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definition subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Terminology_and_definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Secret_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secret_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Secret religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secret_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin_and_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_and_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Origin and history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_and_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography_and_diffusion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography_and_diffusion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography and diffusion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography_and_diffusion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chronological_record_of_major_sects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronological_record_of_major_sects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Chronological record of major sects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chronological_record_of_major_sects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Chronological record of major sects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Chronological_record_of_major_sects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Earliest_influences_(Yuan,_1277–1377)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earliest_influences_(Yuan,_1277–1377)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Earliest influences (Yuan, 1277–1377)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earliest_influences_(Yuan,_1277–1377)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ming_(1367–1644)_and_Qing_(1644–1911)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ming_(1367–1644)_and_Qing_(1644–1911)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Ming (1367–1644) and Qing (1644–1911)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ming_(1367–1644)_and_Qing_(1644–1911)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mainland_Republican_Era_(1912–49)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mainland_Republican_Era_(1912–49)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Mainland Republican Era 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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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.sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:16.0em;border: 4px single #A12F25;border-spacing:0.2em 0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #B1151D;"><span style="color:white">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_folk_religion" title="Category:Chinese folk religion"> <span style="color:White;">a series</span></a> on</span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #B1151D;;font-size:150%; color:#FFFFF"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion"><span style="color:White;">Chinese folk religion</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E7%A6%84_l%C3%B9_or_%E5%AD%90_zi_symbol---red.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stylisation of the 禄 lù or 子 zi grapheme, respectively meaning "prosperity", "furthering", "welfare" and "son", "offspring". 字 zì, meaning "word" and "symbol", is a cognate of 子 zi and represents a "son" enshrined under a "roof". The symbol is ultimately a representation of the north celestial pole (Běijí 北极) and its spinning constellations, and as such it is equivalent to the Eurasian symbol of the swastika, 卍 wàn."><img alt="Stylisation of the 禄 lù or 子 zi grapheme, respectively meaning "prosperity", "furthering", "welfare" and "son", "offspring". 字 zì, meaning "word" and "symbol", is a cognate of 子 zi and represents a "son" enshrined under a "roof". The symbol is ultimately a representation of the north celestial pole (Běijí 北极) and its spinning constellations, and as such it is equivalent to the Eurasian symbol of the swastika, 卍 wàn." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/%E7%A6%84_l%C3%B9_or_%E5%AD%90_zi_symbol---red.svg/75px-%E7%A6%84_l%C3%B9_or_%E5%AD%90_zi_symbol---red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/%E7%A6%84_l%C3%B9_or_%E5%AD%90_zi_symbol---red.svg/113px-%E7%A6%84_l%C3%B9_or_%E5%AD%90_zi_symbol---red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/%E7%A6%84_l%C3%B9_or_%E5%AD%90_zi_symbol---red.svg/150px-%E7%A6%84_l%C3%B9_or_%E5%AD%90_zi_symbol---red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="194" data-file-height="194" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #B1151D;;background-color:#f8e0e0;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tian" title="Tian">Tian</a>—<a href="/wiki/Shangdi" title="Shangdi">Shangdi</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_(Chinese_religion)" title="Shen (Chinese religion)">Shen</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ling_(Chinese_religion)" title="Ling (Chinese religion)">Ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xian_ling_(religion)" title="Xian ling (religion)">Xian ling</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yin_and_yang" title="Yin and yang">Yinyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundun" title="Hundun">Hundun</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ming_yun" title="Ming yun">Mingyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuanfen" title="Yuanfen">Yuanfen</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bao_ying" title="Bao ying">Baoying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_(Chinese_religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wu (Chinese religion)">Wu</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #B1151D;;background-color:#f8e0e0;;color: var(--color-base)">Theory</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_theology" title="Chinese theology">Chinese theology</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_gods_and_immortals" title="Chinese gods and immortals">Chinese gods and immortals</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_mythology" title="Chinese mythology">Chinese mythology</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_creation_myth" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese creation myth">Chinese creation myth</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_spiritual_world_concepts" title="Chinese spiritual world concepts">Chinese spiritual world concepts</a></li></ul> <p><b>Model humanity:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xian_(Taoism)" title="Xian (Taoism)">Xian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhenren" title="Zhenren">Zhenren</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wen_and_wu" title="Wen and wu">Wen and wu</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #B1151D;;background-color:#f8e0e0;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fenxiang" title="Fenxiang">Fenxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingxiang" title="Jingxiang">Jingxiang</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feng_shui" title="Feng shui">Feng shui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miaohui" title="Miaohui">Miaohui</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wu_(shaman)" title="Wu (shaman)">Wu shamanism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tongji_(spirit_medium)" title="Tongji (spirit medium)">Jitong mediumship</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baojuan" title="Baojuan">Precious scrolls</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #B1151D;;background-color:#f8e0e0;;color: var(--color-base)">Institutions and temples</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associations_of_good-doing" title="Associations of good-doing">Associations of good-doing</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_lineage_associations" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese lineage associations">Lineage associations or churches</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese temple">Chinese temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestral_shrine" title="Ancestral shrine">Ancestral shrine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Folk_Temples%27_Management_Association" title="Chinese Folk Temples' Management Association">Chinese Folk Temples' Association</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #B1151D;;background-color:#f8e0e0;;color: var(--color-base)">Festivals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qingming_Festival" title="Qingming Festival">Qingming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Festival" title="Ghost Festival">Zhongyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-Autumn_Festival" title="Mid-Autumn Festival">Zhongqiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Emperor_Gods_Festival" title="Nine Emperor Gods Festival">Jiuhuangye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qixi_Festival" title="Qixi Festival">Qixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duanwu_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Duanwu Festival">Duanwu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_New_Year" title="Chinese New Year">Nian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #B1151D;;background-color:#f8e0e0;;color: var(--color-base)">Internal traditions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"><b>Major cultural forms</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ancestral_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese ancestral religion">Chinese ancestral religion</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_communal_deity_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese communal deity religion">Chinese communal deity religion</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_food_therapy" title="Chinese food therapy">Chinese food therapy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feng_shui" title="Feng shui">Chinese geomancy</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_mother_goddess_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese mother goddess worship">Chinese mother goddess worship</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_China_folk_religion" title="Northeast China folk religion">Northeast China folk religion</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Chinese Medicine">Traditional Chinese Medicine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qigong" title="Qigong">Qigong</a></li></ul> <p><b>Main philosophical traditions:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Confucian_ritual_religion" title="Confucian ritual religion">state rites</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_philosophy" title="Chinese philosophy">Other schools</a></li></ul> <p><b>Ritual traditions:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ritual_mastery_traditions" title="Chinese ritual mastery traditions">Folk ritual masters' orders</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tongji_(spirit_medium)" title="Tongji (spirit medium)">Jitong mediumship</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuo_folk_religion" title="Nuo folk religion">Nuo folk religion</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_shamanism" title="Chinese shamanism">Chinese shamanism</a></li></ul> <p><b>Devotional traditions:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazuism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazuism">Mazuism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ong_Yah" title="Ong Yah">Ong Yah</a> worship</li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zhenkong-Wusheng_Laomu_red.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zhenkong, "Void of Truth"."><img alt="Zhenkong, "Void of Truth"." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Zhenkong-Wusheng_Laomu_red.svg/50px-Zhenkong-Wusheng_Laomu_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Zhenkong-Wusheng_Laomu_red.svg/75px-Zhenkong-Wusheng_Laomu_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Zhenkong-Wusheng_Laomu_red.svg/100px-Zhenkong-Wusheng_Laomu_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="145" data-file-height="143" /></a><figcaption>Zhenkong, "Void of Truth".</figcaption></figure> <p><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Salvation churches and sects</a>:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_teaching" title="De teaching">De teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiugongdao" title="Jiugongdao">Jiugongdao</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luo_teaching" title="Luo teaching">Luo teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya_teachings" title="Maitreya teachings">Maitreya teachings</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiandi_teachings" title="Tiandi teachings">Tiandi teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianxian_miaodao" title="Tianxian miaodao">Tianxian miaodao</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanyi_teaching" title="Sanyi teaching">Xia teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiantiandao" title="Xiantiandao">Xiantiandao</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yiguandao" title="Yiguandao">Yiguandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaili_teaching" title="Zaili teaching">Zaili teaching</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Confucian_church" title="Confucian church">Confucian churches</a> and sects:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Confucian_Church" title="Holy Confucian Church">Holy Confucian Church</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_for_the_Confucian_Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Supreme Council for the Confucian Religion in Indonesia">Indonesian Confucian Church</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Church_of_the_Way_and_its_Virtue" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Church of the Way and its Virtue">Universal Church of the Way and its Virtue</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Way_of_the_Gods_according_to_the_Confucian_Tradition" title="Way of the Gods according to the Confucian Tradition">Phoenix churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanyuan_teaching" title="Xuanyuan teaching">Xuanyuanism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taigu_school" title="Taigu school">Taigu school</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #B1151D;;background-color:#f8e0e0;;color: var(--color-base)">Related religions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzhuism" title="Benzhuism">Benzhuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimoism" title="Bimoism">Bimoism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongbaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongbaism">Dongbaism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Han Buddhism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miao_folk_religion" title="Miao folk religion">Miao folk religion</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese folk religion</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_folk_religion" title="Qiang folk religion">Qiang folk religion</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yao_folk_religion" title="Yao folk religion">Yao folk religion</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_folk_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhuang folk religion">Zhuang folk religion</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_folk_religion" title="Template:Chinese folk religion"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_folk_religion" title="Template talk:Chinese folk religion"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_folk_religion" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese folk religion"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Chinese salvationist religions</b> or <b>Chinese folk religious sects</b> are a <a href="/wiki/Greater_China" title="Greater China">Chinese</a> religious tradition characterised by a concern for <a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">salvation</a> (moral fulfillment) of the person and the society.<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._19;_passim_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer,_2011._p._19;_passim-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are distinguished by <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarianism</a>, a founding charismatic person often informed by a <a href="/wiki/Divine_revelation" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine revelation">divine revelation</a>, a specific <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> written in <a href="/wiki/Holy_text" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy text">holy texts</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Millenarianism" title="Millenarianism">millenarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">eschatology</a> and a voluntary path of salvation, an embodied experience of the <a href="/wiki/Numinous" title="Numinous">numinous</a> through healing and self-cultivation, and an expansive orientation through <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">evangelism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philanthropy" title="Philanthropy">philanthropy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scholars consider these religions a single phenomenon, and others consider them the fourth great Chinese religious category alongside the well-established <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroy2015146_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroy2015146-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally these religions focus on the worship of the <a href="/wiki/Absolute_(philosophy)" title="Absolute (philosophy)">universal</a> <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shangdi" title="Shangdi">Shangdi</a>), represented as either male, female, or genderless, and regard their holy patriarchs as embodiments of God. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology_and_definition">Terminology and definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_salvationist_religions&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology and definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:308px;max-width:308px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maha_Vihara_Duta_Maitreya,_a_Yiguandao_temple_in_Batam,_Indonesia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Maha_Vihara_Duta_Maitreya%2C_a_Yiguandao_temple_in_Batam%2C_Indonesia.jpg/150px-Maha_Vihara_Duta_Maitreya%2C_a_Yiguandao_temple_in_Batam%2C_Indonesia.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Maha_Vihara_Duta_Maitreya%2C_a_Yiguandao_temple_in_Batam%2C_Indonesia.jpg/225px-Maha_Vihara_Duta_Maitreya%2C_a_Yiguandao_temple_in_Batam%2C_Indonesia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Maha_Vihara_Duta_Maitreya%2C_a_Yiguandao_temple_in_Batam%2C_Indonesia.jpg/300px-Maha_Vihara_Duta_Maitreya%2C_a_Yiguandao_temple_in_Batam%2C_Indonesia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="678" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">① A church of Yiguandao in <a href="/wiki/Batam" title="Batam">Batam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E9%B8%BE%E6%95%99_Luanist_%E9%87%8D%E7%94%9F%E5%A0%82_Rebirth_Church_in_Taichung.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/%E9%B8%BE%E6%95%99_Luanist_%E9%87%8D%E7%94%9F%E5%A0%82_Rebirth_Church_in_Taichung.jpg/150px-%E9%B8%BE%E6%95%99_Luanist_%E9%87%8D%E7%94%9F%E5%A0%82_Rebirth_Church_in_Taichung.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/%E9%B8%BE%E6%95%99_Luanist_%E9%87%8D%E7%94%9F%E5%A0%82_Rebirth_Church_in_Taichung.jpg/225px-%E9%B8%BE%E6%95%99_Luanist_%E9%87%8D%E7%94%9F%E5%A0%82_Rebirth_Church_in_Taichung.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/%E9%B8%BE%E6%95%99_Luanist_%E9%87%8D%E7%94%9F%E5%A0%82_Rebirth_Church_in_Taichung.jpg/300px-%E9%B8%BE%E6%95%99_Luanist_%E9%87%8D%E7%94%9F%E5%A0%82_Rebirth_Church_in_Taichung.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">② The Luanist Rebirth Church (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">重生堂</span></span> <i>Chóngshēngtáng</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Taichung" title="Taichung">Taichung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>.</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Two influential and competing folk sectarian currents: ① <a href="/wiki/Yiguandao" title="Yiguandao">Yiguandao</a> focusing on personal salvation through inner work, considers itself the most valid "Way of Heaven" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">天道</span></span> <i>Tiāndào</i>) and its own a "<a href="/wiki/Xiantiandao" title="Xiantiandao">Way of Former Heaven</a>" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">先天道</span></span> <i>Xiāntiāndào</i>), that is a cosmological definition of the state of things prior to creation, in unity with God; it regards ② <a href="/wiki/Way_of_the_Gods_according_to_the_Confucian_Tradition" title="Way of the Gods according to the Confucian Tradition">Luanism</a>, a cluster of churches which focus on social morality through refined (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">儒</span></span> <i>rú</i>) Confucian ritual to worship the gods, as the "Way of Later Heaven" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">后天道</span></span> <i>Hòutiāndào</i>), that is the cosmological state of created things.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClart199712-13_&_''passim''_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClart199712-13_&_''passim''-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>"Chinese salvationist religions" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">救度宗教</span></span> <i>jiùdù zōngjiào</i>) is a contemporary neologism coined as a <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociological</a> category<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and gives prominence to folk religious sects' central pursuit that is the <a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">salvation</a> of the individual and the society, in other words the moral fulfillment of individuals in reconstructed communities of sense.<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._19;_passim_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer,_2011._p._19;_passim-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese scholars traditionally describe them as "folk religious sects" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">民间宗教</span></span> <i>mínjiān zōngjiào</i>, <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">民间教门</span></span> <i>mínjiān jiàomén</i> or <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">民间教派</span></span> <i>mínjiān jiàopài</i>) or "folk beliefs" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">民间信仰</span></span> <i>mínjiān xìnyǎng</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They are distinct from the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a> consisting in the worship of gods and ancestors,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although in English language there is a terminological confusion between the two. The 20th-century expression for these salvationist religious movements has been "redemptive societies" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">救世团体</span></span> <i>jiùshì tuántǐ</i>), coined by scholar <a href="/wiki/Prasenjit_Duara" title="Prasenjit Duara">Prasenjit Duara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A collective name that has been in use possibly since the latter part of the Qing dynasty is <i>huìdàomén</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">会道门</span></span> "churches, ways and gates"), as their names interchangeably use the terms <i>huì</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">会</span></span> "church, society, association, congregation"; when referring to their corporate form), <i>dào</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">道</span></span> "way") or <i>mén</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">门</span></span> "gate[way], door"). </p><p>Their congregations and points of worship are usually called <i>táng</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">堂</span></span> "church, hall") or <i>tán</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">坛</span></span> "altar"). Western scholars often mistakenly identify them as "<a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a>" churches.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwnby2008_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwnby2008-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnamese</a> religions of <i><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion#Minh_Đạo" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Minh Đạo</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a> emerged from the same tradition of Chinese folk religious movements.<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._6_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer,_2011._p._6-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secret_religions">Secret religions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_salvationist_religions&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Secret religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A category overlapping with that of the salvationist movements is that of the "secret societies" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">秘密社会</span></span> <i>mìmì shèhuì</i>, or <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">秘密结社</span></span> <i>mìmì jiéshè</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> religious communities of <a href="/wiki/Initiation" title="Initiation">initiatory</a> and secretive character, including rural militias and fraternal organisations which became very popular in the early republican period, and often labeled as "<a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heretical</a> doctrines" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">宗教异端</span></span> <i>zōngjiào yìduān</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer_2011_13_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer_2011_13-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recent scholarship has begun to use the label "secret sects" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">秘密教门</span></span> <i>mìmì jiàomén</i>) to distinguish the peasant "secret societies" with a positive dimension of the Yuan, Ming and Qing periods, from the negatively viewed "secret societies" of the early republic that became instruments of anti-revolutionary forces (the <a href="/wiki/Guomindang" class="mw-redirect" title="Guomindang">Guomindang</a> or <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer_2011_13_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer_2011_13-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin_and_history">Origin and history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_salvationist_religions&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origin and history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E6%B2%B3%E5%8C%97%E6%A2%85%E8%8A%B1%E5%9C%A3%E5%9C%B0%E5%B8%88%E7%A5%96%E6%AE%BF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/%E6%B2%B3%E5%8C%97%E6%A2%85%E8%8A%B1%E5%9C%A3%E5%9C%B0%E5%B8%88%E7%A5%96%E6%AE%BF.jpg/250px-%E6%B2%B3%E5%8C%97%E6%A2%85%E8%8A%B1%E5%9C%A3%E5%9C%B0%E5%B8%88%E7%A5%96%E6%AE%BF.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/%E6%B2%B3%E5%8C%97%E6%A2%85%E8%8A%B1%E5%9C%A3%E5%9C%B0%E5%B8%88%E7%A5%96%E6%AE%BF.jpg/375px-%E6%B2%B3%E5%8C%97%E6%A2%85%E8%8A%B1%E5%9C%A3%E5%9C%B0%E5%B8%88%E7%A5%96%E6%AE%BF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/%E6%B2%B3%E5%8C%97%E6%A2%85%E8%8A%B1%E5%9C%A3%E5%9C%B0%E5%B8%88%E7%A5%96%E6%AE%BF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="297" /></a><figcaption>Temple of the Founding Father (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">师祖殿</span></span> <i>Shīzǔdiàn</i>) of the principal holy see (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">圣地</span></span> <i>shèngdì</i>) of the <a href="/wiki/Meihuaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Meihuaism">Plum Flower</a> sect, related to <a href="/wiki/Baguadao" title="Baguadao">Baguadao</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Xingtai" title="Xingtai">Xingtai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebei" title="Hebei">Hebei</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many of these religions are traced to the <a href="/wiki/White_Lotus" title="White Lotus">White Lotus</a> tradition<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._12_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer,_2011._p._12-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ("Chinese Maternism", as mentioned by Philip Clart<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) that was already active in the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroy2015158_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroy2015158-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> others claim a <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoist</a> legacy and are based on the recovery of ancient scriptures attributed to important <a href="/wiki/Xian_(Taoism)" title="Xian (Taoism)">immortals</a> such as <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BC_Dongbin" title="Lü Dongbin">Lü Dongbin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Sanfeng" title="Zhang Sanfeng">Zhang Sanfeng</a>, and have contributed to the popularisation of <i><a href="/wiki/Neidan" title="Neidan">neidan</a></i>;<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._27_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer,_2011._p._27-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> other ones are distinctively <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian</a> and advocate the realisation of a "great commonwealth" (<i>datong</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">大同</span></span>) on a world scale, as dreamt of in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Rites" title="Book of Rites">Book of Rites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some scholars even find influences from <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mohism" title="Mohism">Mohism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_shamanism" title="Chinese shamanism">shamanic traditions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasties</a> many folk religious movements were outlawed by the imperial authorities as "evil religions" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">邪教</span></span> <i>xiéjiào</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the collapse of the Qing state in 1911 the sects enjoyed an unprecedented period of freedom and thrived, and many of them were officially recognised as religious groups by the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%9349)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China (1912–49)">early republican government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The founding of the People's Republic in 1949 saw them suppressed once again,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although since the 1990s and 2000s the climate was relaxed and some of them have received some form of official recognition.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> all the still existing restrictions were rescinded in the 1980s. </p><p>Folk religious movements began to rapidly revive in mainland China in the 1980s, and now if conceptualised as a single group they are said to have the same number of followers of the <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">five state-sanctioned religions of China</a> taken together.<sup id="cite_ref-Phoenix_Weekly_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phoenix_Weekly-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars and government officials have been discussing to systematise and unify this large base of religious organisations; in 2004 the State Administration of Religious Affairs created a department for the management of folk religions.<sup id="cite_ref-Phoenix_Weekly_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phoenix_Weekly-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 2015 a step was made at least for those of them with a Confucian identity, with the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Confucian_Church_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Confucian Church of China">Holy Confucian Church of China</a> which aims to unite in a single body all Confucian religious groups. </p><p>Many of the movements of salvation of the 20th and 21st century aspire to become the repository of the entirety of the Chinese tradition in the face of Western modernism and materialism,<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._29_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer,_2011._p._29-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> advocating an "Eastern solution to the problems of the modern world",<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._10_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer,_2011._p._10-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or even interacting with the modern discourse of an <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asian</a>-centered universal civilisation.<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._10_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer,_2011._p._10-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_diffusion">Geography and diffusion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_salvationist_religions&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Geography and diffusion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Folk_religious_sects%27_influence_by_province_of_China.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Folk_religious_sects%27_influence_by_province_of_China.png/250px-Folk_religious_sects%27_influence_by_province_of_China.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Folk_religious_sects%27_influence_by_province_of_China.png/375px-Folk_religious_sects%27_influence_by_province_of_China.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Folk_religious_sects%27_influence_by_province_of_China.png/500px-Folk_religious_sects%27_influence_by_province_of_China.png 2x" data-file-width="3096" data-file-height="2157" /></a><figcaption>Geographic distribution of influence of China's popular religious sects.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Chinese folk religious movements of salvation are mostly concentrated in northern and northeastern China, although with a significant influence reaching the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River_Delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River Delta">Yangtze River Delta</a> since the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Seiwert,_2003._p._318_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seiwert,_2003._p._318-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The northern provinces have been a fertile ground for the movements of salvation for a number of reasons: firstly, popular religious movements were active in the region already in the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>, and they deeply penetrated local society; secondly, northern provinces are characterised by social mobility around the capital and weak traditional social structure, thus folk religious movements of salvation fulfill the demand of individual searching for new forms of community and social network.<sup id="cite_ref-Seiwert,_2003._p._318_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seiwert,_2003._p._318-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the Chinese General Social Survey of 2012, approximately 2.2% of the population of China, which is around 30 million people, claim to be members of folk religious sects.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The actual number of followers may be higher, about the same as the number of members of the five state-sanctioned religions of China if counted together.