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in the Clean Air Act, only a handful have information on human health effects, derived primarily from animal and occupational studies. Lack of consistent monitoring data on ambient air toxics makes it difficult to assess the extent of low-level, chronic, ambient exposures to HAPs that could affect human health, and limits attempts to prioritize and evaluate policy initiatives for emissions reduction. Modeled outdoor HAP concentration estimates from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Cumulative Exposure Project were used to characterize the extent of the air toxics problem in California for the base year of 1990. These air toxics concentration estimates were used with chronic toxicity data to estimate cancer and noncancer hazards for individual HAPs and the risks posed by multiple pollutants. Although hazardous air pollutants are ubiquitous in the environment, potential cancer and noncancer health hazards posed by ambient exposures are geographically concentrated in three urbanized areas and in a few rural counties. This analysis estimated a median excess individual cancer risk of 2.7E Ϫ 4 for all air toxics concentrations and 8600 excess lifetime cancer cases, 70% of which were attributable to four pollutants: polycyclic organic matter, 1,3 butadiene, formaldehyde, and benzene. For noncancer effects, the analysis estimated a total hazard index representing the combined effect of all HAPs considered. Each pollutant contributes to the index a ratio of estimated concentration to reference concentration. The median value of the index across census tracts was 17, due primarily to acrolein and chromium concentration estimates. On average, HAP concentrations and cancer and noncancer health risks originate mostly from area and mobile source emissions, although there are several locations in the state where point sources account for a large portion of estimated concentrations and health risks. Risk estimates from this study can provide guidance for prioritizing research, monitoring, and regulatory intervention activities to reduce potential hazards to the general population. Improved ambient monitoring efforts can help clarify uncertainties inherent in this analysis.","publication_date":"2000,,","publication_name":"Risk Analysis","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"47462159"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Air Toxics and Health Risks in California: The Public Health Implications of Outdoor Concentrations","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [25143950]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div 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class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/114215983/Emission_Scenarios_and_the_Health_Risks_Posed_by_Priority_Mobile_Air_Toxics_in_an_Urban_to_Regional_Area_An_Application_in_Nashville_Tennessee">Emission Scenarios and the Health Risks Posed by Priority Mobile Air Toxics in an Urban to Regional Area: An Application in Nashville, Tennessee</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33610246" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JoshuaFu">Joshua Fu</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Emission Scenarios and the Health Risks Posed by Priority Mobile Air Toxics in an Urban to Regional Area: An Application in Nashville, Tennessee","attachmentId":110971844,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/114215983/Emission_Scenarios_and_the_Health_Risks_Posed_by_Priority_Mobile_Air_Toxics_in_an_Urban_to_Regional_Area_An_Application_in_Nashville_Tennessee","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/114215983/Emission_Scenarios_and_the_Health_Risks_Posed_by_Priority_Mobile_Air_Toxics_in_an_Urban_to_Regional_Area_An_Application_in_Nashville_Tennessee"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="21477729" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/21477729/Title_An_investigation_of_the_association_between_hazardous_air_pollutants_and_lymphohematopoietic_cancer_risk_among_residents_of_Harris_County_Texas">Title: An investigation of the association between hazardous air pollutants and lymphohematopoietic cancer risk among residents of Harris County, Texas</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1746118" href="https://independent.academia.edu/bryanparras">bryan parras</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">While recent reports have commented on the elevated ambient levels of hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) in certain areas of Houston, relative to other cities, few studies have assessed the health effects of HAPs for Houstonians and none have evaluated the association between ambient levels of these pollutants and lymphohematopoietic cancer risk in this population. To begin to address this deficit in the literature, we conducted a population based analysis of ambient levels of HAPs and lymphohematopoietic cancer incidence in Harris County. Cancer cases were obtained from the Texas Cancer Registry (TCR), 1995-2003, and included adult and childhood cancers. We used existing monitoring data collected from 1992-2003 by the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality (TCEQ) to estimate ambient benzene and 1,3 butadiene levels for each census tract, which were then collapsed into 3 or 4 categories, respectively, in the analyses that were carried out. We also estimated risk of lymphohematopoietic cancer associated with residential proximity to the Houston Ship Channel (HSC) as another proxy (albeit a crude measure) of HAP exposure. Poisson regression was used to estimate rate ratios for increasing HAP levels and cancer rates, adjusting for gender, age, and a composite index for socioeconomic status and race / ethnicity. We observed an association among children living within two miles of the HSC and higher rates of acute lymphocytic leukemia (adjusted rate ratio [aRR] = 1.56; p=0.01) compared with those living greater than 10 miles from the HSC. Further, higher 1,3-butadiene levels (>1.15 parts per billion [ppbV] relative to <0.266 ppbV) were associated with acute lymphocytic leukemia, acute myeloid leukemia and all leukemias in children. While we did not observe statistically significant associations for the other two categories (i.e., 0.266-0.381 ppbV or 0.382-1.15 pbbV) as compared to the referent group of <0.226 ppbV, a trend of increasing 1,3-butadiene levels and increasing leukemia rates was noted for these cancers. Higher benzene levels were not associated with lymphohematopoietic cancer by types in children. Among adults, neither proximity to the HSC, nor ambient levels of benzene or 1,3-butadiene levels were associated with lymphohematopoietic cancers in a dose dependent manner for either males or females. Additional analyses using more sophisticated methods to assess exposure are planned to confirm our findings. Additionally, future analyses will address many of the limitations of the current analysis. However, observing a specific health effect of HAPs in light of recently documented elevated levels of two known carcinogens, benzene and 1,3 butadiene, in Houston,(1) suggests a need to explore this issue further and to potentially take action to limit potential exposure to HAPs.