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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_military_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_military_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Early military service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_military_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_to_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_to_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Rise to power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_to_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kuomintang_general" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kuomintang_general"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Kuomintang general</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kuomintang_general-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_Guangxi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_Guangxi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Return to Guangxi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_Guangxi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Sino-Japanese_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Sino-Japanese_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Second Sino-Japanese War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Sino-Japanese_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chinese_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chinese_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Chinese Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chinese_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Exile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_mainland_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_mainland_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.9</span> <span>Return to mainland China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_mainland_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%AD_Chong-j%C3%AEn" title="Lí Chong-jîn – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lí Chong-jîn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Zongren" title="Li Zongren – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Li Zongren" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Cung-%C5%BEen" title="Li Cung-žen – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Li Cung-žen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Zongren" title="Li Zongren – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Li Zongren" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Zongren" title="Li Zongren – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Li Zongren" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Zongren" title="Li Zongren – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Li Zongren" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Zongren" title="Li Zongren – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Li Zongren" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EC%AD%9D%EB%9F%B0" title="리쭝런 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리쭝런" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Zongren" title="Li Zongren – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Li Zongren" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Zongren" title="Li Zongren – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Li Zongren" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99_%D7%93%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%96%27%D7%9F" title="לי דזונגז'ן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לי דזונגז'ן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%89_%D8%B2%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%86" title="لى زونجرن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لى زونجرن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%AE%97%E4%BB%81" title="李宗仁 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="李宗仁" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Tsung-jen" title="Li Tsung-jen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Li Tsung-jen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Zongren" title="Li Zongren – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Li Zongren" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Zongren" title="Li Zongren – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Li Zongren" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8_%D0%A6%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Ли Цзунжэнь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ли Цзунжэнь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Zongren" title="Li Zongren – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Li Zongren" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Zongren" title="Li Zongren – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Li Zongren" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li_Zongren" title="Li Zongren – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Li Zongren" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%96_%D0%A6%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Лі Цзунжень – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лі Цзунжень" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BD_T%C3%B4ng_Nh%C3%A2n" title="Lý Tông Nhân – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lý Tông Nhân" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%AE%97%E4%BB%81" title="李宗仁 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="李宗仁" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%AE%97%E4%BB%81" title="李宗仁 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="李宗仁" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%AE%97%E4%BB%81" title="李宗仁 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="李宗仁" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E5%AE%97%E4%BB%81" title="李宗仁 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="李宗仁" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q20297#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li 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.infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Li Zongren</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><div class="nickname" lang="zh"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">李宗仁</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%9D%8E%E5%AE%97%E4%BB%81%E6%88%8E%E8%A3%9D%E7%85%A7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/%E6%9D%8E%E5%AE%97%E4%BB%81%E6%88%8E%E8%A3%9D%E7%85%A7.jpg/220px-%E6%9D%8E%E5%AE%97%E4%BB%81%E6%88%8E%E8%A3%9D%E7%85%A7.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/%E6%9D%8E%E5%AE%97%E4%BB%81%E6%88%8E%E8%A3%9D%E7%85%A7.jpg/330px-%E6%9D%8E%E5%AE%97%E4%BB%81%E6%88%8E%E8%A3%9D%E7%85%A7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/%E6%9D%8E%E5%AE%97%E4%BB%81%E6%88%8E%E8%A3%9D%E7%85%A7.jpg/440px-%E6%9D%8E%E5%AE%97%E4%BB%81%E6%88%8E%E8%A3%9D%E7%85%A7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="1174" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Li Zongren in 1943</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Acting <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="President of the Republic of China">President of the Republic of China</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>Acting</b></span><br />21 January 1949 – 20 November 1949</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Premier</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/He_Yingqin" title="He Yingqin">He Yingqin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Yan_Xishan" title="Yan Xishan">Yan Xishan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Vice President</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Himself</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> <i>(as Chairman of the Central People's Government)</i><br />Yan Xishan (acting)<br />Chiang Kai-shek</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">1st <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Vice President of the Republic of China">Vice President of the Republic of China</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />20 May 1948 – 12 March 1954</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data">Chiang Kai-shek<br />Himself (acting)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Position established (<a href="/wiki/Feng_Guozhang" title="Feng Guozhang">Feng Guozhang</a> in 1917)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chen_Cheng" title="Chen Cheng">Chen Cheng</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1890-08-13</span>)</span>13 August 1890<br /><a href="/wiki/Guilin" title="Guilin">Guilin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qing_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Empire">Qing Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">30 January 1969<span style="display:none">(1969-01-30)</span> (aged 78)<br /><a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%E2%80%99s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People’s Republic of China">People’s Republic of China</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Li Xiuwen<br />Guo Dejie (m.1924–1966)<br />Hu Yousong (m.1966–1969)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Blue_Sky_and_White_Sun" title="Order of Blue Sky and White Sun">Order of Blue Sky and White Sun</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Cloud_and_Banner" title="Order of the Cloud and Banner">Order of the Cloud and Banner</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China_Army.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">National Revolutionary Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1916–1954</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:17%E9%99%86%E5%86%9B%E4%B8%80%E7%BA%A7%E4%B8%8A%E5%B0%86.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/17%E9%99%86%E5%86%9B%E4%B8%80%E7%BA%A7%E4%B8%8A%E5%B0%86.png/40px-17%E9%99%86%E5%86%9B%E4%B8%80%E7%BA%A7%E4%B8%8A%E5%B0%86.