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<span>Planning</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Planning-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Planning subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Planning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Volumes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volumes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Volumes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volumes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Driving_Peru_into_the_21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Driving_Peru_into_the_21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span><i>Driving Peru into the 21st century</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Driving_Peru_into_the_21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intelligence_Appraisal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intelligence_Appraisal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span><i>Intelligence Appraisal</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intelligence_Appraisal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Strategic_Council_of_State" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Strategic_Council_of_State"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span><i>The Strategic Council of State</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Strategic_Council_of_State-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Objectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Objectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Objectives</span> </div> </a> <ul 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Plan Verde</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Internal_conflict_in_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal conflict in Peru">Internal conflict in Peru</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Plan_Verde_-_Intelligence_Appraisal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Plan_Verde_-_Intelligence_Appraisal.jpg/220px-Plan_Verde_-_Intelligence_Appraisal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Plan_Verde_-_Intelligence_Appraisal.jpg/330px-Plan_Verde_-_Intelligence_Appraisal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Plan_Verde_-_Intelligence_Appraisal.jpg/440px-Plan_Verde_-_Intelligence_Appraisal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1555" data-file-height="742" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Portion of the <i>Final Coordination Sheet</i> addendum drafted following the <a href="/wiki/1990_Peruvian_general_election" title="1990 Peruvian general election">election</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Alberto Fujimori</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Clandestine_operation" title="Clandestine operation">Clandestine operation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline;" class="location"><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Planned by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Forces of Peru">Armed Forces of Peru</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Objective</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>Establishment of <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> economy</li> <li>Control of <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Peru" title="Mass media in Peru">mass media in Peru</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Total extermination</a> of vulnerable populations</span></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Date</th><td class="infobox-data">October 1989 – 22 November 2000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Outcome</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 Peruvian coup d'état">Self-coup</a> performed by <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Alberto Fujimori</a></li> <li>Neoliberal economic model placed into 1993 Constitution</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programa_Nacional_de_Poblaci%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Programa Nacional de Población">Programa Nacional de Población</a> established</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Casualties</th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li>At least 300,000 Peruvians sterilized</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Plan Verde</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> for "Green Plan", <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[ˌplãm<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈbeɾ.ð̞e]</a></span>) was a <a href="/wiki/Clandestine_operation" title="Clandestine operation">clandestine</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_operation" title="Military operation">military operation</a> developed by the <a href="/wiki/Armed_forces_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed forces of Peru">armed forces of Peru</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Internal_conflict_in_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal conflict in Peru">internal conflict in Peru</a>; it involved the control or <a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">censorship</a> of media in the nation and the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Neoliberal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoliberal">neoliberal</a> economy controlled by a <a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">military junta</a> in Peru.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199646–47_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199646–47-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CANbio_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CANbio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Burt_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burt-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Initially drafted in October 1989 in preparation for a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> to overthrow <a href="/wiki/President_of_Peru" title="President of Peru">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Alan_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Alan García">Alan García</a>, the plan was substantively implemented after the victory of political outsider <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Alberto Fujimori</a> in the <a href="/wiki/1990_Peruvian_general_election" title="1990 Peruvian general election">1990 Peruvian general election</a>, and subsequent <a href="/wiki/1992_Peruvian_self-coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 Peruvian self-coup d'état">1992 Peruvian self-coup d'état</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CANbio_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CANbio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LAgolpe1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAgolpe1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Back_&_Zavala_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Back_&_Zavala-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alfredo_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alfredo-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plan Verde was first leaked to the public by Peruvian magazine <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Oiga_(magazine)" title="Oiga (magazine)">Oiga</a></i></span>, shortly after the coup, with a small number of other media outlets also reporting access to the plan's documents.<sup id="cite_ref-CANbio_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CANbio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Back_&_Zavala_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Back_&_Zavala-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oiga_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oiga-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this process, <a href="/wiki/Vladimiro_Montesinos" title="Vladimiro Montesinos">Vladimiro Montesinos</a>, despite not being part of the group that created <i>Plan Verde</i>, took responsibility for keeping the plan alive in the face of adversity, updating it and adapting it to the interests of his presidential-military circle. He was in charge of extending the conspiracy beyond what its original plotters had envisaged.<sup id="cite_ref-:19_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:19-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plan_Verde&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under the military government of <a href="/wiki/Juan_Velasco_Alvarado" title="Juan Velasco Alvarado">Juan Velasco Alvarado</a>, Peru's debt increased greatly due to excessive borrowing and the <a href="/wiki/1970s_energy_crisis" title="1970s energy crisis">1970s energy crisis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The economic policy of <a href="/wiki/President_of_Peru" title="President of Peru">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Alan_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Alan García">Alan García</a> distanced Peru from international markets further, resulting in lower foreign investment in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-COHA_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-COHA-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under García, Peru experienced <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation" title="Hyperinflation">hyperinflation</a> and increased confrontations with the Maoist <a href="/wiki/Shining_Path" title="Shining Path">Shining Path</a> terrorist group, leading the country towards high levels of instability.