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Title: An investigation of the association between hazardous air pollutants and lymphohematopoietic cancer risk among residents of Harris County, Texas","attachmentId":41901453,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/21477729/Title_An_investigation_of_the_association_between_hazardous_air_pollutants_and_lymphohematopoietic_cancer_risk_among_residents_of_Harris_County_Texas","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/21477729/Title_An_investigation_of_the_association_between_hazardous_air_pollutants_and_lymphohematopoietic_cancer_risk_among_residents_of_Harris_County_Texas"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="54050841" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/54050841/Comparative_Assessment_of_Air_Pollution_Related_Health_Risks_in_Houston">Comparative Assessment of Air Pollution-Related Health Risks in Houston</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="99298112" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LinderStephen">Stephen Linder</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Environmental Health Perspectives, 2007</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Comparative Assessment of Air Pollution-Related Health Risks in Houston","attachmentId":70602303,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/54050841/Comparative_Assessment_of_Air_Pollution_Related_Health_Risks_in_Houston","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/54050841/Comparative_Assessment_of_Air_Pollution_Related_Health_Risks_in_Houston"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="86335651" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/86335651/Environmental_exposomics_and_lung_cancer_risk_assessment_in_the_Philadelphia_metropolitan_area_using_ZIP_code_level_hazard_indices">Environmental exposomics and lung cancer risk assessment in the Philadelphia metropolitan area using ZIP code–level hazard indices</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="211698833" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ThomasMcKeon4">Thomas McKeon</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Environmental Science and Pollution Research</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">To illustrate methods for assessing environmental exposures associated with lung cancer risk, we investigated anthropogenic based air pollutant data in a major metropolitan area using United States-Environmental Protection Agency (US-EPA) Toxic Release Inventory (TRI) (1987–2017), and PM2.5 (1998–2016) and NO2 (1996–2012) concentrations from NASA satellite data. We studied chemicals reported according to the following five exposome features: (1) International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) cancer grouping; (2) priority EPA polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs); (3) component of diesel exhaust; (4) status as a volatile organic compound (VOC); and (5) evidence of lung carcinogenesis. Published articles from PubChem were tallied for occurrences of 10 key characteristics of cancer-causing agents on those chemicals. Zone Improvement Plan (ZIP) codes with higher exposures were identified in two ways: (1) combined mean exposure from all features, and (2) hazard index derived throug...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Environmental exposomics and lung cancer risk assessment in the Philadelphia metropolitan area using ZIP code–level hazard indices","attachmentId":90808242,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/86335651/Environmental_exposomics_and_lung_cancer_risk_assessment_in_the_Philadelphia_metropolitan_area_using_ZIP_code_level_hazard_indices","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/86335651/Environmental_exposomics_and_lung_cancer_risk_assessment_in_the_Philadelphia_metropolitan_area_using_ZIP_code_level_hazard_indices"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":47462159,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":47462159,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_47462159" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32936131" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MichaelJerrett">Michael Jerrett</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2011</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Spatiotemporal analysis of air pollution and mortality in California based on the American Cancer Society cohort","attachmentId":43431201,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/22891152/Spatiotemporal_analysis_of_air_pollution_and_mortality_in_California_based_on_the_American_Cancer_Society_cohort","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/22891152/Spatiotemporal_analysis_of_air_pollution_and_mortality_in_California_based_on_the_American_Cancer_Society_cohort"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="57963992" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/57963992/Uneven_Magnitude_of_Disparities_in_Cancer_Risks_from_Air_Toxics">Uneven Magnitude of Disparities in Cancer Risks from Air Toxics</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="14288608" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ChunrongJia">Chunrong Jia</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2012</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Uneven Magnitude of Disparities in Cancer Risks from Air Toxics","attachmentId":72606256,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/57963992/Uneven_Magnitude_of_Disparities_in_Cancer_Risks_from_Air_Toxics","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/57963992/Uneven_Magnitude_of_Disparities_in_Cancer_Risks_from_Air_Toxics"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" 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data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/55747397/Development_and_evaluation_of_alternative_approaches_for_exposure_assessment_of_multiple_air_pollutants_in_Atlanta_Georgia">Development and evaluation of alternative approaches for exposure assessment of multiple air pollutants in Atlanta, Georgia</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="41045808" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MulhollandJames">James Mulholland</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology, 2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Development and evaluation of alternative approaches 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