce the case fatality rate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Afghanistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With American entry into Afghanistan in 2001, USAID worked with the Department of State and Department of Defense to coordinate reconstruction efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iraq">Iraq</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Iraq"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_of_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction of Iraq">Reconstruction of Iraq</a></div> <p>The interactions between USAID and other U.S. government agencies in the period of planning the Iraq operation of 2003 are described by the Office of the Special Inspector General for Iraq Reconstruction in its book <i>Hard Lessons: The Iraq Reconstruction Experience</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Subsequently, USAID played a major role in the U.S. reconstruction and development effort in Iraq. As of June 2009<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, USAID had invested approximately $6.6 billion on programs designed to stabilize communities; foster economic and agricultural growth; and build the capacity of the national, local, and provincial governments to represent and respond to the needs of the Iraqi people.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2003, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a> followed USAID administrator <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Natsios" title="Andrew Natsios">Andrew Natsios</a> as he toured Iraq. The special program C-SPAN produced aired over four nights.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lebanon">Lebanon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Lebanon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>USAID has periodically supported the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_American_University" title="Lebanese American University">Lebanese American University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_University_of_Beirut" title="American University of Beirut">American University of Beirut</a> financially, with major contributions to the Lebanese American University's Campaign for Excellence.<sup id="cite_ref-Lebanese_American_University_(LAU)_Campaign_for_Excellence_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lebanese_American_University_(LAU)_Campaign_for_Excellence-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuba">Cuba</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Cuba"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A USAID subcontractor was arrested in Cuba in 2009 for distributing satellite equipment to provide Cubans with internet access. The subcontractor was released during Obama's second presidential term as part of the measures to improve relations between the two countries.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian030821_161-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian030821-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>USAID has been used as a mechanism for "hastening transition", i.e. <a href="/wiki/Regime_change" title="Regime change">regime change</a> in Cuba.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 2009 and 2012, USAID ran a multimillion-dollar program, disguised as humanitarian aid and aimed at inciting rebellion in Cuba. The program consisted of two operations: one to establish an anti-regime <a href="/wiki/Social_network" title="Social network">social network</a> called <a href="/wiki/ZunZuneo" title="ZunZuneo">ZunZuneo</a>, and the other to attract potential dissidents contacted by undercover operatives posing as tourists and aid workers.<sup id="cite_ref-TheGuardianCuba_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheGuardianCuba-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guardian030414_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian030414-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>USAID engineered a subversive program using social media aimed at fueling political unrest in <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a> to overthrow the Cuban government. On 3 April 2014 the <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a> published an investigative report that revealed USAID was behind the creation of a social networking text messaging service aimed at creating political dissent and triggering an uprising against the Cuban government.<sup id="cite_ref-Associated_Press_165-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Associated_Press-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name of the messaging network was ZunZuneo, a Cuban slang term for a hummingbird's tweet and a play on '<a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>'. According to the AP's report, the plan was to build an audience by initially presenting non-controversial content like sports, music and weather. Once a critical mass of users was reached the US government operators would change the content to spark political dissent and mobilize the users into organized political gatherings called 'smart mobs' that would trigger an uprising against the Cuban government.<sup id="cite_ref-Associated_Press_165-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Associated_Press-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The messaging service was launched in 2010 and gained 40,000 followers at its peak. Extensive efforts were made to conceal the USAID involvement in the program, using offshore bank accounts, front companies and servers based overseas.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a memo from one of the project's contractors, Mobile Accord: "There will be absolutely no mention of United States government involvement," "This is absolutely crucial for the long-term success of the service and to ensure the success of the Mission."<sup id="cite_ref-Associated_Press_165-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Associated_Press-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ZunZuneo's subscribers were never aware that it was created by the US government or that USAID was gathering their private data to gain useful demographics that would gauge their levels of dissent and help USAID 'maximize our possibilities to extend our reach.'<sup id="cite_ref-Associated_Press_165-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Associated_Press-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>USAID officials realized they needed an exit strategy to conceal their involvement in the program, at one point seeking funding from <a href="/wiki/Jack_Dorsey" title="Jack Dorsey">Jack Dorsey</a>, the Twitter co-founder, as part of a plan for it to go independent.<sup id="cite_ref-Associated_Press_165-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Associated_Press-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The service was abruptly closed down around mid-2012, which USAID said was due to the program running out of money.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ZunZuneo operation was part of a program that included a second operation which started in October 2009 and was financed jointly with ZunZuneo. In the second operation USAid sent Venezuelan, Costa Rican and Peruvian youngsters to Cuba to recruit Cubans into anti-regime political activities. The operatives posed as traveling aid workers and tourists. In one of the covert operations, the workers formed a <a href="/wiki/HIV_prevention" class="mw-redirect" title="HIV prevention">HIV prevention</a> workshop, which leaked memos called "the perfect excuse" for the programme's political goals. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i> said the operation could undermine US efforts to work toward improving health globally.<sup id="cite_ref-TheGuardianCuba_163-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheGuardianCuba-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The operation was also criticized for putting the undercover operatives themselves at risk. The covert operatives were given limited training about evading Cuban authorities suspicious of their actions. After <a href="/wiki/Alan_Gross" title="Alan Gross">Alan Gross</a>, a development specialist and USAID subcontractor was arrested in Cuba, the US government warned USAID about the safety of covert operatives. Regardless of safety concerns, USAID refused to end the operation.<sup id="cite_ref-TheGuardianCuba_163-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheGuardianCuba-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In light of the AP's report, <a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Shah" title="Rajiv Shah">Rajiv Shah</a>, the head of USAID, was scheduled to testify before the Senate Appropriations State Department and Foreign Operations Subcommittee on 8 April 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bolivia">Bolivia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Bolivia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bolivia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bolivia–United States relations">Bolivia–United States relations</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This subsection titled "Bolivia" <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development" title="Special:EditPage/United States Agency for International Development">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this subsection titled "Bolivia". Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22United+States+Agency+for+International+Development%22">"United States Agency for International Development"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22United+States+Agency+for+International+Development%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22United+States+Agency+for+International+Development%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22United+States+Agency+for+International+Development%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22United+States+Agency+for+International+Development%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22United+States+Agency+for+International+Development%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2009</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Coca" title="Coca">coca</a> growers union affiliated with <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivian</a> President <a href="/wiki/Evo_Morales" title="Evo Morales">Evo Morales</a> ejected the 100 employees and contractors from USAID working in the <a href="/wiki/Chapare_Province" title="Chapare Province">Chapare</a> region, citing frustration with U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> efforts to persuade them to switch to growing unviable alternatives. From 1998 to 2003, Bolivian farmers could receive USAID funding for help planting other crops only if they eliminated all their coca, according to the <a href="/wiki/Andean_Information_Network" title="Andean Information Network">Andean Information Network</a>. Other rules, such as the requirement that participating communities declare themselves "terrorist-free zones" as required by <a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">U.S. law</a> irritated people, said <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kathryn_Ledebur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kathryn Ledebur (page does not exist)">Kathryn Ledebur</a>, director of the organization. "Eradicate all your coca and then you grow an <a href="/wiki/Orange_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Orange tree">orange tree</a> that will get fruit in eight years but you don't have anything to eat in the meantime? A bad idea," she said. "The thing about kicking out USAID, I don't think it's an anti-American sentiment overall but rather a rejection of bad programs". </p><p>President <a href="/wiki/Evo_Morales" title="Evo Morales">Evo Morales</a> expelled USAID from Bolivia on May 1, 2013, for allegedly seeking to undermine his government following ten years of operations within the country.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Morales explained that the expulsion was because USAID's objectives in Bolivia were to advance American interests, not to advance the interests of the Bolivian people. More specifically, President Morales noted the American "counter-narcotic" programs that harms the interests of Bolivian coca farmers who get caught in the middle of American operations. </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/2019_Bolivian_political_crisis" title="2019 Bolivian political crisis">2019 Bolivian political crisis</a> that saw <a href="/wiki/Jeanine_%C3%81%C3%B1ez" title="Jeanine Áñez">Jeanine Áñez</a>'s assumption of power, Ms. Áñez invited USAID to return to Bolivia to provide "technical aid to the electoral process in Bolivia."<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Africa">East Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: East Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On September 19, 2011, USAID and the <a href="/wiki/Ad_Council" title="Ad Council">Ad Council</a> launched the "Famine, War, and Drought" (FWD) campaign to raise awareness about that year's severe <a href="/wiki/2011_East_Africa_drought" title="2011 East Africa drought">drought in East Africa</a>. Through TV and internet ads as well as social media initiatives, FWD encouraged Americans to spread awareness about the crisis, support the humanitarian organizations that were conducting relief operations, and consult the Feed the Future global initiative for broader solutions. Celebrities <a href="/wiki/Geena_Davis" title="Geena Davis">Geena Davis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uma_Thurman" title="Uma Thurman">Uma Thurman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josh_Hartnett" title="Josh Hartnett">Josh Hartnett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chanel_Iman" title="Chanel Iman">Chanel Iman</a> took part in the campaign via a series of Public Service Announcements. Corporations like <a href="/wiki/Cargill" title="Cargill">Cargill</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Mills" title="General Mills">General Mills</a>, <a href="/wiki/PepsiCo." class="mw-redirect" title="PepsiCo.">PepsiCo.</a> and General Mills also signed on to support FWD.