<sup id="cite_ref-Burt_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burt-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Planning">Planning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plan_Verde&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Planning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.25em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples" title="Category:Genocide of indigenous peoples">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#BCBCBC;padding:0.25em;border-bottom:5px solid whitesmoke;"><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples" title="Genocide of indigenous peoples"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:black">Genocide<br />of indigenous peoples</span></a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#BCBCBC;"> Issues</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecocide" title="Ecocide">Ecocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_race_and_ethnic_relations" title="Sociology of race and ethnic relations">Ethnic relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_assimilation" title="Forced assimilation">Forced assimilation</a> / <a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_genocides_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Denial of genocides of Indigenous peoples">Denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Indigenous_genocide" title="Historiography of Indigenous genocide">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism_and_genocide" title="Colonialism and genocide">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_response_to_colonialism" title="Indigenous response to colonialism">Indigenous response</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#BCBCBC;padding:0.25em;font-size:95%;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Sub-Saharan Africa</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atrocities_in_the_Congo_Free_State" title="Atrocities in the Congo Free State">Atrocities in the Congo Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darfur_genocide" title="Darfur genocide">Darfur genocide</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Effacer_le_tableau" title="Effacer le tableau">Effacer le tableau</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gukurahundi" title="Gukurahundi">Gukurahundi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herero_and_Nama_genocide" title="Herero and Nama genocide">Herero and Nama<wbr /> genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikiza" title="Ikiza">Ikiza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maji_Maji_Rebellion" title="Maji Maji Rebellion">Maji Maji Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mfecane" title="Mfecane">Mfecane</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#BCBCBC;padding:0.25em;font-size:95%;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Americas (<a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Population history of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas"><span style="color:black">history</span></a>)</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Desert" title="Conquest of the Desert">Conquest of the Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_among_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery among the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Enslavement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Tenochtitlan" title="Fall of Tenochtitlan">Fall of Tenochtitlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_sterilization_in_Peru" title="Forced sterilization in Peru">Forced sterilization<wbr /> in Peru</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Plan Verde</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Genocide of Indigenous peoples in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yanomami_humanitarian_crisis" title="Yanomami humanitarian crisis">Yanomami humanitarian crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beothuk#Genocide" title="Beothuk">Beothuk extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Arctic_relocation" title="High Arctic relocation">High Arctic relocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1862_Pacific_Northwest_smallpox_epidemic" title="1862 Pacific Northwest smallpox epidemic">Pacific Northwest<wbr /> smallpox epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">Residential schools</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_genocide" title="Guatemalan genocide">Guatemalan genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinago_genocide_of_1626" title="Kalinago genocide of 1626">Kalinago genocide</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Matanza#Subsequent_government_killings" title="La Matanza">La Matanza</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Salsipuedes" title="Massacre of Salsipuedes">Massacre of Salsipuedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napalp%C3%AD_massacre" title="Napalpí massacre">Napalpí massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Araucan%C3%ADa" title="Occupation of Araucanía">Occupation of Araucanía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples_in_Paraguay" title="Genocide of Indigenous peoples in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putumayo_genocide" title="Putumayo genocide">Putumayo genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_genocide" title="Selk'nam genocide">Selk'nam genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_case" title="Spiral case">Spiral case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%C3%ADno_genocide" title="Taíno genocide">Taíno genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_genocide_in_the_United_States" title="Native American genocide in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_boarding_schools" title="American Indian boarding schools">Boarding schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_genocide" title="California genocide">California genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1837_Great_Plains_smallpox_epidemic" title="1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic">Great Plains<wbr /> smallpox epidemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_Indian_murders" title="Osage Indian murders">Osage Indian murders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pequot_War" title="Pequot War">Pequot War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_Creek_massacre" title="Sand Creek massacre">Sand Creek massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Expedition" title="Sullivan Expedition">Sullivan Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples_in_Venezuela" title="Genocide of indigenous peoples in Venezuela">Venezuela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pemon_conflict" title="Pemon conflict">Pemon conflict</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#BCBCBC;padding:0.25em;font-size:95%;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">East, South, Southeast Asia</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_conquest_of_the_Banda_Islands" title="Dutch conquest of the Banda Islands">Bandanese massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong_Hill_Tracts_conflict" title="Chittagong Hill Tracts conflict">Chittagong Hill Tracts<wbr /> conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule#History" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Cultural genocide in Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar_genocide" title="Dzungar genocide">Dzungar genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor_genocide" title="East Timor genocide">East Timor genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_people#Japanese_annexation_of_Hokkaido" title="Ainu people">Japanese annexation<wbr /> of Hokkaido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamey_Island_Massacre" title="Lamey Island Massacre">Lamey Island Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_Manchukuo" title="War crimes in Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Disposition" title="Ryukyu Disposition">Ryukyu Disposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinicization_of_Tibet" title="Sinicization of Tibet">Sinicization of Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dshi-kaimei" title="Sōshi-kaimei">Sōshi-kaimei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa%E2%80%93%C4%90%E1%BA%A1i_Vi%E1%BB%87t_War_(1471)" title="Champa–Đại Việt War (1471)">Vietnamese conquest<wbr /> of Champa</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#BCBCBC;padding:0.25em;font-size:95%;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Europe and North Asia</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_genocide" title="Circassian genocide">Circassian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromwellian_conquest_of_Ireland" title="Cromwellian conquest of Ireland">Cromwellian conquest<wbr /> of Ireland</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars">Massacres of Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegianization_of_the_S%C3%A1mi" title="Norwegianization of the Sámi">Norwegianization of the Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">Population transfer in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_Siberia" title="Russian conquest of Siberia">Russian conquest of Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedification#Swedification_of_Sámi_and_Finns" title="Swedification">Swedification of Sámi and Finns</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vergonha" title="Vergonha">Vergonha</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#BCBCBC;padding:0.25em;font-size:95%;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Oceania</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">Blackbirding</a></li> <li><a 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title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_the_Canary_Islands" title="Conquest of the Canary Islands">Conquest of the<wbr /> Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_genocide_(1929%E2%80%931934)" title="Libyan genocide (1929–1934)">Libyan genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Algeria" title="Pacification of Algeria">Pacification of Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_genocide_accusation" title="Palestinian genocide accusation">Palestinian genocide<wbr /> accusation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gaza_genocide" title="Gaza genocide">Gaza genocide</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Sayfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidi_genocide" title="Yazidi genocide">Yazidi genocide</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#BCBCBC;padding:0.25em;font-size:95%;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_genocide_studies" title="Outline of genocide studies">Outline of genocide studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_genocide_studies" title="Bibliography of genocide studies">Bibliography of genocide studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">Genocides in history</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Template:Genocide of Indigenous peoples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Template talk:Genocide of Indigenous peoples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Genocide of Indigenous peoples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Peruvian armed forces grew frustrated with the inability of the García administration to handle the nation's crises and began to draft a plan to overthrow his government.<sup id="cite_ref-Burt_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Burt-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alfredo_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alfredo-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Peruvian sociologist and political analyst Fernando Rospigliosi, Peru's business elites held relationships with the military planners, with Rospigliosi writing that businesses "probably provided the economic ideas which [the military] agreed with, the necessity of a liberal economic program as well as the installment of an authoritarian government which would impose order".