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/17%E9%99%86%E5%86%9B%E4%B8%80%E7%BA%A7%E4%B8%8A%E5%B0%86.png/60px-17%E9%99%86%E5%86%9B%E4%B8%80%E7%BA%A7%E4%B8%8A%E5%B0%86.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/17%E9%99%86%E5%86%9B%E4%B8%80%E7%BA%A7%E4%B8%8A%E5%B0%86.png/80px-17%E9%99%86%E5%86%9B%E4%B8%80%E7%BA%A7%E4%B8%8A%E5%B0%86.png 2x" data-file-width="415" data-file-height="180" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/General" class="mw-redirect" title="General">General</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9D%8E#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:李">李</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AE%97#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:宗">宗</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BB%81#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:仁">仁</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Lǐ Zōngrén</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Lii Tzongren</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Li<sup>3</sup> Tsung<sup>1</sup>-jen<sup>2</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Lí Chong-jîn</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Courtesy name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9D%8E" class="extiw" title="wikt:李">李</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%BE%B7" class="extiw" title="wikt:德">德</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%84%B0" class="extiw" title="wikt:鄰">鄰</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">李德邻</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Lǐ Délín</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Li Zongren</b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">李宗仁</span>; 13 August 1890 – 30 January 1969; also known as <b>Li Tsung-jen</b>), <a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">courtesy name</a> <b>Telin</b> (<b>Te-lin</b>; <span lang="zh-Hant">德鄰</span>), was a prominent Chinese <a href="/wiki/Warlord" title="Warlord">warlord</a> based in <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (KMT) military commander during the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Expedition" title="Northern Expedition">Northern Expedition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>. He served as vice-president and <a href="/wiki/Acting_president" title="Acting president">acting</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="President of the Republic of China">president of the Republic of China</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Constitution of the Republic of China">1947 Constitution</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Zongren&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Zongren&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Former_Residence_of_Li_Zongren_in_Nanjing_2011-03.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Former_Residence_of_Li_Zongren_in_Nanjing_2011-03.JPG/220px-Former_Residence_of_Li_Zongren_in_Nanjing_2011-03.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Former_Residence_of_Li_Zongren_in_Nanjing_2011-03.JPG/330px-Former_Residence_of_Li_Zongren_in_Nanjing_2011-03.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Former_Residence_of_Li_Zongren_in_Nanjing_2011-03.JPG/440px-Former_Residence_of_Li_Zongren_in_Nanjing_2011-03.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Former residence of Li Zongren in <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Li Zongren was born in Xixiang Village (西鄉村), near <a href="/wiki/Guilin" title="Guilin">Guilin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a>, the second eldest in a <a href="/wiki/Han_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Han people">Han</a> family of five boys and three girls. His father, Li Peiying (李培英), was a village schoolmaster. After a patchy education Li enrolled in a provincial military school. He joined the <a href="/wiki/Tongmenghui" title="Tongmenghui">Tongmenghui</a>, the revolutionary party of <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a>, in 1910 but had little understanding at that time of Sun's wider goals of reform and national reunification.<sup id="cite_ref-Bonavia119_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonavia119-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Li's native province of Guangxi was also the home province of <a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taiping</a> Gen. <a href="/wiki/Li_Xiucheng" title="Li Xiucheng">Li Xiucheng</a>, to whom Li's family claimed to be related. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_military_service">Early military service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Zongren&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early military service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Schooled under <a href="/wiki/Cai_E" title="Cai E">Cai E</a>, Li graduated from the Guilin Military Cadre Training School and in 1916 became a platoon commander in the army of Guangxi warlord <a href="/wiki/Lu_Rongting" title="Lu Rongting">Lu Rongting</a>. Li's direct superior was <a href="/wiki/Lin_Hu_(Old_Guangxi_clique)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lin Hu (Old Guangxi clique)">Lin Hu</a>. Lu, the governor of Guangxi, was a former bandit who had ambitions to expand into neighboring provinces, especially <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>. For the next few years the warlords of Guangxi and Guangdong were involved in mutually destructive battles, and both occupied portions of each other's territory at various times.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lu and his closest associates were collectively known as the <a href="/wiki/Old_Guangxi_Clique" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Guangxi Clique">Old Guangxi Clique</a>. During a battle with a rival warlord in <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a> in 1918, Li's bravery earned him a promotion to battalion commander. </p><p>In 1921 Li Zongren accompanied Lin Hu and Lu Rongting in Lu's second invasion of <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>, attacking forces under the command of <a href="/wiki/Chen_Jiongming" title="Chen Jiongming">Chen Jiongming</a>. When Lu's invasion suffered a disastrous defeat, Li led the rear guard when the <a href="/wiki/Old_Guangxi_Clique" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Guangxi Clique">Old Guangxi Clique</a> forces retreated. Most of Lin Hu's officers were former bandits and militia recruited earlier by Lin from the <a href="/wiki/Zhuang_people" title="Zhuang people">Zhuang</a> areas of <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>. During the campaign many of Lin's officers defected to the Guangdong forces, taking their units with them. In the face of defeat Li Zongren's battalion shrunk to about 1000 men and "sank into the grasses" in order to escape. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_to_power">Rise to power</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Zongren&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Rise to power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Lu's defeat, most of his army dissolved into independent bands of soldiers, many of whom resorted to banditry in order to survive. Foreign missionaries and aid workers active in Guangxi at this time reported that banditry in Guangxi was extremely common and severe, with bandits commonly looting all food and valuables from undefended villages and resorting to murder and public cannibalism in order to extort ransoms from the relatives of people they kidnapped.<sup id="cite_ref-Bonavia119_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonavia119-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Li, intending to become more than a bandit, began building a personal military force of professional soldiers that became the equal of any group of bandits or Zhuang irregulars that Lu Rongting drew on in his war to re-establish his power in Guangxi. Li joined Sun Yat-sen's <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> after Sun established a base in Guangdong. </p><p>As chaos became the norm in Guangxi, Li became the independent commander of an area several counties large on the Guangdong border, and was joined by his old friend and colleague <a href="/wiki/Huang_Shaoxiong" class="mw-redirect" title="Huang Shaoxiong">Huang Shaoxiong</a>. The administration of Li and Huang was credited with keeping the area they controlled relatively free of the bandits and petty battles that plagued Guangxi at the time. In 1924, while Lu was besieged by rebels in Guilin, Li and his colleagues peacefully occupied the provincial capital, <a href="/wiki/Nanning" title="Nanning">Nanning</a>. Lu then fled and took refuge in <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a>. The next month Sun Yat-sen, from his base of operations in Guangdong, recognized Li Zongren and his allies Huang Shaoxing and Bai Chongxi as the rulers of Guangxi. Together they became known as the <a href="/wiki/New_Guangxi_Clique" class="mw-redirect" title="New Guangxi Clique">New Guangxi Clique</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bonavia120_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonavia120-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kuomintang_general">Kuomintang general</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Zongren&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Kuomintang general"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Northern_Expedition" title="Northern Expedition">Northern Expedition</a></div> <p>Li reorganized his forces as the "Guangxi Pacification Army". He was named the Commander in Chief, Huang Shaohong the deputy Commander and Bai Chongxi the Chief of Staff. By August they had driven all other contenders out of the province. Li Zongren was military governor of Guangxi from 1924 to 1925 and from 1925 to 1949 Guangxi remained under his influence. </p><p>In 1926 Li allowed his soldiers to enroll in Kuomintang armies, but kept personal control of his troops. A Soviet adviser was sent to Guangxi, and Li's forces were renamed the Seventh Army Corps.