<sup id="cite_ref-Phoenix_Weekly_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phoenix_Weekly-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Taiwan, recognised folk religious movements of salvation gather <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Taiwan" title="Religion in Taiwan">approximately 10% of the population</a> as of the mid-2000s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chronological_record_of_major_sects">Chronological record of major sects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_salvationist_religions&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Chronological record of major sects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Earliest_influences_(Yuan,_1277–1377)"><span id="Earliest_influences_.28Yuan.2C_1277.E2.80.931377.29"></span>Earliest influences (<a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a>, 1277–1377)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_salvationist_religions&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Earliest influences (Yuan, 1277–1377)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Lotus" title="White Lotus">White Lotus</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">白蓮教</span></span> <i>Báiliánjiào</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya_teachings" title="Maitreya teachings">Maitreya teachings</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">弥勒教</span></span> <i>Mílèjiào</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._22_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer,_2011._p._22-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ming_(1367–1644)_and_Qing_(1644–1911)"><span id="Ming_.281367.E2.80.931644.29_and_Qing_.281644.E2.80.931911.29"></span><a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a> (1367–1644) and <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a> (1644–1911)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_salvationist_religions&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ming (1367–1644) and Qing (1644–1911)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baguadao" title="Baguadao">Baguadao</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">八卦道</span></span> "Way of the Eight Trigrams") networks</li> <li>Denghua (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">燈花教</span></span> "Flower of Light") sect<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._12_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer,_2011._p._12-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Hongyang (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">弘阳</span></span> "Great Sun") or Hunyuan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">混元</span></span> "Original Undetermined") sect<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangtiandao" title="Huangtiandao">Huangtiandao</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">黃天道</span></span> "Way of the Yellow Sky") or Xuangu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">悬鼓</span></span> "Dark Drum") sect<sup id="cite_ref-Seiwert,_2003._p._270_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seiwert,_2003._p._270-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_teaching" title="Luo teaching">Luo teaching</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">罗教</span></span> <i>Luójiào</i>, "Luo (Menghong)'s tradition"<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>): Patriarch Luo was reportedly polemical towards the Bailian, Maitreyan, and Huangtian sects<sup id="cite_ref-Seiwert,_2003._p._270_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seiwert,_2003._p._270-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Dacheng (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">大乘教</span></span> "Great Vehicle") or Yuandun (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">圆顿教</span></span> "Sudden Stillness") sect,<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._12_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer,_2011._p._12-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the eastern branch of Luoism <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_religions_of_fasting" title="Chinese religions of fasting">Sects requiring fasting</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">斋教</span></span> <i>zhāijiāo</i>), including <a href="/wiki/Xiantiandao" title="Xiantiandao">Xiantiandao</a> dubbed the Qinglian (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">青莲教</span></span> "Black [Blue, or Green] Lotus") sect during the Qing<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer20114_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer20114-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohou_Yizhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohou Yizhu">Mohou Yizhu</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">末後一著教</span></span> "Final Salvation") sect<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._12_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer,_2011._p._12-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> founded by <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jueyi" title="Wang Jueyi">Wang Jueyi</a> in the 1870s, renamed Yiguandao in 1905</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacheng_teaching_of_Mount_Jizu" title="Dacheng teaching of Mount Jizu">Dacheng teaching of Mount Jizu</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">鸡足山大乘教</span></span> <i>Jīzúshān dàchéngjiào</i>), a western branch of Luoism founded by Zhang Baotai in <a href="/wiki/Yunnan" title="Yunnan">Yunnan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Highest_Supreme" title="Church of the Highest Supreme">Church of the Highest Supreme</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">太上会</span></span> <i>Tàishànghuì</i>; also known as 太上门 <i>Tàishàngmén</i>, the "Gate of the Highest Supreme") <ul><li>This sect has many schools, one of them is Xiao Yao Pai (逍遥派 <i>Xiāoyáo Pài</i>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiandihui" title="Tiandihui">Church of the Heaven and the Earth</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">天地会</span></span> <i>Tiāndìhuì</i>) or Tiandimen (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">天地門</span></span> "Gate of the Heaven and the Earth")<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwnby1995_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwnby1995-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanyi_teaching" title="Sanyi teaching">Sanyi teaching</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">三一教</span></span> "Three-One"), founded by Lin Zhao'en on the base of Confucian principles<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><sup id="cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._22_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer,_2011._p._22-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiping_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiping rebellion">Taiping rebellion</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mainland_Republican_Era_(1912–49)"><span id="Mainland_Republican_Era_.281912.E2.80.9349.29"></span><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%9349)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China (1912–49)">Mainland Republican Era (1912–49)</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_salvationist_religions&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mainland Republican Era (1912–49)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zaili_teaching" title="Zaili teaching">Zaili teaching</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">在理教</span></span> <i>Zàilǐjiào</i>, "Abiding Principle")—registered in 1913<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._4_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer,_2011._p._4-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Daode Xueshe (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">道德学社</span></span> "Community for the Study of the Way and its Virtue")—1916<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._4_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer,_2011._p._4-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiantiandao" title="Xiantiandao">Xiantiandao</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">先天道</span></span> "Way of the Former Heaven") networks <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shengdao" title="Shengdao">Shengdao</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">圣道</span></span> "Holy Way"), best known by its incorporate name of Tongshanshe (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">同善社</span></span> "Community of the Goodness")—1917<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._4_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer,_2011._p._4-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiyidao" title="Guiyidao">Guiyidao</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">皈依道</span></span>, "Way of the Return to the One"), best known by its corporate name of School of the Way of the Return to the One or simply School of the Way (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">道院</span></span> <i>Dàoyuàn</i>)—1921-27<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer20114_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer20114-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiguandao" title="Yiguandao">Yiguandao</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">一貫道</span></span> "Consistent Way")—registered in 1947<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._5_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer,_2011._p._5-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haizidao" title="Haizidao">Haizidao</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">亥子道</span></span> "Way of the Children")—branched out in the 1980s<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._22_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer,_2011._p._22-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miledadao" class="mw-redirect" title="Miledadao">Miledadao</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">弥勒大道</span></span> "Great Way of Maitreya")—branched out in the 1980s<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._22_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer,_2011._p._22-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Flower_Church_of_the_Heart-bound_Heavenly_Way" title="Dragon Flower Church of the Heart-bound Heavenly Way">Dragon Flower Church of the Heart-bound Heavenly Way</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">一心天道龙华会</span></span> <i>Yīxīn Tiāndào Lónghuá Huì</i>)—1932<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._5_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer,_2011._p._5-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer20114_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer20114-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Yuanmingdao (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">圆明道</span></span> "Way of the Bright Circle")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaochidao" title="Yaochidao">Yaochidao</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">瑤池道</span></span> "Way of the Jasper Lake")</li> <li>Guigendao (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">归根道</span></span> "Way of the Return to the Root")<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer20114_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer20114-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Jiushi (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">救世教</span></span> "Life Healing") sect, also known by its corporate name Wushanshe (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">悟善社</span></span> "Community of the Awakening to the Goodness")—1919<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._4_38-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer,_2011._p._4-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Church_of_the_Way_and_its_Virtue" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Church of the Way and its Virtue">Universal Church of the Way and its Virtue</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">万国道德会</span></span> <i>Wànguó Dàodéhuì</i>)—1921<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._4_38-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer,_2011._p._4-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiugongdao" title="Jiugongdao">Jiugongdao</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">九宫道</span></span>, "Way of the Nine Palaces")—1926<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._5_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer,_2011._p._5-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Church_of_the_Heavenly_Virtue" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Church of the Heavenly Virtue">Holy Church of the Heavenly Virtue</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">天德圣教</span></span> <i>Tiāndé shèngjiào</i>)—early form of Tiandiism, recognised in 1930<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._5_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer,_2011._p._5-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Virtue" class="mw-redirect" title="Church of Virtue">Church of Virtue</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">德教会</span></span> <i>Déjiàohuì</i>)—started in 1945<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._6_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer,_2011._p._6-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhenkongdao" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhenkongdao">Zhenkongdao</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">真空道</span></span> "Way of the True Emptiness")—1948<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._5_40-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer,_2011._p._5-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Confucian Church (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">孔教会</span></span> <i>Kǒngjiàohuì</i>)—founded by <a href="/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei">Kang Youwei</a><sup id="cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._29_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer,_2011._p._29-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Xixinshe (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">洗心社</span></span> "Community of the Pure Heart")—another organisation of Kang Youwei's idea of a Confucian church<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._29_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer,_2011._p._29-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sand_Society" title="Yellow Sand Society">Yellow Sand Society</a>—rural secret society and millenarian sect<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994270_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994270-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_20th_century">Late 20th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_salvationist_religions&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Late 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xuanyuandao" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuanyuandao">Xuanyuandao</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">轩辕道</span></span> "Way of the Mysterious Origin")—founded in 1952<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._22_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer,_2011._p._22-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Way_of_the_Gods_according_to_the_Confucian_Tradition" title="Way of the Gods according to the Confucian Tradition">Confucian Way of the Gods</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">儒宗神教</span></span> <i>Rúzōng Shénjiào</i>)—started in 1853, formally established in 1979<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._22_30-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer,_2011._p._22-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Universe_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord of Universe Church">Lord of Universe Church</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">天帝教</span></span> <i>Tiāndìjiào</i>)—branch of Tiandiism established in 1979<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._27_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer,_2011._p._27-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qigong" title="Qigong">Qigong</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">气功</span></span> "Cultivation of the Spirit")<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._22_30-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer,_2011._p._22-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falungong" class="mw-redirect" title="Falungong">Falungong</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">法轮功</span></span> "Cultivation of the Wheel of Law")<sup id="cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._22_30-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer,_2011._p._22-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Zishen Nation (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">子申国</span></span>) — led by the self-proclaimed emperor <a href="/wiki/Li_Guangchang" title="Li Guangchang">Li Guangchang</a>, the sect ruled a small area in <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a> from 1981 to 1986<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2015358_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2015358-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_salvationist_religions&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Main_temple_of_the_City_of_the_Eight_Symbols_(%E5%85%AB%E5%8D%A6%E5%9F%8E),_the_holy_see_of_Weixinism_(%E5%94%AF%E5%BF%83%E6%95%99)_in_Hebi_(%E9%B9%A4%E5%A3%81%E5%B8%82),_Henan,_China.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Main_temple_of_the_City_of_the_Eight_Symbols_%28%E5%85%AB%E5%8D%A6%E5%9F%8E%29%2C_the_holy_see_of_Weixinism_%28%E5%94%AF%E5%BF%83%E6%95%99%29_in_Hebi_%28%E9%B9%A4%E5%A3%81%E5%B8%82%29%2C_Henan%2C_China.jpg/250px-Main_temple_of_the_City_of_the_Eight_Symbols_%28%E5%85%AB%E5%8D%A6%E5%9F%8E%29%2C_the_holy_see_of_Weixinism_%28%E5%94%AF%E5%BF%83%E6%95%99%29_in_Hebi_%28%E9%B9%A4%E5%A3%81%E5%B8%82%29%2C_Henan%2C_China.