<sup id="cite_ref-Avilés_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Avilés-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plan Verde consisted of three volumes of documents prepared by an influential sector of the Peruvian armed forces, with each volume being an update based on the conditions experienced in Peru at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volumes">Volumes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plan_Verde&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Volumes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Driving_Peru_into_the_21st_century"><i>Driving Peru into the 21st century</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plan_Verde&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Driving Peru into the 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 1988 and 1989, a <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a> was initially planned to oust President García.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1989, a group of the armed forces finalized plans to overthrow the García government with a plan titled <i>Driving Peru into the 21st century</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-CANbio_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CANbio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oiga_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oiga-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This volume consists of eight chapters and four <a href="/wiki/Addendum" title="Addendum">addendums</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The goals were to establish Peru as a <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed country</a> through the turn of the twenty-first century by establishing a neoliberal economy with policies similar to Chile's or those proposed by <a href="/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa">Mario Vargas Llosa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This volume also details plans to sterilize impoverished citizens in what Rospigliosi described as "ideas frankly similar to [those of] the Nazis", with the military writing that "the general use of sterilization processes for culturally backward and economically impoverished groups is convenient", describing these groups as "unnecessary burdens" and that "given their incorrigible character and lack of resources ... there is only their total extermination".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40_12-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The extermination of vulnerable Peruvians was described by planners as "an economic interest, it is an essential constant in the strategy of power and development of the state".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40_12-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Intelligence_Appraisal"><i>Intelligence Appraisal</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plan_Verde&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Intelligence Appraisal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The second volume of Plan Verde was titled <i>Intelligence Appraisal</i> that had four chapters and seventeen addendums.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40_12-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this volume, focused on political analysis, public opinion, operation scenarios and other objectives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40_12-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These objectives included locations to be captured and targets to be killed, with a list of politicians and union members included.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40_12-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Addendums were documented one day following the first round of presidential elections of 8 April 1990, another three days after the second round of elections of 10 June and a final addendum titled <i>Final Coordination Sheet</i> was created on 27 July 1990, one day before the inauguration of Alberto Fujimori.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40_12-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through this volume and its addendums, modifications were made from dissolving both the executive and legislative branches to instead only dissolving congress.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40_12-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Strategic_Council_of_State"><i>The Strategic Council of State</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plan_Verde&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Strategic Council of State"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The third and final volume titled <i>The Strategic Council of State</i> provides the role of governing entities in the plan and a set of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Q_and_A" class="extiw" title="wikt:Q and A">Q&As</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40_12-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A plan to establish a "<a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">civil-military government</a>" is detailed; military-appointed presidents and ministers who "can be changed or be victims of attacks" were designated to be "drivers" to operate the state, described as a "vehicle".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199646–47_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199646–47-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, a "shadow" government would be operated by the military "out of the enemy's line of sight" in order to maintain a <a href="/wiki/Continuity_of_government" title="Continuity of government">continuity of government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199646–47_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199646–47-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Objectives">Objectives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plan_Verde&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Objectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In summary, some of the main objectives of Plan Verde were as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-Oiga_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oiga-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40_12-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LAgolpe2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAgolpe2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The establishment of a neoliberal nation led by the armed forces <a href="/wiki/Miracle_of_Chile" title="Miracle of Chile">similar to Chile</a></li> <li>Increased prevention of drug trafficking to appease the United States government</li> <li>Control of <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Peru" title="Mass media in Peru">mass media in Peru</a> through a System of Control, Security and Propaganda that was to be "the equivalent of a <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a>", projecting an atmosphere of <a href="/wiki/Self-censorship" title="Self-censorship">self-censorship</a> in Peru</li> <li>Limiting population growth through the sterilization and "total extermination" of impoverished Peruvians</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementation">Implementation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plan_Verde&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Implementation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The idea would have been to establish a regime that would basically apply the guidelines contained in the Plan, but keeping Fujimori in the presidency and an appearance of a democratic and civil government. The advantage – for the coup plotters – was that it avoided the internal and external conflicts derived from establishing a government of the armed forces. The disadvantage was that it did not allow them to carry out all their proposals comfortably.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Fernando Rospigliosi<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40_12-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The coup initially included in the plan was opposed by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_C._E._Quainton" title="Anthony C. E. Quainton">Anthony C. E. Quainton</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to Peru">United States Ambassador to Peru</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Avilés_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Avilés-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40_12-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Military planners also decided against the coup as they expected Mario Vargas Llosa, a neoliberal candidate, to be elected in the <a href="/wiki/1990_Peruvian_general_election" title="1990 Peruvian general election">1990 Peruvian general election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Avilés_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Avilés-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40_12-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President García was also able to detect and deter some elements of a coup.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40_12-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:139px;max-width:139px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:180px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mario_Vargas_Llosa_(crop_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Mario_Vargas_Llosa_%28crop_2%29.jpg/137px-Mario_Vargas_Llosa_%28crop_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="137" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Mario_Vargas_Llosa_%28crop_2%29.jpg/206px-Mario_Vargas_Llosa_%28crop_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Mario_Vargas_Llosa_%28crop_2%29.jpg/274px-Mario_Vargas_Llosa_%28crop_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="1291" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa">Mario Vargas Llosa</a>, who was reportedly supported in initial plans</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:149px;max-width:149px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:180px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_Fujimori.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Al_Fujimori.jpg/147px-Al_Fujimori.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Al_Fujimori.jpg/221px-Al_Fujimori.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Al_Fujimori.jpg/294px-Al_Fujimori.jpg 2x" data-file-width="315" data-file-height="387" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Fujimori" title="Alberto Fujimori">Alberto Fujimori</a>, who was ultimately included in the plan</div></div></div></div></div> <p>During his campaigning for the 1990 election, Alberto Fujimori expressed concern against the proposed neoliberal policies of his opponent Mario Vargas Llosa.