<sup id="cite_ref-Bonavia120_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonavia120-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Li went on to be a commanding general in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Expedition_(1926%E2%80%931927)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Expedition (1926–1927)">Northern Expedition</a>, during which he was appointed commander of the 4th Army Group, composed of the Guangxi Army and other provincial forces amounting to 16 corps and six independent divisions. </p><p>Li's first victories as a Nationalist general were in <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>, where he defeated rival warlord <a href="/wiki/Wu_Peifu" title="Wu Peifu">Wu Peifu</a> in two successive battles and captured the provincial capital, <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a>, in 1926. After these victories Li became a famous and popular general within the KMT, and his army became variously known as the "Flying Army" and the "Army of Steel". When <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang Jingwei</a> installed a left-leaning KMT faction in Wuhan, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Borodin" title="Mikhail Borodin">Borodin</a> attempted to recruit Li to join the Communists, but Li was loyal to <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> and refused.<sup id="cite_ref-Bonavia121_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonavia121-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Against the advice of his Soviet advisors, Li then marched up the north side of the Yangze to attack the forces of warlord <a href="/wiki/Sun_Chuanfang" title="Sun Chuanfang">Sun Chuanfang</a>. Sun was the leader of the "League of Five Provinces" (<a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a>), and successfully halted Chiang's advance into his territory in Jiangxi. Li went on to defeat Sun in three successive battles, securing his territories for the KMT.<sup id="cite_ref-Bonavia121_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonavia121-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the time Li Zongren defeated Sun Chuanfang, he had gained a reputation as being strongly opposed to communism and highly suspicious of the <a href="/wiki/Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Comintern">Comintern</a> in China, and his army was one of the few KMT detachments free from serious Communist influence. After being assured of his support, Chiang had Li's units redeployed to the new capital of <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>. He then used Li's Guangxi armies to purge his own First Division of Communists. In the resulting <a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(mainland_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="White Terror (mainland China)">White Terror</a>, thousands of suspected Communists were summarily executed. Li's close subordinate, Bai Chongxi, was notable for his important role in this purge.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1928 Li, with Bai Chongxi, led the Fourth Army group in an advance on <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a>, capturing <a href="/wiki/Handan" title="Handan">Handan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baoding" title="Baoding">Baoding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shijiazhuang" title="Shijiazhuang">Shijiazhuang</a> by June 1. <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zuolin" title="Zhang Zuolin">Zhang Zuolin</a> withdrew from <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> on June 3, and Li's army seized the city and <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a>. After the fall of Wang Jingwei's government in Wuhan and the expulsion of all Soviet advisors from KMT-held territories, Li was put in charge of one of five KMT political councils set up to administer KMT-controlled territories, based in Wuhan. In January 1929 he dismissed Nanjing's appointee to the Hunan provincial committee and, fearing retribution, uncharacteristically fled to the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_concessions_in_Shanghai" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign concessions in Shanghai">foreign concessions in Shanghai</a>. Chiang then arranged for Li and his two closest subordinates to be stripped of their posts within the government and expelled from the Party for life.<sup id="cite_ref-Bonavia124_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonavia124-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_Guangxi">Return to Guangxi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Zongren&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Return to Guangxi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After his falling out with Chiang Kai-shek, Li Zongren returned to Guangxi and devoted himself to that province's internal administration, with some success. In 1929 he supported <a href="/wiki/Shanxi" title="Shanxi">Shanxi</a> warlord <a href="/wiki/Yan_Xishan" title="Yan Xishan">Yan Xishan</a> in his attempt to form an alternative central government based in Beijing, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Central_Plains_War" title="Central Plains War">Central Plains War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Li led troops to reconquer Hunan as far north as <a href="/wiki/Yueyang" title="Yueyang">Yueyang</a>, before Chiang's decisive defeat of Yan and his ally, <a href="/wiki/Feng_Yuxiang" title="Feng Yuxiang">Feng Yuxiang</a>, forced Li to withdraw back to Guangxi. </p><p>Following Yan's defeat in the Central Plains War, Li allied with <a href="/wiki/Chen_Jitang" title="Chen Jitang">Chen Jitang</a> after Chen became the chairman of the government of Guangdong in 1931, and prepared to battle Chiang Kai-shek. Another civil war would have broken out if Japan had not <a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">invaded Manchuria</a>, prompting Li and Chiang to end their hostilities and unite against the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Sino-Japanese_War">Second Sino-Japanese War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Zongren&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Second Sino-Japanese War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Li_Zongren_at_Tai%27erzhuang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Li_Zongren_at_Tai%27erzhuang.jpg/170px-Li_Zongren_at_Tai%27erzhuang.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Li_Zongren_at_Tai%27erzhuang.jpg/255px-Li_Zongren_at_Tai%27erzhuang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Li_Zongren_at_Tai%27erzhuang.jpg/340px-Li_Zongren_at_Tai%27erzhuang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1063" /></a><figcaption>Li Zongren posing after the successful defense of Tai'erzhuang.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1937 full-scale war between Japan and China broke out, beginning the <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> (1937–45). Chiang Kai-shek attempted to make use of Li's military experience by promoting him to be the director of the KMT Fifth War Zone.<sup id="cite_ref-Bonavia125_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonavia125-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Li's first action against the Japanese came in the 1938 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taierzhuang" title="Battle of Taierzhuang">Battle of Taierzhuang</a>, after the Communist <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou Enlai</a> (who was aiding the Nationalists as part of the <a href="/wiki/Second_United_Front" title="Second United Front">United Front</a>) recognized Li as the most capable Nationalist general available and used his influence to have Li appointed overall commander, despite Chiang's reservations about Li's loyalty.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under Li's command the defense of Tai'erzhuang was a major victory for the Chinese, killing 20,000–30,000 Japanese soldiers and capturing a large amount of supplies and equipment. The victory was principally credited to Li's planning and use of tactics, luring the Japanese into a trap and then annihilating them. The battle of Taierzhuang was one of the first major Chinese victories in the war against Japan, proving that with good weapons and inspired leadership Chinese armies could hold their own.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Li also participated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Xuzhou" title="Battle of Xuzhou">Battle of Xuzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wuhan" title="Battle of Wuhan">Battle of Wuhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Suixian-Zaoyang" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Suixian-Zaoyang">Battle of Suixian-Zaoyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%9340_Winter_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="1939–40 Winter Offensive">1939–40 Winter Offensive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang-Yichang" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Zaoyang-Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang-Yichang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Hubei_Operation" title="Central Hubei Operation">Central Hubei Operation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a>. </p><p>From 1943 to 1945 Li was made Director of the Generalissimo's Headquarters. This was a virtual and unwanted retirement from active command after his earlier successes. Li spent the last years of the war grumbling about his enforced inactivity.