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Palestinian_territories">Palestinian territories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Palestinian territories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>USAID ended all its projects in the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> on January 31, 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 10, 2023, more than 1,000 employees of USAID signed an open letter calling for an immediate ceasefire in the <a href="/wiki/2023_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Israel–Hamas war">Israel–Hamas war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public–Private_Partnerships"><span id="Public.E2.80.93Private_Partnerships"></span>Public–Private Partnerships</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Public–Private Partnerships"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In April 2023, USAID and the <a href="/wiki/Global_Food_Safety_Initiative" title="Global Food Safety Initiative">Global Food Safety Initiative</a> (GFSI) announced a memorandum of understanding (MOU) to improve <a href="/wiki/Food_safety" title="Food safety">food safety</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable food systems">sustainable food systems</a> in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GFSI's work in benchmarking and <a href="/wiki/Harmonization_(standards)" title="Harmonization (standards)">standard harmonisation</a> aims to foster mutual acceptance of GFSI-recognized certification programmes for the food industry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies_and_criticism">Controversies and criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Controversies and criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>USAID and U.S. foreign economic assistance in general have been the subject of debate, controversy, and criticism continuously since the 1950s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-career_contracts">Non-career contracts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Non-career contracts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>USAID frequently contracts with private firms or individuals for specialist services lasting from a few weeks to several years. It has long been asked whether USAID should more often assign such tasks to career U.S. government employees instead. United States government staff directly performed technical assistance in the earliest days of the program in the 1940s. It soon became necessary for the federal government technical experts to plan and manage larger assistance programs than they could perform by themselves. The global expansion of technical assistance in the early 1950s reinforced the need to draw on outside experts, which was also accelerated by Congress's requirement of major reductions of U.S. government staffing in 1953. By 1955, observers commented on a perceived shift toward re use of shorter-term contracts (rather than using employees with career-length contracts).<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financial_conflicts_of_interest">Financial conflicts of interest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Financial conflicts of interest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>USAID states that "U.S. foreign assistance has always had the twofold purpose of furthering America's foreign policy interests in expanding democracy and free markets while improving the lives of the citizens of the developing world." Non-government organization watch groups have noted that as much as 40% of aid to Afghanistan has found its way back to donor countries through awarding contracts at inflated costs.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although USAID officially selects contractors on a competitive and objective basis, watch dog groups, politicians, foreign governments and corporations have occasionally accused the agency of allowing its bidding process to be unduly influenced by the political and financial interests of its current presidential administration. Under the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Bush administration</a>, for instance, it emerged that all five implementing partners selected to bid on a $600 million Iraq reconstruction contract enjoyed close ties to the administration.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_operations_abroad">Political operations abroad</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Political operations abroad"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USAID_We_dont_need_your_aid_criticism.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/USAID_We_dont_need_your_aid_criticism.jpg/220px-USAID_We_dont_need_your_aid_criticism.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/USAID_We_dont_need_your_aid_criticism.jpg/330px-USAID_We_dont_need_your_aid_criticism.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/USAID_We_dont_need_your_aid_criticism.jpg/440px-USAID_We_dont_need_your_aid_criticism.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Critical <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a> on a USAID Advertisement saying "We dont need your aid", <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>, Jan 2007</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/William_Blum" title="William Blum">William Blum</a> has said that in the 1960s and early 1970s USAID has maintained "a close working relationship with the <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>, and Agency officers often operated abroad under USAID cover."<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1960s-era <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Public_Safety" title="Office of Public Safety">Office of Public Safety</a>, a now-disbanded division of USAID, has been mentioned as an example of this, having served as a front for training foreign police in counterinsurgency methods (including torture techniques).<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Folha_de_S.Paulo" title="Folha de S.Paulo">Folha de S.Paulo</a></i>, Brazil's largest newspaper, accused USAID of trying to influence political reform in Brazil in a way that would have purposely benefited right-wing parties. USAID spent $95,000 US in 2005 on a seminar in the Brazilian Congress to promote a reform aimed at pushing for legislation punishing party infidelity. According to USAID papers acquired by Folha under the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_(United_States)" title="Freedom of Information Act (United States)">Freedom of Information Act</a>, the seminar was planned to coincide with the eve of talks in that country's Congress on a broad political reform. The papers read that although the "pattern of weak party discipline is found across the political spectrum, it is somewhat less true of parties on the liberal left, such as the [ruling] <a href="/wiki/Worker%27s_Party_(Brazil)" class="mw-redirect" title="Worker's Party (Brazil)">Worker's Party</a>." The papers also expressed a concern about the "'indigenization' of the conference so that it is not viewed as providing a U.S. perspective." The event's main sponsor was the <a href="/wiki/International_Republican_Institute" title="International Republican Institute">International Republican Institute</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, Benjamin Dangl wrote in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Progressive" title="The Progressive">The Progressive</a></i> that the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Bush administration</a> was using USAID to fund efforts in Bolivia to "undermine the <a href="/wiki/Evo_Morales" title="Evo Morales">Morales</a> government and coopt the country’s dynamic social movements—just as it has tried to do recently in Venezuela and traditionally throughout Latin America".<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 2010 to 2012, the agency operated <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zuzuneo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zuzuneo (page does not exist)">Zuzuneo</a><sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, a social media site similar to <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> in an attempt to instigate uprisings against the Cuban government. Its involvement was concealed in order to ensure mission success. The plan was to draw in users with non-controversial content until a <a href="/wiki/Critical_mass_(sociodynamics)" title="Critical mass (sociodynamics)">critical mass</a> is reached, after which more political messaging would be introduced. At its peak, more than 40,000 unsuspecting Cubans interacted on the platform.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the summer of 2012, <a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Alliance_for_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas">ALBA</a> countries (<a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antigua" title="Antigua">Antigua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barbuda" title="Barbuda">Barbuda</a>) called on its members to expel USAID from their countries.<sup id="cite_ref-NBC_News_2014_187-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBC_News_2014-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_on_the_United_Nations">Influence on the United Nations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Influence on the United Nations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several studies<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (April 2016)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> suggest that foreign aid is used as a political weapon for the U.S. to elicit desired actions from other nations. A state's membership of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">U.N. Security Council</a> can give a considerable raise of U.S. assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1990 when the <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemeni</a> Ambassador to the United Nations, <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Saleh_al-Ashtal" title="Abdullah Saleh al-Ashtal">Abdullah Saleh al-Ashtal</a>, voted against <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_678" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 678">a resolution for a U.S.-led coalition to use force against Iraq</a>, U.S. ambassador to the UN <a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Pickering" title="Thomas R. Pickering">Thomas Pickering</a> walked to the seat of the Yemeni Ambassador and retorted: "That was the most expensive No vote you ever cast". Immediately, USAID ceased operations and funding in Yemen.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_Department_terrorist_list">State Department terrorist list</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: State Department terrorist list"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>USAID requires NGOs to sign a document renouncing <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a>, as a condition of funding. Issam Abdul Rahman, media coordinator for the Palestinian Non-Governmental Organizations' Network, a body representing 135 NGOs in the West Bank and Gaza Strip, said his organization "takes issue with politically conditioned funding". Also, the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine">Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine</a>, listed as a terrorist organization by the US Department of State, said that the USAID condition was nothing more than an attempt "to impose political solutions prepared in the kitchens of Western intelligence agencies to weaken the rights and principles of Palestinians, especially the right of return."<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renouncing_prostitution_and_sex_trafficking">Renouncing prostitution and sex trafficking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Renouncing prostitution and sex trafficking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2003, Congress passed <a href="/wiki/President%27s_Emergency_Plan_for_AIDS_Relief" title="President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief">a law</a> providing U.S. government funds to private groups to help fight <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a> and other diseases all over the world through USAID grants. One of the conditions imposed by the law on grant recipients was a requirement to have "a policy explicitly <a href="/wiki/Anti-prostitution_pledge" title="Anti-prostitution pledge">opposing prostitution</a> and sex trafficking".<sup id="cite_ref-192" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in <i><a href="/wiki/USAID_v._Alliance_for_Open_Society_(2013)" class="mw-redirect" title="USAID v. Alliance for Open Society (2013)">Agency for International Development v. Alliance for Open Society International, Inc.</a></i> that the requirement violated the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment's</a> prohibition against compelled speech.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Involvement_in_Peru's_forced_sterilizations"><span id="Involvement_in_Peru.27s_forced_sterilizations"></span>Involvement in Peru's forced sterilizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Involvement in Peru's forced sterilizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Forced_sterilization_in_Peru#Foreign_Involvement" title="Forced sterilization in Peru">Forced sterilization in Peru § Foreign Involvement</a></div> <p>During the 1990s, USAID was implicated in the forced sterilization of approximately 300,000 indigenous women in <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> as part of the country's <a href="/wiki/Plan_Verde" title="Plan Verde">Plan Verde</a>. Population control guidelines promoted by international bodies, including USAID, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Population_Fund" title="United Nations Population Fund">United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nippon_Foundation" title="Nippon Foundation">Nippon Foundation</a>, supported the Fujimori government's sterilization efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-McMaken-2018_194-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McMaken-2018-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Congress_of_Peru-2002_195-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Congress_of_Peru-2002-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Investigations by Peru's congressional subcommittee found a causal correlation between increased USAID funding and the number of sterilizations performed.<sup id="cite_ref-Congress_of_Peru-2002_195-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Congress_of_Peru-2002-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These sterilizations were part of a global strategy by the United States government to reduce birth rates in developing countries for political and economic stability.