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Main_temple_of_the_City_of_the_Eight_Symbols_%28%E5%85%AB%E5%8D%A6%E5%9F%8E%29%2C_the_holy_see_of_Weixinism_%28%E5%94%AF%E5%BF%83%E6%95%99%29_in_Hebi_%28%E9%B9%A4%E5%A3%81%E5%B8%82%29%2C_Henan%2C_China.jpg/375px-Main_temple_of_the_City_of_the_Eight_Symbols_%28%E5%85%AB%E5%8D%A6%E5%9F%8E%29%2C_the_holy_see_of_Weixinism_%28%E5%94%AF%E5%BF%83%E6%95%99%29_in_Hebi_%28%E9%B9%A4%E5%A3%81%E5%B8%82%29%2C_Henan%2C_China.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Main_temple_of_the_City_of_the_Eight_Symbols_%28%E5%85%AB%E5%8D%A6%E5%9F%8E%29%2C_the_holy_see_of_Weixinism_%28%E5%94%AF%E5%BF%83%E6%95%99%29_in_Hebi_%28%E9%B9%A4%E5%A3%81%E5%B8%82%29%2C_Henan%2C_China.jpg/500px-Main_temple_of_the_City_of_the_Eight_Symbols_%28%E5%85%AB%E5%8D%A6%E5%9F%8E%29%2C_the_holy_see_of_Weixinism_%28%E5%94%AF%E5%BF%83%E6%95%99%29_in_Hebi_%28%E9%B9%A4%E5%A3%81%E5%B8%82%29%2C_Henan%2C_China.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The City of the Eight Symbols in <a href="/wiki/Qi_County,_Hebi" title="Qi County, Hebi">Qi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hebi" title="Hebi">Hebi</a>, is the headquarters of the Weixinist Church in <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucian</a> religious groups in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> mainland (<a href="/wiki/Confucian_church" title="Confucian church">Confucian churches</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weixinism" title="Weixinism">Weixinism</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">唯心教</span></span> <i>Wéixīnjiào</i>, "Only Heart") or "Holy Church of the Heart-Only" (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">唯心聖教</span></span> <i>Wéixīn Shèngjiào</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_sects">Other sects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_salvationist_religions&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Other sects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Changshandao<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEI199532_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEI199532-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Church of Maitreya the King of the Universe (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">宇宙弥勒皇教</span></span> <i>Yǔzhòu mílè huáng jiào</i>)</li> <li>Dadao Hui (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">大刀会</span></span> "Church of the Big Sword")<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994269_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994269-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Datong Hui (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">大同会</span></span> "Church of the Great Harmony")<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994269_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994269-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Dayiism (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">大易教</span></span> <i>Dàyì jiào</i>, "Great Simplicity")</li> <li>Dongyue Hui<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEI199532_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEI199532-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Gengshen Hui<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEI199532_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEI199532-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Guixiangdao (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">跪香道</span></span> "Way of the Kneeling to Incense")<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994270_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994270-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Holy Church of the Middle Flower (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">中华圣教</span></span> <i>Zhōnghuá shèngjiào</i>)</li> <li>Hongsanism (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">红三教</span></span> <i>Hóngsān jiào</i>, "Red Three")<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994270_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994270-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huangjidao" title="Huangjidao">Huangjidao</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">皇极道</span></span> "Way of the Imperial Pole")<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994270_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994270-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Huangxiandao (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">黄仙道</span></span> "Way of the Yellow Immortal")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huazhaidao" title="Huazhaidao">Huazhaidao</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">华斋道</span></span> "Way of Flowers and Fasting")<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994270_41-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994270-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Jiugendao (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">旧根道</span></span> "Way of the Old Source")<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994270_41-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994270-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Laojundao (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">老君道</span></span> "Way of the Venerable Master")<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994270_41-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994270-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Laorendao (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">老人道</span></span> "Way of the Venerable Men")<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994270_41-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994270-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mount Li Maternism (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">骊山老母教</span></span> <i>Líshān Lǎomǔ jiào</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEI199532_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEI199532-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Puhuamen (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">普化门</span></span> "Gate of the Universal Change")<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994270_41-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994270-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Pujidao (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">普济道</span></span> "Way of the Universal Help")<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994270_41-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994270-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Puduism (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">普度教</span></span> <i>Pǔdù jiào</i>, "Universal Judgement"), Pududao (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">普度道</span></span> "Way of the Universal Judgment")<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994270_41-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994270-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Qixingism<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEI199532_44-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEI199532-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Qiugongdao<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEI199532_44-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEI199532-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Renxuehaodao (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">人学好道</span></span> "Way of Men Learning the Goodness")<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994270_41-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994270-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sanfengdao (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">三峰道</span></span> "Way of the Three Peaks")<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994270_41-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994270-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Shengxiandao (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">圣仙道</span></span> "Way of the Sages and the Immortals")<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994270_41-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994270-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Shenmendao (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">神门道</span></span> "Way of the Godly Gate")<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994270_41-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994270-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sifangdao (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">四方道</span></span> "Way of the Four Manifestations")<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994270_41-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994270-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Suibiandao<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEI199532_44-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEI199532-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianguangdao" title="Tianguangdao">Tianguangdao</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">天光道</span></span> "Way of the Heavenly Light")<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994271_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994271-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Tianhuadao (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">天花道</span></span> "Way of the Heavenly Flower")<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994271_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994271-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Tianmingdao (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">天明道</span></span> "Way of the Heavenly Bright")<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994271_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994271-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianxianmiaodao" class="mw-redirect" title="Tianxianmiaodao">Tianxianmiaodao</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">天仙庙道</span></span> "Way of the Temple of the Heavenly Immortals")</li> <li>Wanquandao (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">万全道</span></span> "Way of the Endless Whole" or "Surefire Way")<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994271_46-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994271-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Wugong Hui<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEI199532_44-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEI199532-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Xiaodao Hui (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">小刀会</span></span> "Church of the Small Sword")<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEI199532_44-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEI199532-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Xuanmen Zhenzong (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">玄门真宗</span></span>, "True School of the Mysterious Gate")</li> <li>Yinjiezhi Hui<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEI199532_44-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEI199532-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Yuanshuai Hui<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEI199532_44-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEI199532-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Yuxumen (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">玉虚门</span></span> "Gate of the Jade Vacuity")<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994271_46-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994271-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Zhongfangdao (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">中方道</span></span> "Way of the Middle Abode")<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994271_46-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994271-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Zhongjiao Daoyi Hui<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEI199532_44-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEI199532-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongyongdao" title="Zhongyongdao">Zhongyongdao</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">中庸道</span></span> "Way of the Golden Mean")<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994271_46-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994271-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Zhongxiao Tianfu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">忠孝天府</span></span> "Heavenly House of Filial Loyalty")<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994271_46-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994271-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Zhutian Hui<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEI199532_44-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEI199532-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Zishenguo ("Zishen nation")<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994271_46-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994271-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_salvationist_religions&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancestor_veneration_in_China" title="Ancestor veneration in China">Ancestor veneration in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Chinese folk religion in Southeast Asia">Chinese folk religion in Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_religions_of_fasting" title="Chinese religions of fasting">Chinese religions of fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>—<a href="/wiki/Confucian_church" title="Confucian church">Confucian church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese new religions</a>, some of which are related to Chinese sects</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya_teachings" title="Maitreya teachings">Maitreya teachings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New religious movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_China_folk_religion" title="Northeast China folk religion">Northeast China folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>—<a href="/wiki/Taoist_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Taoist schools">Taoist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Lotus" title="White Lotus">White Lotus</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>In Vietnam</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion#Minh_Đạo" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Minh Đạo</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>In Indonesia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Council_for_the_Confucian_Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Supreme Council for the Confucian Religion in Indonesia">Confucian Religion in Indonesia</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>In Philippines</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Church" title="Bell Church">Bell Church</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_salvationist_religions&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_salvationist_religions&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Palmer,_2011._p._19;_passim-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._19;_passim_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._19;_passim_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer2011">Palmer 2011</a>, p. 19; <i>passim</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer2011">Palmer 2011</a>, p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroy2015146-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroy2015146_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroy2015">Broy (2015)</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClart199712-13_&_''passim''-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClart199712-13_&_''passim''_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClart1997">Clart (1997)</a>, pp. 12-13 & <i>passim</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer2011">Palmer 2011</a>, pp. 17–18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer2011">Palmer 2011</a>, p. 12: "Chinese sectarianism, millennialism and heterodoxy, called "popular religious sects" (<i>minjian zongjiao</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">民間宗教</span></span>, <i>minjian jiaomen</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">民間教門</span></span>, <i>minjian jiaopai</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">民間教派</span></span>) in the Chinese scholarship, often inextricable from debates on the exact nature of the so-called "White Lotus" tradition."; p. 14: "The local and anthropological focus of these studies, and their undermining of rigid distinctions between "sectarian" groups and other forms of local religiosity, tends to draw them into the category of "popular religion" <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">民間信仰</span></span>."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClart2014">Clart 2014</a>, p. 393. Quote: "[...] The problem started when the Taiwanese translator of my paper chose to render "popular religion" literally as <i>minjian zongjiao</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">民間宗教</span></span>. The immediate association this term caused in the minds of many Taiwanese and practically all mainland Chinese participants in the conference was of popular sects (<i>minjian jiaopai</i> <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">民間教派</span></span>), rather than the local and communal religious life that was the main focus of my paper."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer2011">Palmer 2011</a>, pp. 19–20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer2011">Palmer 2011</a>, p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwnby2008-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwnby2008_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOwnby2008">Ownby (2008)</a>. § 2: "Western scholars cast Chinese sects in the role of Protestant dissenters and celebrate (or occasionally condemn) their willingness to challenge the status quo."