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vargas Llosa later reported that Ambassador Quainton personally told him that allegedly leaked documents of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)</a> purportedly being supportive of Fujimori's candidacy were authentic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERendón2013145–150_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERendón2013145–150-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rendón writes that the United States supported Fujimori because of his relationship with <a href="/wiki/Vladimiro_Montesinos" title="Vladimiro Montesinos">Vladimiro Montesinos</a>, a former Peruvian intelligence officer of the <a href="/wiki/National_Intelligence_Service_(Peru)" title="National Intelligence Service (Peru)">National Intelligence Service (SIN)</a> who was charged with spying on the Peruvian military for the Central Intelligence Agency.<sup id="cite_ref-Alfredo_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alfredo-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERendón2013145–150_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERendón2013145–150-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In summary, Rendón writes, "If Vargas Llosa with liberal democracy was very polarizing and a danger to American interests in the region, Fujimori with authoritarianism was very consensual and more in line with American interests in Peru and the region".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERendón2013145–150_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERendón2013145–150-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Rospigliosi, Montesinos was not initially involved with Plan Verde, but his ability to resolve issues for the military resulted with the armed forces tasking Montesinos with implementing the plan with Fujimori.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40_12-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Peruvian magazine <i>Oiga</i> reported that following the election, the armed forces were unsure of Fujimori's willingness to fulfill their objectives, writing in an evaluation note on 13 June 1990 that "We cannot expect anything certain from Cambio 90 and the country is not there for more economic experiments".<sup id="cite_ref-Oiga_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oiga-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <i>Oiga</i>, the armed forces finalized plans on 18 June 1990 involving multiple scenarios for a coup to be executed on 27 July 1990, the day prior to Fujimori's inauguration.<sup id="cite_ref-Oiga_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oiga-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In one of the scenarios, titled "Negotiation and agreement with Fujimori. Bases of negotiation: concept of directed Democracy and Market Economy", Fujimori was to be directed on accepting the military's plan at least twenty-four hours before his inauguration, emphasizing <a href="/wiki/Directed_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Directed democracy">directed democracy</a> and a market economy.<sup id="cite_ref-Oiga_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oiga-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40_12-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Schulte-Bockholt, General Nicolás de Bari Hermoza and Vladimiro Montesinos were responsible for the relationship between the military and Fujimori.<sup id="cite_ref-Alfredo_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alfredo-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rospigliosi writes that SIN head General Edwin "Cucharita" Díaz beside Montesinos also played a key role with making Fujimori abide by the military's demands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40_12-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Díaz and Montesinos allegedly convinced Fujimori that he was being targeted by the <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BApac_Amaru_Revolutionary_Movement" title="Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement">Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement</a> and made Fujimori stay at the Círculo Militar, limiting his access to only military officials.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40_12-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rospigliosi states "an understanding was established between Fujimori, Montesinos and some of the military officers" involved in Plan Verde prior to Fujimori's inauguration.<sup id="cite_ref-Avilés_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Avilés-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Montesinos and SIN officials would ultimately assume the armed force's position in the plan, placing SIN operatives into military leadership roles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40_12-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After taking office, Fujimori abandoned the economic platform he promoted during his campaign, adopting more aggressive neoliberal policies than those espoused by his competitor in the election.<sup id="cite_ref-gouge3_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gouge3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fujimori would go on to adopt many of the policies outlined in Plan Verde.<sup id="cite_ref-Alfredo_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alfredo-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Avilés_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Avilés-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the compliance of Fujimori, plans for a coup as designed in Plan Verde were prepared over a two-year period and finally executed during the <a href="/wiki/1992_Peruvian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 Peruvian coup d'état">1992 Peruvian coup d'état</a>, which ultimately established a civilian-military regime and began the institution of objectives presented in Plan Verde.<sup id="cite_ref-LAgolpe1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAgolpe1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Alfredo_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alfredo-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oiga_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oiga-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The implementation of various objectives were supported by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development" title="United States Agency for International Development">United States Agency for International Development (USAID)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CANbio_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CANbio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERendón2013150–152_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERendón2013150–152-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economy">Economy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plan_Verde&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:250px; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>This society is collapsing, without a doubt, ... But the problems here are so entrenched that you have to have a collapse before you can implement fundamental changes in the political system. </p> </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">—<a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto_(economist)" title="Hernando de Soto (economist)">Hernando de Soto</a><sup id="cite_ref-NYTfeb_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTfeb-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div> </div><p><a href="/wiki/Hernando_de_Soto_(economist)" title="Hernando de Soto (economist)">Hernando de Soto</a>, the founder of one of the first neoliberal organizations in Latin America, <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Liberty_and_Democracy" title="Institute for Liberty and Democracy">Institute for Liberty and Democracy</a> (ILD), began to receive assistance from <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>'s administration, with the <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_Democracy" title="National Endowment for Democracy">National Endowment for Democracy</a>'s Center for International Private Enterprise (CIPE) providing his ILD with funding and education for advertising campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPee2018168–187_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPee2018168–187-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mitchell_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitchell-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1988 and 1995, de Soto and the ILD were mainly responsible for some four hundred initiatives, laws, and regulations that led to significant changes in Peru's <a href="/wiki/Economic_system" title="Economic system">economic system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooke_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooke-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Fujimori, de Soto served as "the President's personal representative", with <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> describing de Soto as an "overseas salesman" for Fujimori in 1990, writing that he had represented the government when meeting with <a href="/wiki/Creditors" class="mw-redirect" title="Creditors">creditors</a> and United States representatives.<sup id="cite_ref-Brooke_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brooke-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others dubbed de Soto as the "informal president" for Fujimori.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPee2018178–180_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPee2018178–180-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Soto proved to be influential to Fujimori, who began to repeat de Soto's advocacy for deregulating the Peruvian economy.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Fujimori government received a $715 million grant from USAID on 29 September 1990 for the Policy Analysis, Planning and Implementation Project (PAPI) that was developed "to support economic policy reform in the country".<sup id="cite_ref-USAID_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USAID-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> PAPI funding was primarily utilized for "studies, training, and dissemination efforts" by the Fujimori government.