<sup id="cite_ref-Congress_of_Peru-2002_195-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Congress_of_Peru-2002-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Documents obtained through the Freedom of Information Act revealed that USAID effectively took control of Peru's national health system from 1993 to 1998, during the period of forced sterilizations. It was concluded that it would be virtually inconceivable for these sterilization abuses to have occurred systematically without the knowledge of USAID administrators in Peru and Washington.<sup id="cite_ref-McMaken-2018_194-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McMaken-2018-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Congress_of_Peru-2002_195-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Congress_of_Peru-2002-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under pressure from investigations by the <a href="/wiki/Population_Research_Institute_(organization)" title="Population Research Institute (organization)">Population Research Institute</a>, USAID ceased funding for sterilizations in Peru in 1998. The forced sterilizations continued until President Fujimori fled to Japan in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_News-2002_196-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-2002-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The policy resulted in a generational shift, creating a smaller younger generation unable to provide economic stimulation to rural areas, thus increasing poverty in those regions.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_News-2002_196-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_News-2002-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Office_of_Inspector_General_investigation_into_alleged_terror-linked_funding">Office of Inspector General investigation into alleged terror-linked funding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Office of Inspector General investigation into alleged terror-linked funding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to a February 2024 report, the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Inspector_General,_U.S._Agency_for_International_Development" title="Office of Inspector General, U.S. Agency for International Development">USAID's Office of Inspector General</a> launched an investigation in 2023 into the agency for awarding $110,000 in 2021 to Helping Hand for Relief and Development (HHRD), a charity in <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> that Republicans on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Foreign_Affairs" title="United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs">House Foreign Affairs Committee</a> have accused in recent years of sharing ties to terrorism organizations in South Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaminsky_197-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaminsky-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2023, USAID's Vetting Support Unit cleared HHRD to receive the grant.<sup id="cite_ref-USAID_letter_200-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USAID_letter-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2024, researchers at George Mason University reported that allegations against HHRD were part of a campaign targeting large American Muslim charities based on the manipulation of poorly-sourced information.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitzgerald_201-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Agency_for_International_Development&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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.id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180905082058/https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1868/USAIDFY2016_AFR_508.pdf">"Agency Financial Report, FY 2016"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. USAID. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1868/USAIDFY2016_AFR_508.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 5, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 22,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Agency+Financial+Report%2C+FY+2016&rft.pub=USAID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usaid.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2F1868%2FUSAIDFY2016_AFR_508.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span> Page 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usaspending.gov/agency/agency-for-international-development?fy=2023">"Agency for International Development"</a>. USASpending.gov<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 8,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Agency+for+International+Development&rft.pub=USASpending.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usaspending.gov%2Fagency%2Fagency-for-international-development%3Ffy%3D2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120515232854/http://www.usaid.gov/about_usaid/usaidhist.html">"USAID History"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USAID" class="mw-redirect" title="USAID">USAID</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usaid.gov/about_usaid/usaidhist.html">the original</a> on May 15, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 7,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USAID+History&rft.pub=USAID&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usaid.gov%2Fabout_usaid%2Fusaidhist.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usaid.gov/who-we-are/usaid-history">"USAID HISTORY"</a>. <i>usaid.gov</i>. USAID<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 8,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=usaid.gov&rft.atitle=USAID+HISTORY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usaid.gov%2Fwho-we-are%2Fusaid-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031119001121/http://www.usaid.gov/policy/ads/400/fsa.pdf">"USAID: Automated Directives System 400"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usaid.gov/policy/ads/400/fsa.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on November 19, 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 27,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USAID%3A+Automated+Directives+System+400&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usaid.gov%2Fpolicy%2Fads%2F400%2Ffsa.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USAID-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USAID_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUSAID" class="citation web cs1">USAID. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031118231328/http://www.usaid.gov/policy/ads/100/101.pdf">"ADS Chapter 101.2 Agency Programs and Functions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usaid.gov/policy/ads/100/101.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on November 18, 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 22,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ADS+Chapter+101.2+Agency+Programs+and+Functions&rft.au=USAID&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usaid.gov%2Fpolicy%2Fads%2F100%2F101.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PDACG100.pdf">"USAID Primer: What We Do and How We Do It"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Development Experience Clearinghouse</i>. USAID. January 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 16,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Development+Experience+Clearinghouse&rft.atitle=USAID+Primer%3A+What+We+Do+and+How+We+Do+It&rft.date=2006-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpdf.usaid.gov%2Fpdf_docs%2FPDACG100.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span> Each particular official statement of USAID's goals is specific to the U.S. foreign-policy emphases of the moment the statement is made. The best official statement relevant to the most recent era is contained in USAID's 2004 "White Paper," which was reaffirmed in high-level USAID policy documents in 2006 and 2011. (See the references authored by USAID, at the end of this article.) To give a perspective of USAID's goals that is as general as possible, the list of goals in this article subsumes one of the goals from the 2004 White Paper, "Strengthen fragile states," whose emphasis as understood at the time was on Iraq and Afghanistan, into a more general goal, "U.S. national interests," together with one of the White Paper's other goals, "Support strategic states." State fragility is understood to be one of the development issues addressed under this article's "Socioeconomic development" goal. On the other hand, the White Paper's goal, "Provide humanitarian relief," is divided in this article into two goals, both of which are humanitarian: "Disaster relief" (which may assist victims at various income levels) and "Poverty relief" (which targets chronic poverty, not just the result of a disaster, and which does not necessarily have to be justified by a developmental impact).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120120113701/http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/environment/climate/policies_prog/capacity.html">"Global Climate Change: Capacity Building"</a>. <a href="/wiki/USAID" class="mw-redirect" title="USAID">USAID</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/environment/climate/policies_prog/capacity.html">the original</a> on January 20, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 7,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Climate+Change%3A+Capacity+Building&rft.pub=USAID&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usaid.gov%2Four_work%2Fenvironment%2Fclimate%2Fpolicies_prog%2Fcapacity.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tarnoff (2015), p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (as amended), Section 531.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sigar.mil/interactive-reports/stabilization/index.html">"Stabilization: Lessons from the U.S. Experience in Afghanistan"</a>. SIGAR<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 1,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stabilization%3A+Lessons+from+the+U.S.+Experience+in+Afghanistan&rft.pub=SIGAR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sigar.mil%2Finteractive-reports%2Fstabilization%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201031232911/https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1876/310.pdf">"ADS Chapter 310: Source and Nationality Requirements for Procurement of Commodities and Services Financed by USAID"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. USAID. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1876/310.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on October 31, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 1,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ADS+Chapter+310%3A+Source+and+Nationality+Requirements+for+Procurement+of+Commodities+and+Services+Financed+by+USAID&rft.pub=USAID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usaid.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2F1876%2F310.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usaid.gov/about_usaid/primer.html">"USAID Primer: What We Do and How We Do It"</a>. Usaid.gov. December 8, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USAID+Primer%3A+What+We+Do+and+How+We+Do+It&rft.pub=Usaid.gov&rft.date=2010-12-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usaid.gov%2Fabout_usaid%2Fprimer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110423111526/http://www.usaid.gov/about_usaid/usaidorg.html">"USAID: Organization"</a>. Usaid.gov. March 4, 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usaid.gov/about_usaid/usaidorg.html">the original</a> on April 23, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 12,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USAID%3A+Organization&rft.pub=Usaid.gov&rft.date=2011-03-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usaid.gov%2Fabout_usaid%2Fusaidorg.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUSAID2003" class="citation web cs1">USAID (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1876/349.pdf">"ADS Chapter 349"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. Section 349.3.1.1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 19,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ADS+Chapter+349&rft.pages=Section+349.3.1.1&rft.date=2003&rft.au=USAID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usaid.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2F1876%2F349.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUSAID2004" class="citation web cs1">USAID (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1868/155.pdf">"ADS Chapter 155"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. Section 155.3.1.1.c<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 19,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ADS+Chapter+155&rft.pages=Section+155.3.1.1.c&rft.date=2004&rft.au=USAID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usaid.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2F1868%2F155.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarnoff2015" class="citation web cs1">Tarnoff, Curt (July 21, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R44117.pdf">"U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID): Background, Operations, and Issues"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 13,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Agency+for+International+Development+%28USAID%29%3A+Background%2C+Operations%2C+and+Issues&rft.date=2015-07-21&rft.aulast=Tarnoff&rft.aufirst=Curt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fsgp%2Fcrs%2Frow%2FR44117.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://photos.state.gov/libraries/korea/115197/kimnamhee/Korea%20case%20study%2020110615%20_corrected%2020111027%20TU_%20-%2050th.pdf">"South Korea: From Aid Recipient to Donor"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. USAID<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 1,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Korea%3A+From+Aid+Recipient+to+Donor&rft.pub=USAID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphotos.state.gov%2Flibraries%2Fkorea%2F115197%2Fkimnamhee%2FKorea%2520case%2520study%252020110615%2520_corrected%252020111027%2520TU_%2520-%252050th.