<sup id="cite_ref-Bonavia126_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonavia126-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chinese_Civil_War">Chinese Civil War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Zongren&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Chinese Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lizhongren2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Lizhongren2.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="101" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="101" /></a><figcaption>Li Zongren and Chiang Kai-shek.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Former_Residence_of_Li_Zongren.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Former_Residence_of_Li_Zongren.jpg/220px-Former_Residence_of_Li_Zongren.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Former_Residence_of_Li_Zongren.jpg/330px-Former_Residence_of_Li_Zongren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Former_Residence_of_Li_Zongren.jpg/440px-Former_Residence_of_Li_Zongren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Former residence of Li Zongren in Guilin.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the war, Li was given the post of Director of the Beiping Field Headquarters from 1945 to 1947. This was a post without effective power, and he was sidelined from command in the early part of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>. </p><p>On 28 April 1948 Li was elected by the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of the Republic of China">National Assembly</a> as the vice-president, five days after his political opponent <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> became the president (Chiang had opposed Li's appointment, supporting <a href="/wiki/Sun_Fo" title="Sun Fo">Sun Fo</a>'s candidacy instead). Chiang resigned the next year, on 21 January 1949, as a response to several serious <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Communist">Chinese Communist</a> victories in northern China, and Li became the acting president the next day. </p><p>After the resignation of Chiang from the presidency, <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> momentarily halted attacks against Kuomintang territories, attempting to negotiate a KMT surrender. Mao's Eight Points, the conditions that he demanded for an end to the civil war, were: </p> <ol><li>Punish all war criminals (Chiang Kai-shek was considered "number one")<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Abolish the invalid 1947 constitution;</li> <li>Abolish the KMT legal system;</li> <li>Reorganize the Nationalist armies;</li> <li>Confiscate all bureaucratic capital;</li> <li>Reform the land-tenure system;</li> <li>Abolish all treasonous treaties; and,</li> <li>Convene a full Political Consultative Conference to form a democratic coalition government.</li></ol> <p>Recognizing that agreeing to these points would effectively surrender control of China to the CPC, Li attempted to negotiate milder conditions that might have led to an end to the civil war, but in vain. In April 1949, when the Communists recognized that Li was unlikely to accept their conditions, they offered Li an ultimatum to accept within five days. When he refused, the Communists resumed their campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Li's attempts to negotiate with the Communists were interpreted by some in the KMT as "pacifist attacks", and increased tensions between Li and Chiang (whose relationship was already strained). Li attempted to negotiate a settlement with the Communists based on the implementation of Li's Seven Great Peace Policies. The policies that Li wanted to carry out were: </p> <ol><li>"Bandit pacification commands" (剿總) to be controlled by military officers</li> <li>Overly strict orders are to be more lenient</li> <li>Eliminate anti-communist special commando units (戡亂建國總隊)</li> <li>Release <a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">political prisoners</a></li> <li>Allow <a href="/wiki/Press_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Press freedom">press freedom</a></li> <li>Eliminate <a href="/wiki/Cruel_and_unusual_punishment" title="Cruel and unusual punishment">unusual cruelty in punishment</a></li> <li>Eliminate arrest of civilians <a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_arrest_and_detention" title="Arbitrary arrest and detention">without proper reasons</a></li></ol> <p>Li's attempts to carry out his policies faced varying degrees of opposition from Chiang's supporters, and were generally unsuccessful. Chiang especially antagonized Li by taking possession of (and moving to Taiwan) US$200 million of gold and US dollars belonging to the central government that Li desperately needed to cover the government's soaring expenses. When the Communists captured the Nationalist capital of Nanjing in April 1949, Li refused to accompany the central government as it fled to <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>, instead expressing his dissatisfaction with Chiang by retiring to Guangxi.<sup id="cite_ref-Gillin289_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillin289-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Former warlord Yan Xishan, who had fled to Nanjing only one month before, quickly inserted himself into the rivalry, attempting to have Li and Chiang reconcile their differences in the effort to resist the Communists. At Chiang's request Yan visited Li in order to convince Li not to withdraw from public life. Yan broke down in tears while talking of the loss of his home province of Shanxi to the Communists, and warned Li that the Nationalist cause was doomed unless Li went to Guangdong. Li agreed to return under the condition that Chiang surrender most of the gold and US dollars in his possession that belonged to the central government, and that Chiang stop overriding Li's authority. After Yan communicated these demands and Chiang agreed to comply with them, Li departed for Guangdong.<sup id="cite_ref-Gillin289_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillin289-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Guangdong, Li attempted to create a new government composed of both Chiang supporters and those opposed to Chiang. Li's first choice of premier was Chu Cheng,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (May 2020)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> a veteran member of the Kuomintang who had been virtually driven into exile due to his strong opposition to Chiang. After the Legislative Yuan rejected Chu, Li was obliged to choose Yan Xishan instead. By this time Yan was well known for his adaptability, and Chiang welcomed his appointment.<sup id="cite_ref-Gillin289_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillin289-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Conflict between Chiang and Li persisted. Although he had agreed to do so as a prerequisite of Li's return, Chiang refused to surrender more than a fraction of the wealth that he had sent to Taiwan. Without being backed by gold or foreign currency, the money issued by Li and Yan quickly declined in value until it became virtually worthless.<sup id="cite_ref-Gillin290_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillin290-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although he did not hold a formal executive position in the government, Chiang continued to issue orders to the army, and many officers continued to obey Chiang rather than Li. The inability of Li to coordinate KMT military forces led him to put into effect a plan of defense that he had contemplated as early as 1948. Instead of attempting to defend all of southern China, Li ordered what remained of the Nationalist armies to withdraw to Guangxi and Guangdong, hoping that he could concentrate all available defenses on this smaller, and more easily defensible, area. The object of this strategy was to maintain a foothold on the Chinese mainland in the hope that the United States would eventually be compelled to enter the war in China on the Nationalist side.<sup id="cite_ref-Gillin290_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gillin290-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chiang opposed Li's plan of defense because it would have placed most of the troops still loyal to Chiang under the control of Li and Chiang's other opponents in the central government. To overcome Chiang's intransigence Li began ousting Chiang's supporters within the central government. Yan Xishan continued in his attempts to work with both sides, creating the impression among Li's supporters that he was a "stooge" of Chiang, while those who supported Chiang began to bitterly resent Yan for his willingness to work with Li. Because of the rivalry between Chiang and Li, Chiang refused to allow Nationalist troops loyal to him to aid in the defense of Guangxi and Guangdong, with the result that Communist forces occupied Guangdong in October 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exile">Exile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Zongren&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Exile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Guangdong fell to the Communists, Chiang relocated the government to <a href="/wiki/Chongqing" title="Chongqing">Chongqing</a>, while Li effectively surrendered his powers and flew to <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> for treatment of his chronic <a href="/wiki/Duodenum" title="Duodenum">duodenum</a> illness at the Hospital of <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>. Li visited the President of the United States, <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a>, and denounced Chiang as a "dictator" and a "usurper." Li vowed that he would "return to crush" Chiang's movements once he returned to China.