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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Definition of violence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition_of_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_between_religion_and_violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_between_religion_and_violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Relationship between religion and violence</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relationship_between_religion_and_violence-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Relationship between religion and violence subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Relationship_between_religion_and_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sectarian_violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sectarian_violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Sectarian violence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sectarian_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Challenges_to_the_view_that_religions_are_violent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenges_to_the_view_that_religions_are_violent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Challenges to the view that religions are violent</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Challenges_to_the_view_that_religions_are_violent-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Challenges to the view that religions are violent subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Challenges_to_the_view_that_religions_are_violent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Behavioral_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Behavioral_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Behavioral studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Behavioral_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Myth_of_religious_violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Myth_of_religious_violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Myth of religious violence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Myth_of_religious_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secularism_as_a_response_to_religious_violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secularism_as_a_response_to_religious_violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Secularism as a response to religious violence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secularism_as_a_response_to_religious_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secular_violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secular_violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Secular violence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secular_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abrahamic_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abrahamic_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Abrahamic religions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Abrahamic_religions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Abrahamic religions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Abrahamic_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Terrorism_in_Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terrorism_in_Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Terrorism in Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terrorism_in_Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Other views</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judging_biblical_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judging_biblical_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.3</span> <span>Judging biblical wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judging_biblical_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arab-Israeli_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab-Israeli_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.4</span> <span>Arab-Israeli conflict</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arab-Israeli_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portraying_Palestinians_as_"Amalekites"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portraying_Palestinians_as_"Amalekites""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.5</span> <span>Portraying Palestinians as "Amalekites"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portraying_Palestinians_as_"Amalekites"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other religions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_religions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other religions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neo-paganism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neo-paganism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Neo-paganism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neo-paganism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Sikhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indigenous_religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Indigenous religions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_incidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_incidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notable incidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_incidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflicts_and_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflicts_and_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Conflicts and wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflicts_and_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ritual_violence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ritual_violence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Ritual violence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ritual_violence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Religious violence</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%81_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A" title="عنف ديني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عنف ديني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viol%C3%A8ncia_religiosa" title="Violència religiosa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Violència religiosa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usuline_v%C3%A4givald" title="Usuline vägivald – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Usuline vägivald" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violencia_religiosa" title="Violencia religiosa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Violencia religiosa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="خشونت دینی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خشونت دینی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violence_dans_la_religion" title="Violence dans la religion – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Violence dans la religion" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A2%85%EA%B5%90%EC%A0%81_%ED%8F%AD%EB%A0%A5" title="종교적 폭력 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="종교적 폭력" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violenza_interreligiosa" title="Violenza interreligiosa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Violenza interreligiosa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B0%DB%81%D8%A8%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D9%8E%D8%B4%D9%8E%D8%AF%D9%8F%D8%AF" title="مذہبی تَشَدُد – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="مذہبی تَشَدُد" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%81_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%89" title="عنف دينى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عنف دينى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E7%B4%9B%E4%BA%89" title="宗教紛争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="宗教紛争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diniy_zo%CA%BBravonlik" title="Diniy zoʻravonlik – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Diniy zoʻravonlik" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viol%C3%AAncia_religiosa" title="Violência religiosa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Violência religiosa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Религиозное насилие – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Религиозное насилие" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhuna_fetare" title="Dhuna fetare – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dhuna fetare" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_violence" title="Religious violence – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Religious violence" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1bo%C5%BEensk%C3%A9_n%C3%A1silie" title="Náboženské násilie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Náboženské násilie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uskonnollinen_v%C3%A4kivalta" title="Uskonnollinen väkivalta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Uskonnollinen väkivalta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88" title="சமய வன்முறை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சமய வன்முறை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Релігійне насильство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Релігійне насильство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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searchaux" style="display:none">Violence practiced in the name of religion</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SiegeofAntioch.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/SiegeofAntioch.jpeg/220px-SiegeofAntioch.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/SiegeofAntioch.jpeg/330px-SiegeofAntioch.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/SiegeofAntioch.jpeg/440px-SiegeofAntioch.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3021" data-file-height="2849" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a> were a series of military campaigns fought mainly between <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> Europe and <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a>. Depicted here is the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Antioch" title="Siege of Antioch">Siege of Antioch</a> from the <a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a>.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#ffdd99;p">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Discrimination" title="Category:Discrimination">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; background:#ffdd99;"><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.5em 0"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emojione_1F6AB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/70px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/105px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Emojione_1F6AB.svg/140px-Emojione_1F6AB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Forms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_discrimination_(economics)" title="Statistical discrimination (economics)">Statistical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste-based_discrimination" title="Taste-based discrimination">Taste-based</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Attributes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialect_discrimination" title="Dialect discrimination">Dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture" title="Discrimination based on hair texture">Hair texture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Height_discrimination" title="Height discrimination">Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookism" title="Lookism">Looks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanism" title="Sanism">Mental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizeism" title="Sizeism">Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewpoint_discrimination" title="Viewpoint discrimination">Viewpoint</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Social</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_people_with_albinism" title="Persecution of people with albinism">Anti-albinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Anti-autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_homeless_people" title="Discrimination against homeless people">Anti-homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Anti-drug addicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Anti-intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_against_left-handed_people" title="Bias against left-handed people">Anti-left handedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aporophobia" title="Aporophobia">Aporophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audism" title="Audism">Audism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clannism" class="mw-redirect" title="Clannism">Clannism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">Social determinants of health in poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">Social determinants of mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Fatphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontophobia" title="Gerontophobia">Gerontophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy_stigma" title="Leprosy stigma">Leprosy stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_men" title="Discrimination against men">Discrimination against men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_children" title="Fear of children">Pedophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_discrimination" title="Pregnancy discrimination">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Male</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Christianity" title="Persecution of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity">Tewahedo Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Ethnic/<a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">national</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Afghan_sentiment" title="Anti-Afghan sentiment">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Albanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Albanian sentiment">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_France" title="Anti-Asian racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_post-Apartheid_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in post-Apartheid South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Assyrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Assyrian sentiment">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Azerbaijani_sentiment" title="Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negrophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Negrophobia">Black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_discrimination_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black discrimination in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_racism_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bengali_sentiment_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Bengali sentiment in India">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Protection_of_Macedonian_National_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Law for the Protection of Macedonian National Honor">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catalan_sentiment" title="Anti-Catalan sentiment">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chechen_sentiment" title="Anti-Chechen sentiment">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Colombian_sentiment" title="Anti-Colombian sentiment">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Croat_sentiment" title="Anti-Croat sentiment">Croat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Filipino_sentiment" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fulani_sentiment" title="Anti-Fulani sentiment">Fulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Finnish_sentiment" title="Anti-Finnish sentiment">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Georgian_sentiment" title="Anti-Georgian sentiment">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihaitianismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihaitianismo">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hazaras" title="Persecution of Hazaras">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Igbo_sentiment" title="Anti-Igbo sentiment">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Indian</a></li> <li>Indigenous people <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></li> <li>Jewish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Kurdish_sentiment" title="Anti-Kurdish sentiment">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lithuanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Lithuanian sentiment">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Malay_sentiment" title="Anti-Malay sentiment">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C4%81ori_sentiment" title="Anti-Māori sentiment">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mongolianism" title="Anti-Mongolianism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nigerian_sentiment" title="Anti-Nigerian sentiment">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Romanian sentiment">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Scottish_sentiment" title="Anti-Scottish sentiment">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_sentiment" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Serb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Somali_sentiment" title="Anti-Somali sentiment">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Thai_sentiment" title="Anti-Thai sentiment">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Turkish_sentiment" title="Anti-Turkish sentiment">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Uyghur_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Uyghur sentiment">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_xenophobia_during_the_Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="List of incidents of xenophobia during the Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Welsh_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Welsh sentiment">Welsh</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Manifestations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">Anti-LGBTQ movemenet in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">Anti-trans movement in the UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_hate_crime" title="Disability hate crime">Disability hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_education" title="Discrimination in education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_of_excellence" title="Discrimination of excellence">Excellence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-based_dress_codes" title="Gender-based dress codes">Gender-based dress codes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_policy" title="Cosmetics policy">Cosmetics policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_heel_policy" title="High heel policy">High heel policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freak_show" title="Freak show">Freak show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">examples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_dumping" title="Patient dumping">Homeless dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rolling" title="Indian rolling">Indian rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_Haole_Day" title="Kill Haole Day">Kill Haole Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender" title="List of people killed for being transgender">List of people killed for being transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_discrimination" title="Mortgage discrimination">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Murder music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Native American mascots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_segregation" title="Occupational segregation">Occupational segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">Paper genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></li> <li>Religious violence</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Policies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Blood purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disabilities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Catholics)" title="Disabilities (Catholics)">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish disabilities">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_Protection_of_the_Nation" title="Law for Protection of the Nation">Law for Protection of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_opposition" title="LGBTQ rights opposition">LGBTQ rights opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">MSM blood donation restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_kid_zone" title="No kid zone">No kid zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus"><i>Numerus clausus</i> (as religious or racial quota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_steering" title="Racial steering">Racial steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_segregation" title="Geographical segregation">Segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_segregation" title="Age segregation">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">sexual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugly_law" title="Ugly law">Ugly law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Countermeasures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Anti-discrimination law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_colorblindness" title="Constitutional colorblindness">Constitutional colorblindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_training" title="Diversity training">Diversity training</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empowerment" title="Empowerment">Empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fat_acceptance_movement" title="Fat acceptance movement">Fat acceptance movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fighting_Discrimination" title="Fighting Discrimination">Fighting Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech_laws_by_country" title="Hate speech laws by country">Hate speech laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">Racial integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reappropriation" title="Reappropriation">Reappropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">Self-determination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_integration" title="Social integration">Social integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;background:#ffdd99;padding-left:0.4em;text-align:left;font-size:110%;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allophilia" title="Allophilia">Allophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amatonormativity" title="Amatonormativity">Amatonormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisnormativity" title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">Historical eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_oppression" title="Internalized oppression">Internalized oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model of disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical model of autism">autism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_bias" title="Net bias">Net bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oikophobia" title="Oikophobia">Oikophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">Oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">Political correctness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_distance" title="Power distance">Power distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Prisoner abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_bias_in_criminal_news_in_the_United_States" title="Racial bias in criminal news in the United States">Racial bias in criminal news in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_by_country" title="Racism by country">Racism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_color_blindness" title="Racial color blindness">Racial color blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_discrimination" title="Reverse discrimination">Reverse discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_racism" title="Reverse racism">Reverse racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-generation_gender_bias" title="Second-generation gender bias">Second-generation gender bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snob" title="Snob">Snobbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_identity_threat" title="Social identity threat">Social identity threat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model of disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">Social privilege</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_privilege" title="Christian privilege">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">male</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_privilege" title="White privilege">white</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma" title="Social stigma">Social stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Speciesism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype" title="Stereotype">Stereotype</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stereotype_threat" title="Stereotype threat">threat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_talk_(racism_in_the_United_States)" title="The talk (racism in the United States)">The talk</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Discrimination_sidebar" title="Template:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Discrimination_sidebar" class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Religious violence</b> covers phenomena in which <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a> is either the subject or the object of <a href="/wiki/Violence" title="Violence">violent behavior</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All the religions of the world contain narratives, symbols, and metaphors of violence and <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Religious violence is violence that is motivated by, or in reaction to, religious precepts, texts, or the doctrines of a target or an attacker. It includes violence against <a href="/wiki/Religious_institutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious institutions">religious institutions</a>, people, objects, or events. Religious violence includes both acts which are committed by religious groups and acts which are committed against religious groups. </p><p>The term has proven difficult to define, however. Violence is a very broad concept, because it is used against both human and non-human entities.<sup id="cite_ref-Houben_Kooji_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houben_Kooji-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, violence can have a wide variety of expressions, from blood shedding and physical harm to violation of <a href="/wiki/Personal_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal freedom">personal freedoms</a>, passionate conduct or language, or emotional outbursts like fury or passion.<sup id="cite_ref-Ralph_Tanner_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ralph_Tanner-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_Companion_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_Companion-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adding to the difficulty, <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a> is a complex and modern Western concept,<sup id="cite_ref-50_great1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50_great1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nongbri_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nongbri-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one whose definition still has no scholarly consensus.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitzgerald_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50_great1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50_great1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nongbri_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nongbri-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_Companion_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_Companion-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, however, religion is considered an abstraction which entails <a href="/wiki/Religious_belief" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious belief">beliefs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_doctrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious doctrine">doctrines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sacred_places" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred places">sacred places</a>. </p><p>Religious violence, like all forms of violence, is a cultural process which is context-dependent and highly complex.<sup id="cite_ref-Rowley2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rowley2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, oversimplifications of religion and violence often lead to misguided understandings of the causes for acts of violence, as well as oversight of their rarity.<sup id="cite_ref-Rowley2_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rowley2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Violence is perpetrated for a wide variety of <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideological</a> reasons, and religion is generally only one of many contributing social and political factors that may foment it. For example, studies of supposed cases of religious violence often conclude that the violence was driven more by <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">ethnic animosities</a> than by religious worldviews.<sup id="cite_ref-Omar_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Omar-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the complex nature of religion, violence, and the relationship between them, it is often difficult to discern whether religion is a significant cause of violence.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_Companion_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_Companion-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Indeed, the link between religious belief and behavior has proven difficult to define. Decades of <a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">anthropological</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">sociological</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">psychological research</a> have all concluded that behaviors do not directly follow from religious beliefs and values because people's religious ideas tend to be fragmented, loosely connected, and context-dependent, just like other domains of culture and life.<sup id="cite_ref-chaves_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chaves-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Religions, <a href="/wiki/Ethical_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethical system">ethical systems</a>, and societies rarely promote violence as an end in of itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Houben_Kooji_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houben_Kooji-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, there is often tension between a desire to <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">avoid violence</a> and the acceptance of justifiable uses of violence to prevent a perceived greater evil that permeates a culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Houben_Kooji_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houben_Kooji-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_the_concept_of_religion">History of the concept of religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_violence&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of the concept of religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Definition_of_religion" title="Definition of religion">Definition of religion</a></div> <p>Religion is a <a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">modern</a> <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western</a> concept<sup id="cite_ref-Fitzgerald_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> not used before the 1500s when the compartmentalized concept of religion arose, where religious entities are considered separate from worldly ones.<sup id="cite_ref-50_great1_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50_great1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, parallel concepts are not found in many cultures, and there is no equivalent term for "religion" in many languages.<sup id="cite_ref-50_great1_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50_great1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fitzgerald_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ancient <a href="/wiki/Sacred_texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred texts">sacred texts</a> like the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> did not have a concept of religion in their original languages, nor did their authors or the cultures to which they belonged.<sup id="cite_ref-Nongbri_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nongbri-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50_great1_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50_great1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, there is no precise equivalent of "religion" in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> does not draw clear distinctions between religious, national, racial, or ethnic identities.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The modern concept of religion as an abstraction which entails distinct sets of beliefs or doctrines is a recent invention in the English language. Such usage began with texts from the 17th century due to the splitting of <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a>, as well as more prevalent <a href="/wiki/Colonization" title="Colonization">colonization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">age of exploration</a> which involved contact with numerous foreign and indigenous cultures and non-European languages.<sup id="cite_ref-Harrison_Territories_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrison_Territories-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Religion_enlightenment_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Religion_enlightenment-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in Asia, it was Europeans who first applied the terms "<a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>" in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Harrison_Territories_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harrison_Territories-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Invention_Japan_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Invention_Japan-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thus, scholars have found it difficult to develop a consistent definition of religion, with some giving up on the possibility of a definition<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others rejecting the term entirely.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Still others argue that regardless of its definition, it is not appropriate to apply it to non-Western cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-dubuisson_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubuisson-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition_of_violence">Definition of violence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_violence&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definition of violence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Violence" title="Violence">Violence</a> is a complicated concept which broadly carries descriptive and evaluative components that range from harming non-human entities to human <a href="/wiki/Self-harm" title="Self-harm">self-harm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Houben_Kooji_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houben_Kooji-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Religious scholar Ralph Tanner cites the definition of violence in the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> as "far beyond [the infliction of] pain and the shedding of blood".<sup id="cite_ref-Ralph_Tanner_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ralph_Tanner-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He argues that, although violence clearly encompasses injury to persons or property, it also includes, "the forcible interference in <a href="/wiki/Personal_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal freedom">personal freedom</a>, violent or passionate conduct or language [and] finally passion or fury".<sup id="cite_ref-Ralph_Tanner_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ralph_Tanner-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, a study of the <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>' impacts on the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a> concludes: </p> <blockquote> <p>The word "violence" can be defined to extend far beyond pain and shedding blood. It carries the meaning of physical force, violent language, fury, and, more importantly, forcible interference.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Terence_Fretheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Terence Fretheim">Terence Fretheim</a> expands on this, writing: </p> <blockquote> <p>For many people, ... only physical violence truly qualifies as violence. But, certainly, violence is more than killing people, unless one includes all those words and actions that kill people slowly. The effect of limitation to a "killing fields" perspective is the widespread neglect of many other forms of violence. We must insist that violence also refers to that which is psychologically destructive, that which demeans, damages, or depersonalizes others. In view of these considerations, violence may be defined as follows: any action, verbal or nonverbal, oral or written, physical or psychical, active or passive, public or private, individual or institutional/societal, human or divine, in whatever degree of intensity, that abuses, violates, injures, or kills. Some of the most pervasive and most dangerous forms of violence are those that are often hidden from view (against women and children, especially); just beneath the surface in many of our homes, churches, and communities is abuse enough to freeze the blood. Moreover, many forms of <a href="/wiki/Systemic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic violence">systemic violence</a> often slip past our attention because they are so much a part of the infrastructure of life (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">sexism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">ageism</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Fretheim_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fretheim-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>Non-physical <a href="/wiki/Abuse" title="Abuse">abuse</a> in religious settings is described as <a href="/wiki/Religious_abuse" title="Religious abuse">religious abuse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-p915_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p915-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Religious abuse may also include the misuse of religion for <a href="/wiki/Selfishness" title="Selfishness">selfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secular</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideological</a> ends, such as the abuse of a clerical position.