<sup id="cite_ref-USAID_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USAID-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a recommendation to Fujimori, de Soto called for a "shock" to Peru's economy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPee2018178–180_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPee2018178–180-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De Soto convinced then-president Fujimori to travel to <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> in a meeting organized by the Peruvian <a href="/wiki/Javier_P%C3%A9rez_de_Cu%C3%A9llar" title="Javier Pérez de Cuéllar">Javier Pérez de Cuéllar</a>, secretary general of the United Nations, where they met with the heads of the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>, the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Development_Bank" title="Inter-American Development Bank">Inter-American Development Bank</a>, who convinced him to follow the guidelines for economic policy set by the international financial institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPee2018178–180_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPee2018178–180-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The policies included a 300 percent tax increase, unregulated prices and privatizing two-hundred and fifty state-owned entities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPee2018178–180_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPee2018178–180-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The policies of de Soto led to the immediate suffering of poor Peruvians who saw unregulated prices increase rapidly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPee2018178–180_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPee2018178–180-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those living in poverty saw prices increase so much that they could no longer afford food.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPee2018178–180_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPee2018178–180-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The New York Times</i> wrote that de Soto advocated for the collapse of Peru's society, with the economist saying that a civil crisis was necessary to support the policies of Fujimori.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTfeb_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTfeb-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the funding and support of USAID, the <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Apoyo Institute and the Confederación Nacional de Instituciones Empresariales Privadas</i></span> (CONFIEP) proposed a new economic model to be established in the 1993 <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Peru" title="Constitution of Peru">Constitution of Peru</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERendón2013150–152_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERendón2013150–152-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As PAPI concluded in 1997, USAID determined that PAPI assisted with the "preparation of legislative texts" and "contributed to the emergence of a private sector advisory role" in Peru's economy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERendón2013150–152_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERendón2013150–152-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-USAID_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USAID-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The policies promoted by de Soto and implemented by Fujimori eventually caused macroeconomic stability and a reduction in the rate of <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a>, though Peru's poverty rate remained largely unchanged with over half of the population living in poverty in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPee2018178–180,_187–188_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPee2018178–180,_187–188-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Control_of_media">Control of media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plan_Verde&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Control of media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the 1992 coup, Peruvian newspapers, radio and television stations were occupied by the military beginning at 10:30pm on 5 April and remained for forty hours until 7 April, limiting initial response from domestic media.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the period, only the Fujimori government was granted to communicate with the public and all newspapers were printed under military observation and contained similar content; every publication was ordered to not include the word "coup".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERendón2013145–150_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERendón2013145–150-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wood_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to of Manuel D'Ornellas of <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Expreso</i></span> in 1994, the military's oversight of the media was only momentary due to international condemnation Fujimori received.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through the remainder of Fujimori's tenure, his government would pay media organizations for positive coverage and to assist with maintaining the presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-Conaghan_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conaghan-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1994, Fujimori instituted a policy of tax breaks for media organizations that allowed government advertising on their platforms, with Fujimori subsequently receiving increased promotion.<sup id="cite_ref-Conaghan_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conaghan-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secret videos of Montesinos paying media executives were eventually released to the public, showing Fujimori's closest advisor giving them bundles of cash in exchange for support and the firing of critical journalists.<sup id="cite_ref-Conaghan_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conaghan-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Payoffs and promises of legal leniency were made to multiple <a href="/wiki/Chicha_press" title="Chicha press">chicha press</a> tabloids, the newspaper <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Expreso</i></span> and the television channels <a href="/wiki/Global_Television_(Peruvian_TV_network)" title="Global Television (Peruvian TV network)">Global Television</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latina_Televisi%C3%B3n" title="Latina Televisión">Latina Televisión</a>, <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9rica_Televisi%C3%B3n" title="América Televisión">América Televisión</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Panamericana_Televisi%C3%B3n" title="Panamericana Televisión">Panamericana Televisión</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Conaghan_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conaghan-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Forced_sterilization">Forced sterilization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plan_Verde&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Forced sterilization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Forced_sterilization_in_Peru" title="Forced sterilization in Peru">Forced sterilization in Peru</a></div> <p>The plan's forced sterilization of vulnerable groups through the <a href="/wiki/Programa_Nacional_de_Poblaci%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Programa Nacional de Población">Programa Nacional de Población</a> has been variably described as an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a> or <a href="/wiki/Genocidal" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocidal">genocidal</a> operation.<sup id="cite_ref-Back_&_Zavala_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Back_&_Zavala-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Getgen_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Getgen-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CAAAP_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAAAP-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Back and Zavala, the plan was an example of ethnic cleansing as it targeted indigenous and rural women.<sup id="cite_ref-Back_&_Zavala_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Back_&_Zavala-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jocelyn E. Getgen of <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> wrote that the systemic nature of sterilizations and the <i><a href="/wiki/Mens_rea" title="Mens rea">mens rea</a></i> of officials who drafted the plan proved an act of genocide.<sup id="cite_ref-Getgen_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Getgen-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">Centro Amazónico de Antropología y Aplicación Práctica</i></span> non-profit stated that the act "was the largest genocide since <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">[Peru's] colonization</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-CAAAP_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAAAP-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least 300,000 Peruvians were victims of forced sterilization in the 1990s, with the majority being affected by the PNSRPF.<sup id="cite_ref-CANbio_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CANbio-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Peru's congressional subcommittee investigations, USAID, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Population_Fund" title="United Nations Population Fund">United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA)</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nippon_Foundation" title="Nippon Foundation">Nippon Foundation</a> supported the sterilization efforts of the Fujimori government.<sup id="cite_ref-McMaken_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McMaken-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AQV_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AQV-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The investigation found that as USAID funding increased for the program, more sterilizations were performed, with the investigatory board concluding that the "correlation has a causal nature, since there is information made public recently, which has revealed the global strategy defined for the last quarter of the last century by the United States government in order to obtain a decrease in the birth rate".<sup id="cite_ref-AQV_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AQV-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The subcommittee cited the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Study_Memorandum_200" title="National Security Study Memorandum 200">National Security Study Memorandum 200</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a>'s direction to lower population growth in developing countries in order to maintain stability for United States political and economic interests.