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palmer,_2011._p._6-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._6_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._6_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer2011">Palmer 2011</a>, p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer2011">Palmer 2011</a>, pp. 12–13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palmer_2011_13-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Palmer_2011_13_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palmer_2011_13_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer2011">Palmer 2011</a>, p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palmer,_2011._p._12-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._12_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._12_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._12_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._12_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer2011">Palmer 2011</a>, p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClart1997">Clart 1997</a>, <i>passim</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroy2015158-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroy2015158_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBroy2015">Broy (2015)</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palmer,_2011._p._27-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._27_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._27_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer2011">Palmer 2011</a>, p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer2011">Palmer 2011</a>, p. 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaMeng2011">Ma & Meng 2011</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lu, Yunfeng. <i>The Influence of Mo-school on Chinese Popular Sects</i>. <i>Studies in World Religions</i> (<i>Shijie Zongjiao Yanjiu</i>), 27 (2): 123-127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer2011">Palmer 2011</a>, p. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer2011">Palmer 2011</a>, p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer2011">Palmer 2011</a>, pp. 13, 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free 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.id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170427152137/http://www.china-zentrum.de/fileadmin/downloads/rctc/2014-1/RCTC_2014-1_Complete_Issue.pdf">"Religions & Christianity in Today's China"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Religion & Christianity in Today's China</i>. <b>IV</b> (1). China Zentrum. 2014. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2192-9289">2192-9289</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china-zentrum.de/fileadmin/downloads/rctc/2014-1/RCTC_2014-1_Complete_Issue.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religion+%26+Christianity+in+Today%27s+China&rft.atitle=Religions+%26+Christianity+in+Today%27s+China&rft.volume=IV&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2014&rft.issn=2192-9289&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.china-zentrum.de%2Ffileadmin%2Fdownloads%2Frctc%2F2014-1%2FRCTC_2014-1_Complete_Issue.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+salvationist+religions" class="Z3988"></span> pp. 22–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phoenix_Weekly-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Phoenix_Weekly_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phoenix_Weekly_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phoenix_Weekly_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304070046/http://www.pacilution.com/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=4867"><bdi lang="zh">大陆民间宗教管理变局</bdi></a> [Mainland folk religion management change]. <i>Phoenix Weekly</i> (500). Pu Shi Institute for Social Science. July 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pacilution.com/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=4867">the original</a> on 4 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phoenix+Weekly&rft.atitle=%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%86%E6%B0%91%E9%97%B4%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E7%AE%A1%E7%90%86%E5%8F%98%E5%B1%80&rft.issue=500&rft.date=2014-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pacilution.com%2FShowArticle.asp%3FArticleID%3D4867&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+salvationist+religions" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palmer,_2011._p._29-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._29_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._29_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._29_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer2011">Palmer 2011</a>, p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palmer,_2011._p._10-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._10_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._10_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer2011">Palmer 2011</a>, p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seiwert,_2003._p._318-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seiwert,_2003._p._318_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seiwert,_2003._p._318_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeiwert2003">Seiwert 2003</a>, p. 318</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/China_Family_Panel_Studies" title="China Family Panel Studies">China Family Panel Studies</a> 2012. Reported and compared with Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) 2006, 2008, 2010 and 2011 in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLu_卢2014" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script">Lu 卢, Yunfeng <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">云峰</span></span> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140809051625/http://iwr.cass.cn/zjwh/201403/W020140303370398758556.pdf"><bdi lang="zh">卢云峰：当代中国宗教状况报告——基于CFPS（2012）调查数据</bdi></a> [Report on Religions in Contemporary China – Based on CFPS (2012) Survey Data] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>World Religious Cultures</i> (1). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iwr.cass.cn/zjwh/201403/W020140303370398758556.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Religious+Cultures&rft.atitle=%E5%8D%A2%E4%BA%91%E5%B3%B0%EF%BC%9A%E5%BD%93%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E7%8A%B6%E5%86%B5%E6%8A%A5%E5%91%8A%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E5%9F%BA%E4%BA%8ECFPS%EF%BC%882012%EF%BC%89%E8%B0%83%E6%9F%A5%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Lu+%E5%8D%A2&rft.aufirst=Yunfeng+%3Cspan+title%3D%22Chinese-language+text%22%3E%3Cspan+lang%3D%22zh%22%3E%E4%BA%91%E5%B3%B0%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3ECategory%3AArticles+containing+Chinese-language+text&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiwr.cass.cn%2Fzjwh%2F201403%2FW020140303370398758556.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+salvationist+religions" class="Z3988"></span> p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palmer,_2011._p._22-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._22_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._22_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._22_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._22_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._22_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._22_30-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._22_30-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._22_30-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer2011">Palmer 2011</a>, p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeiwert2003">Seiwert 2003</a>, p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seiwert,_2003._p._270-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seiwert,_2003._p._270_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seiwert,_2003._p._270_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeiwert2003">Seiwert 2003</a>, p. 270</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeiwert2003">Seiwert 2003</a>, p. 217</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaMeng2011">Ma & Meng 2011</a>, pp. 173–175</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer20114-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer20114_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer20114_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer20114_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer20114_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer2011">Palmer (2011)</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwnby1995-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwnby1995_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOwnby1995">Ownby (1995)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeiwert2003">Seiwert 2003</a>, p. 343</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palmer,_2011._p._4-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._4_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._4_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._4_38-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._4_38-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._4_38-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer2011">Palmer 2011</a>, p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer2011">Palmer 2011</a>, pp. 4–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palmer,_2011._p._5-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._5_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._5_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._5_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._5_40-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Palmer,_2011._p._5_40-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer2011">Palmer 2011</a>, p. 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994270-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994270_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994270_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994270_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994270_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994270_41-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994270_41-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994270_41-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994270_41-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994270_41-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994270_41-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994270_41-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994270_41-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994270_41-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994270_41-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994270_41-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994270_41-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMunroSpiegel1994">Munro & Spiegel (1994)</a>, p. 270.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2015358-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmith2015358_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith2015">Smith (2015)</a>, p. 358.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer2011">Palmer 2011</a>, p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEI199532-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEI199532_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEI199532_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEI199532_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEI199532_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEI199532_44-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEI199532_44-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEI199532_44-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEI199532_44-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEI199532_44-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEI199532_44-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEI199532_44-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEI199532_44-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEI199532_44-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFI1995">I (1995)</a>, p. 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994269-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994269_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994269_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMunroSpiegel1994">Munro & Spiegel (1994)</a>, p. 269.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994271-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994271_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994271_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994271_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994271_46-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994271_46-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994271_46-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994271_46-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994271_46-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMunroSpiegel1994271_46-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMunroSpiegel1994">Munro & Spiegel (1994)</a>, p. 271.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chinese_salvationist_religions&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroy2015" class="citation journal cs1">Broy, Nikolas (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nikolas-broy.de/res/Broy%202015%20-%20syncretic%20sects%20and%20redemptive%20societies.pdf">"Syncretic Sects and Redemptive Societies. Toward a New Understanding of "Sectarianism" in the Study of Chinese Religions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Review of Religion and Chinese Society</i>. <b>2</b> (4): 145–185. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2059958">10.2307/2059958</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2059958">2059958</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162946271">162946271</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Religion+and+Chinese+Society&rft.atitle=Syncretic+Sects+and+Redemptive+Societies.+Toward+a+New+Understanding+of+%22Sectarianism%22+in+the+Study+of+Chinese+Religions&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=145-185&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162946271%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2059958%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2059958&rft.aulast=Broy&rft.aufirst=Nikolas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nikolas-broy.de%2Fres%2FBroy%25202015%2520-%2520syncretic%2520sects%2520and%2520redemptive%2520societies.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+salvationist+religions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClart2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Clart, Philip (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.uni-leipzig.de/clartp/Yanjiu%20xin%20shijie%202014.pdf">"Conceptualizations of "Popular Religion" in Recent Research in the People's Republic of China"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Wang, Chien-chuan; Li, Shiwei; Hong, Yingfa (eds.). <i>Yanjiu xin shijie: "Mazu yu Huaren minjian xinyang" guoji yantaohui lunwenji</i>. Taipei: Boyang. pp. 391–412.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conceptualizations+of+%22Popular+Religion%22+in+Recent+Research+in+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.btitle=Yanjiu+xin+shijie%3A+%22Mazu+yu+Huaren+minjian+xinyang%22+guoji+yantaohui+lunwenji&rft.place=Taipei&rft.pages=391-412&rft.pub=Boyang&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Clart&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.uni-leipzig.de%2Fclartp%2FYanjiu%2520xin%2520shijie%25202014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+salvationist+religions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunroSpiegel1994" class="citation book cs1">Munro, Robin; Spiegel, Mickey (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zZv3IRRk8WoC"><i>Detained in China and Tibet: A Directory of Political and Religious Prisoners</i></a>. Human Rights Watch. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1564321053" title="Special:BookSources/978-1564321053"><bdi>978-1564321053</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Detained+in+China+and+Tibet%3A+A+Directory+of+Political+and+Religious+Prisoners&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1564321053&rft.aulast=Munro&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft.au=Spiegel%2C+Mickey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzZv3IRRk8WoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+salvationist+religions" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li>List first published in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Appendix: Sects and Societies Recently or Currently Active in the PRC". <i>Chinese Sociology & Anthropology</i>. <b>21</b> (4): 103–104. 1989. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2753%2FCSA0009-46252104102">10.2753/CSA0009-46252104102</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chinese+Sociology+%26+Anthropology&rft.atitle=Appendix%3A+Sects+and+Societies+Recently+or+Currently+Active+in+the+PRC&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=103-104&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2753%2FCSA0009-46252104102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+salvationist+religions" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwnby1995" class="citation journal cs1">Ownby, David (1995). "The Heaven and Earth Society as Popular Religion". <i>The Journal of Asian Studies</i>. <b>54</b> (4): 1023–1046. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2059958">10.2307/2059958</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2059958">2059958</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162946271">162946271</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Heaven+and+Earth+Society+as+Popular+Religion&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1023-1046&rft.date=1995&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162946271%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2059958%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2059958&rft.aulast=Ownby&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+salvationist+religions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwnby2008" class="citation journal cs1">Ownby, David (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://assr.revues.org/17633">"Sect and Secularism in Reading the Modern Chinese Religious Experience"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Archives_de_sciences_sociales_des_religions" title="Archives de sciences sociales des religions">Archives de sciences sociales des religions</a></i>. <b>144</b> (144). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fassr.17633">10.4000/assr.17633</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+de+sciences+sociales+des+religions&rft.atitle=Sect+and+Secularism+in+Reading+the+Modern+Chinese+Religious+Experience&rft.volume=144&rft.issue=144&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fassr.17633&rft.aulast=Ownby&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fassr.revues.org%2F17633&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+salvationist+religions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Ownby, David (2016). “Redemptive Societies in the Twentieth Century.” In <i>Modern Chinese Religion II 1850–2015</i>, edited by Vincent Goossaert, Jan Kiely and John Lagerwey, Leiden: Brill, vol. 2, 685–727.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFI1995" class="citation journal cs1">I, Yuan (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150721022418/http://iiro.nccu.edu.tw/chinapolitics/%E8%A2%81%E6%98%93%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C%E6%AA%94%E6%A1%88/State%20Dominance.pdf">"State Dominance and Peasant Resistance in Post-1949 South China"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Issues & Studies</i>. <b>31</b> (9): 55–89. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iiro.nccu.edu.tw/chinapolitics/%E8%A2%81%E6%98%93%E8%91%97%E4%BD%9C%E6%AA%94%E6%A1%88/State%20Dominance.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2015-07-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Issues+%26+Studies&rft.atitle=State+Dominance+and+Peasant+Resistance+in+Post-1949+South+China&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=55-89&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=I&rft.aufirst=Yuan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiiro.nccu.edu.tw%2Fchinapolitics%2F%25E8%25A2%2581%25E6%2598%2593%25E8%2591%2597%25E4%25BD%259C%25E6%25AA%2594%25E6%25A1%2588%2FState%2520Dominance.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+salvationist+religions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer2011" class="citation journal cs1">Palmer, D. A. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hub.hku.hk/bitstream/10722/139685/1/Content.pdf?accept=1">"Chinese Redemptive Societies and Salvationist Religion: Historical Phenomenon or Sociological Category?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Chinese Ritual, Theatre and Folklore</i>. <b>172</b>: 21–72.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chinese+Ritual%2C+Theatre+and+Folklore&rft.atitle=Chinese+Redemptive+Societies+and+Salvationist+Religion%3A+Historical+Phenomenon+or+Sociological+Category%3F&rft.volume=172&rft.pages=21-72&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=D.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhub.hku.hk%2Fbitstream%2F10722%2F139685%2F1%2FContent.pdf%3Faccept%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+salvationist+religions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMicollier1998" class="citation journal cs1">Micollier, Évelyne (July–August 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140826120523/http://www.cefc.com.hk/pccpa.php?lg=fr&aid=598">"Recomposition des faits religieux et tension identitaires. L'exemple de la " nouvelle religion " Yiguandao"</a>. <i>Perspectives Chinoises</i>. <b>48</b> (48). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fperch.1998.2315">10.3406/perch.1998.2315</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cefc.com.hk/pccpa.php?lg=fr&aid=598">the original</a> on 2014-08-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perspectives+Chinoises&rft.atitle=Recomposition+des+faits+religieux+et+tension+identitaires.+L%27exemple+de+la+%22+nouvelle+religion+%22+Yiguandao&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=48&rft.date=1998-07%2F1998-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3406%2Fperch.1998.2315&rft.aulast=Micollier&rft.aufirst=%C3%89velyne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cefc.com.hk%2Fpccpa.php%3Flg%3Dfr%26aid%3D598&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+salvationist+religions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeiwert2003" class="citation book cs1">Seiwert, Hubert Michael (2003). <i>Popular Religious Movements and Heterodox Sects in Chinese History</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004131469" title="Special:BookSources/9004131469"><bdi>9004131469</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Religious+Movements+and+Heterodox+Sects+in+Chinese+History&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9004131469&rft.aulast=Seiwert&rft.aufirst=Hubert+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+salvationist+religions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClart2003" class="citation journal cs1">Clart, Philip (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-leipzig.de/~clartp/Clart%202003.pdf">"Confucius and the Mediums: Is There a "Popular Confucianism"?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>T'oung Pao</i>. <b>LXXXIX</b>. University of Missouri-Columbia: Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=T%27oung+Pao&rft.atitle=Confucius+and+the+Mediums%3A+Is+There+a+%22Popular+Confucianism%22%3F&rft.volume=LXXXIX&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Clart&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-leipzig.de%2F~clartp%2FClart%25202003.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+salvationist+religions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClart1997" class="citation journal cs1">Clart, Philip (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-leipzig.de/~clartp/The%20Phoenix%20and%20the%20Mother.pdf">"The Phoenix and the Mother: The Interaction of Spirit Writing Cults and Popular Sects in Taiwan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Chinese Religions</i>. <b>25</b> (1): 1–32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F073776997805306959">10.1179/073776997805306959</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chinese+Religions&rft.atitle=The+Phoenix+and+the+Mother%3A+The+Interaction+of+Spirit+Writing+Cults+and+Popular+Sects+in+Taiwan&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-32&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F073776997805306959&rft.aulast=Clart&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-leipzig.de%2F~clartp%2FThe%2520Phoenix%2520and%2520the%2520Mother.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+salvationist+religions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaMeng2011" class="citation book cs1">Ma, Xisha; Meng, Huiying (2011). <i>Popular Religion and Shamanism</i>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004174559" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004174559"><bdi>978-9004174559</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Religion+and+Shamanism&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-9004174559&rft.aulast=Ma&rft.aufirst=Xisha&rft.au=Meng%2C+Huiying&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+salvationist+religions" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2015" class="citation book cs1">Smith, S.A. (2015). "Redemptive Religious Societies and the Communist State, 1949 to the 1980s". In Jeremy Brown; Matthew D. Johnson (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KRTRCgAAQBAJ"><i>Maoism at the Grassroots: Everyday Life in China's Era of High Socialism</i></a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. pp. 340–364. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674287204" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674287204"><bdi>978-0674287204</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Redemptive+Religious+Societies+and+the+Communist+State%2C+1949+to+the+1980s&rft.btitle=Maoism+at+the+Grassroots%3A+Everyday+Life+in+China%27s+Era+of+High+Socialism&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=340-364&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0674287204&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=S.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKRTRCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChinese+salvationist+religions" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_in_China" title="Template talk:Religion in China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_in_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion in China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=China&#124;link=China_Religion_in_China" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, 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religions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theravada Buddhism">Theravada Buddhism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_China" title="Christianity in China">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_China" title="Protestantism in China">Protestant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in China">Roman Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Orthodox_Church" title="Chinese Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of China"><img alt="Flag of China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/53px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="53" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/80px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/106px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_China" title="Baháʼí Faith in China">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzhuism" title="Benzhuism">Benzhuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimoism" title="Bimoism">Bimoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongbaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dongbaism">Dongbaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_China" title="Hinduism in China">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_China" title="History of the Jews in China">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_shamanism" title="Manchu shamanism">Manchu shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_folk_religion" title="Miao folk religion">Miao folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_(religion)" title="Mo (religion)">Mo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_folk_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongolian folk religion">Mongolian folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_folk_religion" title="Qiang folk religion">Qiang folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_China" title="Sikhism in China">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_folk_religion" title="Yao folk religion">Yao folk religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hong_Kong" title="Religion in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Macau" title="Religion in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northeast_China" title="Religion in Northeast China">Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Inner_Mongolia" title="Religion in Inner Mongolia">Inner Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tibet" title="Religion in Tibet">Tibet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_China" title="Freedom of religion in China">Freedom of religion in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterodox_teachings_(Chinese_law)" title="Heterodox teachings (Chinese law)">Heterodox teachings (Chinese law)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_China" title="Irreligion in China">Irreligion in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Religious_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional Religious System">Regional Religious System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Chinese_culture" title="Ghosts in Chinese culture">Ghosts in Chinese culture</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Three_Persian_religions" title="Three Persian religions">Three Persian religions</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_Persecution_of_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Huichang Persecution of Buddhism">Huichang Persecution of Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_topics" title="Template:Religion topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_topics" title="Template talk:Religion topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religious_groups_and_denominations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religious groups and denominations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a>/<a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwenkfelder_Church" title="Schwenkfelder Church">Schwenkfelder Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_Protestantism" title="Continental Reformed Protestantism">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Students</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement#Associated_Bible_Students" title="Bible Student movement">Associated Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Bible_Students" title="Free Bible Students">Free Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Man" title="Friends of Man">Friends of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo#Kitawala" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Kitawala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laymen%27s_Home_Missionary_Movement" title="Laymen's Home Missionary Movement">Laymen's Home Missionary Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">Swedenborgianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Modernist Salafism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali-Illahism" title="Ali-Illahism">Ali-Illahism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Ishikism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Alevism" title="Kurdish Alevism">Kurdish Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdawi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdawi movement">Mahdavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milah_Abraham" title="Milah Abraham">Milah Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azali" title="Azali">Azalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm-e-Khshnoom" title="Ilm-e-Khshnoom">Ilm-e-Khshnoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdaznan" title="Mazdaznan">Mazdaznan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kurdish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabakism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabakism">Shabakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Assianism/Uatsdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roshani_movement" title="Roshani movement">Roshani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_religions" title="Eastern religions">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_teaching" title="Luo teaching">Luoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuo_folk_religion" title="Nuo folk religion">Nuo</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Salvationist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiantiandao" title="Xiantiandao">Xiantiandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiguandao" title="Yiguandao">Yiguandao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ritual_mastery_traditions" title="Chinese ritual mastery traditions">Folk Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_folk_religion" title="Yao folk religion">Yao Taoism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shinto_sects_and_schools" title="Shinto sects and schools">list</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō">Shugendō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_religion" title="Ryukyuan religion">Ryukyuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheondoism" title="Cheondoism">Cheondoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeung_San_Do" title="Jeung San Do">Jeungsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnamese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese folk religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_M%E1%BA%ABu" title="Đạo Mẫu">Đạo Mẫu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hoahaoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_B%E1%BB%ADu_S%C6%A1n_K%E1%BB%B3_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương">Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Sri Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanandi_Sampradaya" title="Ramanandi Sampradaya">Ramanandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Sampradaya" title="Swaminarayan Sampradaya">Swaminarayan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganapatya" title="Ganapatya">Ganapatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaumaram" title="Kaumaram">Kaumaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingayatism" title="Lingayatism">Lingayatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saura_(Hinduism)" title="Saura (Hinduism)">Sauraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">Sant Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Neo-Hinduism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Thiền</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Amidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Neo-Buddhism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalash_people#Religion" title="Kalash people">Kalash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kirat Mundhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda#Religion" title="Vedda">Vedda religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turko</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_creation_myth" title="Tungusic creation myth">Tungusic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenks#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_shamanism" title="Manchu shamanism">Manchu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarna_(place)" title="Sarna (place)">Sarnaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parmalim" title="Parmalim">Batak Parmalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people#Religion_and_festivals" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaharingan" title="Kaharingan">Kaharingan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Sabahan_religions" title="Traditional Sabahan religions">Traditional Sabahan religions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliran_Kepercayaan" title="Aliran Kepercayaan">Aliran Kepercayaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapitayan" title="Kapitayan">Kapitayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemena" title="Pemena">Karo Pemena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_folk_religion" title="Malaysian folk religion">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Philippine Dayawism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religious_beliefs_of_the_Tagalog_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_religion" title="Hawaiian religion">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people" title="Religion of Māori people">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marapu" title="Marapu">Sumbese Marapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Wiwitan" title="Sunda Wiwitan">Sundanese Wiwitan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Native<br />American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_mythology" title="Abenaki mythology">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_religion" title="Alaska Native religion">Alaskan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_traditional_beliefs" title="Anishinaabe traditional beliefs">Anishinaabe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe#Spiritual_beliefs" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midewiwin" title="Midewiwin">Midewiwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabunowin" title="Wabunowin">Wabunowin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache#Religion" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_mythology" title="Blackfoot mythology">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_narratives_of_Indigenous_Californians" title="Traditional narratives of Indigenous Californians">Californian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuksu_(religion)" title="Kuksu (religion)">Kuksu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok_mythology" title="Miwok mythology">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_mythology" title="Ohlone mythology">Ohlone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomo_religion" title="Pomo religion">Pomo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_mythology" title="Chilote mythology">Chilote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_mythology" title="Choctaw mythology">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_religion" title="Crow religion">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sun_Dance" title="Sun Dance">Sun Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_mythology" title="Guarani mythology">Guarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_mythology" title="Haida mythology">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk_mythology" title="Ho-Chunk mythology">Ho-Chunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_mythology" title="Iroquois mythology">Iroquois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_spiritual_beliefs" title="Cherokee spiritual beliefs">Cherokee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mothers_Society" title="Four Mothers Society">Four Mothers Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keetoowah_Nighthawk_Society" title="Keetoowah Nighthawk Society">Keetoowah Society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse_Religion" title="Longhouse Religion">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people#Religion" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_mythology" title="Creek mythology">Muscogee Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_mythology" title="Seneca mythology">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wyandot religion">Wyandot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivaroan_peoples#Religion" title="Jivaroan peoples">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwakwaka%CA%BCwakw_mythology" title="Kwakwakaʼwakw mythology">Kwakwakaʼwakw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape_mythology" title="Lenape mythology">Lenape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_religion" title="Mapuche religion">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_religion" title="Mesoamerican religion">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_religion" title="Purépecha religion">Purépecha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo#Spiritual_and_religious_beliefs" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_mythology" title="Nuu-chah-nulth mythology">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_mythology" title="Pawnee mythology">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_religion" title="Pueblo religion">Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoma_Pueblo#Religion" title="Acoma Pueblo">Acoma Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi_mythology" title="Hopi mythology">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_mythology" title="Zuni mythology">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux#Religion" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_religion" title="Lakota religion">Lakota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wocekiye" title="Wocekiye">Wocekiye</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshian_mythology" title="Tsimshian mythology">Tsimshian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_mythology" title="Ute mythology">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions#Washat_Dreamers_Religion" title="Native American religions">Washat Dreamers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui#Yaqui_cosmology_and_religion" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_religion" title="Ahom religion">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_folk_religion" title="Miao folk religion">Hmongism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_(religion)" title="Mo (religion)">Mo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_folk_religion" title="Tai folk religion">Satsana Phi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burmese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion" title="Burmese folk religion">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzhuism" title="Benzhuism">Benzhuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimoism" title="Bimoism">Bimoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathouism" title="Bathouism">Bathouism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mun_(religion)" title="Mun (religion)">Bongthingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba" title="Dongba">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donyi-Polo" title="Donyi-Polo">Donyi-Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraka">Heraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kiratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_folk_religion" title="Qiang folk religion">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional <br /> African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">North African</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Berber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Guanche church</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Sub-Saharan<br />African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_people" title="Kamba people">Akamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluba_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluba mythology">Baluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu mythology">Bantu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_traditional_religion" title="Zulu traditional religion">Zulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushongo_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushongo mythology">Bushongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_religion" title="Dinka religion">Dinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogon_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogon religion">Dogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Fon and Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ik_people" title="Ik people">Ik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotuko_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotuko mythology">Lotuko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_mythology" title="Lozi mythology">Lozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasai mythology">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinala" title="Odinala">Odinala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_religion" title="San religion">San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbuka_mythology" title="Tumbuka mythology">Tumbuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo_people" title="Urhobo people">Urhobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waaqeffanna" title="Waaqeffanna">Waaqeffanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">Diasporic</a>:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Bantu" title="Candomblé Bantu">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Jej%C3%A9" title="Candomblé Jejé">Jejé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Ketu" title="Candomblé Ketu">Ketu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfa" title="Comfa">Comfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convince" title="Convince">Convince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espiritismo" title="Espiritismo">Espiritismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumina" title="Kumina">Kumina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obeah" title="Obeah">Obeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_(religion)" title="Palo (religion)">Palo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambor_de_Mina" title="Tambor de Mina">Tambor de Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Orisha" title="Trinidad Orisha">Trinidad Orisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Vodou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winti" title="Winti">Winti</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Aboriginal Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_religion" title="Inuit religion">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_mythology" title="Papuan mythology">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Siberian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New<br /> religious<br /> movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syncretic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_Religion" title="Coconut Religion">Coconut Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meivazhi" title="Meivazhi">Meivazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modekngei" title="Modekngei">Modekngei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Acropolis" title="New Acropolis">New Acropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajneesh_movement" title="Rajneesh movement">Rajneesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roerichism" title="Roerichism">Roerichism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Sant Mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Soami" title="Radha Soami">Radha Soami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subud" title="Subud">Subud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensegrity_(Castaneda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensegrity (Castaneda)">Tensegrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Theosophy" title="Neo-Theosophy">Neo-Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Yoga" title="Agni Yoga">Agni Yoga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation" title="Transcendental Meditation">Transcendental Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_White_Brotherhood" title="Universal White Brotherhood">White Brotherhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern<br />paganism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetanism" title="Hetanism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturība</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism" title="Caucasian neopaganism">Caucasian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz neopaganism">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_Xabze" title="Adyghe Xabze">Circassian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Hellenism (modern religion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Polytheistic reconstructionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Roman_religion" title="Reconstructionist Roman religion">Italo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Authentism" title="Russian Authentism">Authentism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_neopaganism" title="Estonian neopaganism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Finnish_paganism" title="Modern Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Native_Faith" title="Hungarian Native Faith">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_religion" title="Mari religion">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzyan_native_religion" title="Erzyan native religion">Erzya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_shamanism" title="Sámi shamanism">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Vos" title="Udmurt Vos">Udmurt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Zalmoxianism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_movements" title="List of modern pagan movements">list</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">De novo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eckankar" title="Eckankar">Eckankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Way" title="Fourth Way">Fourth Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jediism" title="Jediism">Jediism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Historical_religions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">Historical religions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_people#Religion" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_mythology" title="Prussian mythology">Old Prussian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_mythology" title="Basque mythology">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_mythology" title="Cook Islands mythology">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuegians#Spiritual_culture" title="Fuegians">Fuegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_mythology" title="Selk'nam mythology">Selk'nam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_paganism" title="Frankish paganism">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanches#System_of_beliefs" title="Guanches">Guanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Religion" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Harappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_mythology" title="Hungarian mythology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Confederacy#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Confederacy">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroon_religion" title="Jamaican Maroon religion">Jamaican Maroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdakism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_Indigenous_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauruan Indigenous religion">Nauruan Indigenous religion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_religion" title="Olmec religion">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian mythology">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian religion">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketmaker_III_Era#Culture_and_religion" title="Basketmaker III Era">Ancestral Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_II_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo II Period">Pueblo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_III_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo III Period">Pueblo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_IV_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo IV Period">Pueblo IV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cult of Magna Mater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_religion" title="Punic religion">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Yahwism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_mythology" title="Somali mythology">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_religion" title="Tongan religion">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu#Religion" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_religion" title="Vainakh religion">Vainakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization#Religion_and_Myth" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Religious_disaffiliation" title="Religious disaffiliation">Disaffiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_behaviour" title="Religious behaviour">Behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belief#Religion" title="Belief">Beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_to_prayer" title="Call to prayer">Call to prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laicism" title="Laicism">Laicism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">Laity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_(religion)" title="Covenant (religion)">Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">Denomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship" title="Fire worship">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion" title="Indigenous religion">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novice" title="Novice">Novice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">Orthopraxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_experience" title="Religious experience">Religious experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">Purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_space" title="Sacred space">Sacred space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">Bodies of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove" title="Sacred grove">Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains" title="Sacred mountains">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tree" title="Sacred tree">Trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_symbol" title="Religious symbol">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_truth" title="Religious views on truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_and_religion" title="Water and religion">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worship_of_heavenly_bodies" title="Worship of heavenly bodies">Astral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_of_worship" title="Place of worship">Place</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious<br />studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science_of_religion" title="Cognitive science of religion">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion" title="Evolutionary psychology of religion">Evolutionary psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_religion" title="Neuroscience of religion">Neurotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">Soteriology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religion" title="Theories about religion">Theories about religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_religion" title="Women and religion">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_society" title="Category:Religion and society">Religion <br />and society</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_agriculture" title="Religion and agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_business" title="Religion and business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_assimilation" title="Religious assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">Missionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">Proselytism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_religion" title="Disability and religion">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_fanaticism" title="Religious fanaticism">Fanaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_religion" title="Growth of religion">Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_happiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_religion" title="Minority religion">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">National church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country" title="Importance of religion by country">National religiosity levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_politics" title="Religion in politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_populations" title="List of religious populations">Populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religiocentrism" title="Religiocentrism">Religiocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion" title="Vegetarianism and religion">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_video_games" title="Religion and video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_and_religion" title="Wealth and religion">Wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a> <br />and <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligion</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_deconstruction" title="Positive deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_theology" title="Secular theology">Secular theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Unaffiliated</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Overviews<br />and <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion-related_lists" title="Category:Religion-related lists">lists</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_prophets_of_Abrahamic_religions" title="Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_been_considered_deities" title="List of people who have been considered deities">Deification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deities" title="Lists of deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_founders_of_religious_traditions" title="List of founders of religious traditions">Founders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_religion-related_articles" title="Index of religion-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_peaceful_gatherings" title="List of largest peaceful gatherings">Mass gatherings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_religious_movements" title="List of new religious movements">New religious movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_organizations" title="List of religious organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_religion" title="Outline of religion">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religions and spiritual traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_religion" title="Timeline of religion">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion by country</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Algeria" title="Religion in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Angola" title="Religion in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Benin" title="Religion in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Botswana" title="Religion in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Religion in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burundi" title="Religion in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cameroon" title="Religion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cape_Verde" title="Religion in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Religion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chad" title="Religion in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Comoros" title="Religion in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Religion in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eritrea" title="Religion in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eswatini" title="Religion in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ethiopia" title="Religion in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Gabon" title="Religion in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Gambia" title="Religion in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ghana" title="Religion in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea" title="Religion in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Religion in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Religion in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kenya" title="Religion in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lesotho" title="Religion in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liberia" title="Religion in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Libya" title="Religion in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Madagascar" title="Religion in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malawi" title="Religion in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mali" title="Religion in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritania" title="Religion in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritius" title="Religion in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Morocco" title="Religion in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mozambique" title="Religion in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Namibia" title="Religion in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Niger" title="Religion in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nigeria" title="Religion in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Rwanda" title="Religion in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Religion in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Senegal" title="Religion in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Seychelles" title="Religion in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Religion in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Somalia" title="Religion in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Africa" title="Religion in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Sudan" title="Religion in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sudan" title="Religion in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tanzania" title="Religion in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Togo" title="Religion in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tunisia" title="Religion in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uganda" title="Religion in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zambia" title="Religion in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Religion in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Asia" title="Religion in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Religion in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bahrain" title="Religion in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bhutan" title="Religion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brunei" title="Religion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cambodia" title="Religion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cyprus" title="Religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_East_Timor" title="Religion in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hong_Kong" title="Religion in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jordan" title="Religion in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Korea" title="Religion in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Korea" title="Religion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kuwait" title="Religion in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Religion in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Laos" title="Religion in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lebanon" title="Religion in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Macau" title="Religion in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malaysia" title="Religion in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Maldives" title="Religion in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mongolia" title="Religion in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Myanmar" title="Religion in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nepal" title="Religion in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oman" title="Religion in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Qatar" title="Religion in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Religion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Singapore" title="Religion in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Religion in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Syria" title="Religion in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Taiwan" title="Religion in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tajikistan" title="Religion in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Thailand" title="Religion in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkmenistan" title="Religion in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Religion in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uzbekistan" title="Religion in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Yemen" title="Religion in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Andorra" title="Religion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Austria" title="Religion in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belarus" title="Religion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belgium" title="Religion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bulgaria" title="Religion in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Croatia" title="Religion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Religion in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Denmark" title="Religion in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Estonia" title="Religion in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Finland" title="Religion in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iceland" title="Religion in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Religion in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kosovo" title="Religion in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Latvia" title="Religion in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liechtenstein" title="Religion in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lithuania" title="Religion in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Luxembourg" title="Religion in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malta" title="Religion in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Moldova" title="Religion in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Montenegro" title="Religion in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Religion in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norway" title="Religion in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Poland" title="Religion in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Portugal" title="Religion in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Romania" title="Religion in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_San_Marino" title="Religion in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Serbia" title="Religion in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovakia" title="Religion in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovenia" title="Religion in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain" title="Religion in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sweden" title="Religion in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Switzerland" title="Religion in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_America" title="Religion in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Religion in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Bahamas" title="Religion in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Barbados" title="Religion in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belize" title="Religion in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Costa_Rica" title="Religion in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cuba" title="Religion in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Dominica" title="Religion in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Religion in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_El_Salvador" title="Religion in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guatemala" title="Religion in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Haiti" title="Religion in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Honduras" title="Religion in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jamaica" title="Religion in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mexico" title="Religion in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nicaragua" title="Religion in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Panama" title="Religion in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Religion in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oceania" title="Religion in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Fiji" title="Religion in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kiribati" title="Religion in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Religion in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Religion in the Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nauru" title="Religion in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Zealand" title="Religion in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Palau" title="Religion in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Religion in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Samoa" title="Religion in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Religion in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tonga" title="Religion in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tuvalu" title="Religion in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vanuatu" title="Religion in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_America" title="Religion in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Argentina" title="Religion in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bolivia" title="Religion in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brazil" title="Religion in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chile" title="Religion in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Colombia" title="Religion in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ecuador" title="Religion in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guyana" title="Religion in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Paraguay" title="Religion in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Peru" title="Religion in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Suriname" title="Religion in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uruguay" title="Religion in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Venezuela" title="Religion in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" 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