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_between_religion_and_violence">Relationship between religion and violence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_violence&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Relationship between religion and violence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">philosopher of religion</a> Steve Clarke, "currently available evidence does not allow us to determine whether religion is, or is not, a significant cause of violence". He lists multiple problems that make it impossible to establish a causal relationship, such as difficulties in distinguishing <a href="/wiki/Motive_(law)" title="Motive (law)">motive</a>/<a href="/wiki/Pretext" title="Pretext">pretext</a> and inability to verify if they would necessarily lead to any violent action, the lack of consensus on definitions of both violence and religion among scholars, and the inability to see if the presence of religion actually adds or subtracts from general levels of violence, since no society without religion has ever existed to compare with.<sup id="cite_ref-Clarke_Companion_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Clarke_Companion-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his book <i>Sacred Fury: Understanding Religious Violence</i>, <a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">religious sociologist</a> Charles Selengut characterizes the phrase "religion and violence" as "jarring", asserting that "religion is thought to be opposed to violence and a force for peace and reconciliation". He acknowledges, however, that "the history and scriptures of the world's religions tell stories of violence and war even as they speak of peace and love".<sup id="cite_ref-Selengut_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Selengut-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, religious scholar Ralph Tanner describes the combination of religion and violence as "uncomfortable", asserting that religious thinkers generally avoid the conjunction of the two and argue that religious violence is "only valid in certain circumstances which are invariably one-sided".<sup id="cite_ref-Tanner2007_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tanner2007-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to historian Matthew Rowley, three hundred contributing causes of religious violence have been discussed by scholars. In his study of causes of religious violence, though, he cautions that "violence in the name of God is a complex phenomenon and oversimplification further jeopardizes peace because it obscures many of the causal factors".<sup id="cite_ref-Rowley1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rowley1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another article, Rowley lists 15 ways to address the complexity of violence, both secular and religious, and he also claims that secular narratives of religious violence tend to be erroneous or exaggerated due to their oversimplification of religious people and religious people's beliefs, their rationale based on false dichotomies, and their ignorance of complex secular causes of supposed "religious violence". He writes that when one is discussing religious violence, they should also note that the overwhelming majority of religious people do not get inspired to engage in violence.<sup id="cite_ref-Rowley2_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rowley2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In contrast, religious scholar <a href="/wiki/Hector_Avalos" title="Hector Avalos">Hector Avalos</a> simplifies religious causes of violence to access over four scarce resources: <a href="/wiki/Divine_will" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine will">divine will</a> and knowledge, primarily through <a href="/wiki/Scripture" class="mw-redirect" title="Scripture">scripture</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sacred_space" title="Sacred space">sacred space</a>; group privileging; and <a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">salvation</a>. Not all religions have or use these four resources. He believes that religious violence is particularly untenable because these resources are never verifiable, and, unlike claims to scarce physical resources like water or land, it cannot be adjudicated objectively.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Regina_Schwartz" title="Regina Schwartz">Regina Schwartz</a>, scholar of <a href="/wiki/English_literature" title="English literature">English literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, argues that all monotheistic religions are inherently violent because of an exclusivism that inevitably fosters violence against those that are considered outsiders.<sup id="cite_ref-ReginaSchwartz_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReginaSchwartz-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a review of her book <i>Curse of Cain</i> for <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Weschler" title="Lawrence Weschler">Lawrence Weschler</a> asserts that Schwartz is concerned not just with the violent legacy of Abrahamic religions, but with their genocidal legacy as well.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Michael Jerryson, scholar of <a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">comparative religion</a> and religious violence, argues that scholarship on religion and violence sometimes overlooks non-<a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a>. This tendency leads to considerable problems, one of which is the support of faulty associations. For example, he finds a persistent global pattern of alignment in which religions such as <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> are viewed as causes of violence and religions such as <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> are viewed as causes of peace.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another lens with which to view religious violence is through <a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">political violence</a>, which religion can often play a central role in. This is especially true of <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a>, in which acts of violence are committed against unarmed <a href="/wiki/Non-combatant" title="Non-combatant">non-combatants</a> in order to inspire fear and achieve political goals. Terrorism expert <a href="/wiki/Martha_Crenshaw" title="Martha Crenshaw">Martha Crenshaw</a> suggests that religion is a mask used by political movements which seek to draw attention to their causes and gain support. Crenshaw outlines two approaches when observing religious violence in order to grasp its underlying mechanisms.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One approach, called the instrumental approach, sees religious violence as acting as a rational calculation to achieve some political end. Thus, she claims that increasing the costs of performing such violence will help curb it. Crenshaw's other approach sees religious violence as stemming from the organizational structure of religious communities, with the heads of these communities acting as political figureheads. Crenshaw suggests that threatening the internal stability of these organizations (perhaps by offering them a nonviolent alternative) will dissuade religious organizations from performing political violence. A third approach sees religious violence as the result of community dynamics rather than a religious duty.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Symbolic_interactionism" title="Symbolic interactionism">Systems of meanings</a> which are developed within these communities allow religious interpretations to justify violence, so acts like terrorism occur because people are part of communities of violence.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this way, religious violence and terrorism are performances which are designed to inspire an emotional reaction from both those in the community and those outside of it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sectarian_violence">Sectarian violence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_violence&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sectarian violence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">These paragraphs are an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian violence</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sectarian_violence&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian violence</a> and/or sectarian strife is a form of <a href="/wiki/Communal_violence" title="Communal violence">communal violence</a> which is inspired by <a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">sectarianism</a>, that is, <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hatred" title="Hatred">hatred</a> or <a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">prejudice</a> between different <a href="/wiki/Sect" title="Sect">sects</a> of a particular mode of an <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a> or different sects of a <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a> within a nation/community. <a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Religious segregation</a> often plays a role in sectarian violence.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Challenges_to_the_view_that_religions_are_violent">Challenges to the view that religions are violent</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_violence&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Challenges to the view that religions are violent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Behavioral_studies">Behavioral studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_violence&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Behavioral studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Decades of research conducted by <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropologists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociologists</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychologists</a> have established that "religious congruence", the assumption that religious beliefs and values are tightly integrated in an individual's mind or that religious practices and behaviors follow directly from religious beliefs or that religious beliefs are chronologically linear and stable across different contexts, is actually rare, despite being commonly assumed. People's religious ideas are fragmented, loosely connected, and context-dependent, as in all other domains of culture and in life. The beliefs, affiliations, and behaviors of an individual are complex activities that have many sources, including culture.<sup id="cite_ref-chaves_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chaves-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Myth_of_religious_violence">Myth of religious violence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_violence&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Myth of religious violence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/American_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="American Catholic">American Catholic</a> <a href="/wiki/Theologian" class="mw-redirect" title="Theologian">theologian</a> <a href="/wiki/William_T._Cavanaugh" title="William T. Cavanaugh">William T. Cavanaugh</a> has argued in his book <i>The Myth of Religious Violence</i> that "attempts to separate religious and secular violence are incoherent". He asserts that "the idea that religion has a tendency to promote violence is part of the conventional wisdom of Western societies and it underlies many of our institutions and policies, from limits on the public role of churches to efforts to promote <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>". Cavanaugh challenges this conventional wisdom, arguing that there is a "myth of religious violence", by asserting that:<sup id="cite_ref-Cavanaugh_myth2_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cavanaugh_myth2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Religion is not a universal and <a href="/wiki/Transhistorical" class="mw-redirect" title="Transhistorical">transhistorical</a> phenomenon. What counts as "religious" or "secular" in some context is a function of configurations of power both in the West and in lands colonized by the West. The distinctions of "Religious/Secular" and "Religious/Political" are modern Western inventions.</li> <li>The invention of the concept of "religious violence" helps the West reinforce superiority of Western social orders to "nonsecular" social orders, namely Muslims at the time of publication.</li> <li>The concept of "religious violence" can be and is used to legitimate violence against non-Western "Others".</li> <li>Peace depends on a balanced view of violence and recognition that so-called secular ideologies and institutions can be just as prone to absolutism, divisiveness, and irrationality.</li></ul> <p>Historian and <a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">religious studies</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Burton_Russell" title="Jeffrey Burton Russell">Jeffrey Burton Russell</a> generally concurs with Cavanaugh in his book <i>Exposing Myths about Christianity</i>, arguing that numerous cases of supposed religious violence, such as the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirty Years War">Thirty Years War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a>, the <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">Protestant-Catholic conflict in Ireland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Sri Lankan civil war">Sri Lankan Civil War</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_Civil_War" title="Rwandan Civil War">Rwandan Civil War</a>, were all primarily motivated by social, political, and economic issues rather than religion.<sup id="cite_ref-Jeffrey_Russell_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jeffrey_Russell-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Religious studies scholars <a href="/wiki/John_Morreall" title="John Morreall">John Morreall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamara_Sonn" title="Tamara Sonn">Tamara Sonn</a> have extended Russell's claims by arguing that all cases of violence and war include social, political, and economic dimensions. They posit that since there is no consensus on definitions of "religion" among scholars and since there is no way to isolate "religion" from the rest of the more likely motivational dimensions, it is incorrect to label any violent event as "religious". Since dozens of examples exist from the <a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a> that show that people from the same religions fought each other and that people from different religions became allies during these conflicts, the motivations for these conflicts were not about religion, they claim.<sup id="cite_ref-50_great_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50_great-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russell adds that the fact that these wars of religion ended after rulers agreed to practice their religions in their own territories means that the conflicts were more related to political control than people's religious views.<sup id="cite_ref-Jeffrey_Russell_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jeffrey_Russell-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Robert_Pape" title="Robert Pape">Robert Pape</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Political_science" title="Political science">political scientist</a> who specializes in <a href="/wiki/Suicide_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Suicide terrorism">suicide terrorism</a>, has made this case for modern suicide attacks, which are often labeled as "religious" by media outlets.<sup id="cite_ref-Dying_to_Win_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dying_to_Win-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pape compiled the first complete database of every documented suicide bombing from 1980–2003. He argues that news reports about suicide attacks are profoundly misleading, arguing, "There is little connection between suicide terrorism and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a>, or any one of the world's religions". After studying 315 suicide attacks carried out over the last two decades, he concludes that suicide bombers' actions stem fundamentally from political conflict, not religious beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-Dying_to_Win_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dying_to_Win-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anthropologist Scott Atran conducted extensive interviews on suicide terrorism with terrorists from Al Qaeda, Hamas, Taliban, and others to see why some are willing to die and kill for and he noted that they do not die for a cause, they die for their communities, family, friends; all for the hope of a better future for their communities.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Author <a href="/wiki/Karen_Armstrong" title="Karen Armstrong">Karen Armstrong</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Irish_Catholics" title="Irish Catholics">Irish Catholic</a> descent, echoes these sentiments by arguing that so-called religious conflicts such as <a href="/wiki/The_Crusades" class="mw-redirect" title="The Crusades">the Crusades</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a>, and the European wars of religion were all deeply political conflicts at their cores rather than religious ones, especially since people from different faiths became allies and fought against each other in no consistent fashion. She claims that the Western concept of the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">separation of church and state</a>, first advocated by <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformer</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>, laid a foundation for viewing religion and society as divided, when in reality, religion and society were intermixed to the point that no one made such a distinction, nor was there a defining cut between such experiences in the past. She argues the during the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>, religion began to be seen as individualistic and private, despite the fact that modern secular ideals like the <a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">equality of all human beings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">intellectual</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Political liberty">political liberty</a> were historically promoted in religious idioms of the past.<sup id="cite_ref-Armstrong_Myth_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armstrong_Myth-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Anthropologist Jack David Eller has also asserted that religion is not inherently violent, arguing that "religion and violence are clearly compatible, but they are not identical"; that "violence is neither essential to nor exclusive to religion"; and that "virtually every form of religious violence has its nonreligious corollary".<sup id="cite_ref-CruelCreeds1_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CruelCreeds1-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CruelCreeds2_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CruelCreeds2-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, he argues that religion "may be more a marker of the [conflicting] groups than an actual point of contention between them".<sup id="cite_ref-Anthropology_of_Religion_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthropology_of_Religion-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, historians such as <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Kirsch" title="Jonathan Kirsch">Jonathan Kirsch</a> have likened religious persecutions like the <a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">European inquisitions</a> to persecutions in <a href="/wiki/Stalin%27s_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin's Soviet Union">Stalin's Soviet Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/McCarthy_Blacklist" class="mw-redirect" title="McCarthy Blacklist">McCarthy blacklists</a>, and other secular events.<sup id="cite_ref-Grand_Inquisitor's_Manual_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grand_Inquisitor's_Manual-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>John Teehan, scholar of the <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science_of_religion" title="Cognitive science of religion">cognitive science of religion</a>, takes a position that integrates the two sides of this debate. He describes the traditional response in defense of religion as "draw[ing] a distinction between the religion and what is done in the name of that religion or its faithful". Teehan argues, "this approach to religious violence may be understandable but it is ultimately untenable and prevents us from gaining any useful insight into either religion or religious violence". He takes the position that "violence done in the name of religion is not a perversion of religious belief ... but flows naturally from the moral logic inherent in many religious systems, particularly monotheistic religions ...". However, Teehan acknowledges that "religions are also powerful sources of morality". He asserts, "religious morality and religious violence both spring from the same source, and this is the <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">evolutionary psychology</a> underlying <a href="/wiki/Religious_ethics" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious ethics">religious ethics</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Teehan_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Teehan-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secularism_as_a_response_to_religious_violence">Secularism as a response to religious violence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_violence&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Secularism as a response to religious violence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Byron Bland, scholar of conflict and peacemaking, asserts that one of the most prominent reasons for the "rise of the secular in Western thought" was the reaction against the religious violence of the 16th and 17th centuries. He asserts, "The secular was a way of living with the religious differences that had produced so much horror. Under <a href="/wiki/Secularity" title="Secularity">secularity</a>, political entities have a warrant to make decisions independent from the need to enforce particular versions of religious orthodoxy. Indeed, they may run counter to certain strongly held beliefs if made in the interest of common welfare. Thus, one of the important goals of the secular is to limit violence".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theologian <a href="/wiki/William_T._Cavanaugh" title="William T. Cavanaugh">William T. Cavanaugh</a> writes that what he calls, "the myth of religious violence", as a reason for the rise of secular states may be traced to earlier philosophers, such as <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cavanaugh delivers a detailed critique of this idea in his 2009 book <i>The Myth of Religious Violence: Secular Ideology and the Roots of Modern Conflict</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secular_violence">Secular violence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_violence&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Secular violence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism_in_Mexico" title="Anti-clericalism in Mexico">Anti-clericalism in Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_anti-religious_legislation" title="Soviet anti-religious legislation">Soviet anti-religious legislation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union">Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc">Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antireligious_campaigns_in_China" title="Antireligious campaigns in China">Antireligious campaigns in China</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_North_Korea" title="Persecution of Christians in North Korea">Persecution of Christians in North Korea</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender and sexuality scholar</a> <a href="/wiki/Janet_Jakobsen" title="Janet Jakobsen">Janet Jakobsen</a> writes, "just as religion and secularism are relationally defined terms—terms that depend on each other—so also the legitimization of violence through either religious or secular discourse is also relational".<sup id="cite_ref-Janet_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janet-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She argues that the idea that "religion kills" is used to legitimate secular violence, and that, similarly, the idea that "secularism kills" is used to legitimate religious violence.<sup id="cite_ref-Janet_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Janet-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to John Carlson, critics who are skeptical of "religious violence" contend that excessive attention is often paid to acts of religious violence compared to acts of secular violence, and that this leads to a false essentializing of both religion as being prone to violence and the secular as being prone to peace.<sup id="cite_ref-Carlson_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carlson-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Janet Jakobsen, secularism and modern secular states are much more violent than religion, and modern secular states in particular are usually the source of most of the world's violence.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carlson states that by focusing on the destructive capacity of government, Jakobsen "essentializes another category - the secular state - even as she criticizes secular governments that essentialize religion's violent propensities".<sup id="cite_ref-Carlson_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carlson-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tanner states that secular regimes and leaders have used violence to promote their own agendas.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Violence committed by secular governments and people, including the anti-religious, have been documented including violence or persecutions focused on religious believers and those who believe in the supernatural in multiple regions<sup id="cite_ref-Death_By_Government_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Death_By_Government-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Statistics_of_Democide_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Statistics_of_Democide-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> notably such as in the Soviet Union,<sup id="cite_ref-Plot_to_Kill_God_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plot_to_Kill_God-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Storming_the_Heavens_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Storming_the_Heavens-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cambodia,<sup id="cite_ref-The_Pol_Pot_Regime_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Pol_Pot_Regime-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China,<sup id="cite_ref-Mao's_China_and_After_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mao's_China_and_After-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>and Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-Idolatry_and_Iconoclasm_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Idolatry_and_Iconoclasm-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 20th century, estimates state that over 25 million Christians died from secular antireligious violence worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson2009_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson2009-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Religions have been persecuted more in the past 100 years than at any other time in history.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Geoffrey Blainey, atrocities have occurred under all ideologies, including in nations which were strongly secular such as the Soviet Union, China, and Cambodia.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Talal Asad, an anthropologist, states that equating <a href="/wiki/Organized_religion" title="Organized religion">institutional religion</a> with violence and fanaticism is incorrect and that devastating cruelties and atrocities done by non-religious institutions in the 20th century should not be overlooked. He also states that nationalism has been argued as being a secularized religion.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abrahamic_religions">Abrahamic religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_violence&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Abrahamic religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_masacre_de_San_Bartolom%C3%A9,_por_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dubois.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/La_masacre_de_San_Bartolom%C3%A9%2C_por_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dubois.jpg/280px-La_masacre_de_San_Bartolom%C3%A9%2C_por_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dubois.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/La_masacre_de_San_Bartolom%C3%A9%2C_por_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dubois.jpg/420px-La_masacre_de_San_Bartolom%C3%A9%2C_por_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dubois.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/La_masacre_de_San_Bartolom%C3%A9%2C_por_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dubois.jpg/560px-La_masacre_de_San_Bartolom%C3%A9%2C_por_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dubois.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/St._Bartholomew%27s_Day_massacre" title="St. Bartholomew's Day massacre">St. Bartholomew's Day massacre</a> of French Protestants in 1572</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Hector_Avalos" title="Hector Avalos">Hector Avalos</a> argues that, because religions claim to have divine favor for themselves, both over and against other groups, this sense of self-righteousness leads to violence because conflicting claims of superiority, based on unverifiable appeals to God, cannot be objectively adjudicated.<sup id="cite_ref-FightingWords_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FightingWords-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, Eric Hickey writes, "the history of religious violence in the West is as long as the historical record of its three major religions, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, with their mutual antagonisms and their struggles to adapt and survive despite the secular forces that threaten their continued existence."<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Regina_Schwartz" title="Regina Schwartz">Regina Schwartz</a> argues that all <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheistic religions</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, are inherently violent because of their exclusivism which inevitably fosters violence against those who are considered outsiders.<sup id="cite_ref-ReginaSchwartz_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReginaSchwartz-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lawrence Wechsler asserts that Schwartz is not just arguing that <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a> have a violent legacy, instead, she is arguing that their legacy is actually <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocidal</a> in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_violence&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_violence" title="Christianity and violence">Christianity and violence</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance" title="History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance">History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence_among_Christians" title="Sectarian violence among Christians">Sectarian violence among Christians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christian_terrorism" title="Christian terrorism">Christian terrorism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IBelieveintheSwordandAlmightyGod.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/IBelieveintheSwordandAlmightyGod.jpg/220px-IBelieveintheSwordandAlmightyGod.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/IBelieveintheSwordandAlmightyGod.jpg/330px-IBelieveintheSwordandAlmightyGod.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/IBelieveintheSwordandAlmightyGod.jpg/440px-IBelieveintheSwordandAlmightyGod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="574" /></a><figcaption><i>I Believe in the Sword and Almighty God</i> (1914) by <a href="/wiki/Boardman_Robinson" title="Boardman Robinson">Boardman Robinson</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Before the 11th century, Christians had not developed the doctrine of "<a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory" title="Just war theory">Holy war</a>", the belief that fighting itself might be considered a penitential and spiritually meritorious act.<sup id="cite_ref-Peters_First_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters_First-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Duffey_Christianity_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duffey_Christianity-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, force could not be used to propagate religion.<sup id="cite_ref-James_Just_War_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James_Just_War-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the first three centuries of Christianity, the Church taught the pacifism of Jesus and notable church fathers such as <a href="/wiki/Justin_Martyr" title="Justin Martyr">Justin Martyr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cyprian" title="Cyprian">Cyprian of Carthage</a> even went as far as arguing against joining the military or using any form of violence against aggressors.<sup id="cite_ref-Duffey_Christianity_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duffey_Christianity-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 4th century, <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">St. Augustine</a> developed a "Just War" concept, whereby limited uses of war would be considered acceptable in order to preserve the peace and retain orthodoxy if it was waged: for defensive purposes, ordered by an authority, had honorable intentions, and produced minimal harm. However, the criteria he used was already developed by Roman thinkers in the past and "Augustine's perspective was not based on the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Duffey_Christianity_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duffey_Christianity-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> St. Augustine's "Just War" concept was widely accepted, however, warfare was not regarded as virtuous in any way.<sup id="cite_ref-Peters_First_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters_First-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Expression of concern for the salvation of those who killed enemies in battle, regardless of the cause for which they fought, was common.<sup id="cite_ref-Peters_First_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters_First-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval period</a> which began after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall of Rome</a>, there were increases in the level of violence due to political instability. By the 11th century, the Church condemned this violence and warring by introducing: the "Peace of God" which prohibited attacks on clergy, pilgrims, townspeople, peasants and property; the "Truce of God" which banned warfare on <a href="/wiki/Sunday" title="Sunday">Sundays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friday" title="Friday">Fridays</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a>; and it imposed heavy penances on soldiers for killing and injuring others because it believed that the shedding of other people's blood was the same as shedding the blood of Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-Duffey_Christianity_67-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duffey_Christianity-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 9th and 10th centuries, multiple invasions occurred in some regions in Europe and these invasions lead them to form their own armies in order to defend themselves and by the 11th century, this slowly lead to the emergence of the Crusades, the concept of "holy war", and terminology such as "enemies of God".<sup id="cite_ref-Peters_First_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peters_First-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time of the Crusades, "Despite all the violence during this period, the majority of Christians were not active participants but were more often its victims" and groups which used nonviolent means to peacefully dialogue with Muslims were established, like the <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Duffey_Christianity_67-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Duffey_Christianity-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, the relationship between <a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_violence" title="Christianity and violence">Christianity and violence</a> is the subject of controversy because one view advocates the belief that Christianity advocates peace, love and compassion despite the fact that in certain instances, its adherents have also resorted to violence.<sup id="cite_ref-ReginaSchwartz_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReginaSchwartz-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FightingWords_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FightingWords-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VolfChristianityAndViolence_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VolfChristianityAndViolence-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peace, compassion and forgiveness of wrongs done by others are key elements of Christian teaching. However, Christians have struggled since the days of the <a href="/wiki/Church_fathers" class="mw-redirect" title="Church fathers">Church fathers</a> with the question of when the use of force is justified (e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory" title="Just war theory">Just war theory</a> of Saint Augustine). Such debates have led to concepts such as just war theory. Throughout history, certain teachings from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>, the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Christian theology</a> have been used to justify the use of force against <a href="/wiki/Heretics" class="mw-redirect" title="Heretics">heretics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinners" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinners">sinners</a> and external enemies. Heitman and Hagan identify the <a href="/wiki/Inquisitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Inquisitions">Inquisitions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>, wars of religion, and <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> as being "among the most notorious examples of Christian violence".