<sup id="cite_ref-AQV_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AQV-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In documents provided by the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_Information_Act_(United_States)" title="Freedom of Information Act (United States)">Freedom of Information Act</a>, the investigators cited E. Liagin, who reported that from 1993 to 1998, "USAID's own internal files reveal that in 1993 the US basically took over Peru's national health system" during the period of forced sterilizations, with E. Liagin concluding that it was "virtually inconceivable that sterilization abuses could have occurred in the systematic way that has been documented without the knowledge of USAID local administrators and their counterparts in Washington".<sup id="cite_ref-McMaken_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McMaken-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AQV_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AQV-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1998 after facing pressure following investigations by the <a href="/wiki/Population_Research_Institute_(organization)" title="Population Research Institute (organization)">Population Research Institute</a>, USAID ceased funding for sterilizations in Peru.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERendón2013256–259_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERendón2013256–259-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sterilizations continued until President Fujimori fled to Japan in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC-2002_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-2002-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following USAID's withdrawal, Fujimori contacted the Nippon Foundation – whose directors hosted Fujimori when he fled to Japan – requesting assistance with sterilization programs.<sup id="cite_ref-AQV_35-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AQV-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The policy of sterilizations resulted in a generational shift that included a smaller younger generation that could not provide economic stimulation to rural areas, making such regions more impoverished.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC-2002_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-2002-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plan_Verde&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women_in_the_United_States#Forced_pregnancy_and_sterilization" title="Violence against women in the United States">Forced sterilization in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples" title="Genocide of indigenous peoples">Genocide of indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocide of indigenous peoples in Brazil">Genocide of indigenous peoples in Brazil</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plan_Verde&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199646–47-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199646–47_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199646–47_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199646–47_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRospigliosi1996">Rospigliosi 1996</a>, pp. 46–47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CANbio-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CANbio_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CANbio_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CANbio_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CANbio_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CANbio_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CANbio_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGaussens2020" class="citation journal cs1">Gaussens, Pierre (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7202%2F1073797ar">"The forced serilization of indigenous population in Mexico in the 1990s"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Journal_of_Bioethics" title="Canadian Journal of Bioethics">Canadian Journal of Bioethics</a></i>. <b>3</b> (3): 180+. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7202%2F1073797ar">10.7202/1073797ar</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234586692">234586692</a>. <q>a government plan, developed by the Peruvian army between 1989 and 1990s to deal with the Shining Path insurrection, later known as the 'Green Plan', whose (unpublished) text expresses in explicit terms a genocidal intention</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Bioethics&rft.atitle=The+forced+serilization+of+indigenous+population+in+Mexico+in+the+1990s&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=180%2B&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7202%2F1073797ar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234586692%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gaussens&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.7202%252F1073797ar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlan+Verde" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burt-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burt_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burt_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burt_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurt1998" class="citation journal cs1">Burt, Jo-Marie (September–October 1998). "Unsettled accounts: militarization and memory in postwar Peru". <i><a href="/wiki/NACLA" class="mw-redirect" title="NACLA">NACLA Report on the Americas</a></i>. <b>32</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>: 35–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10714839.1998.11725657">10.1080/10714839.1998.11725657</a>. <q>the military's growing frustration over the limitations placed upon its counterinsurgency operations by democratic institutions, coupled with the growing inability of civilian politicians to deal with the spiraling economic crisis and the expansion of the Shining Path, prompted a group of military officers to devise a coup plan in the late 1980s. The plan called for the dissolution of Peru's civilian government, military control over the state, and total elimination of armed opposition groups. The plan, developed in a series of documents known as the "Plan Verde," outlined a strategy for carrying out a military coup in which the armed forces would govern for 15 to 20 years and radically restructure state-society relations along neoliberal lines.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NACLA+Report+on+the+Americas&rft.atitle=Unsettled+accounts%3A+militarization+and+memory+in+postwar+Peru&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=35-41&rft.date=1998-09%2F1998-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10714839.1998.11725657&rft.aulast=Burt&rft.aufirst=Jo-Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlan+Verde" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LAgolpe1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LAgolpe1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LAgolpe1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron1998" class="citation journal cs1">Cameron, Maxwell A. (June 1998). "Latin American Autogolpes: Dangerous Undertows in the Third Wave of Democratisation". <i><a href="/wiki/Third_World_Quarterly" title="Third World Quarterly">Third World Quarterly</a></i>. <b>19</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>: 228. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01436599814433">10.1080/01436599814433</a>. <q>the outlines for Peru's presidential coup were first developed within the armed forces before the 1990 election. This Green Plan was shown to President Fujimori after the 1990 election before his inauguration. Thus, the president was able to prepare for an eventual self-coup during the first two years of his administration</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Third+World+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Latin+American+Autogolpes%3A+Dangerous+Undertows+in+the+Third+Wave+of+Democratisation&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=228&rft.date=1998-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01436599814433&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Maxwell+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlan+Verde" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Back_&_Zavala-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Back_&_Zavala_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Back_&_Zavala_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Back_&_Zavala_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Back_&_Zavala_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBackZavala2018" class="citation book cs1">Back, Michele; Zavala, Virginia (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe/bnp/recursos/2/html/Racismo-y-lenguaje/286/"><i>Racialization and Language: Interdisciplinary Perspectives From Perú</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 286–291<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2021</span>. <q>At the end of the 1980s, a group of military elites secretly developed an analysis of Peruvian society called <i>El cuaderno verde</i>. This analysis established the policies that the following government would have to carry out in order to defeat Shining Path and rescue the Peruvian economy from the deep crisis in which it found itself. <i>El cuaderno verde</i> was passed onto the national press in 1993, after some of these policies were enacted by President Fujimori. ... It was a program that resulted in the forced sterilization of Quechua-speaking women belonging to rural Andean communities. This is an example of 'ethnic cleansing' justified by the state, which claimed that a properly controlled birth rate would improve the distribution of national resources and thus reduce poverty levels. ... The Peruvian state decided to control the bodies of 'culturally backward' women, since they were considered a source of poverty and the seeds of subversive groups</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Racialization+and+Language%3A+Interdisciplinary+Perspectives+From+Per%C3%BA&rft.pages=286-291&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Back&rft.aufirst=Michele&rft.au=Zavala%2C+Virginia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepositoriodigital.bnp.gob.pe%2Fbnp%2Frecursos%2F2%2Fhtml%2FRacismo-y-lenguaje%2F286%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlan+Verde" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alfredo-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alfredo_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alfredo_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alfredo_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alfredo_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alfredo_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alfredo_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulte-Bockholt2006" class="citation book cs1">Schulte-Bockholt, Alfredo (2006). "Chapter 5: Elites, Cocaine, and Power in