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kuomintang defenses continued to fall apart. General <a href="/wiki/Hu_Zongnan" title="Hu Zongnan">Hu Zongnan</a> ignored Li's orders, and the Muslim General <a href="/wiki/Ma_Hongkui" title="Ma Hongkui">Ma Hongkui</a> was furious at this. Ma Hongkui sent a telegram to Li to submit his resignation from all positions he held. Ma Hongkui then fled to Taiwan, and his cousin <a href="/wiki/Ma_Hongbin" title="Ma Hongbin">Ma Hongbin</a> took charge of his positions.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1949, Chongqing fell too, and Chiang relocated his government to <a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a>, before <a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_the_government_of_Republic_of_China_to_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Retreat of the government of Republic of China to Taiwan">finally moving</a> to <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a> in December 1949. However, he did not formally re-assume the presidency until March 1, 1950. In January 1952, Chiang commanded the <a href="/wiki/Control_Yuan" title="Control Yuan">Control Yuan</a>, now in Taiwan, to impeach Li in the "Case of Li Zongren's Failure to carry out Duties due to Illegal Conduct" (李宗仁違法失職案), and officially relieved Li of the position as vice-president in the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of the Republic of China">National Assembly</a> on 10 March 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_mainland_China">Return to mainland China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Zongren&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Return to mainland China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mao_Zedong_and_Li_Zongren.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Mao_Zedong_and_Li_Zongren.jpg/200px-Mao_Zedong_and_Li_Zongren.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Mao_Zedong_and_Li_Zongren.jpg/300px-Mao_Zedong_and_Li_Zongren.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Mao_Zedong_and_Li_Zongren.jpg/400px-Mao_Zedong_and_Li_Zongren.jpg 2x" data-file-width="691" data-file-height="940" /></a><figcaption>Li Zongren and Mao Zedong on 1 October 1966, during the <a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="National Day of the People's Republic of China">national day celebration</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Li remained in exile until 20 July 1965, when he caused a sensation by returning to Communist-held China with the support of Zhou Enlai. His return to China was used as propaganda by the Communist government to encourage other KMT members to return to the mainland, regardless of their politics. Li died of <a href="/wiki/Duodenal_cancer" title="Duodenal cancer">duodenal cancer</a> in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> in 1969 at 78, during the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bonavia126_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonavia126-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Li's residence in mainland China is viewed by some Chinese Communists as Li's "patriotic return to the embrace of his Motherland with smiles", something similar to the former <a href="/wiki/Qing_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Dynasty">Qing</a> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Puyi" title="Puyi">Puyi</a>'s "reformation". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Zongren&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over the course of his career, Li gained a reputation as an ardent militarist and confirmed anti-intellectual, but with a rugged sense of integrity. He was known for disliking music. Like many Chinese leaders in the 1930s, Li was once an admirer of European <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a>, seeing it as a solution to the problems of a once proud nation humbled by internal dissension and external weakness. His ethical attitudes were self-consciously drawn from <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>. After his falling out with Chiang Kai-shek in 1929, Li often expressed himself in terms of frustrated patriotism. Li was an admirer of the British historian <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a> and his monumental historical work, <a href="/wiki/The_History_of_the_Decline_and_Fall_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire"><i>The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bonavia124_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonavia124-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Li and his close staff member, the Muslim General <a href="/wiki/Bai_Chongxi" title="Bai Chongxi">Bai Chongxi</a>, were powerful partners in politics and military affairs. They were once given the nickname <a href="/wiki/Li_Bai" title="Li Bai">Li Bai</a> (李白), after the famous poet. </p><p>Li was married to Li Xiuwen (李秀文) at 20 in an arranged marriage, but they separated soon afterward. Li Zongren and Li Xiuwen had a son, Li Youlin (李幼鄰). In 1924, Li married Guo Dejie (郭德潔), who died of <a href="/wiki/Breast_cancer" title="Breast cancer">breast cancer</a> soon after returning with Li to Beijing. Li and Guo had one son: Li Zhisheng (李志聖). Li then remarried to Hu Yousong (胡友松), who was 48 years younger than Li, and the daughter of actress <a href="/wiki/Hu_Die_(actress)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hu Die (actress)">Hu Die</a>. Hu changed her name to Wang Xi (王曦) after Li died, and remarried. </p><p>Li Zongren's nephew Alan Lee (李倫) has run a <a href="/wiki/Kung_fu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kung fu">kung fu</a> school in New York City since 1967.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A set of Samurai swords and daggers from the <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> given to Li Zongren as a "gift of truce between enemies who are now friends" by either <a href="/wiki/Seishir%C5%8D_Itagaki" title="Seishirō Itagaki">Seishirō Itagaki</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rensuke_Isogai" title="Rensuke Isogai">Rensuke Isogai</a> were passed on to Alan Lee as part of the family legacy.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Li co-wrote <i>Memoirs of Li Zongren</i> with historian <a href="/wiki/Tong_Tekong" title="Tong Tekong">Tong Tekong</a>. Li's memoir is notable for its vehement criticism of Chiang Kai-shek and its analysis of Japan's strategic failure to conquer China. A more detailed account of Li's life is depicted in the less popular biography <i>My Trusted Aide</i> (<i>Wode Gugong</i>), written by Li's distant relative <a href="/w/index.php?title=Namgo_Chai&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Namgo Chai (page does not exist)">Namgo Chai</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Zongren&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">National Revolutionary Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of the Republic of China">Military of the Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="History of the Republic of China">History of the Republic of China</a></li> <li>He was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Wang_Xueqi" title="Wang Xueqi">Wang Xueqi</a> in the 2009 movie <i>The Founding of a Republic</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Zongren&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Bonavia119-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bonavia119_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonavia119_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bonavia 119-120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bonavia 119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bonavia120-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bonavia120_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonavia120_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bonavia 120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bonavia121-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bonavia121_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonavia121_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bonavia 121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bonavia 121-122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bonavia124-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bonavia124_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonavia124_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bonavia 124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gillin <i>The Journal of Asian Studies</i> 293</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bonavia125-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bonavia125_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bonavia 125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnouin and Yu 71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spence 424</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bonavia126-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bonavia126_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonavia126_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bonavia 126</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barnouin and Yu 171</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Spence 486</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gillin289-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gillin289_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gillin289_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gillin289_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gillin <i>Warlord</i> 289</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gillin290-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gillin290_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gillin290_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gillin <i>Warlord</i> 290</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gillin <i>Warlord</i> 291</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>TIME Magazine</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Li, Li, and Tong 547</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">中央選舉委員會：《中華民國選舉史》，台北：中央選舉委員會印行，1987年</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kungfuwusu.com/pages/grandmaster-alan-lee">"Grandmaster Alan Lee"</a>. <i>kungfuwusu.