<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To this list, <a href="/wiki/Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Mennonite">Mennonite</a> theologian J. Denny Weaver adds "warrior popes, support of <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">capital punishment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment" title="Corporal punishment">corporal punishment</a> under the guise of 'spare the rod spoil the child,' <a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_slavery" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity and slavery">justifications of slavery</a>, world-wide <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> under the guise of converting people to Christianity, the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_domestic_violence" title="Christianity and domestic violence">systemic violence against women</a> who are <a href="/wiki/Biblical_patriarchy" title="Biblical patriarchy">subjected to the rule of men</a>."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Synthesis_of_published_material" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag may be based upon an improper synthesis of sources. (May 2011)">improper synthesis?</span></a></i>]</sup> Weaver employs a broader definition of violence that extends the meaning of the word to cover "harm or damage", not just physical violence per se. Thus, under his definition, Christian violence includes "forms of systemic violence such as <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">sexism</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Weaver_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weaver-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christian theologians point to a strong <a href="/wiki/Doctrinal" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctrinal">doctrinal</a> and historical imperative against violence that exists within Christianity, particularly <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>' <a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a>, which taught nonviolence and "love of enemies". For example, Weaver asserts that Jesus' pacifism was "preserved in the justifiable war doctrine which declares that all war is sin even when it is occasionally declared to be a necessary evil, and in the prohibition of fighting by monastics and clergy as well as in a persistent tradition of <a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Christian pacifism</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Weaver2_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weaver2-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Josef_Mathauser_-_Bitva_u_Doma%C5%BElic.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Josef_Mathauser_-_Bitva_u_Doma%C5%BElic.jpg/230px-Josef_Mathauser_-_Bitva_u_Doma%C5%BElic.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Josef_Mathauser_-_Bitva_u_Doma%C5%BElic.jpg/345px-Josef_Mathauser_-_Bitva_u_Doma%C5%BElic.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Josef_Mathauser_-_Bitva_u_Doma%C5%BElic.jpg/460px-Josef_Mathauser_-_Bitva_u_Doma%C5%BElic.jpg 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="335" /></a><figcaption>Between 1420 and 1431 the <a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussite</a> heretics fended off 5 anti-Hussite <a href="/wiki/Hussite_Wars" title="Hussite Wars">Crusades</a> ordered by the Pope.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many authors highlight the ironical contradiction between Christianity's claims to be centered on "love and peace" while, at the same time, harboring a "violent side". For example, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Juergensmeyer" title="Mark Juergensmeyer">Mark Juergensmeyer</a> argues: "that despite its central tenets of love and peace, Christianity—like most traditions—has always had a violent side. The bloody history of the tradition has provided images as disturbing as those provided by <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, and violent conflict is vividly portrayed in the Bible. This history and these biblical images have provided the raw material for theologically justifying the violence of contemporary Christian groups. For example, <a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_violence" title="Anti-abortion violence">attacks on abortion clinics</a> have been viewed not only as assaults on a practice that Christians regard as immoral, but also as skirmishes in a grand confrontation between forces of evil and good that has social and political implications.",<sup id="cite_ref-mind_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mind-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 19–20">: 19–20 </span></sup> sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_warfare" title="Spiritual warfare">spiritual warfare</a>. The statement attributed to Jesus "I come not to bring peace, <a href="/wiki/But_to_bring_a_sword" class="mw-redirect" title="But to bring a sword">but to bring a sword</a>" has been interpreted by some as a call to arms to Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-mind_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mind-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bloch" title="Maurice Bloch">Maurice Bloch</a> also argues that the Christian faith fosters violence because the Christian faith is a religion, and religions are violent by their very nature; moreover, he argues that religion and politics are two sides of the same coin—power.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others have argued that religion and the exercise of force are deeply intertwined, but they have also stated that religion may pacify, as well as channel and heighten violent impulses <sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ForwardwithGod.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/ForwardwithGod.jpg/220px-ForwardwithGod.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/ForwardwithGod.jpg/330px-ForwardwithGod.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/ForwardwithGod.jpg/440px-ForwardwithGod.jpg 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="603" /></a><figcaption><i>Forward with God!</i> (1915) by <a href="/wiki/Boardman_Robinson" title="Boardman Robinson">Boardman Robinson</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In response to the view that Christianity and violence are intertwined, Miroslav Volf and J. Denny Weaver reject charges that Christianity is a violent religion, arguing that certain aspects of Christianity might be misused to support violence but that a genuine interpretation of its core elements would not sanction human violence but would instead resist it. Among the examples that are commonly used to argue that Christianity is a violent religion, J. Denny Weaver lists "(the) <a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a>, the multiple blessings of wars, warrior popes, support of capital punishment, corporal punishment under the guise of 'spare the rod and spoil the child,' justifications of slavery, world-wide colonialism in the name of converting people to Christianity, the systemic violence against women who are subjected to the rule of men." Weaver characterizes the counter-argument as focusing on "Jesus, the beginning point of Christian faith,... whose Sermon on the Mount taught nonviolence and love of enemies; who nonviolently faced his death at the hands of his accusers; whose nonviolent teaching inspired the first centuries of pacifist Christian history and was subsequently preserved in the <a href="/wiki/Just_war_theory" title="Just war theory">justifiable war doctrine</a> that declares that all war is sin even when it is occasionally declared to be a necessary evil, and in the prohibition of fighting by monastics and clergy as well as in a persistent tradition of <a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Christian pacifism</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Weaver_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weaver-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Miroslav_Volf" title="Miroslav Volf">Miroslav Volf</a> acknowledges the fact that "many contemporaries see religion as a pernicious social ill that needs aggressive treatment rather than medicine from which a cure is expected." However, Volf contests the claim that "(the) Christian faith, as one of the major world religions, predominantly fosters violence." Instead of this negative assessment, Volf argues that Christianity "should be seen as a contributor to more peaceful social environments."<sup id="cite_ref-BoardmanLecture_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BoardmanLecture-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Volf examines the question of whether or not Christianity fosters violence, and he has identified four main arguments which claim that it does: that religion by its nature is violent, which occurs when people try to act as "soldiers of God"; that monotheism entails violence, because a claim of universal truth divides people into "us versus them"; that creation, as in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a>, is an act of violence; and the argument that the intervention of a "new creation", as in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Coming of Christ">Second Coming</a>, generates violence.<sup id="cite_ref-VolfChristianityAndViolence_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VolfChristianityAndViolence-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writing about the latter, Volf says: "Beginning at least with Constantine's conversion, the followers of the Crucified have perpetrated gruesome acts of violence under the sign of the cross. Over the centuries, the seasons of <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">Lent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holy_Week" title="Holy Week">Holy Week</a> were, for the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, times of fear and trepidation; Christians have perpetrated some of the worst <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a> as they remembered the <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">crucifixion of Christ</a>, for which they <a href="/wiki/Jewish_deicide" title="Jewish deicide">blamed the Jews</a>. <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslims</a> also associate the cross with violence; crusaders' rampages were undertaken under the sign of the cross."<sup id="cite_ref-Volf_2008_13_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Volf_2008_13-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In each case, Volf concluded that the Christian faith was misused in order to justify violence. Volf argues that "thin" readings of Christianity might be used mischievously to support the use of violence. He counters, however, by asserting that "thick" readings of Christianity's core elements will not sanction human violence, instead, they will resist it.<sup id="cite_ref-VolfChristianityAndViolence2_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VolfChristianityAndViolence2-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Volf asserts that Christian churches suffer from a "confusion of loyalties". He asserts that "rather than the character of the Christian faith itself, a better explanation as to why Christian churches are either impotent in the face of violent conflicts or are active participants in them is derived from the proclivities of its adherents which are at odds with the character of the Christian faith." Volf observes that "(although) they are explicitly giving ultimate allegiance to the Gospel of Jesus Christ, many Christians in fact seem to have an overriding commitment to their respective cultures and ethnic groups."<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_violence&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_violence" title="Mormonism and violence">Mormonism and violence</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Blood_atonement" title="Blood atonement">Blood atonement</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a> has an early history of violence. It was motivated by <a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">Anti-Mormonism</a> and began with the religious persecution of the <a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Church</a> by well respected citizens, law enforcement, and government officials. Ultimately, this persecution lead to several historically well-known acts of violence. These ranged from attacks on early members, such as the <a href="/wiki/Haun%27s_Mill_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Haun's Mill massacre">Haun's Mill massacre</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_Executive_Order_44" title="Missouri Executive Order 44">Mormon Extermination Order</a> to one of the most controversial and well-known cases of retaliation violence, the <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Meadows_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Mountain Meadows massacre">Mountain Meadows massacre</a>. This was the result of an unprovoked response to religious persecution whereby an innocent party which was traveling through Church occupied territory was attacked on 11 September 1857. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_violence&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Islam and violence</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jihadism" title="Jihadism">Jihadism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">Mujahideen</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HamidianSassounmassacres.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/HamidianSassounmassacres.jpg/220px-HamidianSassounmassacres.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/HamidianSassounmassacres.jpg/330px-HamidianSassounmassacres.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/HamidianSassounmassacres.jpg/440px-HamidianSassounmassacres.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2475" data-file-height="1656" /></a><figcaption>Sketch by an eye-witness of the <a href="/wiki/Hamidian_massacres" title="Hamidian massacres">massacre of Armenians</a> in Sasun in 1894</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> has been associated with violence in a variety of contexts, especially in the context of <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, the word <i>jihād</i> translates into English as "struggle". Jihad appears in the Qur'an and frequently in the idiomatic expression "striving in the way of <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a> <i>(al-jihad fi sabil Allah)</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-Merriam_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merriam-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MIC_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MIC-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The context of the word can be seen in its usage in Arabic translations of the New Testament such as in 2 Timothy 4:7 where St. Paul expresses keeping the faith after many struggles.<sup id="cite_ref-Omar_Islam_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Omar_Islam-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A person engaged in jihad is called a <i><a href="/wiki/Mujahid" class="mw-redirect" title="Mujahid">mujahid</a></i>; the plural is <a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">mujahideen</a>. Jihad is an important religious duty for Muslims. A minority among the <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni scholars</a> sometimes refer to this duty as the sixth <a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">pillar of Islam</a>, though it occupies no such official status.<sup id="cite_ref-jih_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jih-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Twelver" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver">Twelver</a> <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a Islam">Shi'a Islam</a>, however, Jihad is one of the ten <a href="/wiki/Practices_of_the_Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Practices of the Religion">Practices of the Religion</a>. For some the Quran seem to endorse unequivocally to violence.<sup id="cite_ref-Who_Are_the_Moderate_Muslims_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Who_Are_the_Moderate_Muslims-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, some scholars argue that such verses of the Quran are interpreted out of context.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a study from Gallup, most Muslims understand the word "Jihad" to mean individual struggle, not something violent or militaristic.<sup id="cite_ref-Omar_Islam_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Omar_Islam-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muslims use the word in a religious context to refer to three types of struggles: an internal struggle to maintain faith, the struggle to improve the Muslim society, or the struggle in a holy war.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcislam_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcislam-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The prominent <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> <a href="/wiki/Oriental_studies" title="Oriental studies">orientalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Bernard Lewis</a> argues that in the Qur'an and the hadith <i>jihad</i> implies warfare in the large majority of cases.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a commentary of the hadith <a href="/wiki/Sahih_Muslim" title="Sahih Muslim">Sahih Muslim</a>, entitled al-Minhaj, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">medieval Islamic</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Sharaf_al-Nawawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahya ibn Sharaf al-Nawawi">Yahya ibn Sharaf al-Nawawi</a> stated that "one of the collective duties of the community as a whole (<span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar">fard kifaya</i></span>) is to lodge a valid protest, to solve problems of religion, to have knowledge of Divine Law, to command what is right and forbid wrong conduct".<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ambon_refugees,_1999.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Ambon_refugees%2C_1999.jpg/230px-Ambon_refugees%2C_1999.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Ambon_refugees%2C_1999.jpg/345px-Ambon_refugees%2C_1999.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Ambon_refugees%2C_1999.jpg/460px-Ambon_refugees%2C_1999.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="704" /></a><figcaption>Indonesian military forces evacuate refugees from <a href="/wiki/Ambon_Island" title="Ambon Island">Ambon</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Maluku_sectarian_conflict" title="Maluku sectarian conflict">Maluku sectarian conflict</a> in 1999.</figcaption></figure> <p>According to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Irfan_Omar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irfan Omar (page does not exist)">Irfan Omar</a>, Islam has a history of nonviolence and negotiation when dealing with conflicts: for instance, early Muslims experienced 83 conflicts with non-Muslims and only 4 of these ended up in armed conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-Omar_Islam_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Omar_Islam-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Terrorism_in_Islam">Terrorism in Islam</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_violence&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Terrorism in Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic terrorism</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">western societies</a> the term <i><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a></i> is often translated as "holy war".<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a> often stress the fact that these two terms are not synonymous.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muslim authors, in particular, tend to reject such an approach, stressing the non-militant connotations of the word.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Islamic terrorism refers to <a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a> that is engaged in by Muslim groups <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> or individuals who are motivated by either politics, religion or both. Terrorist acts have included <a href="/wiki/Airline_hijacking" class="mw-redirect" title="Airline hijacking">airline hijacking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kidnapping" title="Kidnapping">kidnapping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">assassination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suicide_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Suicide bombing">suicide bombing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mass_murder" title="Mass murder">mass murder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tension reached a climax on <a href="/wiki/11_September_2001" class="mw-redirect" title="11 September 2001">11 September 2001</a> when Islamic terrorists flew hijacked commercial airplanes into the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="World Trade Center (1973–2001)">World Trade Center</a> in New York City and <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">the Pentagon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> The "<a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a>" has triggered <a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">anti-Muslim sentiments</a> within most <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">western</a> countries and throughout the rest of the world. <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a> is one of the most well-known Islamic extremist groups, created by <a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Mohammed bin Awad bin Laden</a>. Al-Qaeda's goal is to spread the "purest" form of Islam and <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic law</a>. Based on his interpretation of the Quran, bin Laden needed to do "good" by inflicting terror upon millions of people. Following the terrorist attacks on 11 September, bin Laden praised the suicide bombers in his <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/nation/specials/attacked/transcripts/binladentext_121301.html">statement</a>: "the great action you did which was first and foremost by the grace of <a href="/wiki/Allah" title="Allah">Allah</a>. This is the guidance of Allah and the blessed fruit of jihad." In contrast, echoing the overwhelming majority of people who interpreted these events, <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">President Bush</a> said on 11 September, "Freedom itself was attacked this morning by a faceless coward. ... And freedom will be defended. Make no mistake, the United States will hunt down and punish those responsible for these cowardly acts."<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Attentat_Nyanya_VOA2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Attentat_Nyanya_VOA2.jpg/220px-Attentat_Nyanya_VOA2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Attentat_Nyanya_VOA2.jpg/330px-Attentat_Nyanya_VOA2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Attentat_Nyanya_VOA2.jpg/440px-Attentat_Nyanya_VOA2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="346" /></a><figcaption>Wounded people following a <a href="/wiki/April_2014_Abuja_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="April 2014 Abuja bombing">bomb attack</a> by <a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a> in Nigeria, in April 2014</figcaption></figure> <p>Controversies surrounding the subject include disagreements over whether terrorist acts are self-defense or aggression, national self-determination or Islamic supremacy; whether Islam can ever condone the targeting of non-combatants; whether some attacks described as Islamic terrorism are merely terrorist acts committed by Muslims or terrorist acts motivated by nationalism; whether <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a> are at the root of Islamic terrorism, or simply one cause of it; how much support for Islamic terrorism exists in the Muslim world<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and whether support of terrorism is only a temporary phenomenon, a "bubble", now fading away.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_violence&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_violence" title="Judaism and violence">Judaism and violence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_extremist_terrorism" title="Jewish extremist terrorism">Jewish extremist terrorism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Milkhemet_Mitzvah" title="Milkhemet Mitzvah">Milkhemet Mitzvah</a></div> <p>As the religion of the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, who are also known as <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> is based on the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a>, which is also referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a>, and it guides its adherents on how to live, die, <b>and</b> fight via the <a href="/wiki/613_commandments" title="613 commandments">613 commandments</a> which are referred to as the 613 <a href="/wiki/Mitzvah" title="Mitzvah">Mitzvahs</a>, the most famous of which are the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments" title="Ten Commandments">Ten Commandments</a>, one of which is the commandment <a href="/wiki/Thou_shalt_not_kill" title="Thou shalt not kill">You shall not murder</a>. </p><p>The Torah also lists instances and circumstances which require its adherents to go to war and kill their enemies. Such a war is usually referred to as a <i><a href="/wiki/Milkhemet_Mitzvah" title="Milkhemet Mitzvah">Milkhemet Mitzvah</a></i>, a "compulsory war" which is obligated by the Torah or <a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">God</a>, or a Milkhemet Reshut a "voluntary war". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Criticism">Criticism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_violence&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Burggraeve and Vervenne describe the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> as being full of violence and they also cite it as evidence for the existence of both a violent society and a violent god. They write that, "(i)n numerous Old Testament texts the power and glory of Israel's God is described in the language of violence." They assert that more than one thousand passages refer to <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a> as acting violently or supporting the violence of humans and they also assert that more than one hundred passages involve divine commands to kill humans.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the basis of these passages in the Old Testament, some Christian churches and theologians argue that <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> is a violent religion and the god of Israel is a violent god. Reuven Firestone asserts that these assertions are usually made in the context of claims that Christianity is a religion of peace and the god of Christianity is one who only expresses love.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_views">Other views</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_violence&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Other views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some scholars such as Deborah Weissman readily acknowledge the fact that "normative Judaism is not pacifist" and "violence is condoned in the service of self-defense."However, the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> prohibits violence of any kind towards one's neighbour.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> J. Patout Burns asserts that, although Judaism condones the use of violence in certain cases, Jewish tradition clearly posits the principle of minimization of violence. This principle can be stated as "(wherever) Jewish law allows violence to keep an evil from occurring, it mandates that the minimal amount of violence must be used in order to accomplish one's goal."<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The love and pursuit of peace, as well as laws which require the eradication of <a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">evil</a>, sometimes by the use of violent means, co-exist in the Jewish tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-Broyde_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Broyde-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Goldsmith_Ed._1991_181_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goldsmith_Ed._1991_181-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> contains instances of religiously mandated wars<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which often contain explicit instructions from God to the Israelites to exterminate other tribes, as in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Deuteronomy%207:1–2&version=nrsv">Deuteronomy 7:1–2</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Deuteronomy%2020:16–18&version=nrsv">Deuteronomy 20:16–18</a>. Examples include the story of the <a href="/wiki/Amalekites" class="mw-redirect" title="Amalekites">Amalekites</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0525.htm#17">Deuteronomy 25:17–19</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt08a15.htm#1">1 Samuel 15:1–6</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the story of the <a href="/wiki/Midianites" class="mw-redirect" title="Midianites">Midianites</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0431.htm#1">Numbers 31:1–18</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jericho" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Jericho">battle of Jericho</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0606.htm#1">Joshua 6:1–27</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Judging_biblical_wars">Judging biblical wars</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_violence&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Judging biblical wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/The_Bible_and_violence" title="The Bible and violence">The Bible and violence</a> and <a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="War in the Hebrew Bible">War in the Hebrew Bible</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Genocide_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Genocide in the Hebrew Bible">biblical wars of extermination</a> have been characterized as campaigns of "<a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>" by several authorities,<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> states that the Israelites annihilated entire ethnic groups or tribes: the Israelites killed all Amalekites, including men, women, and children (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Samuel+15%3A1-20&version=NIV">1 Samuel 15:1–20</a>); the Israelites killed all men, women, and children in <a href="/wiki/The_Battle_of_Jericho" class="mw-redirect" title="The Battle of Jericho">the battle of Jericho</a>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=joshua+6%3A15-21&version=NIV">Joshua 6:15–21</a>), and the Israelites killed all men, women and children of several Canaanite tribes (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=joshua+10%3A28-42&version=NIV">Joshua 10:28–42</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some scholars<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (May 2015)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> believe that these accounts in the Torah are exaggerated or metaphorical.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arab-Israeli_conflict">Arab-Israeli conflict</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_violence&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Arab-Israeli conflict"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Palestine-Israeli conflict</a> as well as during the broader <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_conflict" title="Arab–Israeli conflict">Arab–Israeli conflict</a>, a small number of people have used the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">TaNaKh|Tanakh</a>) to justify <a href="/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">anti-Palestinianism</a> and the killing of <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinians</a>, but the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">IDF</a> has stated "That we don't condone the killing of innocent Palestinians".<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Portraying_Palestinians_as_"Amalekites""><span id="Portraying_Palestinians_as_.22Amalekites.22"></span>Portraying Palestinians as "Amalekites"</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_violence&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Portraying Palestinians as "Amalekites""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On several occasions, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_fundamentalism" title="Jewish fundamentalism">Jewish fundamentalists</a> have associated <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinians</a> with biblical antagonists, particularly with the <a href="/wiki/Amalek" title="Amalek">Amalekites</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">Rabbi</a> <a href="/wiki/Israel_Hess" title="Israel Hess">Israel Hess</a> has recommended that Palestinians be killed, based on biblical verses such as 1 Samuel 15.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_religions">Other religions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_violence&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Other religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_violence&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Buddhism and violence</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dhei" title="Sōhei">Sōhei</a>, <a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bodu_Bala_Sena" title="Bodu Bala Sena">Bodu Bala Sena</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_violence&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Hinduism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Hindu_terrorism" title="Hindu terrorism">Hindu terrorism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Violence_against_Muslims_in_independent_India" title="Violence against Muslims in independent India">Violence against Muslims in independent India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Violence_against_Christians_in_India" title="Violence against Christians in India">Violence against Christians in India</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_India" title="Religious violence in India">Religious violence in India</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neo-paganism">Neo-paganism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_violence&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Neo-paganism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Paganism">neo-pagan beliefs</a> have been associated with many terrorist incidents. Although the majority of neo-pagans oppose violence and <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)#Racial_issues" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">folkish factions of Odinism, Wotanism, and Ásatrú</a> emphasize their Nordic cultural heritage and idolize warriors.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For these reasons, a 1999 <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> report on <a href="/wiki/Domestic_terrorism_in_the_United_States" title="Domestic terrorism in the United States">domestic terrorism</a> which was titled <a href="/wiki/Project_Megiddo" title="Project Megiddo">Project Megiddo</a> described Odinism as "[lending] itself to violence and [having] the potential to inspire its followers to violence."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center</a> has recognized at least two active neo-pagan <a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as hate groups">hate groups</a> in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacists</a> (especially those white supremacists who are in prison) are converting to Odinism at increasing rates, citing the impurity of Christianity and the failure of previous groups to accomplish goals as the primary reasons for their conversion.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarities between Odinism and other extremist groups such as <a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a> facilitate conversions.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The targets of neo-pagan violence are similar to those of <a href="/wiki/White_supremacist_terrorism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="White supremacist terrorism in the United States">white supremacist terrorists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_terrorism" title="Nationalist terrorism">nationalist terrorists</a>, but an added target includes Christians and churches. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sikhism">Sikhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_violence&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sikhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sikh_extremism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh extremism">Sikh extremism</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous_religions">Indigenous religions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_violence&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Indigenous religions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Within <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Prehistoric</a> societies, war ceremonies were one of the main parts of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion" title="Indigenous religion">indigenous religions</a> such as some <a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Native American religions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Underhill_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Underhill-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_incidents">Notable incidents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_violence&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Notable incidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Alan_Berg" class="mw-redirect" title="Murder of Alan Berg">Murder of Alan Berg</a> — Defunct American white supremacist group <a href="/wiki/The_Order_(white_supremacist_group)" title="The Order (white supremacist group)">the Order</a> was founded by avid practitioners of Wotanism such as <a href="/wiki/David_Lane_(white_supremacist)" title="David Lane (white supremacist)">David Lane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Jay_Mathews" title="Robert Jay Mathews">Robert Jay Mathews</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lane was convicted of the 1984 murder of Jewish radio host Alan Berg.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_burnings" class="mw-redirect" title="Church burnings">Church burnings</a> — A wave of church burnings, such as during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Norwegian_black_metal_scene" title="Early Norwegian black metal scene">early Norwegian black metal scene</a> in the 1990s, has been cited as an act of neo-pagan terrorism.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The arsons coincided with a resurgence in the popularity of European <a href="/wiki/Black_metal" title="Black metal">black metal</a>. This genre of music featured the imagery and ideas of <a href="/wiki/Neo-paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-paganism">neo-paganism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>. The targets were Christian churches, and up to 28 churches were targeted during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Popular black metal musician <a href="/wiki/Varg_Vikernes" title="Varg Vikernes">Varg Vikernes</a>, a noted neo-pagan and nationalist, was convicted of three of these arsons and charged with a fourth attempt.