Colombia and Peru". <i>The politics of organized crime and the organized crime of politics: a study in criminal power</i>. <a href="/wiki/Lexington_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexington Books">Lexington Books</a>. pp. 114–118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-1358-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7391-1358-5"><bdi>978-0-7391-1358-5</bdi></a>. <q>important members of the officer corps, particularly within the army, had been contemplating a military coup and the establishment of an authoritarian regime, or a so-called directed democracy. The project was known as 'Plan Verde', the Green Plan. ... Fujimori essentially adopted the Green Plan and the military became a partner in the regime. ... The self-coup, of April 5, 1992, dissolved the Congress and the country's constitution and allowed for the implementation of the most important components of the Green Plan</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+5%3A+Elites%2C+Cocaine%2C+and+Power+in+Colombia+and+Peru&rft.btitle=The+politics+of+organized+crime+and+the+organized+crime+of+politics%3A+a+study+in+criminal+power&rft.pages=114-118&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7391-1358-5&rft.aulast=Schulte-Bockholt&rft.aufirst=Alfredo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlan+Verde" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oiga-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oiga_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oiga_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oiga_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oiga_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oiga_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oiga_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oiga_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/document/310286817/El-Plan-Verde">"El "Plan Verde" Historia de una traición"</a> [The "Green Plan" History of a betrayal]. <i><a href="/wiki/Oiga_(magazine)" title="Oiga (magazine)">Oiga</a></i> (in Spanish). <b>647</b>. 12 July 1993.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oiga&rft.atitle=El+%22Plan+Verde%22+Historia+de+una+traici%C3%B3n&rft.volume=647&rft.date=1993-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdocument%2F310286817%2FEl-Plan-Verde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlan+Verde" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:19-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:19_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">‘Final Report of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission’. Available at: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.cverdad.org.pe/ifinal/pdf/TOMO%20II/CAPITULO%201%20-%20Los%20actores%20armados%20del%20conflicto/1.3.%20LAS%20FUERZAS%20ARMADAS.pdf">https://www.cverdad.org.pe/ifinal/pdf/TOMO%20II/CAPITULO%201%20-%20Los%20actores%20armados%20del%20conflicto/1.3.%20LAS%20FUERZAS%20ARMADAS.pdf</a>. pp. 328–305. Retrieved 5 Oct 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrands2010" class="citation journal cs1">Brands, Hal (15 September 2010). "The United States and the Peruvian Challenge, 1968–1975". <i>Diplomacy & Statecraft</i>. <b>21</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>: 471–490. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09592296.2010.508418">10.1080/09592296.2010.508418</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154119414">154119414</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomacy+%26+Statecraft&rft.atitle=The+United+States+and+the+Peruvian+Challenge%2C+1968%E2%80%931975&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=471-490&rft.date=2010-09-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09592296.2010.508418&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154119414%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Brands&rft.aufirst=Hal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlan+Verde" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-COHA-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-COHA_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/">"Welcome, Mr. Peruvian President: Why Alan García is no hero to his people"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Council_on_Hemispheric_Affairs" title="Council on Hemispheric Affairs">Council on Hemispheric Affairs</a></i>. 2 June 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190418150551/http://www.coha.org/welcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Council+on+Hemispheric+Affairs&rft.atitle=Welcome%2C+Mr.+Peruvian+President%3A+Why+Alan+Garc%C3%ADa+is+no+hero+to+his+people&rft.date=2010-06-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coha.org%2Fwelcome-mr-peruvian-president-why-alan-garcia-is-no-hero-to-his-people%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlan+Verde" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Avilés-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Avilés_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Avilés_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Avilés_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Avilés_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Avilés_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvilés2009" class="citation journal cs1">Avilés, William (Spring 2009). "Despite Insurgency: Reducing Military Prerogatives in Colombia and Peru". <i><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Politics_and_Society" title="Latin American Politics and Society">Latin American Politics and Society</a></i>. <b>51</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 57–85. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1548-2456.2009.00040.x">10.1111/j.1548-2456.2009.00040.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154153310">154153310</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latin+American+Politics+and+Society&rft.atitle=Despite+Insurgency%3A+Reducing+Military+Prerogatives+in+Colombia+and+Peru&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=57-85&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1548-2456.2009.00040.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154153310%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Avil%C3%A9s&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlan+Verde" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40_12-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40_12-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40_12-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40_12-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40_12-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40_12-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40_12-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40_12-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40_12-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40_12-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40_12-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40_12-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40_12-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40_12-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40_12-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40_12-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40_12-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERospigliosi199628–40_12-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRospigliosi1996">Rospigliosi 1996</a>, pp. 28–40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LAgolpe2-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LAgolpe2_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron1998" class="citation journal cs1">Cameron, Maxwell A. (June 1998). "Latin American Autogolpes: Dangerous Undertows in the Third Wave of Democratisation". <i><a href="/wiki/Third_World_Quarterly" title="Third World Quarterly">Third World Quarterly</a></i>. <b>19</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>: 228–230. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01436599814433">10.1080/01436599814433</a>. <q>The Green Plan bore a striking resemblance to the government outlined by Fujimori in his speech on 5 April 1992. It called for a market economy within a framework of a 'directed democracy' that would be led by the armed forces after they dissolved the legislature and executive. ... The authors of the Green Plan also stated that relations with the USA revolved more around the issue of drug trafficking than democracy and human rights, and thus made the fight against drug trafficking the number two strategic goal</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Third+World+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Latin+American+Autogolpes%3A+Dangerous+Undertows+in+the+Third+Wave+of+Democratisation&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=228-230&rft.date=1998-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01436599814433&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Maxwell+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlan+Verde" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180920122715/http://www.proceso.com.mx/154825/la-frugalidad-de-cambio-90-y-el-derroche-de-fredemo">"La frugalidad de "Cambio 90" y el derroche de Fredemo"</a> [The frugality of "Cambio 90" and the waste of Fredemo] (in Spanish). El Proceso. 14 April 1990. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.proceso.com.mx/154825/la-frugalidad-de-cambio-90-y-el-derroche-de-fredemo">the original</a> on 20 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(Winter 2009). "Untold Truths: The Exclusion of Enforced Sterilizations from the Peruvian Truth Commission's Final Report". <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Third_World_Journal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Third World Journal (page does not exist)">Third World Journal</a></i>. <b>29</b> (1): 1–34. <q>This Article argues that these systematic reproductive injustices constitute an act of genocide ... those individuals responsible for orchestrating enforced sterilizations against indigenous Quechua women arguably acted with the necessary <i><a href="/wiki/Mens_rea" title="Mens rea">mens rea</a></i> to commit genocide since they knew or should have known that these coercive sterilizations would destroy, in whole or in part, the Quechua people. Highly probative evidence with which one could infer genocidal intent would include the Family Planning Program's specific targeting of poor indigenous women and the systematic nature of its quota system, articulated in the 1989 Plan for a Government of National Reconstruction, or 'Plan Verde.' ... The Plan continued by arguing ... the targeted areas possessed 'incorrigble characters' and lacked resources, all that was left was their 'total extermination.'