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kungfuwusu.com&rft.atitle=Grandmaster+Alan+Lee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kungfuwusu.com%2Fpages%2Fgrandmaster-alan-lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALi+Zongren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2011" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Alan (2011). <i>The Trip of a Lifetime</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">421–</span>423.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Trip+of+a+Lifetime&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E421-%3C%2Fspan%3E423&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALi+Zongren" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Zongren&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Barnouin, Barbara and Yu Changgen. <i>Zhou Enlai: A Political Life.</i> Hong Kong: Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/962-996-280-2" title="Special:BookSources/962-996-280-2">962-996-280-2</a>. Retrieved at <<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NztlWQeXf2IC&q=zhou+enlai">Zhou Enlai: A Political Life</a>> on March 12, 2011.</li> <li>Bonavia, David. <i>China's Warlords</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. 1995. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-586179-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-586179-5">0-19-586179-5</a></li> <li>Gillin, Donald G. "Portrait of a Warlord: Yen Hsi-shan in Shansi Province, 1911-1930." <i>The Journal of Asian Studies</i>. Vol. 19, No. 3, May, 1960. Retrieved at: <<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2943488">The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 19, No. 3 (May, 1960), pp. 289-306</a>> on February 23, 2011</li> <li>Gillin, Donald G. <i>Warlord: Yen Hsi-shan in Shansi Province 1911-1949</i>. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 1967.</li> <li>Li Zongren, Li Tsung-jen, Tong Te-kong. <i>The memoirs of Li Tsung-jen</i>. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press. 1979. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89158-343-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-89158-343-2">0-89158-343-2</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Spence" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Spence">Spence, Jonathan D.</a> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Search_for_Modern_China" title="The Search for Modern China">The Search for Modern China</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/W.W._Norton_and_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="W.W. Norton and Company">W.W. Norton and Company</a>. 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-97351-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-97351-4">0-393-97351-4</a>.</li> <li>"CHINA: Return of the Gimo". <i>TIME Magazine</i>. Monday, Mar. 13, 1950. Retrieved at <<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070714040245/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,812143,00.html">CHINA: Return of the Gimo - TIME</a>> on May 16, 2011.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121214211251/http://mcel.pacificu.edu/barlow/vita.php">Jeffrey G. Barlow</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070206211629/http://mcel.pacificu.edu/as/resources/ZHUANG/zhuangintro.htm"><b>THE ZHUANG: ETHNOGENESIS</b>, December 12, 2005 COPYRIGHT, JEFFREY G. BARLOW, Department of History, Pacific University, 2043 College Way, Forest Grove, Oregon, 97116, EMAIL barlowj@pacificu.edu</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060903203252/http://mcel.pacificu.edu/as/resources/zhuang/zhuang19.htm">Chapter 19: The Zhuang and the 1911 Revolution</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070208024655/http://mcel.pacificu.edu/as/resources/ZHUANG/zhuang20.htm">Chapter 20: The Zhuang and the Development of the Modern Economy in Guangxi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Zongren&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Li_Zongren" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Li Zongren">Li Zongren</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/011385">Newspaper clippings about Li Zongren</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://clio.columbia.edu/catalog/4079027">Li Zongren papers</a> at the Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University, New York, NY</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Office created</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Vice President of the Republic of China">Vice President of the Republic of China</a> </b><br />1948–1954 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Chen_Cheng" title="Chen Cheng">Chen Cheng</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="President of the Republic of China">President of the Republic of China</a><br /><small>Acting</small> </b><br />1949–1950 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Presidents of the Republic of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Template talk:Presidents of the Republic of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of the Republic of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_Republic_of_China1506" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="President of the Republic of China">Presidents of the Republic of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_(1912)" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1912)">Provisional Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai">Yuan Shikai</a> (1912–1913)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931928).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Republic of China"><img alt="Flag of the Republic of China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/80px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/120px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/160px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Republic of China"><img alt="Flag of the Republic of China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/120px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/160px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beiyang_government" title="Beiyang government">Beiyang government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai">Yuan Shikai</a> (1913–1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Yuanhong" title="Li Yuanhong">Li Yuanhong</a> (1916–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Guozhang" title="Feng Guozhang">Feng Guozhang</a> (1917–1918; <i>acting</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Shichang" title="Xu Shichang">Xu Shichang</a> (1918–1922)</li> <li>Li Yuanhong (1922–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Lingwei" title="Gao Lingwei">Gao Lingwei</a> (1923; <i>acting</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Kun" title="Cao Kun">Cao Kun</a> (1923–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Fu" title="Huang Fu">Huang Fu</a> (1924; <i>acting</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duan_Qirui" title="Duan Qirui">Duan Qirui</a> (1924–1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Weide" title="Hu Weide">Hu Weide</a> (1926; <i>acting</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Huiqing" title="Yan Huiqing">Yan Huiqing</a> (1926; <i>acting</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du_Xigui" title="Du Xigui">Du Xigui</a> (1926; <i>acting</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wellington_Koo" title="Wellington Koo">Wellington Koo</a> (1926–1927; <i>acting</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zuolin" title="Zhang Zuolin">Zhang Zuolin</a> (1927–1928)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">Nationalist government</a><br />(Chairman)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Yankai" title="Tan Yankai">Tan Yankai</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> (1928–1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Sen" title="Lin Sen">Lin Sen</a> (1931–1943)</li> <li>Chiang Kai-shek (1943–1948)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Constitution of the Republic of China">Constitutional government</a><br />(Indirect election)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> (1948–1949)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Li Tsung-jen</a> (1949; <i>acting</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Xishan" title="Yan Xishan">Yen Hsi-shan</a> (1949–1950; <i>acting</i>)</li> <li>Chiang Kai-shek (1950–1975; <i>resumed</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yen_Chia-kan" title="Yen Chia-kan">Yen Chia-kan</a> (1975–1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Ching-kuo" title="Chiang Ching-kuo">Chiang Ching-kuo</a> (1978–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Teng-hui" title="Lee Teng-hui">Lee Teng-hui</a> (1988–1996)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Additional_Articles_of_the_Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China">Constitutional government</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Presidential_elections_in_Taiwan" title="Presidential elections in Taiwan">Direct election</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Teng-hui" title="Lee Teng-hui">Lee Teng-hui</a> (1996–2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Shui-bian" title="Chen Shui-bian">Chen Shui-bian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chen_Shui-bian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidency of Chen Shui-bian">2000–2008</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Ying-jeou" title="Ma Ying-jeou">Ma Ying-jeou</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ma_Ying-jeou" title="Presidency of Ma Ying-jeou">2008–2016</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsai_Ing-wen" title="Tsai