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usaid.gov/mission-directory">"Mission Directory"</a>. USAID<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 1,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mission+Directory&rft.pub=USAID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usaid.gov%2Fmission-directory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMohammed2012" class="citation news cs1">Mohammed, Arshad (September 18, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-russia-aid-idUSBRE88H11E20120918">"USAID mission in Russia to close following Moscow decision"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120918172926/http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/09/18/us-usa-russia-aid-idUSBRE88H11E20120918">Archived</a> from the original on September 18, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 19,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=USAID+mission+in+Russia+to+close+following+Moscow+decision&rft.date=2012-09-18&rft.aulast=Mohammed&rft.aufirst=Arshad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-usa-russia-aid-idUSBRE88H11E20120918&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130501161502/http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/bolivias-president-morales-expels-usaid-accused-it-of-working-against-him/2013/05/01/00e1ce28-b263-11e2-9fb1-62de9581c946_story.html">"Bolivia's President Morales expels USAID, accused it of working against him"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a>. May 1, 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/bolivias-president-morales-expels-usaid-accused-it-of-working-against-him/2013/05/01/00e1ce28-b263-11e2-9fb1-62de9581c946_story.html">the original</a> on May 1, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bolivia%27s+President+Morales+expels+USAID%2C+accused+it+of+working+against+him&rft.date=2013-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2Fthe_americas%2Fbolivias-president-morales-expels-usaid-accused-it-of-working-against-him%2F2013%2F05%2F01%2F00e1ce28-b263-11e2-9fb1-62de9581c946_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170504131439/https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1877/436.pdf">"ADS Chapter 436: Foreign Service Assignments and Tours of Duty"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. USAID. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1877/436.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on May 4, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1868/2016_USAID_Staffing_Report_to_Congress.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on May 3, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 27,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=USAID+Staffing+Report+to+Congress&rft.pub=USAID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usaid.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2F1868%2F2016_USAID_Staffing_Report_to_Congress.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUSAID2014" class="citation web cs1">USAID (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170615233535/https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1877/495.pdf">"ADS Chapter 495: Foreign Service National Personnel Administration"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ADS+Chapter+495%3A+Foreign+Service+National+Personnel+Administration&rft.date=2014&rft.au=USAID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usaid.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2F1877%2F495.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See ADS section 495.3.1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ADS section 495.3.4; Koehring et al. 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USAID Inspector General. p. 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oig.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/audit-reports/4-000-15-001-s.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on December 27, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://careers.state.gov/learn/what-we-do/mission">the original</a> on December 15, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 22,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mission&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcareers.state.gov%2Flearn%2Fwhat-we-do%2Fmission&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUSAID2012" class="citation web cs1">USAID (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170630222347/https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1868/102_0.pdf">"ADS Chapter 102: Agency Organization"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 23. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usaid.gov/sites/default/files/documents/1868/102_0.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 30, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 13,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ADS+Chapter+102%3A+Agency+Organization&rft.pages=23&rft.date=2012&rft.au=USAID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usaid.gov%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2F1868%2F102_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span> See in particular the definitions of "Large mission" and "Office."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShenSchwarz2023" class="citation journal cs1">Shen, Jianzhong; Schwarz, Stefan (March 29, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10049891">"Introducing One Health Advances: a new journal connecting the dots for global health"</a>. <i>One Health Advances</i>. <b>1</b> (1): 1. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs44280-023-00011-1">10.1186/s44280-023-00011-1</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2731-9970">2731-9970</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10049891">10049891</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37521534">37521534</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=One+Health+Advances&rft.atitle=Introducing+One+Health+Advances%3A+a+new+journal+connecting+the+dots+for+global+health&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2023-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10049891%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2731-9970&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F37521534&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs44280-023-00011-1&rft.aulast=Shen&rft.aufirst=Jianzhong&rft.au=Schwarz%2C+Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10049891&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUSAID2016" class="citation web cs1">USAID (November 15, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usaid.gov/who-we-are/organization/bureaus/bureau-democracy-conflict-and-humanitarian-assistance/office-us">"Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 13,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Office+of+U.S.+Foreign+Disaster+Assistance&rft.date=2016-11-15&rft.au=USAID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usaid.gov%2Fwho-we-are%2Forganization%2Fbureaus%2Fbureau-democracy-conflict-and-humanitarian-assistance%2Foffice-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoffey2006" class="citation journal cs1">Coffey, Ross (Major, U.S. Army) (March–April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=483590">"Revisiting CORDS: The Need for Unity of Effort to Secure Victory in Iraq"</a>. <i>Military Review</i>: 24–34<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 22,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Military+Review&rft.atitle=Revisiting+CORDS%3A+The+Need+for+Unity+of+Effort+to+Secure+Victory+in+Iraq&rft.pages=24-34&rft.date=2006-03%2F2006-04&rft.aulast=Coffey&rft.aufirst=Ross+%28Major%2C+U.S.+Army%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hsdl.org%2F%3Fview%26did%3D483590&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coffey. p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2013" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Robert Leith (2013). <i>Blowtorch: Robert Komer, Vietnam, and American Cold War Strategy</i>. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781612512280" title="Special:BookSources/9781612512280"><bdi>9781612512280</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blowtorch%3A+Robert+Komer%2C+Vietnam%2C+and+American+Cold+War+Strategy&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+MD&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781612512280&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Robert+Leith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoussef" class="citation news cs1">Youssef, Nancy A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/world/middle-east/pentagon-shuts-down-floating-pier-after-storm-damage-2017a811">"Pentagon Shuts Down Floating Pier for Gaza Aid After Storm Damage"</a>. <i>WSJ</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 5,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=WSJ&rft.atitle=Pentagon+Shuts+Down+Floating+Pier+for+Gaza+Aid+After+Storm+Damage&rft.aulast=Youssef&rft.aufirst=Nancy+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Fworld%2Fmiddle-east%2Fpentagon-shuts-down-floating-pier-after-storm-damage-2017a811&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Data from USAID reports, "Distribution of Personnel as of June 30, 1949 thru 1976," "Supporting the USAID Mission, and the "USAID Staffing Report to Congress" of 2016. See full citations in "References," below.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButterfield" class="citation book cs1">Butterfield. <i>U.S. Development Aid</i>. p. 60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+Development+Aid&rft.pages=60&rft.au=Butterfield&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButterfield" class="citation book cs1">Butterfield. <i>U.S. Development Aid</i>. p. 37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+Development+Aid&rft.pages=37&rft.au=Butterfield&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A history of all the programs that USAID has supported since 1961, in scores of countries, plus the evolution of U.S. government policies and academic theories about development and development assistance, to say nothing of the development in the low-income countries themselves, would require enough books to fill a library. For a start, see Samuel Butterfield's <i>U.S. Development Aid</i> (2004).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Merle Curti and Kendall Birr, "Prelude to Point Four: American Technical Missions Overseas, 1838–1938" (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1954).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141221015955/http://www.chinafound.org.tw/ec99/eshop1387/e_profile.asp">"China Foundation for the Promotion of Education and Culture"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinafound.org.tw/ec99/eshop1387/e_profile.asp">the original</a> on December 21, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 26,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China+Foundation+for+the+Promotion+of+Education+and+Culture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinafound.org.tw%2Fec99%2Feshop1387%2Fe_profile.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For information on the Near East Foundation, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.neareast.org/">"Near East Foundation"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Near+East+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.neareast.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span> Also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadeauStevens1966" class="citation book cs1">Badeau, John S.; Stevens, G. G. (1966). <i>Bread from stones: fifty years of technical assistance</i>. Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bread+from+stones%3A+fifty+years+of+technical+assistance&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+N.J.&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Badeau&rft.aufirst=John+S.&rft.au=Stevens%2C+G.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFosdick1952" class="citation book cs1">Fosdick, R. B. (1952). <i>The story of the Rockefeller Foundation</i> (1st ed.). New York City: Harper.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+story+of+the+Rockefeller+Foundation&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=1952&rft.aulast=Fosdick&rft.aufirst=R.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownOpie1953" class="citation book cs1">Brown, William Adams Jr.; Opie, Redvers (1953). <i>American Foreign Assistance</i>. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Foreign+Assistance&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=The+Brookings+Institution&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=William+Adams+Jr.&rft.au=Opie%2C+Redvers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/353.html">"Records of Interdepartmental Committees"</a>. National Archives and Records Administration. August 15, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 17,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Records+of+Interdepartmental+Committees&rft.pub=National+Archives+and+Records+Administration&rft.date=2016-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fresearch%2Fguide-fed-records%2Fgroups%2F353.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlick1957" class="citation book cs1">Glick, Philip (1957). <i>The Administration of Technical Assistance</i>. The University of Chicago Press. pp. 7–9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Administration+of+Technical+Assistance&rft.pages=7-9&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Glick&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Erb, Claude (1985). "Prelude to Point Four: The Institute of Inter-American Affairs". <i>Diplomatic History</i>. 9 (3).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/Pcaab967.pdf">Office of Inter-American Affairs, <i>History of the Office of the Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs: Historical Reports on War Administration</i> (Government Printing Office; Washington, DC, 1947).</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony1973" class="citation book cs1">Anthony, Edwin D. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/files/research/foreign-policy/related-records/rg-229-inter-american-affairs.pdf"><i>Records of the Office of Inter-American Affairs</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Washington, D.C.: National Archives and Records Service, General Services Administration<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 8,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Records+of+the+Office+of+Inter-American+Affairs&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=National+Archives+and+Records+Service%2C+General+Services+Administration&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=Edwin+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Ffiles%2Fresearch%2Fforeign-policy%2Frelated-records%2Frg-229-inter-american-affairs.