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overland_Park_Jewish_Community_Center_shooting" class="mw-redirect" title="Overland Park Jewish Community Center shooting">Overland Park Jewish Community Center shooting</a> — <a href="/wiki/Frazier_Glenn_Miller_Jr." title="Frazier Glenn Miller Jr.">Frazier Glenn Miller Jr.</a> shot and killed three people at a Kansas Jewish community center in 2014. Prior to becoming an Odinist, Miller Jr. was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Ramu_violence" title="2012 Ramu violence">2012 Ramu violence</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conflicts_and_wars">Conflicts and wars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_violence&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Conflicts and wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gustave_dore_crusades_entry_of_the_crusaders_into_constantinople.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gustave_dore_crusades_entry_of_the_crusaders_into_constantinople.jpg/170px-Gustave_dore_crusades_entry_of_the_crusaders_into_constantinople.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gustave_dore_crusades_entry_of_the_crusaders_into_constantinople.jpg/255px-Gustave_dore_crusades_entry_of_the_crusaders_into_constantinople.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Gustave_dore_crusades_entry_of_the_crusaders_into_constantinople.jpg/340px-Gustave_dore_crusades_entry_of_the_crusaders_into_constantinople.jpg 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="1210" /></a><figcaption>Entry of the <a href="/wiki/Crusaders" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusaders">Crusaders</a> into <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> by <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9" title="Gustave Doré">Gustave Doré</a> (1832–1883)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></div> <p>Some authors have stated that "religious" conflicts are not exclusively based on religious beliefs but should instead be seen as clashes of communities, identities, and interests that are secular-religious or at least very secular.<sup id="cite_ref-Anthropology_of_Religion_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anthropology_of_Religion-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dying_to_Win_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dying_to_Win-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some have asserted that attacks are carried out by those with very strong religious convictions such as terrorists in the context of a global religious war.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Robert Pape, a political scientist who specializes in <a href="/wiki/Suicide_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Suicide terrorism">suicide terrorism</a> argues that much of the modern Muslim suicide terrorism is secularly based.<sup id="cite_ref-Dying_to_Win_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dying_to_Win-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the causes of terrorism are complex, it may be safe to assume that terrorists are partially reassured by their religious views that their god is on their side and that it will reward them in <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">Heaven</a> for punishing unbelievers.<sup id="cite_ref-juerg_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-juerg-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-chrjhd_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chrjhd-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These conflicts are among the most difficult to resolve, particularly when both sides believe that God is on their side and that He has endorsed the moral righteousness of their claims.<sup id="cite_ref-juerg_141-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-juerg-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most infamous quotes which is associated with <a href="/wiki/Religious_fanaticism" title="Religious fanaticism">religious fanaticism</a> was uttered in 1209 during the siege of <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9ziers" title="Béziers">Béziers</a>, a Crusader asked the Papal Legate <a href="/wiki/Arnaud_Amalric" title="Arnaud Amalric">Arnaud Amalric</a> how to tell Catholics from <a href="/wiki/Catharism" title="Catharism">Cathars</a> when the city was taken, to which Amalric replied: "<i><a href="/wiki/Caedite_eos._Novit_enim_Dominus_qui_sunt_eius" class="mw-redirect" title="Caedite eos. Novit enim Dominus qui sunt eius">Caedite eos. Novit enim Dominus qui sunt eius</a></i>", or "Kill them all; God will recognize his."<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ritual_violence">Ritual violence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_violence&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Ritual violence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ritual_slaughter" title="Ritual slaughter">ritual slaughter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">human sacrifice</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice" title="Animal sacrifice">animal sacrifice</a></div> <p>Ritual violence may be directed against victims (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">human</a> and nonhuman <a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice" title="Animal sacrifice">animal sacrifice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ritual_slaughter" title="Ritual slaughter">ritual slaughter</a>) or self-inflicted (<a href="/wiki/Self-flagellation#Association_with_religion" title="Self-flagellation">religious self-flagellation</a>). </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Hunting_hypothesis" title="Hunting hypothesis">hunting hypothesis</a>, created by <a href="/wiki/Walter_Burkert" title="Walter Burkert">Walter Burkert</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_Necans" title="Homo Necans">Homo Necans</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Carnivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnivorous">carnivorous</a> behavior is considered a form of violence. Burkett suggests that the anthropological phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religion</a> grew out of rituals that were connected with <a href="/wiki/Hunting" title="Hunting">hunting</a> and the associated feelings of guilt over the violence that hunting required.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_violence&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">Al-Qaeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_God_(terrorist_organization)" title="Army of God (terrorist organization)">Army of God (terrorist organization)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_atonement" title="Blood atonement">Blood atonement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram" title="Boko Haram">Boko Haram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_Commemorating_the_Victims_of_Acts_of_Violence_Based_on_Religion_or_Belief" title="International Day Commemorating the Victims of Acts of Violence Based on Religion or Belief">International Day Commemorating the Victims of Acts of Violence Based on Religion or Belief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism_and_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacifism and religion">Pacifism and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Peace in Islamic philosophy">Peace in Islamic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_peacebuilding" title="Religion and peacebuilding">Religion and peacebuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religions_for_Peace" title="Religions for Peace">Religions for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_fanaticism" title="Religious fanaticism">Religious fanaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Religious intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Religious segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warriors_of_Christ_the_King" title="Warriors of Christ the King">Warriors of Christ the King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch-hunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch-hunt">Witch-hunt</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_violence&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWellmanTokuno,_Kyoko2004" class="citation journal cs1">Wellman, James; Tokuno, Kyoko (2004). "Is Religious Violence Inevitable?". <i>Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion</i>. <b>43</b> (3): 291. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-5906.2004.00234.x">10.1111/j.1468-5906.2004.00234.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Scientific+Study+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Is+Religious+Violence+Inevitable%3F&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=291&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-5906.2004.00234.x&rft.aulast=Wellman&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Tokuno%2C+Kyoko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Jones, James W. (2014). "Violence and Religion". In <a href="/wiki/David_Adams_Leeming" title="David Adams Leeming">Leeming, David A.</a> (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Psychology and Religion</i> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Springer_Science%2BBusiness_Media" title="Springer Science+Business Media">Springer</a>. pp. 1850–1853. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4614-6086-2_849">10.1007/978-1-4614-6086-2_849</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-6087-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-6087-9"><bdi>978-1-4614-6087-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Violence+and+Religion&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Psychology+and+Religion&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=1850-1853&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4614-6086-2_849&rft.isbn=978-1-4614-6087-9&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Houben_Kooji-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Houben_Kooji_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Houben_Kooji_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Houben_Kooji_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Houben_Kooji_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoubenvan_Kooji1999" class="citation book cs1">Houben, Jan; van Kooji, Karel, eds. (1999). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/violencedeniedvi00houb"><i>Violence Denied: Violence, Non-violence and the Rationalization of Violence in South Asian Cultural History</i></a></span>. Leiden; Boston; Köln: Brill. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/violencedeniedvi00houb/page/n8">1</a>–3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004113442" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004113442"><bdi>978-9004113442</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Violence+Denied%3A+Violence%2C+Non-violence+and+the+Rationalization+of+Violence+in+South+Asian+Cultural+History&rft.place=Leiden%3B+Boston%3B+K%C3%B6ln&rft.pages=1-3&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-9004113442&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fviolencedeniedvi00houb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ralph_Tanner-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ralph_Tanner_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ralph_Tanner_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ralph_Tanner_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRalph_E.S._Tanner2007" class="citation book cs1">Ralph E.S. Tanner (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3xQXYpfe0cYC&pg=PA5"><i>Violence and Religion: Cross-cultural Opinions and Consequences</i></a>. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 5–6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788180693762" title="Special:BookSources/9788180693762"><bdi>9788180693762</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Violence+and+Religion%3A+Cross-cultural+Opinions+and+Consequences&rft.pages=5-6&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9788180693762&rft.au=Ralph+E.S.+Tanner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3xQXYpfe0cYC%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clarke_Companion-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_Companion_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_Companion_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_Companion_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Clarke_Companion_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke2019" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, Steve (2019). "28. Violence". In Oppy, Graham (ed.). <i>A Companion to Atheism and Philosophy</i> (First ed.). Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Blackwell. pp. 421–424. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781119119111" title="Special:BookSources/9781119119111"><bdi>9781119119111</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=28.+Violence&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Atheism+and+Philosophy&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pages=421-424&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Wiley+Blackwell&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781119119111&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50_great1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-50_great1_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-50_great1_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-50_great1_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-50_great1_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-50_great1_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorreallSonn2013" class="citation book cs1">Morreall, John; Sonn, Tamara (2013). <i>50 Great Myths of Religion</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 12–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470673508" title="Special:BookSources/9780470673508"><bdi>9780470673508</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=50+Great+Myths+of+Religion&rft.pages=12-17&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780470673508&rft.aulast=Morreall&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Sonn%2C+Tamara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nongbri-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nongbri_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nongbri_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nongbri_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNongbri2013" class="citation book cs1">Nongbri, Brent (2013). <i>Before Religion: A History of a Modern Concept</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300154160" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300154160"><bdi>978-0300154160</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Before+Religion%3A+A+History+of+a+Modern+Concept&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0300154160&rft.aulast=Nongbri&rft.aufirst=Brent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fitzgerald-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fitzgerald_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fitzgerald_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fitzgerald_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzgerald2007" class="citation book cs1">Fitzgerald, Timothy (2007). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/discourseoncivil00fitz"><i>Discourse on Civility and Barbarity</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/discourseoncivil00fitz/page/n57">45</a>–46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530009-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530009-3"><bdi>978-0-19-530009-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discourse+on+Civility+and+Barbarity&rft.pages=45-46&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530009-3&rft.aulast=Fitzgerald&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiscourseoncivil00fitz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rowley2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rowley2_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rowley2_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rowley2_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowley2015" class="citation journal cs1">Rowley, Matthew (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160220155225/http://www.klice.co.uk/uploads/Ethics%20in%20Brief/EiB_Rowley_21_2_WEB.pdf">"How Should We Respond to Religious Violence? Fifteen Ways To Critique Our Own Thoughts"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Ethics in Brief</i>. <b>21</b> (2). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.klice.co.uk/uploads/Ethics%20in%20Brief/EiB_Rowley_21_2_WEB.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethics+in+Brief&rft.atitle=How+Should+We+Respond+to+Religious+Violence%3F+Fifteen+Ways+To+Critique+Our+Own+Thoughts&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Rowley&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.klice.co.uk%2Fuploads%2FEthics%2520in%2520Brief%2FEiB_Rowley_21_2_WEB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Omar-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Omar_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Omar_Peacemaking" class="citation book cs1">Omar, Irfan; Duffey, Michael, eds. (22 June 2015). "Introduction". <i>Peacemaking and the Challenge of Violence in World Religions</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118953426" title="Special:BookSources/9781118953426"><bdi>9781118953426</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Peacemaking+and+the+Challenge+of+Violence+in+World+Religions&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2015-06-22&rft.isbn=9781118953426&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chaves-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chaves_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chaves_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaves2010" class="citation journal cs1">Chaves, Mark (March 2010). 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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521892933" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521892933"><bdi>978-0521892933</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Religion%27+and+the+Religions+in+the+English+Enlightenment&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0521892933&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Invention_Japan-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Invention_Japan_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephson2012" class="citation book cs1">Josephson, Jason Ananda (2012). <i>The Invention of Religion in Japan</i>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226412344" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226412344"><bdi>978-0226412344</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Invention+of+Religion+in+Japan&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0226412344&rft.aulast=Josephson&rft.aufirst=Jason+Ananda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKinnon2002" class="citation journal cs1">McKinnon, Andrew (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157006802760198776">"Sociological definitions, language games, and the "essence" of religion"</a>. <i>Method & Theory in the Study of Religion</i>. <b>14</b> (1): 61–83. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157006802760198776">10.1163/157006802760198776</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2164%2F3073">2164/3073</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0943-3058">0943-3058</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Method+%26+Theory+in+the+Study+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Sociological+definitions%2C+language+games%2C+and+the+%22essence%22+of+religion&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=61-83&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2164%2F3073&rft.issn=0943-3058&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157006802760198776&rft.aulast=McKinnon&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1163%2F157006802760198776&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosephson2012" class="citation book cs1">Josephson, Jason Ananda (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.7208/chicago/9780226412351.001.0001"><i>The Invention of Religion in Japan</i></a>. 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Kelowna, B.C.: Northstone Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781896836478" title="Special:BookSources/9781896836478"><bdi>9781896836478</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Abuse%3A+A+Pastor+Explores+the+Many+Ways+Religion+Can+Hurt+As+Well+As+Heal&rft.place=Kelowna%2C+B.C.&rft.pub=Northstone+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9781896836478&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Keith+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.kent.ac.uk/airs/">"Abuse in Religious Contexts"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/University_of_Kent" title="University of Kent">University of Kent</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Kent&rft.atitle=Abuse+in+Religious+Contexts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.kent.ac.uk%2Fairs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Selengut-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Selengut_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelengut2008" class="citation book cs1">Selengut, Charles (28 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mOqtEkGlq0cC&q=%22sectarian+violence%22+%22religious+violence%22&pg=PR7"><i>Sacred Fury: Understanding Religious Violence</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6084-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6084-0"><bdi>978-0-7425-6084-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+Fury%3A+Understanding+Religious+Violence&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008-04-28&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-6084-0&rft.aulast=Selengut&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmOqtEkGlq0cC%26q%3D%2522sectarian%2Bviolence%2522%2B%2522religious%2Bviolence%2522%26pg%3DPR7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tanner2007-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tanner2007_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTanner2007" class="citation book cs1">Tanner, Ralph E. S. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3xQXYpfe0cYC&q=Christianity+%22violent+religion%22&pg=PA1"><i>Violence and Religion: Cross-Cultural Opinions and Consequences</i></a>. Concept Publishing Company. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788180693762" title="Special:BookSources/9788180693762"><bdi>9788180693762</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Violence+and+Religion%3A+Cross-Cultural+Opinions+and+Consequences&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9788180693762&rft.aulast=Tanner&rft.aufirst=Ralph+E.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3xQXYpfe0cYC%26q%3DChristianity%2B%2522violent%2Breligion%2522%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rowley1-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rowley1_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowley2014" class="citation journal cs1">Rowley, Matthew (2014). 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Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+Words%3A+The+Origins+of+Religious+Violence&rft.place=Amherst%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Avalos&rft.aufirst=Hector&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReginaSchwartz-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReginaSchwartz_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReginaSchwartz_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReginaSchwartz_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/curseofcainviole00schw"><i>The Curse of Cain: The Violent Legacy of Monotheism By Regina M. Schwartz</i></a></span>. University of Chicago Press. 1998.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Curse+of+Cain%3A+The+Violent+Legacy+of+Monotheism+By+Regina+M.+Schwartz&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcurseofcainviole00schw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeschler" class="citation web cs1">Weschler, Lawrence. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720030355/http://faculty.plts.edu/gpence/2490/PDF/mayhem.pdf">"Mayhem and Monotheism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.plts.edu/gpence/2490/PDF/mayhem.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mayhem+and+Monotheism&rft.aulast=Weschler&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.plts.edu%2Fgpence%2F2490%2FPDF%2Fmayhem.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJerryson2015" class="citation journal cs1">Jerryson, Michael (6 May 2015). "Buddhists and Violence: Historical Continuity/Academic Incongruity". <i>Religion Compass</i>. <b>9</b> (5): 141–150, 141. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Frec3.12152">10.1111/rec3.12152</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religion+Compass&rft.atitle=Buddhists+and+Violence%3A+Historical+Continuity%2FAcademic+Incongruity&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=141-150%2C+141&rft.date=2015-05-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Frec3.12152&rft.aulast=Jerryson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrenshaw1987" class="citation journal cs1">Crenshaw, Martha (1 December 1987). "Theories of terrorism: Instrumental and organizational approaches". <i>Journal of Strategic Studies</i>. <b>10</b> (4): 13–31. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01402398708437313">10.1080/01402398708437313</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0140-2390">0140-2390</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Strategic+Studies&rft.atitle=Theories+of+terrorism%3A+Instrumental+and+organizational+approaches&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=13-31&rft.date=1987-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01402398708437313&rft.issn=0140-2390&rft.aulast=Crenshaw&rft.aufirst=Martha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEkiciEkici2009" class="citation book cs1">Ekici, S.; Ekici, A. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mv-jBRlsSlcC&q=Terrorism+a+Communitarian+Approach&pg=PA118"><i>Building Terrorism Resistant Communities: Together Against Terrorism</i></a>. IOS Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781607500063" title="Special:BookSources/9781607500063"><bdi>9781607500063</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+Terrorism+Resistant+Communities%3A+Together+Against+Terrorism&rft.pub=IOS+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781607500063&rft.aulast=Ekici&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Ekici%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMv-jBRlsSlcC%26q%3DTerrorism%2Ba%2BCommunitarian%2BApproach%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuergensmeyer2003" class="citation book cs1">Juergensmeyer, Mark (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lpb1mbaHjGQC"><i>Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520240117" title="Special:BookSources/9780520240117"><bdi>9780520240117</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terror+in+the+Mind+of+God%3A+The+Global+Rise+of+Religious+Violence&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780520240117&rft.aulast=Juergensmeyer&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlpb1mbaHjGQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cavanaugh_myth2-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cavanaugh_myth2_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCavanaugh2009" class="citation book cs1">Cavanaugh, William (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NBXnj1W2ShwC"><i>The Myth of Religious Violence</i></a>. Oxford University Press US. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199736645" title="Special:BookSources/9780199736645"><bdi>9780199736645</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+Religious+Violence&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+US&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780199736645&rft.aulast=Cavanaugh&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNBXnj1W2ShwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jeffrey_Russell-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jeffrey_Russell_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jeffrey_Russell_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell2012" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Jeffrey Burton (2012). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/exposingmythsabo0000russ"><i>Exposing Myths about Christianity</i></a></span>. Downers Grove, Ill.: IVP Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/exposingmythsabo0000russ/page/56">56</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780830834662" title="Special:BookSources/9780830834662"><bdi>9780830834662</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exposing+Myths+about+Christianity&rft.place=Downers+Grove%2C+Ill.&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=IVP+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780830834662&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+Burton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fexposingmythsabo0000russ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50_great-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50_great_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorreallSonn2013" class="citation book cs1">Morreall, John; Sonn, Tamara (2013). "Myth 8. Religion Causes Violence". <i>50 Great Myths of Religion</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 39–44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470673508" title="Special:BookSources/9780470673508"><bdi>9780470673508</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Myth+8.+Religion+Causes+Violence&rft.btitle=50+Great+Myths+of+Religion&rft.pages=39-44&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780470673508&rft.aulast=Morreall&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Sonn%2C+Tamara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dying_to_Win-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dying_to_Win_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dying_to_Win_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dying_to_Win_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dying_to_Win_37-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPape2005" class="citation book cs1">Pape, Robert (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dyingtowinstrate00pape"><i>Dying to Win: The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism</i></a></span>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-7338-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-7338-9"><bdi>978-0-8129-7338-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dying+to+Win%3A+The+Strategic+Logic+of+Suicide+Terrorism&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8129-7338-9&rft.aulast=Pape&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdyingtowinstrate00pape&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtran2011" class="citation book cs1">Atran, Scott (2011). <i>Talking to the Enemy: Faith, Brotherhood, and the (Un)Making of Terrorists</i>. London: Penguin Books. pp. xi–xiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780241951767" title="Special:BookSources/9780241951767"><bdi>9780241951767</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Talking+to+the+Enemy%3A+Faith%2C+Brotherhood%2C+and+the+%28Un%29Making+of+Terrorists&rft.place=London&rft.pages=xi-xiii&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780241951767&rft.aulast=Atran&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Armstrong_Myth-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Armstrong_Myth_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong2014" class="citation web cs1">Armstrong, Karen (24 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/25/-sp-karen-armstrong-religious-violence-myth-secular">"The Myth of Religious Violence"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Myth+of+Religious+Violence&rft.date=2014-09-24&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2014%2Fsep%2F25%2F-sp-karen-armstrong-religious-violence-myth-secular&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CruelCreeds1-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CruelCreeds1_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEller2010" class="citation book cs1">Eller, Jack David (2010). <i>Cruel Creeds, Virtuous Violence: Religious Violence Across Culture and History</i>. Prometheus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61614-218-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61614-218-6"><bdi>978-1-61614-218-6</bdi></a>. <q>As we have insisted previously, religion is not inherently and irredeemably violent; it certainly is not the essence and source of all violence.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cruel+Creeds%2C+Virtuous+Violence%3A+Religious+Violence+Across+Culture+and+History&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-61614-218-6&rft.aulast=Eller&rft.aufirst=Jack+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CruelCreeds2-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CruelCreeds2_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEller2010" class="citation book cs1">Eller, Jack David (2010). <i>Cruel Creeds, Virtuous Violence: Religious Violence Across Culture and History</i>. Prometheus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61614-218-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61614-218-6"><bdi>978-1-61614-218-6</bdi></a>. <q>Religion and violence are clearly compatible, but they are not identical. Violence is one phenomenon in human (and natural existence), religion is another, and it is inevitable that the two would become intertwined. Religion is complex and modular, and violence is one of the modules—not universal, but recurring. As a conceptual and behavioral module, violence is by no means exclusive to religion. There are plenty of other groups, institutions, interests, and ideologies to promote violence. Violence is, therefore, neither essential to nor exclusive to religion. Nor is religious violence all alike... And virtually every form of religious violence has its nonreligious corollary.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cruel+Creeds%2C+Virtuous+Violence%3A+Religious+Violence+Across+Culture+and+History&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-61614-218-6&rft.aulast=Eller&rft.aufirst=Jack+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anthropology_of_Religion-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anthropology_of_Religion_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anthropology_of_Religion_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEller2007" class="citation book cs1">Eller, Jack David (2007). <i>Introducing Anthropology of Religion</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-40896-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-40896-7"><bdi>978-0-415-40896-7</bdi></a>. <q>When a pure or hybrid religious group and/or its interests are threatened, or merely blocked from achieving its interests by another group, conflict and violence may ensue. In such cases, although religion is part of the issue and religious groups form the competitors, or combatants, it would be simplistic or wrong to assume the religion is the "cause" of the trouble or that the parties are "fighting about religion". Religion in the circumstances may be more a marker of the groups than an actual point of contention between them.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introducing+Anthropology+of+Religion&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-415-40896-7&rft.aulast=Eller&rft.aufirst=Jack+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grand_Inquisitor's_Manual-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Grand_Inquisitor's_Manual_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirsch2009" class="citation book cs1">Kirsch, Jonathan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780061732768"><i>The Grand Inquisitor's Manual: A History of Terror in the Name of God</i></a>. HarperOne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-173276-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-173276-8"><bdi>978-0-06-173276-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grand+Inquisitor%27s+Manual%3A+A+History+of+Terror+in+the+Name+of+God&rft.pub=HarperOne&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-06-173276-8&rft.aulast=Kirsch&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780061732768&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Teehan-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Teehan_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeehan2010" class="citation book cs1">Teehan, John (2010). <i>In the Name of God: The Evolutionary Origins of Religious Ethics and Violence</i>. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 145–147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444320701" title="Special:BookSources/9781444320701"><bdi>9781444320701</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Name+of+God%3A+The+Evolutionary+Origins+of+Religious+Ethics+and+Violence&rft.pages=145-147&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781444320701&rft.aulast=Teehan&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBland2003" class="citation web cs1">Bland, Byron (May 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101202011617/http://www.law.stanford.edu/program/centers/scicn/papers/religion_and_political_violence.pdf">"Evil Enemies: The Convergence of Religion and Politics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 4. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.stanford.edu/program/centers/scicn/papers/religion_and_political_violence.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Evil+Enemies%3A+The+Convergence+of+Religion+and+Politics&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2003-05&rft.aulast=Bland&rft.aufirst=Byron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.stanford.edu%2Fprogram%2Fcenters%2Fscicn%2Fpapers%2Freligion_and_political_violence.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYerxa2011" class="citation journal cs1">Yerxa, Donald A. (9 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/426150">"The Myth of Religious Violence: An Interview with William Cavanaugh"</a>. <i>Historically Speaking</i>. <b>12</b> (2): 10–11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fhsp.2011.0015">10.1353/hsp.2011.0015</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162329393">162329393</a> – via Project MUSE.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historically+Speaking&rft.atitle=The+Myth+of+Religious+Violence%3A+An+Interview+with+William+Cavanaugh&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=10-11&rft.date=2011-04-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fhsp.2011.0015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162329393%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Yerxa&rft.aufirst=Donald+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Farticle%2F426150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Janet-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Janet_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Janet_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJakobsen2011" class="citation book cs1">Jakobsen, Janet (16 May 2011). "Gender in the Production of Religious and Secular Violence". In Murphy, Andrew (ed.). <i>The Blackwell Companion to Religion and Violence</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405191319" title="Special:BookSources/9781405191319"><bdi>9781405191319</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gender+in+the+Production+of+Religious+and+Secular+Violence&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Religion+and+Violence&rft.pages=125&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2011-05-16&rft.isbn=9781405191319&rft.aulast=Jakobsen&rft.aufirst=Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carlson-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carlson_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carlson_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlson2011" class="citation book cs1">Carlson, John (2011). "1. Religion and Violence: Coming to Terms with Terms". In Murphy, Andrew (ed.). <i>The Blackwell Companion to Religion and Violence</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405191319" title="Special:BookSources/978-1405191319"><bdi>978-1405191319</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1.