Ing-wen">Tsai Ing-wen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Tsai_Ing-wen" title="Presidency of Tsai Ing-wen">2016–2024</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Ching-te" title="Lai Ching-te">Lai Ching-te</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lai_Ching-te" title="Presidency of Lai Ching-te">2024–present</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>See also <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="List of presidents of the Republic of China">List of presidents of the Republic of China</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Xia" title="Template:Kings of Xia">Xia</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Shang" title="Template:Kings of Shang">Shang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Zhou" title="Template:Kings of Zhou">Zhou</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Qin" title="Template:Monarchs of Qin">Qin</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Han_emperors" title="Template:Han emperors">Han</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Three_Kingdoms_emperors" title="Template:Three Kingdoms emperors">3 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Jin_emperors_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Template:Jin emperors (266–420)">Jìn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Sixteen_Kingdoms_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Sixteen Kingdoms rulers">16 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Southern_dynasties_emperors" title="Template:Southern dynasties emperors">S. Dynasties</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Northern_dynasties_emperors" title="Template:Northern dynasties emperors">N. Dynasties</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Sui_emperors" title="Template:Sui emperors">Sui</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Tang_emperors" title="Template:Tang emperors">Tang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_rulers" title="Template:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms rulers">5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Liao_emperors" title="Template:Liao emperors">Liao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Song_emperors" title="Template:Song emperors">Song</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Western_Xia_emperors" title="Template:Western Xia emperors">W. Xia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Jin_emperors_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Template:Jin emperors (1115–1234)">Jīn</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Yuan_emperors" title="Template:Yuan emperors">Yuan</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Ming_emperors" title="Template:Ming emperors">Ming</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Qing_emperors" title="Template:Qing emperors">Qing</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Presidents of the Republic of China">ROC</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Paramount_leaders_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Paramount leaders of the People's Republic of China">PRC</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Vice_presidents_of_the_Republic_of_China861" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vice_presidents_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Vice presidents of the Republic of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vice_presidents_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Template talk:Vice presidents of the Republic of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vice_presidents_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vice presidents of the Republic of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Vice_presidents_of_the_Republic_of_China861" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Vice President of the Republic of China">Vice presidents of the Republic of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China (1912–1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Government of the Republic of China">Government of the Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="List of vice presidents of the Republic of China">List of vice presidents of the Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_vice_presidents_of_the_Republic_of_China_by_other_offices_held" title="List of vice presidents of the Republic of China by other offices held">Other offices held</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beiyang_government" title="Beiyang government">Beiyang government</a><br /><small><span class="nobold">(1913–1928)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Yuanhong" title="Li Yuanhong">Li Yuen-fung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Guozhang" title="Feng Guozhang">Feng Kuo-chang</a></li> <li><i>vacant from 1917 to 1948</i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the Republic of China since 1928"><img alt="Flag of the Republic of China since 1928" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Constitution of the Republic of China">Constitutional government</a><br /><small>indirect elections <span class="nobold">(1948–1996)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Li Tsung-jen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Cheng" title="Chen Cheng">Chen Cheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yen_Chia-kan" title="Yen Chia-kan">Yen Chia-kan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hsieh_Tung-min" title="Hsieh Tung-min">Hsieh Tung-min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Teng-hui" title="Lee Teng-hui">Lee Teng-hui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Yuan-tsu" title="Lee Yuan-tsu">Lee Yuan-tsu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Additional_Articles_of_the_Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China">Constitutional government</a><br /><small>direct elections <span class="nobold">(since 1996)</span></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lien_Chan" title="Lien Chan">Lien Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annette_Lu" title="Annette Lu">Annette Lu Hsiu-lien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Siew" title="Vincent Siew">Vincent Siew Wan-chang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Den-yih" title="Wu Den-yih">Wu Den-yih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Chien-jen" title="Chen Chien-jen">Chen Chien-jen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Ching-te" title="Lai Ching-te">Lai Ching-te</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hsiao_Bi-khim" title="Hsiao Bi-khim">Hsiao Bi-khim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Warlord_era" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Warlord era"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="22px_Warlord_Era_and_warlordism_during_the_Nanjing_decade_20px169" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beiyang_star.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Beiyang_star.svg/22px-Beiyang_star.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Beiyang_star.svg/33px-Beiyang_star.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Beiyang_star.svg/44px-Beiyang_star.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="571" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Warlord_Era" title="Warlord Era">Warlord Era</a> and warlordism during the <a href="/wiki/Nanjing_decade" title="Nanjing decade">Nanjing decade</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/20px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/30px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/40px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;text-align:left;">1915–1924</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;">1925–1934</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_warlords_and_military_cliques_in_the_Warlord_Era" title="List of warlords and military cliques in the Warlord Era">Factions</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;padding-left:0.8em;width:10em;"><div> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1911–1914</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Bai_Lang_Rebellion" title="Bai Lang Rebellion">Bai Lang Rebellion</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1913</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Revolution_(Republic_of_China)" title="Second Revolution (Republic of China)">Second Revolution</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1915</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Twenty-One_Demands" title="Twenty-One Demands">Twenty-One Demands</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1915–1916</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">Empire of China (Yuan Shikai)</a><br /><a href="/wiki/National_Protection_War" title="National Protection War">National Protection War</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1916</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai">Death of Yuan Shikai</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1917</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Manchu_Restoration" title="Manchu Restoration">Manchu Restoration</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1917–1922</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Protection_Movement" title="Constitutional Protection Movement">Constitutional Protection Movement</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1917–1929</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Golok_rebellions_(1917%E2%80%931949)" class="mw-redirect" title="Golok rebellions (1917–1949)">Golok rebellions</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1918–1920</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Siberian_intervention" title="Siberian intervention">Siberian intervention</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1919</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920)">Paris