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruttan (1996), p. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glick (1957), pp. 17ff and Mosher (1957), pp. 323–328</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glick (1957), pp. 26–28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">OFAR was an office in USDA between 1939 and 1953. In this period, the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Agricultural_Service" title="Foreign Agricultural Service">Foreign Agricultural Service</a> reported to the Department of State rather than to USDA. See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Archives_and_Records_Administration2016" class="citation web cs1">National Archives and Records Administration (August 15, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/166.html">"Records of the Foreign Agricultural Service"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 17,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Records+of+the+Foreign+Agricultural+Service&rft.date=2016-08-15&rft.au=National+Archives+and+Records+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fresearch%2Fguide-fed-records%2Fgroups%2F166.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButterfield" class="citation book cs1">Butterfield. <i>U.S. Development Aid</i>. pp. 2–4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+Development+Aid&rft.pages=2-4&rft.au=Butterfield&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/law/help/statutes-at-large/81st-congress/session-2/c81s2ch220.pdf">"Title IV of the Foreign Economic Assistance Act of 1950 (PL 81-535)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></i>. pp. 204–209<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 25,</span> 2019</span>. <q>Act for International Development.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Title+IV+of+the+Foreign+Economic+Assistance+Act+of+1950+%28PL+81-535%29&rft.pages=204-209&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Flaw%2Fhelp%2Fstatutes-at-large%2F81st-congress%2Fsession-2%2Fc81s2ch220.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/469.html#469.6">"Records of U.S. Foreign Assistance Agencies, 1948-1961"</a>. National Archives and Records Administration. August 15, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 2,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Records+of+U.S.+Foreign+Assistance+Agencies%2C+1948-1961&rft.pub=National+Archives+and+Records+Administration&rft.date=2016-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fresearch%2Fguide-fed-records%2Fgroups%2F469.html%23469.6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glick (1957), pp. 35–39. The revised operating procedure was modeled on reforms that had been pioneered by IIAA in March 1951.]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrews1961" class="citation book cs1">Andrews, Stanley (August 1961). <i>University Contracts: A Review and Comment on Selected University Contracts in Africa, the Middle East, and Asia</i>. Technical Assistance Study Group, International Cooperation Administration.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=University+Contracts%3A+A+Review+and+Comment+on+Selected+University+Contracts+in+Africa%2C+the+Middle+East%2C+and+Asia&rft.pub=Technical+Assistance+Study+Group%2C+International+Cooperation+Administration&rft.date=1961-08&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown & Opie (1953).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Ninth and Final Financial Report of the United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration</i>. Washington, D.C.: UNRRA. March 1949. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fnnc1.cu03384870">2027/nnc1.cu03384870</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ninth+and+Final+Financial+Report+of+the+United+Nations+Relief+and+Rehabilitation+Administration&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=UNRRA&rft.date=1949-03&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fnnc1.cu03384870&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown & Opie (1953), pp. 108–109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">By the program's completion in March 1951, the U.S. had provided $388 million for private property claims and $55 million for public property reconstruction. (See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaringDelgadoO'Donnell1951" class="citation book cs1">Waring, Frank A.; Delgado, Francisco A.; O'Donnell, John A. (March 31, 1951). <i>Rehabilitation of the Philippines: Final and Ninth Semiannual Report of the United States Philippine War Damage Commission</i>. Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fmdp.39015039449130">2027/mdp.39015039449130</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rehabilitation+of+the+Philippines%3A+Final+and+Ninth+Semiannual+Report+of+the+United+States+Philippine+War+Damage+Commission&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1951-03-31&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fmdp.39015039449130&rft.aulast=Waring&rft.aufirst=Frank+A.&rft.au=Delgado%2C+Francisco+A.&rft.au=O%27Donnell%2C+John+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span>) The following month, in April 1951, the U.S. and the Philippines signed an agreement for the U.S. to open an aid office (a Special Technical and Economic Mission). (See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Thirteenth Report to Congress of the Economic Cooperation Administration: Supplement</i>. pp. 58–65. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fumn.31951d03727992c">2027/umn.31951d03727992c</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thirteenth+Report+to+Congress+of+the+Economic+Cooperation+Administration%3A+Supplement&rft.pages=58-65&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fumn.31951d03727992c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown & Opie (1953), pp. 341–342.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hayes (1971), pp. 44–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brown & Opie (1953), pp. 412–414.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJollyEmmerjiGhaiLapeyre2004" class="citation book cs1">Jolly, Richard; Emmerji, Louis; Ghai, Dharam; Lapeyre, Frederic (2004). <i>UN Contributions to Development Thinking and Practice</i>. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press. pp. 68–73.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=UN+Contributions+to+Development+Thinking+and+Practice&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+IN&rft.pages=68-73&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Jolly&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Emmerji%2C+Louis&rft.au=Ghai%2C+Dharam&rft.au=Lapeyre%2C+Frederic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirdar1966" class="citation book cs1">Kirdar, Üner (1966). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/structureofunite0000kird"><i>The Structure of United Nations Economic-Aid to Underdeveloped Countries</i></a></span>. The Hague: M. Nijhoff. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/structureofunite0000kird/page/60">60</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Structure+of+United+Nations+Economic-Aid+to+Underdeveloped+Countries&rft.place=The+Hague&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=M.+Nijhoff&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Kirdar&rft.aufirst=%C3%9Cner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstructureofunite0000kird&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The name under which Congress appropriates these funds has changed over time, becoming "Supporting Assistance" in 1961, "Security Supporting Assistance" in 1971, and finally "Economic Support Funds" from 1978 to the present. See Nowels (1987), pp. 5–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Butterfield (2004), p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bingham (2004), pp. 262–263.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.trumanlibrary.org/oralhist/andrewss.htm">"Oral History Interview with Stanley Andrews"</a>. Harry S. Truman Library & Museum. pp. 42–44<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 22,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oral+History+Interview+with+Stanley+Andrews&rft.pages=42-44&rft.pub=Harry+S.+Truman+Library+%26+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.trumanlibrary.org%2Foralhist%2Fandrewss.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The only times the Republican Party had a majority in either house of Congress in the 48-year span from 1933 to 1981 was in 1947-1949 when it enjoyed small majorities in both houses in the 80th Congress under Pres. Truman and in 1953-1955 when it had majorities in both houses of the 83rd Congress under Pres. Eisenhower.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The New Deal's Tennessee Valley Authority was the model for some major development assistance projects. See Ekbladh (2002).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaufman (1982), p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bingham (1953), p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaufman (1982), ch. 2, pp. 12–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">U.S. documents of the 1950s usually referred to the World Bank as "the International Bank."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glick (1957), pp. 130–136: "The Relation of Technical Co-operation to Economic Aid."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisenhower1953" class="citation web cs1">Eisenhower, Dwight D. (June 1, 1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/special-message-the-congress-the-organization-the-executive-branch-for-the-conduct-foreign">"Special Message to the Congress on the Organization of the Executive Branch for the Conduct of Foreign Affairs"</a>. <i>The American Presidency Project</i>. UC–Santa Barbara<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 26,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Presidency+Project&rft.atitle=Special+Message+to+the+Congress+on+the+Organization+of+the+Executive+Branch+for+the+Conduct+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft.date=1953-06-01&rft.aulast=Eisenhower&rft.aufirst=Dwight+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fdocuments%2Fspecial-message-the-congress-the-organization-the-executive-branch-for-the-conduct-foreign&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bingham (2004), p. 240.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glick (1957) p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Government1953" class="citation web cs1">U.S. Government (July 16, 1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-67/pdf/STATUTE-67-Pg152.pdf">"Mutual Security Act of 1953"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Section 706(a)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 21,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mutual+Security+Act+of+1953&rft.pages=Section+706%28a%29&rft.date=1953-07-16&rft.au=U.S.+Government&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gpo.gov%2Ffdsys%2Fpkg%2FSTATUTE-67%2Fpdf%2FSTATUTE-67-Pg152.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruttan (1996), p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaufman (1982), pp. 29–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaufman (1982), pp. 37–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaufman (1982), pp. 26–29. Sen. Hubert Humphrey was a prominent supporter of the PL-480 concept.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A currency is "inconvertible" when the government forbids it to be used to buy foreign exchange, so that it can only be spent in the country that issues it.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUSAID2017" class="citation web cs1">USAID (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usaid.gov/what-we-do/agriculture-and-food-security/food-assistance">"Food Assistance"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 19,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Food+Assistance&rft.date=2017&rft.au=USAID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usaid.gov%2Fwhat-we-do%2Fagriculture-and-food-security%2Ffood-assistance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mason, Kim <i>et al.</i>. (1980), chapter 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruttan (1996), pp. 259–260.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruttan (1996), pp. 72–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaufman (1982), p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaufman (1982), p. 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kaufman_1982,_p._52-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kaufman_1982,_p._52_105-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaufman_1982,_p._52_105-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaufman (1982), p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Government1953" class="citation web cs1">U.S. Government (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/STATUTE-67/pdf/STATUTE-67-Pg152.pdf">"Mutual Security Act of 1953"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 21,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mutual+Security+Act+of+1953&rft.date=1953&rft.au=U.S.+Government&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gpo.gov%2Ffdsys%2Fpkg%2FSTATUTE-67%2Fpdf%2FSTATUTE-67-Pg152.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufman1982" class="citation book cs1">Kaufman, B. Ira (1982). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tradeaideisenhow00kauf_0"><i>Trade and aid : Eisenhower's foreign economic policy, 1953-1961</i></a></span>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tradeaideisenhow00kauf_0/page/82">82</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801826238" title="Special:BookSources/9780801826238"><bdi>9780801826238</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trade+and+aid+%3A+Eisenhower%27s+foreign+economic+policy%2C+1953-1961&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9780801826238&rft.aulast=Kaufman&rft.aufirst=B.+Ira&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftradeaideisenhow00kauf_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaviland1958" class="citation journal cs1">Haviland, H. Field (1958). "Foreign Aid and the Policy Process: 1957". <i>The American Political Science Review</i>. <b>52</b> (3): 689–724. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1951900">10.2307/1951900</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1951900">1951900</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144564474">144564474</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Foreign+Aid+and+the+Policy+Process%3A+1957&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=689-724&rft.date=1958&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144564474%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1951900%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1951900&rft.aulast=Haviland&rft.aufirst=H.+Field&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaufman (1982), pp. 96ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An expanding academic literature also featured models that assumed that low-income countries would grow virtually automatically if sufficient macroeconomic financing was provided. See Ruttan (1996), pp. 89–91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haviland (1958), pp. 690, 691, 696.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisenhower1957" class="citation web cs1">Eisenhower, Dwight D. (May 21, 1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/special-message-the-congress-the-mutual-security-programs">"Special Message to the Congress on the Mutual Security Programs"</a>. <i>The American Presidency Project</i>. UC-–Santa Barbara<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 2,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Presidency+Project&rft.atitle=Special+Message+to+the+Congress+on+the+Mutual+Security+Programs&rft.date=1957-05-21&rft.aulast=Eisenhower&rft.aufirst=Dwight+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fdocuments%2Fspecial-message-the-congress-the-mutual-security-programs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Local-currency repayments were adjusted when exchange rates changed to maintain their value in terms of U.S. dollars.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUSAID1962" class="citation web cs1">USAID (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pdabc787.pdf">"Terminal Report of the Development Loan Fund"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. pp. 3–4<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 19,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Terminal+Report+of+the+Development+Loan+Fund&rft.pages=3-4&rft.date=1962&rft.au=USAID&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpdf.usaid.gov%2Fpdf_docs%2Fpdabc787.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Terminal Report of the DLF, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaufman (1982), p. 167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisenhower1959" class="citation web cs1">Eisenhower, Dwight D. (January 29, 1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/special-message-the-congress-agriculture-3">"Special Message to the Congress on Agriculture"</a>. <i>The American Presidency Project</i>. UC–Santa Barbara<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 2,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Presidency+Project&rft.atitle=Special+Message+to+the+Congress+on+Agriculture&rft.date=1959-01-29&rft.aulast=Eisenhower&rft.aufirst=Dwight+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.presidency.ucsb.edu%2Fdocuments%2Fspecial-message-the-congress-agriculture-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USAID_1976-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-USAID_1976_118-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-USAID_1976_118-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Data from USAID, "Distribution of Personnel as of June 30, 1949 thru 1976."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaufman (1982), pp. 46–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mason, Edward; Asher, Robert (1973). <i>The World Bank Since Bretton Woods</i>. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution. pp. 381–389.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://siteresources.worldbank.org/IDA/Resources/ida-articlesofagreement.pdf">International Development Association. "Articles of Agreement, Schedule A"</a> IDA-articlesofagreement.pdf. Retrieved 16 September 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kapur, D., Lewis, J. P, & Webb, R. Charles. (1997). <i>The World Bank : its first half century</i> (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution), p. 929.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jolly <i>et al.</i> (2004), pp. 73–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kaufman (1982), p. 161-162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOECD2006" class="citation web cs1">OECD (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd.org/dac/1896808.pdf">"DAC in Dates: The History of OECD's Development Assistance Committee"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 16,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DAC+in+Dates%3A+The+History+of+OECD%27s+Development+Assistance+Committee&rft.date=2006&rft.au=OECD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Fdac%2F1896808.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBracho2021" class="citation book cs1">Bracho, Gerardo (2021). "Chapter 5: Diplomacy by stealth and pressure: the creation of the Development Assistance Group (and the OECD) in 51 days". In Bracho, Gerardo; Carey, Richard; Hynes, William; Klingebiel, Stephan; Trzeciak-Duval, Alexandra (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.die-gdi.de/studies/article/origins-evolution-and-future-of-global-development-cooperation-the-role-of-the-development-assistance-committee/"><i>Origins, Evolution and Future of Global Development Cooperation: The Role of the Development Assistance Committee (DAC)</i></a>. Bonn, Germany: German Development Institute / Deutsches Institut für Entwicklungspolitik. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-96021-163-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-96021-163-1"><bdi>978-3-96021-163-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 3,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5%3A+Diplomacy+by+stealth+and+pressure%3A+the+creation+of+the+Development+Assistance+Group+%28and+the+OECD%29+in+51+days&rft.btitle=Origins%2C+Evolution+and+Future+of+Global+Development+Cooperation%3A+The+Role+of+the+Development+Assistance+Committee+%28DAC%29&rft.place=Bonn%2C+Germany&rft.pub=German+Development+Institute+%2F+Deutsches+Institut+f%C3%BCr+Entwicklungspolitik&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-3-96021-163-1&rft.aulast=Bracho&rft.aufirst=Gerardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.die-gdi.de%2Fstudies%2Farticle%2Forigins-evolution-and-future-of-global-development-cooperation-the-role-of-the-development-assistance-committee%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">NATO was also considered as a possible institutional base for cooperation between Western Europe and North America on development assistance.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruttan (1996), pp. 156–159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Until 1973, USAID and its predecessors also supported <a href="/wiki/International_Voluntary_Services" title="International Voluntary Services">International Voluntary Services</a>, which was founded in 1953. See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171011215050/http://mac.libraryhost.com/?p=creators%2Fcreator&id=333">"International Voluntary Services - Mennonite Archival Commons"</a>. <i>mac.libraryhost.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mac.libraryhost.com/?p=creators%2Fcreator&id=333">the original</a> on October 11, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 19,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mac.libraryhost.com&rft.atitle=International+Voluntary+Services+-+Mennonite+Archival+Commons&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmac.libraryhost.com%2F%3Fp%3Dcreators%252Fcreator%26id%3D333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The names of predecessor agencies often continued in popular usage. In Vietnam in the 1960s, it was common to refer to A.I.D.'s office as "USOM," while in Peru A.I.D. telephone operators continued in the 1960s to answer calls saying "Punto Cuatro" (Point Four).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1966, the UN would also integrate its EPTA and the Special Fund into a new agency, the UN Development Program, or UNDP.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Fulbright educational and cultural exchange program was also strengthened by the Fulbright-Hays Act in September 1961.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruttan (1996). pp. 107–108.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Pres. Nixon's April 1971 message to Congress: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pcaaa603.pdf">"For a Generation of Peaceful Development"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=For+a+Generation+of+Peaceful+Development&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpdf.usaid.gov%2Fpdf_docs%2Fpcaaa603.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See the "Peterson Report": <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNABH264.pdf">"Report to the President from the Task Force on International Development"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 36<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 22,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+to+the+President+from+the+Task+Force+on+International+Development&rft.pages=36&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpdf.usaid.gov%2Fpdf_docs%2FPNABH264.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruttan (1996). pp. 94, 98–100, 543 fn. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButterfield" class="citation book cs1">Butterfield. <i>U.S. Development Aid</i>. pp. 177–179.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+Development+Aid&rft.pages=177-179&rft.au=Butterfield&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPastor1980" class="citation book cs1">Pastor, Robert A. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/congresspolitics0000past/page/278"><i>Congress and the Politics of U.S. Foreign Economic Policy 1929–1976</i></a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rmportal.net/library/content/highlevel_whitepaper/view">the original</a> on March 6, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 25,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Foreign+Aid%3A+Meeting+the+Challenges+of+the+Twenty-first+Century+%28White+Paper%29&rft.date=2004&rft.au=USAID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frmportal.net%2Flibrary%2Fcontent%2Fhighlevel_whitepaper%2Fview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUSAID" class="citation book cs1">USAID. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170627180644/https://explorer.usaid.gov/reports.html"><i>U.S. Overseas Loans and Grants: Obligations and Loan Authorizations, July 1, 1945 – September 30, 2015</i></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explorer.usaid.gov/reports.html">the original</a> on June 27, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 13,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=U.S.+Overseas+Loans+and+Grants%3A+Obligations+and+Loan+Authorizations%2C+July+1%2C+1945+%E2%80%93+September+30%2C+2015&rft.au=USAID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexplorer.usaid.gov%2Freports.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Department_of_State1961" class="citation book cs1">U.S. Department of State (June 1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PCAAB618.pdf"><i>Highlights of President Kennedy's New Act for International Development</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. PC-AAB-618<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 13,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Highlights+of+President+Kennedy%27s+New+Act+for+International+Development&rft.place=PC-AAB-618&rft.date=1961-06&rft.au=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpdf.usaid.gov%2Fpdf_docs%2FPCAAB618.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnited+States+Agency+for+International+Development" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Government1961" class="citation web cs1">U.S. Government (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170815101734/https://legcounsel.house.gov/Comps/Foreign%20Assistance%20Act%20Of%201961.pdf">"Foreign Assistance Act of 1961 (Public Law 187-195), as amended through May 5, 2017"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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aria-labelledby="International_development_agencies_maintained_by_governments" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:International_development_agencies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:International development agencies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_development_agencies_maintained_by_governments" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_development_aid_agencies" title="List of development aid agencies">International development agencies</a> maintained by governments</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Egypt: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_Agency_for_Partnership_for_Development&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Egyptian Agency for Partnership for Development (page does not exist)">EAPD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia Pacific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Australia: <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Foreign_Affairs_and_Trade_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade (Australia)">DFAT</a></li> <li>China: <a href="/wiki/China_International_Development_Cooperation_Agency" title="China International Development Cooperation Agency">CIDCA</a></li> <li>Israel: <a href="/wiki/Mashav" title="Mashav">Mashav</a></li> <li>Japan: <a href="/wiki/Japan_International_Cooperation_Agency" title="Japan International Cooperation Agency">JICA</a></li> <li>Kuwait: <a href="/wiki/Kuwait_Fund_for_Arab_Economic_Development" title="Kuwait Fund for Arab Economic Development">KFAED</a></li> <li>Saudi Arabia: <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Development_and_Reconstruction_Program_for_Yemen" title="Saudi Development and Reconstruction Program for Yemen">SDRPY</a></li> <li>South Korea: <a href="/wiki/Korea_International_Cooperation_Agency" title="Korea International Cooperation Agency">KOICA</a>/<a href="/wiki/Export%E2%80%93Import_Bank_of_Korea" title="Export–Import Bank of Korea">Korea Eximbank</a></li> <li>New Zealand: <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Agency_for_International_Development" title="New Zealand Agency for International Development">NZAID</a></li> <li>Palestine: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Palestinian_International_Cooperation_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palestinian International Cooperation Agency (page does not exist)">PICA</a></li> <li>Taiwan: <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Cooperation_and_Development_Fund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Cooperation and Development Fund (page does not exist)">ICDF</a></li> <li>Thailand: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thailand_International_Cooperation_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thailand International Cooperation Agency (page does not exist)">TICA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Austria: <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Development_Agency" title="Austrian Development Agency">ADA</a></li> <li>Azerbaijan: <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_International_Development_Agency" title="Azerbaijan International Development Agency">AIDA</a></li> <li>Denmark: <a href="/wiki/Danish_International_Development_Agency" title="Danish International Development Agency">DANIDA</a></li> <li>Finland: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Department_for_International_Development_Cooperation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Department for International Development Cooperation (page does not exist)">FINIDA</a></li> <li>France: <a href="/wiki/French_Development_Agency" title="French Development Agency">AFD</a></li> <li>Germany: <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Gesellschaft_f%C3%BCr_Internationale_Zusammenarbeit" title="Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit">GIZ</a></li> <li>Greece: <a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Development_Cooperation_Directorate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Development Cooperation Directorate (page does not exist)">Hellenic Aid</a></li> <li>Ireland: <a href="/wiki/Irish_Aid" title="Irish Aid">Irish Aid</a></li> <li>Italy: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agenzia_Italiana_per_la_Cooperazione_allo_Sviluppo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agenzia Italiana per la Cooperazione allo Sviluppo (page does not exist)">AICS</a></li> <li>Liechtenstein: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liechtensteinische_Entwicklungsdienst&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liechtensteinische Entwicklungsdienst (page does not exist)">Liechtensteinische Entwicklungsdienst</a></li> <li>Luxembourg: <a href="/wiki/Lux-Development" title="Lux-Development">Lux-Development</a></li> <li>Norway: <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Agency_for_Development_Cooperation" title="Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation">Norad</a></li> <li>Portugal: <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Institute_for_Development_Support" title="Portuguese Institute for Development Support">IPAD</a></li> <li>Poland: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_Aid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polish Aid (page does not exist)">Polish Aid</a></li> <li>Russia: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Agency_for_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_Affairs,_Compatriots_Living_Abroad,_and_International_Humanitarian_Cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Agency for the Commonwealth of Independent States Affairs, Compatriots Living Abroad, and International Humanitarian Cooperation">Rossotrudnichestvo</a></li> <li>Spain: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Agency_for_International_Development_Cooperation" title="Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation">AECID</a></li> <li>Sweden: <a href="/wiki/Swedish_International_Development_Cooperation_Agency" title="Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency">Sida</a></li> <li>Switzerland: <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Agency_for_Development_and_Cooperation" title="Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation">SDC</a></li> <li>Turkey: <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cooperation_and_Coordination_Agency" title="Turkish Cooperation and Coordination Agency">TIKA</a></li> <li>United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Department_for_International_Development" title="Department for International Development">DFID</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Canada: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_International_Development_Agency" title="Canadian International Development Agency">CIDA</a></li> <li>United States: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">USAID</a>, <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Challenge_Corporation" title="Millennium Challenge Corporation">Millennium Challenge Corporation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Brazil: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ag%C3%AAncia_Brasileira_de_Coopera%C3%A7%C3%A3o&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agência Brasileira de Cooperação (page does not exist)">ABC</a></li> <li>Chile: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Agencia_de_Cooperaci%C3%B3n_Internacional_de_Chile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agencia de Cooperación Internacional de Chile (page does not exist)">AGCI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="John_F._Kennedy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:John_F._Kennedy" title="Template:John F. Kennedy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:John_F._Kennedy" title="Template talk:John F. Kennedy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:John_F._Kennedy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:John F. Kennedy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="John_F._Kennedy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">35th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1961–1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States senators from Massachusetts">U.S. Senator from Massachusetts</a> (1953–1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States representatives from Massachusetts">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_11th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 11th congressional district">MA–11</a> (1947–1953)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">Presidency</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_presidency" title="Timeline of the John F. Kennedy presidency">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidential transition of John F. Kennedy">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Inauguration of John F. Kennedy">Inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy#Administration,_Cabinet,_and_judicial_appointments_1961–63" title="John F. Kennedy">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_John_F._Kennedy" title="List of federal judges appointed by John F. Kennedy">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="John F. Kennedy Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:John Fitzgerald Kennedy/Executive orders">Executive Orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:John Fitzgerald Kennedy/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential Proclamations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_or_granted_clemency_by_the_President_of_the_United_States#John_F._Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the President of the United States">Presidential pardons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS-100-X" class="mw-redirect" title="SS-100-X">Presidential limousine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/Y_Manitou" class="mw-redirect" title="S/Y Manitou">Presidential yacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resolute_desk" title="Resolute desk"><i>Resolute</i> desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situation_Room" title="Situation Room">Situation Room</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_administration" title="Foreign policy of the John F. Kennedy administration">Foreign policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Progress" title="Alliance for Progress">Alliance for Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_Control_and_Disarmament_Agency" title="Arms Control and Disarmament Agency">Arms Control and Disarmament Agency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partial_Nuclear_Test_Ban_Treaty" title="Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty">Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible_response" title="Flexible response">Flexible response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Corps" title="Peace Corps">Peace Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_Expansion_Act" title="Trade Expansion Act">Trade Expansion Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_and_Refugee_Assistance_Act" title="Migration and Refugee Assistance Act">Migration and Refugee Assistance Act</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">USAID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War#The_Kennedy_years,_1961–63" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li>Cuba: <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban Project">Cuban Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EXCOMM" title="EXCOMM">ExComm</a></li></ul></li> <li>Soviet Union: <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow%E2%80%93Washington_hotline" title="Moscow–Washington hotline">Moscow–Washington hotline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_summit" title="Vienna summit">Vienna summit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Frontier" title="New Frontier">New Frontier</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Satellite_Act_of_1962" title="Communications Satellite Act of 1962">Communications Satellite Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Mental_Health_Act" title="Community Mental Health Act">Community Mental Health Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Pay_Act_of_1963" title="Equal Pay Act of 1963">Equal Pay Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_11110" title="Executive Order 11110">Executive Order 11110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_10925" title="Executive Order 10925">Federal affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_11063" title="Executive Order 11063">Federal housing segregation ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_march" title="Kennedy march">Fifty-mile hikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_for_Peace" title="Food for Peace">Food for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program#Pilot_Food_Stamp_Program_(1961–1964)" title="Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program">Pilot Food Stamp Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Kennedy_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Space policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Commission_on_the_Status_of_Women" title="Presidential Commission on the Status of Women">Status of Women (Presidential Commission)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand_in_the_Schoolhouse_Door" title="Stand in the Schoolhouse Door">University of Alabama integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_Education_Project" title="Voter Education Project">Voter Education Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Channel_Receiver_Act" title="All-Channel Receiver Act">All-Channel Receiver Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Pollution_Act_of_1961" title="Oil Pollution Act of 1961">Oil Pollution Act of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1962" title="Revenue Act of 1962">Revenue Act of 1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Farm_and_Rural_Development_Act_of_1961" title="Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act of 1961">Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetlands_Loan_Act" title="Wetlands Loan Act">Wetlands Loan Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg/90px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg/135px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg/180px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg 2x" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="970" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential<br />speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_John_F._Kennedy#The_inaugural_address" title="Inauguration of John F. Kennedy">Inaugural address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_University_speech" title="American University speech">American University speech</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon" title="We choose to go to the Moon">We choose to go to the Moon</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Report_to_the_American_People_on_Civil_Rights" title="Report to the American People on Civil Rights">Report to the American People on Civil Rights</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ich_bin_ein_Berliner" title="Ich bin ein Berliner">Ich bin ein Berliner</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_rising_tide_lifts_all_boats" title="A rising tide lifts all boats">A rising tide lifts all boats</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remarks_at_Amherst_College_on_the_Arts" title="Remarks at Amherst College on the Arts">Remarks at Amherst College on the Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union Address</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_30,_1961_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="January 30, 1961 State of the Union Address">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1962 State of the Union Address">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1963 State of the Union Address">1963</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Electoral history of John F. Kennedy">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>U.S. House of Representatives elections: <a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1950 United States House of Representatives