+Religion+and+Violence%3A+Coming+to+Terms+with+Terms&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Religion+and+Violence&rft.pages=12&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1405191319&rft.aulast=Carlson&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJakobsen2004" class="citation book cs1">Jakobsen, Janet (2004). "7. Is Secularism Less Violent Than Religion?". In Jakobsen, Janet; Castelli, Elizabeth (eds.). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/interventionsact00eliz"><i>Interventions: Activists and Academics Respond to Violence</i></a></span>. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/interventionsact00eliz/page/53">53</a>, 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1403965820" title="Special:BookSources/978-1403965820"><bdi>978-1403965820</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7.+Is+Secularism+Less+Violent+Than+Religion%3F&rft.btitle=Interventions%3A+Activists+and+Academics+Respond+to+Violence&rft.pages=53%2C+63&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1403965820&rft.aulast=Jakobsen&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finterventionsact00eliz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRalph_E.S._Tanner2011" class="citation news cs1">Ralph E.S. Tanner (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171206173623/http://www.amestrib.com/articles/2011/10/22/ames_tribune/opinion/letters_to_the_editor/doc4ea360b6b6d0d644335789.txt">"The Harmful Secular Ideologies"</a>. Ames Tribune. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amestrib.com/articles/2011/10/22/ames_tribune/opinion/letters_to_the_editor/doc4ea360b6b6d0d644335789.txt">the original</a> on 6 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Harmful+Secular+Ideologies&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Ralph+E.S.+Tanner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.amestrib.com%2Farticles%2F2011%2F10%2F22%2Fames_tribune%2Fopinion%2Fletters_to_the_editor%2Fdoc4ea360b6b6d0d644335789.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Death_By_Government-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Death_By_Government_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRummel1994" class="citation book cs1">Rummel, Rudolph J. (1994). <i>Death By Government</i>. Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56000-927-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56000-927-6"><bdi>978-1-56000-927-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+By+Government&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-56000-927-6&rft.aulast=Rummel&rft.aufirst=Rudolph+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Statistics_of_Democide-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Statistics_of_Democide_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRummel1997" class="citation book cs1">Rummel, Rudolph J. (1997). <i>Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder since 1900</i>. Lit Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-4010-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-4010-5"><bdi>978-3-8258-4010-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statistics+of+Democide%3A+Genocide+and+Mass+Murder+since+1900&rft.pub=Lit+Verlag&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-3-8258-4010-5&rft.aulast=Rummel&rft.aufirst=Rudolph+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Plot_to_Kill_God-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Plot_to_Kill_God_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFroese2008" class="citation book cs1">Froese, Paul (2008). <i>The Plot to Kill God: Findings from the Soviet Experiment in Secularization</i>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25529-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25529-6"><bdi>978-0-520-25529-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Plot+to+Kill+God%3A+Findings+from+the+Soviet+Experiment+in+Secularization&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-520-25529-6&rft.aulast=Froese&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabel2005" class="citation book cs1">Gabel, Paul (2005). <i>And God Created Lenin: Marxism Vs. Religion in Russia, 1917–1929</i>. Prometheus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59102-306-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59102-306-7"><bdi>978-1-59102-306-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=And+God+Created+Lenin%3A+Marxism+Vs.+Religion+in+Russia%2C+1917%E2%80%931929&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-59102-306-7&rft.aulast=Gabel&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Storming_the_Heavens-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Storming_the_Heavens_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeris1998" class="citation book cs1">Peris, Daniel (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stormingheavenss00peri_0"><i>Storming the Heavens: The Soviet League of the Militant Godless</i></a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3485-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3485-3"><bdi>978-0-8014-3485-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storming+the+Heavens%3A+The+Soviet+League+of+the+Militant+Godless&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-3485-3&rft.aulast=Peris&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstormingheavenss00peri_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Pol_Pot_Regime-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-The_Pol_Pot_Regime_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiernan2008" class="citation book cs1">Kiernan, Ben (2008). <i>The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Power, and Genocide in Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge, 1975-79</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14434-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-14434-5"><bdi>978-0-300-14434-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pol+Pot+Regime%3A+Race%2C+Power%2C+and+Genocide+in+Cambodia+under+the+Khmer+Rouge%2C+1975-79&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-300-14434-5&rft.aulast=Kiernan&rft.aufirst=Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mao's_China_and_After-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mao's_China_and_After_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeisner1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Meisner" title="Maurice Meisner">Meisner, Maurice</a> (1999). <i>Mao's China and After: A History of the People's Republic</i>. Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-85635-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-85635-3"><bdi>978-0-684-85635-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mao%27s+China+and+After%3A+A+History+of+the+People%27s+Republic&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-684-85635-3&rft.aulast=Meisner&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Idolatry_and_Iconoclasm-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Idolatry_and_Iconoclasm_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBantjes1997" class="citation journal cs1">Bantjes, Adrian (1997). "Idolatry and Iconoclasm in Revolutionary Mexico: The De-Christianization. Campaigns, 1929–1940". <i>Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos</i>. <b>13</b> (1): 87–121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1051867">10.2307/1051867</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1051867">1051867</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mexican+Studies%2FEstudios+Mexicanos&rft.atitle=Idolatry+and+Iconoclasm+in+Revolutionary+Mexico%3A+The+De-Christianization.+Campaigns%2C+1929%E2%80%931940&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=87-121&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1051867&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1051867%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bantjes&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nelson2009-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nelson2009_59-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2009" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, James M. (27 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LBv_K9Q0Z6gC&pg=PA427"><i>Psychology, Religion, and Spirituality</i></a>. Springer. p. 427. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780387875729" title="Special:BookSources/9780387875729"><bdi>9780387875729</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychology%2C+Religion%2C+and+Spirituality&rft.pages=427&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009-02-27&rft.isbn=9780387875729&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=James+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLBv_K9Q0Z6gC%26pg%3DPA427&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'BrienPalmer2007" class="citation book cs1">O'Brien, Joanne; Palmer, Martin (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atlasofreligion00joan/page/63"><i>The Atlas of Religion</i></a>. University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atlasofreligion00joan/page/63">63</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520249172" title="Special:BookSources/9780520249172"><bdi>9780520249172</bdi></a>. <q>However, the violence has not only been from the religious side. In the last 100 years, the major religions have been more heavily persecuted than at any other time in history. And most of this has not been religion persecuting religion. It has been ideologies persecuting religion. This ranges from the Mexican socialist revolution in 1924 attacking the power, land holdings and ultimately the clergy and buildings of the Catholic Church, through the attacks on all faiths in the Soviet Union, the Holocaust of the Jews by the Nazis, the massive onslaught of the Chinese Cultural Revolution against all faiths in the 1960s and the assaults on the Baha'is in Iran from the 1970s onwards.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Atlas+of+Religion&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780520249172&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=Joanne&rft.au=Palmer%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatlasofreligion00joan%2Fpage%2F63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeoffrey2016" class="citation book cs1">Geoffrey, Blainey (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1125110569"><i>A Short History of Christianity : Essentials of the Christian life</i></a>. SPCK. p. 543. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-281-07620-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-281-07620-8"><bdi>978-0-281-07620-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1125110569">1125110569</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Christianity+%3A+Essentials+of+the+Christian+life&rft.pages=543&rft.pub=SPCK&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1125110569&rft.isbn=978-0-281-07620-8&rft.aulast=Geoffrey&rft.aufirst=Blainey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1125110569&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsad2003" class="citation book cs1">Asad, Talal (2003). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/formationssecula00asad"><i>Formations of the Secular: Christianity, Islam, Modernity</i></a></span> (10. printing. ed.). Stanford University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/formationssecula00asad/page/n106">100</a>, 187–190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804747684" title="Special:BookSources/978-0804747684"><bdi>978-0804747684</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Formations+of+the+Secular%3A+Christianity%2C+Islam%2C+Modernity&rft.pages=100%2C+187-190&rft.edition=10.+printing.&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0804747684&rft.aulast=Asad&rft.aufirst=Talal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fformationssecula00asad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FightingWords-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FightingWords_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FightingWords_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvalos2005" class="citation book cs1">Avalos, Hector (2005). <i>Fighting Words: The Origins of Religious Violence</i>. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fighting+Words%3A+The+Origins+of+Religious+Violence&rft.place=Amherst%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Avalos&rft.aufirst=Hector&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHickey2003" class="citation book cs1">Hickey, Eric W. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dDOW75aJMR8C&q=Judaism+Christianity+Islam+%22religious+violence%22&pg=PA217"><i>Encyclopedia of Murder and Violent Crime</i></a>. SAGE. p. 217. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-2437-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-2437-1"><bdi>978-0-7619-2437-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Murder+and+Violent+Crime&rft.pages=217&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-2437-1&rft.aulast=Hickey&rft.aufirst=Eric+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdDOW75aJMR8C%26q%3DJudaism%2BChristianity%2BIslam%2B%2522religious%2Bviolence%2522%26pg%3DPA217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWechsler" class="citation web cs1">Wechsler, Lawrence. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720030355/http://faculty.plts.edu/gpence/2490/PDF/mayhem.pdf">"Mayhem and Monotheism"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faculty.plts.edu/gpence/2490/PDF/mayhem.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mayhem+and+Monotheism&rft.aulast=Wechsler&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffaculty.plts.edu%2Fgpence%2F2490%2FPDF%2Fmayhem.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peters_First-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peters_First_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peters_First_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peters_First_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peters_First_66-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters1998" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Edward (1998). "Introduction". <i>The First Crusade: The Chronicle of Fulcher of Chartres and Other Source Materials</i> (2 ed.). Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0812216561" title="Special:BookSources/978-0812216561"><bdi>978-0812216561</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+First+Crusade%3A+The+Chronicle+of+Fulcher+of+Chartres+and+Other+Source+Materials&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0812216561&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Duffey_Christianity-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duffey_Christianity_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duffey_Christianity_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duffey_Christianity_67-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duffey_Christianity_67-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duffey_Christianity_67-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuffey2015" class="citation book cs1">Duffey, Michael (22 June 2015). "2. Christianity: From Peacemaking to Violence to Home Again". In Omar, Irfan; Duffey, Michael (eds.). <i>Peacemaking and the Challenge of Violence in World Religions</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118953426" title="Special:BookSources/9781118953426"><bdi>9781118953426</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2.+Christianity%3A+From+Peacemaking+to+Violence+to+Home+Again&rft.btitle=Peacemaking+and+the+Challenge+of+Violence+in+World+Religions&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2015-06-22&rft.isbn=9781118953426&rft.aulast=Duffey&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-James_Just_War-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-James_Just_War_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2011" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, James (2011). "21. Just War and Jihad of the Sword". In Murphy, Andrew R. (ed.). <i>The Blackwell Companion to Religion and Violence</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405191319" title="Special:BookSources/978-1405191319"><bdi>978-1405191319</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=21.+Just+War+and+Jihad+of+the+Sword&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Religion+and+Violence&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1405191319&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VolfChristianityAndViolence-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VolfChristianityAndViolence_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VolfChristianityAndViolence_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolf2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Miroslav_Volf" title="Miroslav Volf">Volf, Miroslav</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CKaCWCDIKWsC&q=%22Christianity+and+violence%22+-inpublisher%3Aicon&pg=PA1">"Christianity and Violence"</a>. In Hess, Richard S.; Martens, E.A. (eds.). <i>War in the Bible and terrorism in the twenty-first century</i>. Eisenbrauns. pp. 1–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-803-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57506-803-9"><bdi>978-1-57506-803-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Christianity+and+Violence&rft.btitle=War+in+the+Bible+and+terrorism+in+the+twenty-first+century&rft.pages=1-17&rft.pub=Eisenbrauns&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-57506-803-9&rft.aulast=Volf&rft.aufirst=Miroslav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCKaCWCDIKWsC%26q%3D%2522Christianity%2Band%2Bviolence%2522%2B-inpublisher%253Aicon%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sMNbcU7UnywC&q=Christianity+antisemitism+%22violent+religion%22&pg=PA323"><i>International Encyclopedia of Violence Research, Volume 2</i></a>. Springer. 2003. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781402014666" title="Special:BookSources/9781402014666"><bdi>9781402014666</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+Violence+Research%2C+Volume+2&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781402014666&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsMNbcU7UnywC%26q%3DChristianity%2Bantisemitism%2B%2522violent%2Breligion%2522%26pg%3DPA323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weaver-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weaver_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weaver_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Denny_Weaver2001" class="citation web cs1">J. Denny Weaver (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120525160546/http://www.crosscurrents.org/weaver0701.htm#TEXT1">"Violence in Christian Theology"</a>. Cross Currents. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crosscurrents.org/weaver0701.htm#TEXT1">the original</a> on 25 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2010</span>. <q>I am using broad definitions of the terms "violence" and "nonviolence". "Violence" means harm or damage, which obviously includes the direct violence of killing -- in <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">capital punishment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">murder</a> --but it also covers the range of forms of systemic violence such as <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">sexism</a>. "Nonviolence" also covers a spectrum of attitudes and actions, from the classic <a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonite</a> idea of passive nonresistance through active nonviolence and nonviolent resistance that would include various kinds of social action, confrontations and the posing of alternatives that do not cause bodily harm or injury.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Violence+in+Christian+Theology&rft.pub=Cross+Currents&rft.date=2001&rft.au=J.+Denny+Weaver&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crosscurrents.org%2Fweaver0701.htm%23TEXT1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weaver2-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Weaver2_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Denny_Weaver2001" class="citation web cs1">J. Denny Weaver (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120525160546/http://www.crosscurrents.org/weaver0701.htm#TEXT1">"Violence in Christian Theology"</a>. Cross Currents. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crosscurrents.org/weaver0701.htm#TEXT1">the original</a> on 25 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Violence+in+Christian+Theology&rft.pub=Cross+Currents&rft.date=2001&rft.au=J.+Denny+Weaver&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crosscurrents.org%2Fweaver0701.htm%23TEXT1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mind-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mind_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mind_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Juergensmeyer2004" class="citation book cs1">Mark Juergensmeyer (2004). <i>Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence</i>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24011-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24011-7"><bdi>978-0-520-24011-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terror+in+the+Mind+of+God%3A+The+Global+Rise+of+Religious+Violence&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24011-7&rft.au=Mark+Juergensmeyer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloch1992" class="citation book cs1">Bloch, Maurice (1992). <i>Prey into Hunter: The Politics of Religious Experience</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prey+into+Hunter%3A+The+Politics+of+Religious+Experience.&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Bloch&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKinnon2014" class="citation book cs1">McKinnon, Andrew (2014). "Religion and the Civilizing Process: The Pax Dei Movement and the Christianization of Violence in the Process of Feudalization". In Andrew McKinnon; Marta Trzebiatowska (eds.). <i>Sociological Theory and the Question of Religion</i>. Theology and Religion in Interdisciplinary Perspective Series in Association with the BSA Sociology of Religion Study Group. Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-6553-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4094-6553-9"><bdi>978-1-4094-6553-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Religion+and+the+Civilizing+Process%3A+The+Pax+Dei+Movement+and+the+Christianization+of+Violence+in+the+Process+of+Feudalization&rft.btitle=Sociological+Theory+and+the+Question+of+Religion&rft.series=Theology+and+Religion+in+Interdisciplinary+Perspective+Series+in+Association+with+the+BSA+Sociology+of+Religion+Study+Group&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4094-6553-9&rft.aulast=McKinnon&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BoardmanLecture-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BoardmanLecture_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolf2002" class="citation web cs1">Volf, Miroslav (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=boardman">"Christianity and Violence"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christianity+and+Violence&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Volf&rft.aufirst=Miroslav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.upenn.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1001%26context%3Dboardman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Volf_2008_13-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Volf_2008_13_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVolf2008">Volf 2008</a>, p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VolfChristianityAndViolence2-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VolfChristianityAndViolence2_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolf2002" class="citation web cs1">Volf, Miroslav (12 March 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=boardman">"Christianity and violence"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christianity+and+violence&rft.date=2002-03-12&rft.aulast=Volf&rft.aufirst=Miroslav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.upenn.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1001%26context%3Dboardman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVolf1998" class="citation journal cs1">Volf, Miroslav (June 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.georgefox.edu/academics/undergrad/departments/soc-swk/ree/Volf_The%20Social_June%201998.pdf">"The Social Meaning of Reconciliation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe</i>. <b>18</b> (3)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Occasional+Papers+on+Religion+in+Eastern+Europe&rft.atitle=The+Social+Meaning+of+Reconciliation&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1998-06&rft.aulast=Volf&rft.aufirst=Miroslav&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.georgefox.edu%2Facademics%2Fundergrad%2Fdepartments%2Fsoc-swk%2Free%2FVolf_The%2520Social_June%25201998.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Merriam-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Merriam_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWendy_Doniger1999" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Doniger" title="Wendy Doniger">Wendy Doniger</a>, ed. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780877790440">"Merriam-Webster's encyclopedia of world religions; Wendy Doniger, consulting editor"</a>. <i>Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions</i>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-044-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87779-044-0"><bdi>978-0-87779-044-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+encyclopedia+of+world+religions%3B+Wendy+Doniger%2C+consulting+editor&rft.btitle=Merriam-Webster%27s+Encyclopedia+of+World+Religions&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-87779-044-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780877790440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span>,<i>Jihad</i>, p. 571</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MIC-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MIC_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosef_W._Meri2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Josef_W._Meri" title="Josef W. Meri">Josef W. Meri</a>, ed. (2005). <i>Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96690-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96690-0"><bdi>978-0-415-96690-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-415-96690-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span>, <i>Jihad</i>, p. 419</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Omar_Islam-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Omar_Islam_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Omar_Islam_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Omar_Islam_82-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOmar2015" class="citation book cs1">Omar, Irfan (22 June 2015). "1. Jihad and Nonviolence in the Islamic Tradition". In Omar, Irfan; Duffey, Michael (eds.). <i>Peacemaking and the Challenge of Violence in World Religions</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781118953426" title="Special:BookSources/9781118953426"><bdi>9781118953426</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1.+Jihad+and+Nonviolence+in+the+Islamic+Tradition&rft.btitle=Peacemaking+and+the+Challenge+of+Violence+in+World+Religions&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2015-06-22&rft.isbn=9781118953426&rft.aulast=Omar&rft.aufirst=Irfan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2019)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jih-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jih_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2016" class="citation book cs1">Esposito, John L. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/935514239"><i>Islam : the straight path</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-063215-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-063215-1"><bdi>978-0-19-063215-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/935514239">935514239</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+%3A+the+straight+path&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F935514239&rft.isbn=978-0-19-063215-1&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=John+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F935514239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Who_Are_the_Moderate_Muslims-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Who_Are_the_Moderate_Muslims_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2006" class="citation web cs1">Harris, Sam (17 February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/who-are-the-moderate-musl_b_15841">"Who Are the Moderate Muslims?"</a>. <i>HuffPost</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=Who+Are+the+Moderate+Muslims%3F&rft.date=2006-02-17&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffpost.com%2Fentry%2Fwho-are-the-moderate-musl_b_15841&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sohail H. Hashmi, David Miller, <i>Boundaries and Justice: Diverse Ethical Perspectives</i>, Princeton University Press, p.197</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Khaleel Muhammad, professor of religious studies at San Diego State University, states, regarding his discussion with the critic Robert Spencer, that "when I am told ... that Jihad only means war, or that I have to accept interpretations of the Quran that non-Muslims (with no good intentions or knowledge of Islam) seek to force upon me, I see a certain agendum developing: one that is based on hate, and I refuse to be part of such an intellectual crime."<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080708102707/http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~khaleel/">"Khaleel Mohammed- San Diego State University - Religious Studies Department"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/~khaleel/">the original</a> on 8 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Khaleel+Mohammed-+San+Diego+State+University+-+Religious+Studies+Department&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-rohan.sdsu.edu%2F~khaleel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbcislam-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbcislam_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/beliefs/jihad_1.shtml">"Jihad"</a>. BBC. 3 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jihad&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2009-08-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Freligion%2Freligions%2Fislam%2Fbeliefs%2Fjihad_1.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, Bernard</a> (1988). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicallanguag00lewi_680"><i>The Political Language of Islam</i></a></span>. University of Chicago Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicallanguag00lewi_680/page/n80">72</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0226476926" title="Special:BookSources/978-0226476926"><bdi>978-0226476926</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Language+of+Islam&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0226476926&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticallanguag00lewi_680&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span> Cf. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatt1976" class="citation book cs1">Watt, William M. (1976). "Islamic Conceptions of the Holy War". In Murphy, Thomas P. (ed.). <i>The Holy War</i>. Ohio State University Press. p. 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814202456" title="Special:BookSources/978-0814202456"><bdi>978-0814202456</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Islamic+Conceptions+of+the+Holy+War&rft.btitle=The+Holy+War&rft.pages=143&rft.pub=Ohio+State+University+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0814202456&rft.aulast=Watt&rft.aufirst=William+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaykh_Hisham_KabbaniShaykh_Seraj_HendricksShaykh_Ahmad_Hendricks" class="citation web cs1">Shaykh Hisham Kabbani; Shaykh Seraj Hendricks; Shaykh Ahmad Hendricks. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060717071555/http://www.sunnah.org/fiqh/jihad_judicial_ruling.htm">"Jihad—A Misunderstood Concept from Islam"</a>. The Muslim Magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sunnah.org/fiqh/jihad_judicial_ruling.htm">the original</a> on 17 July 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jihad%E2%80%94A+Misunderstood+Concept+from+Islam&rft.pub=The+Muslim+Magazine&rft.au=Shaykh+Hisham+Kabbani&rft.au=Shaykh+Seraj+Hendricks&rft.au=Shaykh+Ahmad+Hendricks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sunnah.org%2Ffiqh%2Fjihad_judicial_ruling.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8537925.stm">"Libya's Gaddafi urges 'holy war' against Switzerland"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. 26 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Libya%27s+Gaddafi+urges+%27holy+war%27+against+Switzerland&rft.date=2010-02-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fafrica%2F8537925.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters1977" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Rudolph (1977). <i>Jihad in Medieval and Modern Islam</i>. Brill Academic Pub. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004048546" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004048546"><bdi>978-9004048546</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jihad+in+Medieval+and+Modern+Islam&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Pub&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-9004048546&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Rudolph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrone2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Crone" title="Patricia Crone">Crone, Patricia</a> (2005). <i>Medieval Islamic Political Thought</i>. Edinburgh University. p. 363. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0748621941" title="Special:BookSources/978-0748621941"><bdi>978-0748621941</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Islamic+Political+Thought&rft.pages=363&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0748621941&rft.aulast=Crone&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130818180319/http://rissc.jo/index.php/english-publications.html"><i>Jihad and the Islamic Law of War</i></a>. Jordan: The Royal Aal al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rissc.jo/index.php/english-publications.html">the original</a> on 18 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jihad+and+the+Islamic+Law+of+War&rft.place=Jordan&rft.pub=The+Royal+Aal+al-Bayt+Institute+for+Islamic+Thought&rft.date=2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frissc.jo%2Findex.php%2Fenglish-publications.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Peters" title="Rudolph Peters">Peters, Rudolph</a> (1979). <i>Islam and Colonialism: The Doctrine of Jihad in Modern History</i>. Mouton Publishers. p. 118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9027933478" title="Special:BookSources/978-9027933478"><bdi>978-9027933478</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+Colonialism%3A+The+Doctrine+of+Jihad+in+Modern+History&rft.pages=118&rft.pub=Mouton+Publishers&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-9027933478&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Rudolph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memritv.org/clip_transcript/en/813.htm">"Captured Iraqi Terrorist Ramzi Hashem Abed: Zarqawi Participated in the Plot to Assassinate Baqer Al-Hakim. We Bombed Jalal Talabani's Headquarters, the Turkish Embassy, and the Red Cross, Took Drugs, Raped University Students Who "Collaborated with the Americans"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a></span>. The Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Captured+Iraqi+Terrorist+Ramzi+Hashem+Abed%3A+Zarqawi+Participated+in+the+Plot+to+Assassinate+Baqer+Al-Hakim.+We+Bombed+Jalal+Talabani%27s+Headquarters%2C+the+Turkish+Embassy%2C+and+the+Red+Cross%2C+Took+Drugs%2C+Raped+University+Students+Who+%22Collaborated+with+the+Americans%22&rft.pub=The+Middle+East+Media+Research+Institute+%28MEMRI%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.memritv.org%2Fclip_transcript%2Fen%2F813.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/legacy/reports/reports98/afghan/Afrepor0-04.htm#P195_40896">"Abductions of and Assaults on Women"</a>. <i>The Massacre in Mazar-I Sharif</i>. Human Rights Watch<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Massacre+in+Mazar-I+Sharif&rft.atitle=Abductions+of+and+Assaults+on+Women&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Flegacy%2Freports%2Freports98%2Fafghan%2FAfrepor0-04.htm%23P195_40896&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoussef_M._Ibrahim1988" class="citation news cs1">Youssef M. Ibrahim (14 April 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1998/04/14/world/algeria-to-permit-abortions-for-rape-victims.html">"Algeria to Permit Abortions for Rape Victims"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Algeria+to+Permit+Abortions+for+Rape+Victims&rft.date=1988-04-14&rft.au=Youssef+M.+Ibrahim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1998%2F04%2F14%2Fworld%2Falgeria-to-permit-abortions-for-rape-victims.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_E._Eidenmuller2015" class="citation web cs1">Michael E. Eidenmuller (14 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanrhetoric.com/speeches/gwbush911barksdale.htm">"George W. Bush - 9/11 Remarks at Barksdale Air Force Base delivered 11 September, 2001, Barksdale, Louisiana"</a>. American Rhetoric<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.number10.gov.uk/output/Page9948.asp">the original</a> on 15 August 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Speech+to+the+Los+Angeles+World+Affairs+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.number10.gov.uk%2Foutput%2FPage9948.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_L._Friedman2003" class="citation news cs1">Thomas L. Friedman (20 April 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2003/04/20/opinion/the-third-bubble.html">"The Third Bubble"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Peeters Publishers. pp. 82, 109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789068313727" title="Special:BookSources/9789068313727"><bdi>9789068313727</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swords+into+Plowshares%3A+Theological+Reflections+on+Peace&rft.pages=82%2C+109&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9789068313727&rft.aulast=Burggraeve&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Vervenne%2C+Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq8KvY0W58eYC%26q%3D%2522violent%2BGod%2522%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeft,_James2004" class="citation book cs1">Heft, James, ed. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rxiINuHNAIUC&q=Judaism+%22violent+religion%22&pg=PT96"><i>Beyond Violence: Religious Sources of Social Transformation in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam</i></a>. Fordham University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780823223350" title="Special:BookSources/9780823223350"><bdi>9780823223350</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Violence%3A+Religious+Sources+of+Social+Transformation+in+Judaism%2C+Christianity%2C+and+Islam&rft.pub=Fordham+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780823223350&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrxiINuHNAIUC%26q%3DJudaism%2B%2522violent%2Breligion%2522%26pg%3DPT96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wcc-coe.org/wcc/what/interreligious/cd39-07.html">"The Co-existence of Violence and Non-Violence in Judaism"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Georgetown University Press. p. 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+Its+Discontents%3A+Pacifism+and+Quietism+in+the+Abrahamic+Traditions&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=J.+Patout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Broyde-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Broyde_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fighting the War and the Peace: Battlefield Ethics, Peace Talks, Treaties, and Pacifism in the Jewish Tradition. Michael J. Broyde, 1998, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldsmith_Ed._1991_181-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goldsmith_Ed._1991_181_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Reuven Firestone (2004), "Judaism on Violence and Reconciliation: An examination of key sources" in <i>Beyond Violence: Religious Sources of Social Transformation in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam</i>, Fordham University Press, 2004, pp. 77, 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsmith_(Ed.)1991" class="citation book cs1">Goldsmith (Ed.), Emanuel S. (1991). <i>Dynamic Judaism: The Essential Writings of Mordecai M. Kaplan</i>. Fordham University Press. p. 181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-1310-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8232-1310-8"><bdi>978-0-8232-1310-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dynamic+Judaism%3A+The+Essential+Writings+of+Mordecai+M.+Kaplan&rft.pages=181&rft.pub=Fordham+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8232-1310-8&rft.aulast=Goldsmith+%28Ed.%29&rft.aufirst=Emanuel+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpero1983" class="citation book cs1">Spero, Shubert (1983). <i>Morality, Halakha, and the Jewish Tradition</i>. Ktav Publishing House, Inc. pp. 137–318. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87068-727-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87068-727-3"><bdi>978-0-87068-727-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Morality%2C+Halakha%2C+and+the+Jewish+Tradition&rft.pages=137-318&rft.pub=Ktav+Publishing+House%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-87068-727-3&rft.aulast=Spero&rft.aufirst=Shubert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalaita2006" class="citation book cs1">Salaita, Steven George (2006). <i>The Holy Land in Transit: Colonialism and the Quest for Canaan</i>. 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Council on Foreign Relations. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forlandlordjewis0000lust/page/131">131–132</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87609-036-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87609-036-7"><bdi>978-0-87609-036-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=For+the+Land+and+the+Lord%3A+Jewish+Fundamentalism+in+Israel&rft.pages=131-132&rft.pub=Council+on+Foreign+Relations&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-87609-036-7&rft.aulast=Lustick&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforlandlordjewis0000lust%2Fpage%2F131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArmstrong2007" class="citation book cs1">Armstrong, Karen (2007). <i>The Bible: A Biography</i>. Atlantic Monthly Press. pp. 211–216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87113-969-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87113-969-6"><bdi>978-0-87113-969-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bible%3A+A+Biography&rft.pages=211-216&rft.pub=Atlantic+Monthly+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-87113-969-6&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=Karen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. G. Hunter "Denominating Amalek: Racist stereotyping in the Bible and the Justification of Discrimination", in <i>Sanctified Aggression: Legacies of Biblical and Post-Biblical Vocabularies of Violence</i>, Jonneke Bekkenkamp, Yvonne Sherwood (Eds.). 2003, Continuum Internatio Publishing Group, pp. 92–108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawkins2006" class="citation book cs1">Dawkins, Richard (2006). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goddelusion00dawk_897"><i>The God Delusion</i></a></span>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/goddelusion00dawk_897/page/n255">245</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-68000-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-68000-9"><bdi>978-0-618-68000-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+God+Delusion&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-618-68000-9&rft.aulast=Dawkins&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgoddelusion00dawk_897&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhrlich1999" class="citation book cs1">Ehrlich, Carl. S. (1999). "Joshua, Judaism, and Genocide". In Targarona, Judit; Sáenz-Badillos, Angel (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/772544616"><i>Jewish studies at the turn of the twentieth century : proceedings of the 6th EAJS congress, Toledo, July 1998</i></a>. Brill. pp. 117–124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11558-7" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-11558-7"><bdi>90-04-11558-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/772544616">772544616</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Joshua%2C+Judaism%2C+and+Genocide&rft.btitle=Jewish+studies+at+the+turn+of+the+twentieth+century+%3A+proceedings+of+the+6th+EAJS+congress%2C+Toledo%2C+July+1998&rft.pages=117-124&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F772544616&rft.isbn=90-04-11558-7&rft.aulast=Ehrlich&rft.aufirst=Carl.+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F772544616&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawkins2016" class="citation book cs1">Dawkins, Richard (19 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/956764823"><i>The God delusion</i></a>. Black Swan. pp. 289–296. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78416-192-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78416-192-7"><bdi>978-1-78416-192-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/956764823">956764823</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+God+delusion&rft.pages=289-296&rft.pub=Black+Swan&rft.date=2016-05-19&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F956764823&rft.isbn=978-1-78416-192-7&rft.aulast=Dawkins&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F956764823&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitchens2007" class="citation book cs1">Hitchens, Christopher (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/70630426"><i>God is not great : how religion poisons everything</i></a>. New York. p. 117. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-446-57980-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-446-57980-3"><bdi>978-0-446-57980-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70630426">70630426</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+is+not+great+%3A+how+religion+poisons+everything&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=117&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70630426&rft.isbn=978-0-446-57980-3&rft.aulast=Hitchens&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F70630426&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelengut2017" class="citation book cs1">Selengut, Charles (12 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/960642045"><i>Sacred fury : understanding religious violence</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-7685-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-7685-7"><bdi>978-1-4422-7685-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/960642045">960642045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacred+fury+%3A+understanding+religious+violence&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2017-01-12&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F960642045&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-7685-7&rft.aulast=Selengut&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F960642045&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowlesGardLongmanMerrill2010" class="citation book cs1">Cowles, C. S; Gard, Daniel; Longman, Tremper; Merrill, Eugene (June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/698775072"><i>Show them no mercy : 4 views on God and Canaanite genocide</i></a>. Zondervan Academic. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-310-87376-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-310-87376-1"><bdi>978-0-310-87376-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/698775072">698775072</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Show+them+no+mercy+%3A+4+views+on+God+and+Canaanite+genocide&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Zondervan+Academic&rft.date=2010-06&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F698775072&rft.isbn=978-0-310-87376-1&rft.aulast=Cowles&rft.aufirst=C.+S&rft.au=Gard%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Longman%2C+Tremper&rft.au=Merrill%2C+Eugene&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F698775072&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kravitz, Leonard, "What is Crime?", in <i>Crime and Punishment in Jewish Law: Essays and Responsa</i>, Editors <a href="/wiki/Walter_Jacob" title="Walter Jacob">Walter Jacob</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Zemer" title="Moshe Zemer">Moshe Zemer</a> Berghahn Books, 1999, p. 31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cohn, Robert L, "Before Israel: The Canaanites as Other in Biblical Tradition", in <i>The Other in Jewish Thought and History: Constructions of Jewish Culture and Identity</i>, Laurence Jay Silberstein, (Ed.), NYU Press, 1994, pp. 76–77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Violence, Scripture, and Textual Practice in Early Judaism and Christianity By Ra'anan S. Boustan, pp. 3–5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Oxford Handbook of Genocide Studies</i>, Donald Bloxham, A. Dirk Moses, p. 242</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Saleh Abdel Jawad (2007) "Zionist Massacres: the Creation of the Palestinian Refugee Problem in the 1948 War" in <i>Israel and the Palestinian Refugees</i>, Eyal Benvenistî, Chaim Gans, Sari Hanafi (Eds.), Springer, p. 78: "... the Zionist movement, which claims to be secular, found it necessary to embrace the idea of 'the promised land' of Old Testament prophecy, to justify the confiscation of land and the expulsion of the <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinians</a>. For example, the speeches and letters of <a href="/wiki/Chaim_Weizman" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaim Weizman">Chaim Weizman</a>, the secular Zionist leader, are filled with references to the biblical origins of the Jewish claim to Palestine, which he often mixes liberally with more pragmatic and nationalistic claims. By the use of this premise, embraced in 1937, Zionists alleged that the Palestinians were usurpers in the Promised Land, and therefore their expulsion and death was justified. The Jewish-American writer Dan Kurzman, in his book <i>Genesis 1948</i> ... describes the view of one of the Deir Yassin's killers: 'The Sternists followed the instructions of the Bible more rigidly than others. They honored the passage (Exodus 22:2): 'If a thief be found ...' This meant, of course, that killing a thief was not really murder. And were not the enemies of Zionism thieves, who wanted to steal from the Jews what God had granted them?'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carl. S. Ehrlich (1999) "Joshua, Judaism, and Genocide", in <i>Jewish Studies at the Turn of the Twentieth Century</i>, Judit Targarona Borrás, Ángel Sáenz-Badillos (Eds). 1999, Brill. pp. 117–124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRights_Council2019" class="citation journal cs1">Rights Council, Human (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/HRBodies/HRC/RegularSessions/Session40/Documents/A_HRC_40_74_CRP2.pdf">"Report of the detailed findings of the independent international Commission of inquiry on the protests in the Occupied Palestinian Territory"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Human Rights Council">Human Rights Council</a></i>. <b>1</b> (7): 251 – via Fortieth session.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Council&rft.atitle=Report+of+the+detailed+findings+of+the+independent+international+Commission+of+inquiry+on+the+protests+in+the+Occupied+Palestinian+Territory&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=251&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Rights+Council&rft.aufirst=Human&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ohchr.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FHRBodies%2FHRC%2FRegularSessions%2FSession40%2FDocuments%2FA_HRC_40_74_CRP2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasalha2000" class="citation book cs1">Masalha, Nur (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vgGJo3wR6sQC&pg=PA129"><i>Imperial Israel and the Palestinians: The Politics of Expansion</i></a>. Pluto Press. pp. 129–131. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-1615-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-1615-4"><bdi>978-0-7453-1615-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2017</span>. <q>Frequently Jewish fundamentalists refer to the Palestinians as the 'Amalekites' ... of today.... According to the Old Testament, the Amalek ... were regarded as the Israelites' inveterate foe, whose 'annihilation' became a sacred duty and against whom war should be waged until their 'memory be blotted out' forever (Ex 17:16; Deut 25:17–19).... Some of the [modern] political messianics insist on giving the biblical commandment to 'blot out the memory of the Amalek' an actual contemporary relevance in the conflict between the Israelis and Palestinians. In February 1980, Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Israel_Hess" title="Israel Hess">Israel Hess</a> ... published an article [titled] 'The Genocide Commandment in the Torah' ... which ends with the following: 'The day is not far when we shall all be called to this holy war, this commandment of the annihilation of the Amalek'. Hess quotes the biblical commandment ... 'Do not spare him, but kill man and woman, baby and suckling, ox and sheep, camel, and donkey'.... In his book <i>On the Lord's Side</i> Danny Rubinstein has shown that this notion permeates the <a href="/wiki/Gush_Emunim" title="Gush Emunim">Gush Emunim</a> movement's bulletins [one of which] carried an article ... which reads 'In every generation there is an Amalek.... The Amalekism of our generation finds expression in the deep Arab hatred towards our national revival ...'... Professor Uriel Tal ... conducted his study in the early 1980s ... and pointed out that the totalitarian political messianic stream refers to the Palestinian Arabs in three stages or degrees: ... [stage] (3) the implementation of the commandment of Amalek, as expressed in Rabbi Hess's article 'The Commandment of Genocide in the Torah', in other words 'annihilating' the Palestinian Arabs'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imperial+Israel+and+the+Palestinians%3A+The+Politics+of+Expansion&rft.pages=129-131&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7453-1615-4&rft.aulast=Masalha&rft.aufirst=Nur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvgGJo3wR6sQC%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also Hunter, p. 103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRon2017" class="citation book cs1">Ron, Geaves (19 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/1012136127"><i>Islam and the West post 9/11</i></a>. Routledge. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-92608-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-92608-9"><bdi>978-1-351-92608-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1012136127">1012136127</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+and+the+West+post+9%2F11&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017-10-19&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1012136127&rft.isbn=978-1-351-92608-9&rft.aulast=Ron&rft.aufirst=Geaves&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1012136127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170526195104/http://odin.org/faq.html">"odin.org (Wodanesdag Press)"</a>. <i>odin.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://odin.org/faq.html">the original</a> on 26 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=odin.org&rft.atitle=odin.org+%28Wodanesdag+Press%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fodin.org%2Ffaq.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_130-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_130-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://permanent.access.gpo.gov/lps3578/www.fbi.gov/library/megiddo/megiddo.pdf">"Megiddo Report"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>United States Government Publishing Office</i>. Federal Bureau of Investigation. 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Government+Publishing+Office&rft.atitle=Megiddo+Report&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpermanent.access.gpo.gov%2Flps3578%2Fwww.fbi.gov%2Flibrary%2Fmegiddo%2Fmegiddo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2017/active-hate-groups-2016">"Active Hate Groups 2016"</a>. Southern Poverty Law Center. 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Active+Hate+Groups+2016&rft.pub=Southern+Poverty+Law+Center&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.splcenter.org%2Ffighting-hate%2Fintelligence-report%2F2017%2Factive-hate-groups-2016&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/story/viking-mythology-grows-as-religion-for-inmates">"Viking Mythology Grows As Religion for Inmates"</a>. <i>Fox News</i>. 24 July 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Viking+Mythology+Grows+As+Religion+for+Inmates&rft.date=2006-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fstory%2Fviking-mythology-grows-as-religion-for-inmates&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thinkprogress.org/the-new-religion-of-choice-for-white-supremacists-8af2a69a3440">"The New Religion Of Choice For White Supremacists – ThinkProgress"</a>. <i>ThinkProgress</i>. 13 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ThinkProgress&rft.atitle=The+New+Religion+Of+Choice+For+White+Supremacists+%E2%80%93+ThinkProgress&rft.date=2015-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthinkprogress.org%2Fthe-new-religion-of-choice-for-white-supremacists-8af2a69a3440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVohryzekOlson-RaymerWhamond2001" class="citation book cs1">Vohryzek, Miki; Olson-Raymer, Gayle; Whamond, Jeffery O. (1 January 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jfBwCQAAQBAJ&q=1999+fbi+domestic+terrorism+odin&pg=PA124"><i>Domestic Terrorism and Incident Management: Issues and Tactics</i></a>. Charles C Thomas Publisher. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780398083083" title="Special:BookSources/9780398083083"><bdi>9780398083083</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Domestic+Terrorism+and+Incident+Management%3A+Issues+and+Tactics&rft.pub=Charles+C+Thomas+Publisher&rft.date=2001-01-01&rft.isbn=9780398083083&rft.aulast=Vohryzek&rft.aufirst=Miki&rft.au=Olson-Raymer%2C+Gayle&rft.au=Whamond%2C+Jeffery+O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjfBwCQAAQBAJ%26q%3D1999%2Bfbi%2Bdomestic%2Bterrorism%2Bodin%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Underhill-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Underhill_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnderhill1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Underhill" title="Ruth Underhill">Underhill, Ruth M.</a> (1965). "Chapter 13. War Ceremonies". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I20d62JZxT8C"><i>Red Manʼs Religion: Beliefs and Practices of the Indians North of Mexico</i></a>. Chicago, Il; London: University of Chicago Press. pp. 127–141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-84167-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-84167-7"><bdi>0-226-84167-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+13.+War+Ceremonies&rft.btitle=Red+Man%CA%BCs+Religion%3A+Beliefs+and+Practices+of+the+Indians+North+of+Mexico&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Il%3B+London&rft.pages=127-141&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=0-226-84167-7&rft.aulast=Underhill&rft.aufirst=Ruth+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI20d62JZxT8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/david-lane">"David Lane"</a>. <i>Southern Poverty Law Center</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southern+Poverty+Law+Center&rft.atitle=David+Lane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.splcenter.org%2Ffighting-hate%2Fextremist-files%2Findividual%2Fdavid-lane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiroslav2016" class="citation journal cs1">Miroslav, Vrzal (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.muni.cz/en/research/publications/1351916">"Pagan terrorism? Pagan motives for church burnings in the early 90s Norwegian black metal subculture"</a>. <i>Masaryk University</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Masaryk+University&rft.atitle=Pagan+terrorism%3F+Pagan+motives+for+church+burnings+in+the+early+90s+Norwegian+black+metal+subculture&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Miroslav&rft.aufirst=Vrzal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.muni.cz%2Fen%2Fresearch%2Fpublications%2F1351916&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoynihanSøderlind2003" class="citation book cs1">Moynihan, Michael; Søderlind, Didrik (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5J1fCHvHfosC&q=lords+of+chaos"><i>Lords of Chaos: The Bloody Rise of the Satanic Metal Underground</i></a>. Feral House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780922915941" title="Special:BookSources/9780922915941"><bdi>9780922915941</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lords+of+Chaos%3A+The+Bloody+Rise+of+the+Satanic+Metal+Underground&rft.pub=Feral+House&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780922915941&rft.aulast=Moynihan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=S%C3%B8derlind%2C+Didrik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5J1fCHvHfosC%26q%3Dlords%2Bof%2Bchaos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nydailynews.com/news/national/kansas-killer-worshipper-neo-pagan-odinism-article-1.1757496">"Kan. killer follows neopagan Odinism"</a>. <i>NY Daily News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NY+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Kan.+killer+follows+neopagan+Odinism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nydailynews.com%2Fnews%2Fnational%2Fkansas-killer-worshipper-neo-pagan-odinism-article-1.1757496&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030223123316/http://www.buzzle.com/editorials/11-24-2002-30919.asp">"bin Laden's 'letter to America'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from the original on 23 February 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=bin+Laden%27s+%27letter+to+America%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buzzle.com%2Feditorials%2F11-24-2002-30919.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-juerg-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-juerg_141-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-juerg_141-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuergensmeyer2001" class="citation book cs1">Juergensmeyer, Mark (21 September 2001). <i>Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence. Updated edition</i>. University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terror+in+the+Mind+of+God%3A+The+Global+Rise+of+Religious+Violence.+Updated+edition&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2001-09-21&rft.aulast=Juergensmeyer&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chrjhd-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chrjhd_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080709000007/http://www.cbn.com/spirituallife/ChurchAndMinistry/ChurchHistory/Crusades_CanerChristianJihad0505.asp">"Christian Jihad: The Crusades and Killing in the Name of Christ by Craig von Buseck: Spiritual Life on CBN.com"</a>. <i>www.cbn.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbn.com/spirituallife/ChurchAndMinistry/ChurchHistory/Crusades_CanerChristianJihad0505.aspx">the original</a> on 9 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cbn.com&rft.atitle=Christian+Jihad%3A+The+Crusades+and+Killing+in+the+Name+of+Christ+by+Craig+von+Buseck%3A+Spiritual+Life+on+CBN.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbn.com%2Fspirituallife%2FChurchAndMinistry%2FChurchHistory%2FCrusades_CanerChristianJihad0505.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930015305/http://www.positiveatheism.org/mail/eml9442.htm">"Kill Them All; For The Lord Knoweth Them That Are His Steve Locks (Reply) (9-00)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.positiveatheism.org/mail/eml9442.htm">the original</a> on 30 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kill+Them+All%3B+For+The+Lord+Knoweth+Them+That+Are+His+Steve+Locks+%28Reply%29+%289-00%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.positiveatheism.org%2Fmail%2Feml9442.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurkert1987" class="citation book cs1">Burkert, Walter (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/83239158"><i>Homo necans : the anthropology of ancient Greek sacrificial ritual and myth</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-05875-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-05875-5"><bdi>0-520-05875-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/83239158">83239158</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homo+necans+%3A+the+anthropology+of+ancient+Greek+sacrificial+ritual+and+myth&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F83239158&rft.isbn=0-520-05875-5&rft.aulast=Burkert&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F83239158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_violence&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Academic</dt></dl> <ul><li>Appleby, R. Scott (2000) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8RqbMGvsz5MC">The Ambivalence of the Sacred: Religion, Violence, and Reconciliation</a></i>. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.</li> <li>Avalos, Hector (2005) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fightingwordsori0000aval">Fighting Words: the Origins of Religious Violence</a></i>. New York: Prometheus.</li> <li>Buc, Philippe (2015) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LnyZBgAAQBAJ">Holy War, Martyrdom and Terror: Christianity, Violence and the West</a></i>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Burkert" title="Walter Burkert">Burkert, Walter</a>. (1983). <i><a href="/wiki/Homo_Necans" title="Homo Necans">Homo Necans</a>: The Anthropology of Ancient Greek Sacrificial Ritual and Myth</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press</li> <li>Crocket, Clayton (ed.) (2006) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9TgAxmycJBIC">Religion and Violence in a Secular World: Toward a New Political Theology</a></i>. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press.</li> <li>Flood, Derek (2012) "The way of peace and grace". <i><a href="/wiki/Sojourners" title="Sojourners">Sojourners</a></i>. January 2012.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Girard" title="René Girard">Girard, René</a>. (1977) <i>Violence et le Sacré</i> (English <i><a href="/wiki/Violence_and_the_Sacred" title="Violence and the Sacred">Violence and the Sacred</a>)</i>. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.</li> <li>Hamerton-Kelly, Robert G. (ed.) (1987) <i>Violent Origins: Walter Burkert, René Girard and Jonathan Z. Smith on Ritual Killing and Cultural Formation</i>. Stanford: Stanford University Press.</li> <li>Jerryson, Michael. (2010) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cXORqV4AZjcC">Buddhist Warfare</a></i>. New York: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Juergensmeyer, Mark, Kitts, Margo and Jerryson, Michael (ed.) (2013) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5UsYuiIkZXoC">The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Violence</a></i>. New York: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Juergensmeyer, Mark; Kitts, Margo; Jerryson, Michael (ed.) (2016) <i>Violence and the World's Religious Traditions: An Introduction</i>. New York: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Juergensmeyer, Mark. (2000) <i>Terror in the Mind of God: The Global Rise of Religious Violence</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press.</li> <li>Kitts, Margo (2018) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NnNqDwAAQBAJ">Elements of Ritual and Violence</a></i>. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Kitts, Margo (ed.) (2013–present) <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Religion_and_Violence" title="Journal of Religion and Violence">Journal of Religion and Violence</a></i>, Charlottesville: Philosophy Documentation Center.</li> <li>Kitts, Margo (ed.) (2018) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XHhUDwAAQBAJ">Martyrdom, Self-Sacrifice, and Self-Immolation: Religious Perspectives on Suicide</a></i>. New York: Oxford University Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPape2005" class="citation book cs1">Pape, Robert (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dyingtowinstrate00pape"><i>Dying to Win: The Strategic Logic of Suicide Terrorism</i></a></span>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781588364609" title="Special:BookSources/9781588364609"><bdi>9781588364609</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dying+to+Win%3A+The+Strategic+Logic+of+Suicide+Terrorism&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781588364609&rft.aulast=Pape&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdyingtowinstrate00pape&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Pedahzur, Ami and Weinberg, Leonard (eds.) (2004) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E79GlfEArHcC">Religious Fundamentalism and Political Extremism</a></i>. New York: Routledge.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRegina_M._Schwartz1998" class="citation book cs1">Regina M. Schwartz (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/curseofcainviole00schw"><i>The Curse of Cain: The Violent Legacy of Monotheism</i></a></span>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226742007" title="Special:BookSources/9780226742007"><bdi>9780226742007</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Curse+of+Cain%3A+The+Violent+Legacy+of+Monotheism&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780226742007&rft.au=Regina+M.+Schwartz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcurseofcainviole00schw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Selengut, C. (2003) <i>Sacred Fury: Understanding Religious Violence</i>. Walnut Creek, CA: Altamira</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStausberg2021" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Stausberg" title="Michael Stausberg">Stausberg, Michael</a> (March 2021). Feldt, Laura; Valk, Ülo (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15685276-12341617">"The Demise, Dissolution, and Elimination of Religions"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Numen_(journal)" title="Numen (journal)">Numen</a></i>. <b>68</b> (2–3 - <i>Special Issue: The Dissolution of Religions</i>). <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>: 103–131. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F15685276-12341617">10.1163/15685276-12341617</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11250%2F2977936">11250/2977936</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1568-5276">1568-5276</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/58046229">58046229</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Numen&rft.atitle=The+Demise%2C+Dissolution%2C+and+Elimination+of+Religions&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=2%E2%80%933+-+%27%27Special+Issue%3A+The+Dissolution+of+Religions%27%27&rft.pages=103-131&rft.date=2021-03&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11250%2F2977936&rft.issn=1568-5276&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F58046229&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F15685276-12341617&rft.aulast=Stausberg&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%252F15685276-12341617&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Steffen, Lloyd. (2007) <i>Holy War, Just War: Exploring the Moral Meaning of Religious Violence</i>. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Other</dt></dl> <ul><li>Nelson-Pallmeyer, Jack (2003) <i>Is Religion Killing Us?</i> Harrisburg: Trinity Press International <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56338-408-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-56338-408-6">1-56338-408-6</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry2011" class="citation book cs1">Perry, Simon (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110521063219/http://wipfandstock.com/store/All_Who_Came_Before"><i>All Who Came Before</i></a>. Eugene, Oregon: Wipf and Stock. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60899-659-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60899-659-9"><bdi>978-1-60899-659-9</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wipfandstock.com/store/All_Who_Came_Before">the original</a> on 21 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+Who+Came+Before&rft.place=Eugene%2C+Oregon&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-60899-659-9&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwipfandstock.com%2Fstore%2FAll_Who_Came_Before&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+violence" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Stern, Jessica. (2004) <i>Terror in the Name of God: Why Religious Militants Kill</i>. New York: Harper Perennial.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_violence&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.africanholocaust.net/news_ah/war_myth_religion.html">Myth of Religious conflict in Africa</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210513002904/https://www.africanholocaust.net/news_ah/war_myth_religion.html">Archived</a> 13 May 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140228091001/http://www.jesusradicals.com/theology/william-cavanaugh/">William T. Cavanaugh Resources from Jesus Radicals</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Criticism_of_religion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Criticism_of_religion" title="Template:Criticism of religion"><abbr 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Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Criticism of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="Criticism of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Protestantism" title="Criticism of Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Criticism of the Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_movement#Controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Unification movement">Unification movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Unification_Church_in_Japan" title="Criticism of Unification Church in Japan">Unification Church in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westboro_Baptist_Church#Criticisms" title="Westboro Baptist Church">Westboro Baptist Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Swaminarayan_sect" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of Swaminarayan sect">Swaminarayan sect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islam" title="Criticism of Islam">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Twelver_Shia_Islam" title="Criticism of Twelver Shia Islam">Twelver Shia Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism#Criticism_and_controversy" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jainism" title="Criticism of Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Judaism" title="Criticism of Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monotheism" title="Criticism of monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement#Opposition" title="New religious movement">New religious movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_modern_paganism" title="Criticism of modern paganism">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_controversies" title="Scientology controversies">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Sikhism" title="Criticism of Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism#Criticism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Zoroastrianism" title="Criticism of Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Bible" title="Criticism of the Bible">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Quran" title="Criticism of the Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_hadith" title="Criticism of hadith">Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Mormon_sacred_texts" title="Criticism of Mormon sacred texts">Mormon sacred texts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Book_of_Mormon" title="Criticism of the Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmud#Criticism" title="Talmud">Talmud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shia_view_of_Aisha" title="Shia view of Aisha">Aisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taze_Russell#Controversies" title="Charles Taze Russell">Charles Taze Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Ellen_G._White" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of Ellen G. White">Ellen White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Jesus" title="Criticism of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses#Criticism_of_Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad#Legacy" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad">Mirza Ghulam Ahmad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul#Biblical_criticism" title="Saul">Saul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious discrimination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%ADs" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Bahá'ís">Bahá'i Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Druze" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Druze">Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_Neopagans" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious discrimination against Neopagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Copts" title="Persecution of Copts">Copts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sikhs" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Sikhs">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunni Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shia Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zorostianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Religious violence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_violence" title="Christianity and violence">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_violence" title="Mormonism and violence">Mormonism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_violence" title="Judaism and violence">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_violence" title="Islam and violence">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_terrorism" title="Christian terrorism">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_terrorism" title="Hindu terrorism">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_terrorism" title="Islamic terrorism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_extremist_terrorism" title="Jewish extremist terrorism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_thought_on_persecution_and_tolerance" title="History of Christian thought on persecution and tolerance">Christian thought on persecution and tolerance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_war" title="Islam and war">In Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_warfare" title="Judaism and warfare">In Judaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian violence</a></li> <li>By country <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_India" title="Religious violence in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_Christians_in_India" title="Violence against Christians in India">Anti-Christian violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Odisha" title="Religious violence in Odisha">In Odisha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Religious violence in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_in_Pakistan" title="Religious discrimination in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Books_critical_of_religion" title="Category:Books critical of religion">Books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Atheist_Manifesto:_The_Case_Against_Christianity,_Judaism,_and_Islam" title="Atheist Manifesto: The Case Against Christianity, Judaism, and Islam">Atheist Manifesto</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Breaking_the_Spell:_Religion_as_a_Natural_Phenomenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Breaking the Spell: Religion as a Natural Phenomenon">Breaking the Spell</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Christianity_Unveiled" title="Christianity Unveiled">Christianity Unveiled</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/God_in_the_Age_of_Science%3F" title="God in the Age of Science?">God in the Age of Science?