Peace Conference</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Shandong_Problem" title="Shandong Problem">Shandong Problem</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/May_Fourth_Movement" title="May Fourth Movement">May Fourth Movement</a></b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1919–1921</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Mongolia" title="Occupation of Mongolia">Occupation of Outer Mongolia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1920</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Zhili%E2%80%93Anhui_War" title="Zhili–Anhui War">Zhili–Anhui War</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1920–1921</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong%E2%80%93Guangxi_War" title="Guangdong–Guangxi War">Guangdong–Guangxi War</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1920–1926</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Spirit_Soldier_rebellions_(1920%E2%80%931926)" title="Spirit Soldier rebellions (1920–1926)">Spirit Soldier rebellions</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1921</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/1st_National_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="1st National Congress of the Communist Party of China">1st National CPC Congress</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1921–1922</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Conference" title="Washington Naval Conference">Washington Naval Conference</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1922</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/First_Zhili%E2%80%93Fengtian_War" title="First Zhili–Fengtian War">First Zhili–Fengtian War</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1923–1927</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><b><a href="/wiki/First_United_Front" title="First United Front">First United Front</a></b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1923</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Lincheng_Outrage" title="Lincheng Outrage">Lincheng Outrage</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1924</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto;background:transparent;white-space:nowrap;"><b><a href="/wiki/Second_Zhili%E2%80%93Fengtian_War" title="Second Zhili–Fengtian War">Second Zhili–Fengtian War</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Canton_Merchants%27_Corps_Uprising" title="Canton Merchants' Corps Uprising">Canton Merchants' Corps Uprising</a><br /><a href="/wiki/1924_Beijing_Coup" title="1924 Beijing Coup">Beijing Coup</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:0.8em;width:10em;"><div> <table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1925</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Yunnan%E2%80%93Guangxi_War" title="Yunnan–Guangxi War">Yunnan–Guangxi War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/May_Thirtieth_Movement" title="May Thirtieth Movement">May Thirtieth Movement</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1925–1926</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fengtian_War" title="Anti-Fengtian War">Anti-Fengtian War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Canton%E2%80%93Hong_Kong_strike" title="Canton–Hong Kong strike">Canton–Hong Kong strike</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1926</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Canton_Coup" title="Canton Coup">Zhongshan Warship Incident</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1926–1928</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><b><a href="/wiki/Northern_Expedition" title="Northern Expedition">Northern Expedition</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Wuhan_government#Nanjing–Wuhan_split" class="mw-redirect" title="Wuhan government">Nanjing–Wuhan Split</a><br /><b><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Nationalist-Communist Civil War</a></b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1927</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Nanking_incident_of_1927" title="Nanking incident of 1927">Nanking incident of 1927</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1927</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Commune_of_1927" title="Shanghai Commune of 1927">Shanghai Commune of 1927</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1927</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_massacre" title="Shanghai massacre">Shanghai massacre</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1927</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/July_15_Incident" title="July 15 Incident">July 15 Incident</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1927–1930</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conflict_in_Gansu_(1927%E2%80%9330)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conflict in Gansu (1927–30)">Muslim conflict in Gansu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1928</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Jinan_incident" title="Jinan incident">Jinan incident</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Huanggutun_incident" title="Huanggutun incident">Huanggutun incident</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Looting_of_the_Eastern_Mausoleum" title="Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum">Looting of the Eastern Mausoleum</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Flag_Replacement" title="Northeast Flag Replacement">Northeast Flag Replacement</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1928–1929</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Red_Spears%27_uprising_in_Shandong_(1928%E2%80%931929)" title="Red Spears' uprising in Shandong (1928–1929)">Third Red Spears' uprising in Shandong</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1929</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Chiang-Gui_War" title="Chiang-Gui War">Chiang-Gui War</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Warlord_Rebellion_in_northeastern_Shandong" title="Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong">Warlord Rebellion in northeastern Shandong</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Beijing_Revolt" title="Beijing Revolt">Beijing Revolt</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_conflict_(1929)" title="Sino-Soviet conflict (1929)">Sino-Soviet conflict</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1930</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><b><a href="/wiki/Central_Plains_War" title="Central Plains War">Central Plains War</a></b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1930–1932</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Tibetan War">Sino-Tibetan War</a> / <a href="/wiki/Qinghai%E2%80%93Tibet_War" title="Qinghai–Tibet War">Qinghai–Tibet War</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1931–1935</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Rebellion" title="Kumul Rebellion">Kumul Rebellion</a> / <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Xinjiang" title="Soviet invasion of Xinjiang">Soviet invasion of Xinjiang</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1932</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Han%E2%80%93Liu_War" title="Han–Liu War">Han–Liu War</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1932</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Two-Liu_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Two-Liu war">Two-Liu war</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width:4.0em; background:transparent; font-weight:normal; white-space:nowrap;">1934</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:auto; background:transparent; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/War_in_Ningxia_(1934)" title="War in Ningxia (1934)">War in Ningxia</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;padding-left:0.8em;width:10em;"><div> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Beiyang_Army" title="Beiyang Army">Beiyang</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anhui_clique" title="Anhui clique">Anhui</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zhili_clique" title="Zhili clique">Zhili</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fengtian_clique" title="Fengtian clique">Fengtian</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Pacification_Army" title="National Pacification Army">National Pacification Army</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Zhili_Army_(Fengtian_clique)" title="Zhili Army (Fengtian clique)">Zhili Army</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shanxi_clique" title="Shanxi clique">Shanxi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Guominjun" title="Guominjun">Guominjun</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ma_clique" title="Ma clique">Ma</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_clique" title="Xinjiang clique">Xinjiang</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yunnan_clique" title="Yunnan clique">Yunnan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_clique" title="Sichuan clique">Sichuan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Old_Guangxi_clique" title="Old Guangxi clique">Old Guangxi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Guangxi_clique" title="New Guangxi clique">New Guangxi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chen_Jiongming" title="Chen Jiongming">Guangdong</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Guizhou_clique" title="Guizhou clique">Guizhou</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang <span style="font-size:85%;">(KMT)</span></a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communist Party <span style="font-size:85%;">(CCP)</span></a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China (1912–1949)</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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