elections">1950</a></li> <li>U.S. Senate elections in Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1952 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1958 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1960 presidential primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_1960_presidential_campaign" title="John F. Kennedy 1960 presidential campaign">1960 presidential campaign</a></li> <li>Democratic National Conventions: <a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1956 Democratic National Convention">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1960 Democratic National Convention">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">U.S. presidential election 1960</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1960 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personal life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy_National_Historic_Site" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy National Historic Site">Birthplace and childhood home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Compound" title="Kennedy Compound">Kennedy Compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickory_Hill_(McLean,_Virginia)" title="Hickory Hill (McLean, Virginia)">Hickory Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Querida_(mansion)" title="La Querida (mansion)">La Querida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wexford_(Marshall,_Virginia)" title="Wexford (Marshall, Virginia)">Wexford</a></li> <li>Navy service: <a href="/wiki/Patrol_torpedo_boat_PT-109" title="Patrol torpedo boat PT-109"><i>PT-109</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biuku_Gasa_and_Eroni_Kumana" title="Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana">Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Reginald_Evans" title="Arthur Reginald Evans">Arthur Evans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrol_torpedo_boat_PT-59" title="Patrol torpedo boat PT-59"><i>PT-59</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Hot_Springs_(Arizona)" title="Castle Hot Springs (Arizona)">Castle Hot Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammersmith_Farm" title="Hammersmith Farm">Hammersmith Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King#John_F._Kennedy_phone_call" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King phone call</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Happy_Birthday,_Mr._President" title="Happy Birthday, Mr. President">Happy Birthday, Mr. President</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_document_hoax" title="John F. Kennedy document hoax">John F. Kennedy document hoax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Why_England_Slept" title="Why England Slept"><i>Why England Slept</i> <small>(1940)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profiles_in_Courage" title="Profiles in Courage"><i>Profiles in Courage</i> <small>(1956)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Nation_of_Immigrants" title="A Nation of Immigrants"><i>A Nation of Immigrants</i> <small>(1958)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Death</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_assassination" title="Timeline of the John F. Kennedy assassination">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Media coverage of the assassination of John F. Kennedy">media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Reactions to the assassination of John F. Kennedy">reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy_in_popular_culture" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy in popular culture">in popular culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="State funeral of John F. Kennedy">State funeral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Jack_(horse)" title="Black Jack (horse)">Riderless horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dignitaries_at_the_state_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="List of dignitaries at the state funeral of John F. Kennedy">attending dignitaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Eternal_Flame" title="John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame">Gravesite and Eternal Flame</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Bibliography of John F. Kennedy">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum">John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Profile_in_Courage_Award" title="Profile in Courage Award">Profile in Courage Award</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-fourth Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11 Moon landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission" title="Equal Employment Opportunity Commission">Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Round" title="Kennedy Round">Kennedy Round</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Department of Housing and Urban Development">U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AmeriCorps_VISTA" title="AmeriCorps VISTA">VISTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Cultural depictions of John F. Kennedy">Cultural depictions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_John_F._Kennedy" title="Category:Films about John F. Kennedy">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_half_dollar" title="Kennedy half dollar">Kennedy half dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_cents_John_Kennedy" title="Five cents John Kennedy">U.S. five cent stamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Kennedy_coincidences_urban_legend" title="Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences urban legend">Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sail" title="Operation Sail">Operation Sail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_John_F._Kennedy" title="List of things named after John F. Kennedy">Memorials,<br />namesakes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Kennedy_School" title="Harvard Kennedy School">Harvard Kennedy School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts">Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Federal_Building" title="John F. Kennedy Federal Building">John F. Kennedy Federal Building (Boston)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport" title="John F. Kennedy International Airport">John F. Kennedy International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_John_F._Kennedy_(Boston)" title="Statue of John F. Kennedy (Boston)">Boston statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Memorial_(Brooklyn)" title="John F. Kennedy Memorial (Brooklyn)">Brooklyn bust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy_Memorial" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial">Dallas memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Memorial_(Hyannis,_Massachusetts)" title="John F. Kennedy Memorial (Hyannis, Massachusetts)">Hyannis memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Memorial,_London" title="John F. Kennedy Memorial, London">London bust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bust_of_John_F._Kennedy_(Nashua,_New_Hampshire)" title="Bust of John F. Kennedy (Nashua, New Hampshire)">Nashua bust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy_Memorial_(Portland,_Oregon)" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial (Portland, Oregon)">Portland memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runnymede#John_F._Kennedy_Memorial" title="Runnymede">Runnymede memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Arboretum" title="John F. Kennedy Arboretum">John F. Kennedy Arboretum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Memorial_Bridge" title="John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge">John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Special_Warfare_Center_and_School" title="John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School">John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_University" title="John F. Kennedy University">John F. Kennedy University (defunct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Stadium_(Philadelphia)" title="John F. Kennedy Stadium (Philadelphia)">John F. Kennedy Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Expressway" title="Kennedy Expressway">Kennedy Expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kennedy" title="Mount Kennedy">Mount Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_John_F._Kennedy" title="MV John F. Kennedy">MV <i>John F. Kennedy</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_John_F._Kennedy_(CV-67)" title="USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67)">USS <i>John F. Kennedy</i> (CV-67)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_John_F._Kennedy_(CVN-79)" title="USS John F. Kennedy (CVN-79)">USS <i>John F. Kennedy</i> (CVN-79)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Kennedy" title="Yad Kennedy">Yad Kennedy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family" title="Kennedy family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis" title="Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis">Jacqueline Bouvier</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Kennedy" title="Caroline Kennedy">Caroline Kennedy</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="John F. Kennedy Jr.">John F. Kennedy Jr.</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Bouvier_Kennedy" title="Patrick Bouvier Kennedy">Patrick Bouvier Kennedy</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Schlossberg" title="Rose Schlossberg">Rose Schlossberg</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatiana_Schlossberg" title="Tatiana Schlossberg">Tatiana Schlossberg</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Schlossberg" title="Jack Schlossberg">Jack Schlossberg</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.">Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Kennedy" title="Rose Kennedy">Rose Fitzgerald</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Jr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.">Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Kennedy" title="Rosemary Kennedy">Rosemary Kennedy</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Cavendish,_Marchioness_of_Hartington" title="Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington">Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_Kennedy_Shriver" title="Eunice Kennedy Shriver">Eunice Kennedy Shriver</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Kennedy_Lawford" title="Patricia Kennedy Lawford">Patricia Kennedy Lawford</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Kennedy_Smith" title="Jean Kennedy Smith">Jean Kennedy Smith</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._J._Kennedy" title="P. J. Kennedy">P. J. Kennedy</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Fitzgerald" title="John F. Fitzgerald">John F. Fitzgerald</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushinka" title="Pushinka">Pushinka</a> (dog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billie_and_Debbie" title="Billie and Debbie">Billie and Debbie</a> (hamsters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_(horse)" title="Sardar (horse)">Sardar</a> (horse)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">← Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:John_F._Kennedy" title="Category:John F. Kennedy">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217072#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217072#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q217072#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000119550561">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/125410167">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="USA. Agency for International Development"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/42425-0">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82167227">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11863610m">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11863610m">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35562603">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Spojené státy americké. Agency for International Development"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2003203442&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Development Loan Fund (Spojené státy americké)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ko2003203443&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007269134405171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058517750906706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0217556X?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026376628">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=42532">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐69bc8479c8‐549qp Cached time: 20241202104233 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 1.849 seconds Real time usage: 2.024 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 11089/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 382726/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 9579/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 22/100 Expensive parser function count: 10/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 583287/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 1.126/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 10182262/52428800 bytes Lua Profile: MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction 200 ms 16.9% ? 180 ms 15.3% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::match 100 ms 8.5% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::plain 60 ms 5.1% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess 60 ms 5.1% recursiveClone <mwInit.lua:45> 60 ms 5.1% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments 40 ms 3.4% extract_ids <Module:Citation/CS1/Identifiers:1535> 40 ms 3.4% dataWrapper <mw.lua:672> 40 ms 3.4% type 40 ms 3.4% [others] 360 ms 30.5% Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 1745.902 1 -total 49.15% 858.066 1 Template:Reflist 33.17% 579.101 109 Template:Cite_web 9.92% 173.137 32 Template:Cite_book 9.06% 158.246 1 Template:Infobox_government_agency 8.66% 151.197 1 Template:Infobox 6.19% 108.066 3 Template:Navbox 4.22% 73.751 1 Template:Short_description 4.22% 73.747 1 Template:International_development_agencies 4.21% 73.452 15 Template:Cite_news --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:140416:|#|:idhash:canonical and timestamp 20241202104233 and revision id 1259748994. 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