</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/God_Is_Not_Great" title="God Is Not Great">God Is Not Great</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/God:_The_Failed_Hypothesis" title="God: The Failed Hypothesis">God: The Failed Hypothesis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Letter_to_a_Christian_Nation" title="Letter to a Christian Nation">Letter to a Christian Nation</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Age_of_Reason" title="The Age of Reason">The Age of Reason</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Blind_Watchmaker" title="The Blind Watchmaker">The Blind Watchmaker</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Caged_Virgin" title="The Caged Virgin">The Caged Virgin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_Faith" title="The End of Faith">The End of Faith</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_God_Delusion" title="The God Delusion">The God Delusion</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gospel_of_the_Flying_Spaghetti_Monster" title="The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster">The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_I_Am_Not_a_Christian" title="Why I Am Not a Christian">Why I Am Not a Christian</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Why_I_Am_Not_a_Muslim" title="Why I Am Not a Muslim">Why I Am Not a Muslim</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Demon-Haunted_World" title="The Demon-Haunted World">The Demon-Haunted World</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_books_critical_of_Christianity" title="Bibliography of books critical of Christianity">Books critical of Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_books_critical_of_Islam" title="Bibliography of books critical of Islam">Books critical of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_books_critical_of_Judaism" title="Bibliography of books critical of Judaism">Books critical of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_books_critical_of_Mormonism" title="Bibliography of books critical of Mormonism">Books critical of Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_books_critical_of_Scientology" title="Bibliography of books critical of Scientology">Books critical of Scientology</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antitheism" title="Antitheism">Antitheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_atheism" title="Criticism of atheism">Criticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Cārvāka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Atheism" title="New Atheism">New Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheistic_religion" title="Nontheistic religion">Nontheistic religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parody_religion" title="Parody religion">Parody religion</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_abuse" title="Religious abuse">Abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam" title="Apostasy in Islam">In Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Christianity" title="Apostasy in Christianity">In Christianity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_atheism" title="Criticism of atheism">Criticism of atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monotheism" title="Criticism of monotheism">Criticism of monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_sexuality" title="Religion and sexuality">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_and_religion" title="Slavery and religion">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstitions">Superstitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superstitions_in_Muslim_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstitions in Muslim societies">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition_in_Judaism" title="Superstition in Judaism">Jewish</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_topics" title="Template:Religion topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_topics" title="Template talk:Religion topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religious_groups_and_denominations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religious groups and denominations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Western_religions" title="Western religions">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haredi_Judaism" title="Haredi Judaism">Haredi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Orthodox_Judaism" title="Modern Orthodox Judaism">Modern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymanot" title="Haymanot">Haymanot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Judaism" title="Reconstructionist Judaism">Reconstructionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Renewal" title="Jewish Renewal">Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Judaism" title="Humanistic Judaism">Humanistic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_religious_movements" title="Jewish religious movements">list</a></i></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestorianism" title="Nestorianism">Nestorianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Church_of_the_East" title="Ancient Church of the East">Ancient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Protestantism" title="Proto-Protestantism">Proto-Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hussites" title="Hussites">Hussites</a>/<a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwarzenau_Brethren" title="Schwarzenau Brethren">Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutterites" title="Hutterites">Hutterites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwenkfelder_Church" title="Schwenkfelder Church">Schwenkfelder Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Congregationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism" title="Presbyterianism">Presbyterianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed_Protestantism" title="Continental Reformed Protestantism">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-charismatic_movement" title="Neo-charismatic movement">Neo-charismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakerism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_Movement" title="Restoration Movement">Restorationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaizers" title="Judaizers">Judaizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontrinitarianism" title="Nontrinitarianism">Nontrinitarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement" title="Bible Student movement">Bible Students</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Student_movement#Associated_Bible_Students" title="Bible Student movement">Associated Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Bible_Students" title="Free Bible Students">Free Bible Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Man" title="Friends of Man">Friends of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo#Kitawala" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Kitawala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laymen%27s_Home_Missionary_Movement" title="Laymen's Home Missionary Movement">Laymen's Home Missionary Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneness_Pentecostalism" title="Oneness Pentecostalism">Oneness Pentecostalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">Swedenborgianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolstoyan_movement" title="Tolstoyan movement">Tolstoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="Islamic modernism">Modernist Salafism</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shi'ism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali-Illahism" title="Ali-Illahism">Ali-Illahism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Khawarij</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishikism" title="Ishikism">Ishikism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Alevism" title="Kurdish Alevism">Kurdish Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdawi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdawi movement">Mahdavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milah_Abraham" title="Milah Abraham">Milah Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-denominational_Muslim" title="Non-denominational Muslim">Non-denominational</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bism" title="Bábism">Bábism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azali" title="Azali">Azalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeism" title="Mandaeism">Mandaeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritanism" title="Samaritanism">Samaritanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_religions" title="Iranian religions">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian">Zoroastrian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilm-e-Khshnoom" title="Ilm-e-Khshnoom">Ilm-e-Khshnoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazdaznan" title="Mazdaznan">Mazdaznan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurvanism" title="Zurvanism">Zurvanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Kurdish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shabakism" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabakism">Shabakism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Assianism/Uatsdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roshani_movement" title="Roshani movement">Roshani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Manichaeism" title="Chinese Manichaeism">Chinese Manichaeism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazd%C3%A2nism" title="Yazdânism">Yazdânism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidism" title="Yazidism">Yazidism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_religions" title="Eastern religions">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">East Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Chinese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">Chinese folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_teaching" title="Luo teaching">Luoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuo_folk_religion" title="Nuo folk religion">Nuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_salvationist_religions" title="Chinese salvationist religions">Salvationist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiantiandao" title="Xiantiandao">Xiantiandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiguandao" title="Yiguandao">Yiguandao</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ritual_mastery_traditions" title="Chinese ritual mastery traditions">Folk Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_folk_religion" title="Yao folk religion">Yao Taoism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japonic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Shinto_sects_and_schools" title="Shinto sects and schools">list</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shugend%C5%8D" title="Shugendō">Shugendō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenrikyo" title="Tenrikyo">Tenrikyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_religion" title="Ryukyuan religion">Ryukyuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Korean shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheondoism" title="Cheondoism">Cheondoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeung_San_Do" title="Jeung San Do">Jeungsanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnamese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_folk_religion" title="Vietnamese folk religion">Vietnamese folk religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_M%E1%BA%ABu" title="Đạo Mẫu">Đạo Mẫu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caodaism" title="Caodaism">Caodaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2a_H%E1%BA%A3o" title="Hòa Hảo">Hoahaoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A1o_B%E1%BB%ADu_S%C6%A1n_K%E1%BB%B3_H%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương">Đạo Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Sri Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanandi_Sampradaya" title="Ramanandi Sampradaya">Ramanandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan_Sampradaya" title="Swaminarayan Sampradaya">Swaminarayan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganapatya" title="Ganapatya">Ganapatya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_Shaivism" title="Kashmir Shaivism">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaumaram" title="Kaumaram">Kaumaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingayatism" title="Lingayatism">Lingayatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nath" class="mw-redirect" title="Nath">Nath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saura_(Hinduism)" title="Saura (Hinduism)">Sauraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">Sant Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Neo-Hinduism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chan</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Thiền</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Amidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Neo-Buddhism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">list</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayyavazhi" title="Ayyavazhi">Ayyavazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalash_people#Religion" title="Kalash people">Kalash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digambara" title="Digambara">Digambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Avet%C4%81mbara" title="Śvetāmbara">Śvetāmbara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnaism" title="Sarnaism">Sarnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kirat Mundhum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedda#Religion" title="Vedda">Vedda religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidassia" title="Ravidassia">Ravidassia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_mythology" title="Turkic mythology">Turko</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mongolian_shamanism" title="Mongolian shamanism">Mongolic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkhanism" title="Burkhanism">Burkhanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengrism" title="Tengrism">Tengrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vattisen_Yaly" title="Vattisen Yaly">Vattisen Yaly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungusic_creation_myth" title="Tungusic creation myth">Tungusic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenks#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenks">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_shamanism" title="Manchu shamanism">Manchu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic_languages" title="Austroasiatic languages">Austroasiatic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarna_(place)" title="Sarna (place)">Sarnaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parmalim" title="Parmalim">Batak Parmalim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people#Religion_and_festivals" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaharingan" title="Kaharingan">Kaharingan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Sabahan_religions" title="Traditional Sabahan religions">Traditional Sabahan religions</a></li></ul></li> <li>Indonesian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliran_Kepercayaan" title="Aliran Kepercayaan">Aliran Kepercayaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kejaw%C3%A8n" title="Kejawèn">Kejawèn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapitayan" title="Kapitayan">Kapitayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemena" title="Pemena">Karo Pemena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_folk_religion" title="Malaysian folk religion">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Philippine Dayawism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religious_beliefs_of_the_Tagalog_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous religious beliefs of the Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_religion" title="Hawaiian religion">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people" title="Religion of Māori people">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marapu" title="Marapu">Sumbese Marapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Wiwitan" title="Sunda Wiwitan">Sundanese Wiwitan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions" title="Native American religions">Native<br />American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki_mythology" title="Abenaki mythology">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Native_religion" title="Alaska Native religion">Alaskan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_traditional_beliefs" title="Anishinaabe traditional beliefs">Anishinaabe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe#Spiritual_beliefs" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midewiwin" title="Midewiwin">Midewiwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabunowin" title="Wabunowin">Wabunowin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache#Religion" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_mythology" title="Blackfoot mythology">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_narratives_of_Indigenous_Californians" title="Traditional narratives of Indigenous Californians">Californian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuksu_(religion)" title="Kuksu (religion)">Kuksu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok_mythology" title="Miwok mythology">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_mythology" title="Ohlone mythology">Ohlone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomo_religion" title="Pomo religion">Pomo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilote_mythology" title="Chilote mythology">Chilote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_mythology" title="Choctaw mythology">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_religion" title="Crow religion">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_Dance" title="Ghost Dance">Ghost Dance</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sun_Dance" title="Sun Dance">Sun Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarani_mythology" title="Guarani mythology">Guarani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_mythology" title="Haida mythology">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk_mythology" title="Ho-Chunk mythology">Ho-Chunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_mythology" title="Iroquois mythology">Iroquois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_spiritual_beliefs" title="Cherokee spiritual beliefs">Cherokee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Mothers_Society" title="Four Mothers Society">Four Mothers Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keetoowah_Nighthawk_Society" title="Keetoowah Nighthawk Society">Keetoowah Society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse_Religion" title="Longhouse Religion">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people#Religion" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_mythology" title="Creek mythology">Muscogee Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_mythology" title="Seneca mythology">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Wyandot religion">Wyandot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivaroan_peoples#Religion" title="Jivaroan peoples">Jivaroan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwakwaka%CA%BCwakw_mythology" title="Kwakwakaʼwakw mythology">Kwakwakaʼwakw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape_mythology" title="Lenape mythology">Lenape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapuche_religion" title="Mapuche religion">Mapuche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_religion" title="Mesoamerican religion">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_religion" title="Aztec religion">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_religion" title="Maya religion">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha_religion" title="Purépecha religion">Purépecha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_mythology" title="Muisca mythology">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Church" title="Native American Church">Native American Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo#Spiritual_and_religious_beliefs" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuu-chah-nulth_mythology" title="Nuu-chah-nulth mythology">Nuu-chah-nulth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_mythology" title="Pawnee mythology">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_religion" title="Pueblo religion">Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acoma_Pueblo#Religion" title="Acoma Pueblo">Acoma Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopi_mythology" title="Hopi mythology">Hopi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_mythology" title="Zuni mythology">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux#Religion" title="Sioux">Sioux</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakota_religion" title="Lakota religion">Lakota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wocekiye" title="Wocekiye">Wocekiye</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshian_mythology" title="Tsimshian mythology">Tsimshian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_mythology" title="Ute mythology">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religions#Washat_Dreamers_Religion" title="Native American religions">Washat Dreamers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui#Yaqui_cosmology_and_religion" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_religion" title="Ahom religion">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_folk_religion" title="Miao folk religion">Hmongism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_(religion)" title="Mo (religion)">Mo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_folk_religion" title="Tai folk religion">Satsana Phi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burmese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bon" title="Bon">Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_folk_religion" title="Burmese folk religion">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzhuism" title="Benzhuism">Benzhuism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimoism" title="Bimoism">Bimoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathouism" title="Bathouism">Bathouism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mun_(religion)" title="Mun (religion)">Bongthingism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba" title="Dongba">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donyi-Polo" title="Donyi-Polo">Donyi-Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraka" class="mw-redirect" title="Heraka">Heraka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Mundhum" title="Kirat Mundhum">Kiratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_folk_religion" title="Qiang folk religion">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanamahism" title="Sanamahism">Sanamahism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_religions" title="Traditional African religions">Traditional <br /> African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">North African</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion" title="Traditional Berber religion">Berber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Guanche_People" title="Church of the Guanche People">Guanche church</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Sub-Saharan<br />African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_people" title="Kamba people">Akamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akan_religion" title="Akan religion">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baluba_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Baluba mythology">Baluba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantu_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu mythology">Bantu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_religion" title="Kongo religion">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_traditional_religion" title="Zulu traditional religion">Zulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushongo_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushongo mythology">Bushongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinka_religion" title="Dinka religion">Dinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogon_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogon religion">Dogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_mythology" title="Efik mythology">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomean_religion" title="Dahomean religion">Fon and Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ik_people" title="Ik people">Ik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotuko_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotuko mythology">Lotuko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lozi_mythology" title="Lozi mythology">Lozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_mythology" title="Lugbara mythology">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maasai_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Maasai mythology">Maasai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odinala" title="Odinala">Odinala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_religion" title="San religion">San</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serer_religion" title="Serer religion">Serer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbuka_mythology" title="Tumbuka mythology">Tumbuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo_people" title="Urhobo people">Urhobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waaqeffanna" title="Waaqeffanna">Waaqeffanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_religion" title="Yoruba religion">Yoruba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A1" title="Ifá">Ifá</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_religions" title="African diaspora religions">Diasporic</a>:</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Bantu" title="Candomblé Bantu">Bantu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Jej%C3%A9" title="Candomblé Jejé">Jejé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9_Ketu" title="Candomblé Ketu">Ketu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfa" title="Comfa">Comfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convince" title="Convince">Convince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espiritismo" title="Espiritismo">Espiritismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumina" title="Kumina">Kumina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obeah" title="Obeah">Obeah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palo_(religion)" title="Palo (religion)">Palo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santer%C3%ADa" title="Santería">Santería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambor_de_Mina" title="Tambor de Mina">Tambor de Mina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_Orisha" title="Trinidad Orisha">Trinidad Orisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Vodou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Voodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winti" title="Winti">Winti</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_religion_and_mythology" title="Australian Aboriginal religion and mythology">Aboriginal Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_religion" title="Inuit religion">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_mythology" title="Papuan mythology">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_in_Siberia" title="Shamanism in Siberia">Siberian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New<br /> religious<br /> movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Syncretic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Russia" title="Zoroastrianism in Russia">Blagovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmoism" title="Brahmoism">Brahmoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_Religion" title="Coconut Religion">Coconut Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_new_religions" title="Japanese new religions">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meivazhi" title="Meivazhi">Meivazhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modekngei" title="Modekngei">Modekngei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Acropolis" title="New Acropolis">New Acropolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajneesh_movement" title="Rajneesh movement">Rajneesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari" title="Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roerichism" title="Roerichism">Roerichism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Sant_Mat_movements" title="Contemporary Sant Mat movements">Sant Mat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Soami" title="Radha Soami">Radha Soami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subud" title="Subud">Subud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tensegrity_(Castaneda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensegrity (Castaneda)">Tensegrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Theosophy" title="Neo-Theosophy">Neo-Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Yoga" title="Agni Yoga">Agni Yoga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation" title="Transcendental Meditation">Transcendental Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitarian_Universalism" title="Unitarian Universalism">Unitarian Universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_White_Brotherhood" title="Universal White Brotherhood">White Brotherhood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Modern_paganism" title="Modern paganism">Modern<br />paganism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>African <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Godianism" title="Godianism">Godianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetanism" title="Hetanism">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_neopaganism" title="Baltic neopaganism">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba" title="Dievturība">Dievturība</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_neopaganism" title="Caucasian neopaganism">Caucasian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz neopaganism">Abkhaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_Xabze" title="Adyghe Xabze">Circassian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_neopaganism" title="Celtic neopaganism">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenism_(modern_religion)" title="Hellenism (modern religion)">Hellenism (modern religion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoshamanism" title="Neoshamanism">Neoshamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assianism" title="Assianism">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheistic_reconstructionism" title="Polytheistic reconstructionism">Polytheistic reconstructionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reconstructionist_Roman_religion" title="Reconstructionist Roman religion">Italo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemetism" title="Kemetism">Kemetism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith" title="Slavic Native Faith">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Authentism" title="Russian Authentism">Authentism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uralic_neopaganism" title="Uralic neopaganism">Uralic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_neopaganism" title="Estonian neopaganism">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Finnish_paganism" title="Modern Finnish paganism">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Native_Faith" title="Hungarian Native Faith">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mari_religion" title="Mari religion">Mari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzyan_native_religion" title="Erzyan native religion">Erzya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_shamanism" title="Sámi shamanism">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_Vos" title="Udmurt Vos">Udmurt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalmoxianism" title="Zalmoxianism">Zalmoxianism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_pagan_movements" title="List of modern pagan movements">list</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">De novo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Community" title="The Christian Community">The Christian Community</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordianism" title="Discordianism">Discordianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eckankar" title="Eckankar">Eckankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Way" title="Fourth Way">Fourth Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jediism" title="Jediism">Jediism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Historical_religions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">Historical religions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_people#Religion" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_mythology" title="Armenian mythology">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_mythology" title="Baltic mythology">Baltic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_mythology" title="Latvian mythology">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_mythology" title="Lithuanian mythology">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussian_mythology" title="Prussian mythology">Old Prussian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_mythology" title="Basque mythology">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_religion" title="Ancient Celtic religion">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Druid" title="Druid">Druidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands_mythology" title="Cook Islands mythology">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_religion" title="Ancient Egyptian religion">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atenism" title="Atenism">Atenism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_religion" title="Etruscan religion">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_mythology" title="Finnish mythology">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuegians#Spiritual_culture" title="Fuegians">Fuegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Selk%27nam_mythology" title="Selk'nam mythology">Selk'nam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_mythology" title="Georgian mythology">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankish_paganism" title="Frankish paganism">Frankish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">Mysteries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphism_(religion)" title="Orphism (religion)">Orphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanches#System_of_beliefs" title="Guanches">Guanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation#Religion" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Harappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_mythology_and_religion" title="Hittite mythology and religion">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_mythology" title="Hungarian mythology">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurrian_religion" title="Hurrian religion">Hurrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Confederacy#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois Confederacy">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_mythology" title="Inca mythology">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Maroon_religion" title="Jamaican Maroon religion">Jamaican Maroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaeism" title="Manichaeism">Manichaeism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdakism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mesopotamian_religion" title="Ancient Mesopotamian religion">Mesopotamian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_religion" title="Babylonian religion">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumerian_religion" title="Sumerian religion">Sumerian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_Indigenous_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nauruan Indigenous religion">Nauruan Indigenous