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Third+World+Journal&rft.atitle=Untold+Truths%3A+The+Exclusion+of+Enforced+Sterilizations+from+the+Peruvian+Truth+Commission%27s+Final+Report&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-34&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Getgen&rft.aufirst=Jocelyn+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlan+Verde" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarranza_Ko2020" class="citation journal cs1">Carranza Ko, Ñusta (4 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/gsp/vol14/iss2/8">"Making the Case for Genocide, the Forced Sterilization of Indigenous Peoples of Peru"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Genocide_Studies_and_Prevention" class="mw-redirect" title="Genocide Studies and Prevention">Genocide Studies and Prevention</a></i>. <b>14</b> (2): 90–103. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5038%2F1911-9933.14.2.1740">10.5038/1911-9933.14.2.1740</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1911-0359">1911-0359</a>. <q>a genocide did occur ... there was a case of genocide that involved the state against the reproductive rights of an ethnic minority, an institutionalized genocide via a state policy.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Genocide+Studies+and+Prevention&rft.atitle=Making+the+Case+for+Genocide%2C+the+Forced+Sterilization+of+Indigenous+Peoples+of+Peru&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=90-103&rft.date=2020-09-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5038%2F1911-9933.14.2.1740&rft.issn=1911-0359&rft.aulast=Carranza+Ko&rft.aufirst=%C3%91usta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarcommons.usf.edu%2Fgsp%2Fvol14%2Fiss2%2F8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlan+Verde" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CAAAP-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CAAAP_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CAAAP_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240506120050/https://caaap.org.pe/2016/05/31/la-esterilizacion-forzada-en-peru-fue-el-mayor-genocidio-desde-su-colonizacion/">"La esterilización forzada en Perú fue el mayor genocidio desde su colonización"</a> [Forced sterilization in Peru was the largest genocide since its colonization]. <i>Centro Amazónico de Antropología y Aplicación Práctica (CAAAP)</i> (in Spanish). 31 May 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.caaap.org.pe/2016/05/31/la-esterilizacion-forzada-en-peru-fue-el-mayor-genocidio-desde-su-colonizacion/">the original</a> on 6 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Centro+Amaz%C3%B3nico+de+Antropolog%C3%ADa+y+Aplicaci%C3%B3n+Pr%C3%A1ctica+%28CAAAP%29&rft.atitle=La+esterilizaci%C3%B3n+forzada+en+Per%C3%BA+fue+el+mayor+genocidio+desde+su+colonizaci%C3%B3n&rft.date=2016-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.caaap.org.pe%2F2016%2F05%2F31%2Fla-esterilizacion-forzada-en-peru-fue-el-mayor-genocidio-desde-su-colonizacion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlan+Verde" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McMaken-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McMaken_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McMaken_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMaken2018" class="citation web cs1">McMaken, Ryan (26 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240611220851/https://fee.org/articles/the-us-government-led-a-program-that-forcibly-sterilized-thousands-of-peruvian-women/">"How the U.S. Government Led a Program That Forcibly Sterilized Thousands of Poor Peruvian Women in the 1990s"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Economic_Education" title="Foundation for Economic Education">Foundation for Economic Education</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fee.org/articles/the-us-government-led-a-program-that-forcibly-sterilized-thousands-of-peruvian-women/">the original</a> on 11 June 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foundation+for+Economic+Education&rft.atitle=How+the+U.S.+Government+Led+a+Program+That+Forcibly+Sterilized+Thousands+of+Poor+Peruvian+Women+in+the+1990s&rft.date=2018-10-26&rft.aulast=McMaken&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffee.org%2Farticles%2Fthe-us-government-led-a-program-that-forcibly-sterilized-thousands-of-peruvian-women%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlan+Verde" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AQV-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AQV_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AQV_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AQV_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AQV_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AQV_35-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240329031858/http://www.trdd.org/PERU_Informe_Final_AQV.pdf">"Informe final sobre la aplicación de la anticoncepción quirúrgica voluntaria (AQV) en los años 1990-2000"</a> [Final report on the application of voluntary surgical contraception (VSC) in the years 1990-2000] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Peru" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of Peru">Congress of Peru</a></i> (in Spanish). June 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.trdd.org/PERU_Informe_Final_AQV.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 29 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Congress+of+Peru&rft.atitle=Informe+final+sobre+la+aplicaci%C3%B3n+de+la+anticoncepci%C3%B3n+quir%C3%BArgica+voluntaria+%28AQV%29+en+los+a%C3%B1os+1990-2000&rft.date=2002-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.trdd.org%2FPERU_Informe_Final_AQV.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlan+Verde" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERendón2013256–259-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERendón2013256–259_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRendón2013">Rendón 2013</a>, pp. 256–259: "" [this genocide stopped not due to the decisive intervention of Peruvian political and social organizations or forces, but by ... the PRI]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-2002-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC-2002_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC-2002_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231211120659/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/2148793.stm">"Mass sterilisation scandal shocks Peru"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 24 July 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/2148793.stm">the original</a> on 11 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Mass+sterilisation+scandal+shocks+Peru&rft.date=2002-07-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Famericas%2F2148793.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlan+Verde" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plan_Verde&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPee2018" class="citation book cs1">Pee, Robert (2018). <i>The Reagan Administration, the Cold War, and the Transition to Democracy Promotion</i>. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3319963815" title="Special:BookSources/978-3319963815"><bdi>978-3319963815</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Reagan+Administration%2C+the+Cold+War%2C+and+the+Transition+to+Democracy+Promotion&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3319963815&rft.aulast=Pee&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlan+Verde" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRendón2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rendón, Silvio (2013). <i>La intervención de los Estados Unidos en el Perú</i> [<i>The intervention of the United States in Peru</i>] (in Spanish). Editorial Sur. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786124574139" title="Special:BookSources/9786124574139"><bdi>9786124574139</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+intervenci%C3%B3n+de+los+Estados+Unidos+en+el+Per%C3%BA&rft.pub=Editorial+Sur&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9786124574139&rft.aulast=Rend%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Silvio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlan+Verde" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRospigliosi1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rospigliosi, Fernando (1996). <i>Las Fuerzas Armadas y el 5 de abril: la percepción de la amenaza subversiva como una motivación golpista</i> [<i>The Armed Forces and April 5: the perception of the subversive threat as a coup motivation</i>] (in Spanish). Lima, Peru: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Las+Fuerzas+Armadas+y+el+5+de+abril%3A+la+percepci%C3%B3n+de+la+amenaza+subversiva+como+una+motivaci%C3%B3n+golpista&rft.place=Lima%2C+Peru&rft.pub=Instituto+de+Estudios+Peruanos&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Rospigliosi&rft.aufirst=Fernando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APlan+Verde" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plan_Verde&oldid=1258759687">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plan_Verde&oldid=1258759687</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Guided_democracy" title="Category:Guided democracy">Guided democracy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_cleansing" title="Category:Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_conflict" title="Category:Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fujimorism" title="Category:Fujimorism">Fujimorism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Genocide_of_indigenous_peoples_of_South_America" title="Category:Genocide of indigenous peoples of South America">Genocide of indigenous peoples of South America</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_history_of_Peru" title="Category:Political history of Peru">Political history of Peru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Human_rights_abuses" title="Category:Human rights abuses">Human rights abuses</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Self-censorship" title="Category:Self-censorship">Self-censorship</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Peru" title="Category:Anti-indigenous racism in Peru">Anti-indigenous racism in Peru</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Compulsory_sterilization" title="Category:Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical">CS1 errors: missing periodical</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Spanish_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Spanish IPA">Pages with Spanish IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Spanish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Spanish-language text">Articles containing Spanish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 November 2024, at 13:37<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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