religion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_religion" title="Olmec religion">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Balkan_mythology" title="Paleo-Balkan mythology">Paleo-Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_folk_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian folk beliefs">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dacian mythology">Dacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illyrian_religion" title="Illyrian religion">Illyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_religion" title="Thracian religion">Thracian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian religion">Proto-Indo-Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Vedic_religion" title="Historical Vedic religion">Vedic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketmaker_III_Era#Culture_and_religion" title="Basketmaker III Era">Ancestral Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_II_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo II Period">Pueblo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_III_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo III Period">Pueblo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_IV_Period#Culture_and_religion" title="Pueblo IV Period">Pueblo IV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Cult of Magna Mater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_religion" title="Gallo-Roman religion">Gallo-Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_imperial_cult" title="Roman imperial cult">Imperial cult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithraism" title="Mithraism">Mithraism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_Isis" title="Mysteries of Isis">Mysteries of Isis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic_religion" title="Ancient Semitic religion">Semitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_religion" title="Canaanite religion">Canaanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_religion" title="Punic religion">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahwism" title="Yahwism">Yahwism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_religion" title="Scythian religion">Scythian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_paganism" title="Slavic paganism">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_mythology" title="Somali mythology">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_religion" title="Tongan religion">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu#Religion" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vainakh_religion" title="Vainakh religion">Vainakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_civilization#Religion_and_Myth" title="Zapotec civilization">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy" title="Apostasy">Apostasy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Religious_disaffiliation" title="Religious disaffiliation">Disaffiliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_behaviour" title="Religious behaviour">Behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belief#Religion" title="Belief">Beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_to_prayer" title="Call to prayer">Call to prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laicism" title="Laicism">Laicism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">Laity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Covenant_(religion)" title="Covenant (religion)">Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_denomination" title="Religious denomination">Denomination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_religion" title="Ethnic religion">Ethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_worship" title="Fire worship">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess" title="Goddess">Goddess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_religion" title="Indigenous religion">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novice" title="Novice">Novice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_mythology" title="Religion and mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodoxy" title="Orthodoxy">Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthopraxy" title="Orthopraxy">Orthopraxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paganism" title="Paganism">Paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_experience" title="Religious experience">Religious experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_purification" title="Ritual purification">Purification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_space" title="Sacred space">Sacred space</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_waters" title="Sacred waters">Bodies of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_grove" title="Sacred grove">Groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_mountains" title="Sacred mountains">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tree" title="Sacred tree">Trees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_symbol" title="Religious symbol">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_text" title="Religious text">Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_truth" title="Religious views on truth">Truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_and_religion" title="Water and religion">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worship_of_heavenly_bodies" title="Worship of heavenly bodies">Astral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Place_of_worship" title="Place of worship">Place</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">Dualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">Nontheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transtheism" title="Transtheism">Transtheism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Religious<br />studies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropology_of_religion" title="Anthropology of religion">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science_of_religion" title="Cognitive science of religion">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion" title="Evolutionary psychology of religion">Evolutionary psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_religion" title="Neuroscience of religion">Neurotheology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_religion" title="Psychology of religion">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">Soteriology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theories_about_religion" title="Theories about religion">Theories about religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_religion" title="Women and religion">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Category:Religion_and_society" title="Category:Religion and society">Religion <br />and society</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_agriculture" title="Religion and agriculture">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_business" title="Religion and business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">Clergy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination" title="Ordination">Ordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">Priest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Conversion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_assimilation" title="Religious assimilation">Assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">Missionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">Proselytism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_religion" title="Disability and religion">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_education" title="Religious education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_fanaticism" title="Religious fanaticism">Fanaticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamentalism" title="Fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growth_of_religion" title="Growth of religion">Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_happiness" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and happiness">Happiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_and_religion" title="Homosexuality and religion">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minority_religion" title="Minority religion">Minorities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">National church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Importance_of_religion_by_country" title="Importance of religion by country">National religiosity levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_politics" title="Religion in politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_populations" title="List of religious populations">Populations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religiocentrism" title="Religiocentrism">Religiocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schism" title="Schism">Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relationship_between_religion_and_science" title="Relationship between religion and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism_and_religion" title="Vegetarianism and religion">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_video_games" title="Religion and video games">Video games</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Violence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wealth_and_religion" title="Wealth and religion">Wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a> <br />and <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">irreligion</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligion" title="Antireligion">Antireligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_religion" title="Criticism of religion">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_deconstruction" title="Positive deconstruction">Deconstruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objectivism" title="Objectivism">Objectivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_theology" title="Secular theology">Secular theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Unaffiliated</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Overviews<br />and <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion-related_lists" title="Category:Religion-related lists">lists</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Table_of_prophets_of_Abrahamic_religions" title="Table of prophets of Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_who_have_been_considered_deities" title="List of people who have been considered deities">Deification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_deities" title="Lists of deities">Deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_founders_of_religious_traditions" title="List of founders of religious traditions">Founders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_religion-related_articles" title="Index of religion-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_peaceful_gatherings" title="List of largest peaceful gatherings">Mass gatherings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_God" title="Names of God">Names of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_new_religious_movements" title="List of new religious movements">New religious movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_organizations" title="List of religious organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_religion" title="Outline of religion">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Religions and spiritual traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_religion" title="Timeline of religion">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Religion_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Religion by country</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Africa" title="Religion in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Algeria" title="Religion in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Angola" title="Religion in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Benin" title="Religion in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Botswana" title="Religion in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Religion in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burundi" title="Religion in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cameroon" title="Religion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cape_Verde" title="Religion in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Religion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chad" title="Religion in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Comoros" title="Religion in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Djibouti" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Egypt" title="Religion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Religion in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eritrea" title="Religion in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Eswatini" title="Religion in Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ethiopia" title="Religion in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Gabon" title="Religion in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Gambia" title="Religion in the Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ghana" title="Religion in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea" title="Religion in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Religion in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Religion in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kenya" title="Religion in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lesotho" title="Religion in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liberia" title="Religion in Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Libya" title="Religion in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Madagascar" title="Religion in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malawi" title="Religion in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mali" title="Religion in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritania" title="Religion in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mauritius" title="Religion in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Morocco" title="Religion in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mozambique" title="Religion in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Namibia" title="Religion in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Niger" title="Religion in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nigeria" title="Religion in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Rwanda" title="Religion in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Religion in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Senegal" title="Religion in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Seychelles" title="Religion in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Religion in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Somalia" title="Religion in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Africa" title="Religion in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Sudan" title="Religion in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sudan" title="Religion in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tanzania" title="Religion in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Togo" title="Religion in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tunisia" title="Religion in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uganda" title="Religion in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zambia" title="Religion in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Zimbabwe" title="Religion in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Asia" title="Religion in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Religion in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Armenia" title="Religion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Religion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bahrain" title="Religion in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bhutan" title="Religion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brunei" title="Religion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cambodia" title="Religion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cyprus" title="Religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_East_Timor" title="Religion in East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hong_Kong" title="Religion in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Indonesia" title="Religion in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iraq" title="Religion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Israel" title="Religion in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Japan" title="Religion in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jordan" title="Religion in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Religion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Korea" title="Religion in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Korea" title="Religion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kuwait" title="Religion in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Religion in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Laos" title="Religion in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lebanon" title="Religion in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Macau" title="Religion in Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malaysia" title="Religion in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Maldives" title="Religion in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mongolia" title="Religion in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Myanmar" title="Religion in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nepal" title="Religion in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oman" title="Religion in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Pakistan" title="Religion in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Qatar" title="Religion in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Religion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Singapore" title="Religion in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Religion in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Syria" title="Religion in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Taiwan" title="Religion in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tajikistan" title="Religion in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Thailand" title="Religion in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkmenistan" title="Religion in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Religion in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uzbekistan" title="Religion in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vietnam" title="Religion in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Yemen" title="Religion in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Europe" title="Religion in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Albania" title="Religion in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Andorra" title="Religion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Austria" title="Religion in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belarus" title="Religion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belgium" title="Religion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Religion in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bulgaria" title="Religion in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Croatia" title="Religion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Religion in the Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Denmark" title="Religion in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Estonia" title="Religion in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Finland" title="Religion in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_France" title="Religion in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iceland" title="Religion in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Religion in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kosovo" title="Religion in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Latvia" title="Religion in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Liechtenstein" title="Religion in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Lithuania" title="Religion in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Luxembourg" title="Religion in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Malta" title="Religion in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Moldova" title="Religion in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Monaco" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Montenegro" title="Religion in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Netherlands" title="Religion in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Religion in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norway" title="Religion in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Poland" title="Religion in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Portugal" title="Religion in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Romania" title="Religion in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Russia" title="Religion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_San_Marino" title="Religion in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Serbia" title="Religion in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovakia" title="Religion in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Slovenia" title="Religion in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Spain" title="Religion in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Sweden" title="Religion in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Switzerland" title="Religion in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ukraine" title="Religion in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Religion in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_England" title="Religion in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Religion in Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Scotland" title="Religion in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_America" title="Religion in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Religion in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Bahamas" title="Religion in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Barbados" title="Religion in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Belize" title="Religion in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Costa_Rica" title="Religion in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Cuba" title="Religion in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Dominica" title="Religion in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Religion in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_El_Salvador" title="Religion in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guatemala" title="Religion in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Haiti" title="Religion in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Honduras" title="Religion in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Jamaica" title="Religion in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Mexico" title="Religion in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nicaragua" title="Religion in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Panama" title="Religion in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Religion in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oceania" title="Religion in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Fiji" title="Religion in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kiribati" title="Religion in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Religion in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Religion in the Federated States of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nauru" title="Religion in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Zealand" title="Religion in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Palau" title="Religion in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Religion in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Samoa" title="Religion in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Religion in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tonga" title="Religion in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tuvalu" title="Religion in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vanuatu" title="Religion in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_America" title="Religion in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Argentina" title="Religion in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Bolivia" title="Religion in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brazil" title="Religion in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Chile" title="Religion in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Colombia" title="Religion in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Ecuador" title="Religion in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guyana" title="Religion in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Paraguay" title="Religion in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Peru" title="Religion in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Suriname" title="Religion in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Uruguay" title="Religion in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Venezuela" title="Religion in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Religion" title="Category:Religion">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religious_persecution_and_discrimination" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religious_persecution" title="Template:Religious persecution"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religious_persecution" title="Template talk:Religious persecution"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religious_persecution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religious persecution"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religious_persecution_and_discrimination" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">discrimination</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Christianity" title="Persecution of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity">Tewahedo Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_censorship" title="Religious censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_violence" title="Communal violence">Communal violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deprogramming" title="Deprogramming">Deprogramming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desecration" title="Desecration">Desecration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic violence">Ethnic violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_killing" title="Extrajudicial killing">Extrajudicial killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrajudicial_punishment" title="Extrajudicial punishment">Extrajudicial punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_exclusivism" title="Religious exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">Forced displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconoclasm" title="Iconoclasm">Iconoclasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_intolerance" title="Religious intolerance">Intolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_cleansing" title="Population cleansing">Population cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer" title="Population transfer">Population transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_violence" title="Sectarian violence">Sectarian violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cleansing" title="Social cleansing">Social cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Persecution_of_Canaanite_Pagans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Persecution of Canaanite Pagans (page does not exist)">Persecution of Canaanite Pagans</a> (1210 BC-1200 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire">Persecution of Christians in the Roman Empire</a> (64–313)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_pagans_in_the_late_Roman_Empire" title="Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire">Persecution of pagans in the late Roman Empire</a> (c. 324–c. 491)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent</a> (c.550–c. 1200)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Turban_Rebellion" title="Yellow Turban Rebellion">Yellow Turban Rebellion</a> (c.184–c. 205)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tours" title="Battle of Tours">Battle of Tours</a> (732)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Rhineland massacres</a> (1096)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(1099)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (1099)">Jerusalem massacre</a> (1099)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent">Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent</a> (643–1526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a> (1184–1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_at_Ayyadieh" title="Massacre at Ayyadieh">Massacre at Ayyadieh</a> (1191)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Crusades" title="Northern Crusades">Northern Crusades</a> (12th–16th cent.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crusades_to_Europe_and_the_Holy_Land#Crusades_against_heretics_and_schismatics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Crusades to Europe and the Holy Land">Crusades against schismatics</a> (13th–15th cent.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversions_of_Muslims_in_Spain" title="Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain">Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain</a> (1500–1526)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_wars_of_religion" title="European wars of religion">European wars of religion</a> (1522–1712)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman–Habsburg wars</a> (1526–1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goa_Inquisition" title="Goa Inquisition">Goa Inquisition</a> (1561–1812)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">French Wars of Religion</a> (1562–1598)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Moriscos" title="Expulsion of the Moriscos">Expulsion of the Moriscos</a> (1609–1614)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_Acts" title="Test Acts">Test Acts</a> (1673–1829)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims_during_the_Ottoman_contraction" title="Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction">Persecution of Muslims during the Ottoman contraction</a> (1683–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_S%C3%A1mi_people" title="Christianization of the Sámi people">Christianization of the Sámi people</a> (1700s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolutionary dechristianisation</a> (1789–1801)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_War" title="Utah War">Utah War</a> (1857–1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_civil_conflict_in_Mount_Lebanon_and_Damascus" title="1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus">1860 Mount Lebanon civil war</a> (1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_genocide" title="Circassian genocide">Circassian genocide</a> (1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)">Dungan Revolt</a> (1862–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adana_massacre" title="Adana massacre">Adana massacre</a> (1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacres_of_Albanians_in_the_Balkan_Wars" title="Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars">Massacres of Albanians in the Balkan Wars</a> (1912–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">Greek genocide</a> (1913–1922) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_genocide" title="Pontic Greek genocide">Pontic Greek genocide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo" title="Sayfo">Assyrian genocide</a> (1914–1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> (1915–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc">Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc</a> (1917–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Religion in the Soviet Union">Soviet persecution</a> (1922–1991) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-religious_campaign_during_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Anti-religious campaign during the Russian Civil War">1917–1921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1921%E2%80%931928)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1921–1928)">1921–1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1928%E2%80%931941)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1928–1941)">1928–1941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1958%E2%80%931964)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1958–1964)">1958–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_anti-religious_campaign_(1970s%E2%80%931987)" title="USSR anti-religious campaign (1970s–1987)">1970–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_anti-religious_legislation" title="Soviet anti-religious legislation">legislation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ahovi%C4%87i_massacre" title="Šahovići massacre">Šahovići massacre</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Spain)" title="White Terror (Spain)">White Terror (Spain)</a> (1936–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_boycott_of_Jewish_businesses" title="Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses">Nazi boycott of Jewish businesses</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> (1939–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia</a> (1941–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_anti-religious_campaign" title="Polish anti-religious campaign">Communist Polish persecution</a> (1945–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-religious_campaign_of_Communist_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-religious campaign of Communist Romania">Communist Romanian persecution</a> (1945–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noakhali_riots" title="Noakhali riots">Noakhali riots</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Action_Day" title="Direct Action Day">Direct Action Day</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Bihar_riots" title="1946 Bihar riots">1946 Bihar riots</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_Rawalpindi_massacres" title="1947 Rawalpindi massacres">Rawalpindi massacres</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Pakistan#Decline_and_persecution" title="Hinduism in Pakistan">Persecution of Hindus in Pakistan</a> (1947–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_Muslims_in_independent_India" title="Violence against Muslims in independent India">Violence against Muslims in India</a> (1947–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus#India" title="Persecution of Hindus">Violence against Hindus in independent India</a> (1947–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Palestinian_expulsion_and_flight" title="1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight">1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Jewish exodus from the Muslim world">Jewish exodus from the Muslim world</a> (1948–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antireligious_campaigns_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party">Antireligious campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party</a> (1949–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protests_and_uprisings_in_Tibet_since_1950" title="Protests and uprisings in Tibet since 1950">Persecution of Tibetans</a> (1950–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Turks_from_Bulgaria_(1950-1951)" class="mw-redirect" title="Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria (1950-1951)">Exodus of Turks from Bulgaria</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_Nigeria" title="Religious violence in Nigeria">Religious violence in Nigeria</a> (1953–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_pogrom" title="Istanbul pogrom">Istanbul pogrom</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a> (1963) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF_Ph%E1%BA%ADt_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3n_shootings" title="Huế Phật Đản shootings">Huế Phật Đản shootings</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c" title="Thích Quảng Đức">Thích Quảng Đức</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%C3%A1_L%E1%BB%A3i_Pagoda_raids" title="Xá Lợi Pagoda raids">Xá Lợi Pagoda raids</a> (1963)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> (1966–1976) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Olds" title="Four Olds">Four Olds</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famen_Temple#People's_Republic_of_China" title="Famen Temple">Famen Temple</a> (1966)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_genocide" title="Bangladesh genocide">Bangladesh genocide</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus#Bangladesh" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution of Hindus in Bangladesh</a> (1971–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a> (1975–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">Cambodian genocide</a> (1975–1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_anti-Sikh_riots" title="1984 anti-Sikh riots">1984 anti-Sikh riots</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revival_Process" title="Revival Process">Revival Process</a> (1984–1989) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_Excursion" title="Big Excursion">Big Excursion</a> (1989)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Kashmiri_Hindus" title="Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus">Exodus of Kashmiri Hindus</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a> (1991–2001) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing_in_the_Bosnian_War" title="Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War">Ethnic cleansing in the Bosnian War</a> (1992–1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide" title="Bosnian genocide">Bosnian genocide</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Kosovo_War" title="War crimes in the Kosovo War">War crimes in the Kosovo War</a> (1999)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walisongo_school_massacre" title="Walisongo school massacre">Walisongo school massacre</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosheh_massacres" title="Kosheh massacres">Kosheh massacres</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_Gujarat_riots" title="2002 Gujarat riots">2002 Gujarat riots</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency" title="South Thailand insurgency">South Thailand insurgency</a> (2004–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boko_Haram_insurgency" title="Boko Haram insurgency">Boko Haram insurgency</a> (2009–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maspero_demonstrations" title="Maspero demonstrations">Maspero demonstrations</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_by_Islamic_extremists_in_Bangladesh" title="Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh">Attacks by Islamic extremists in Bangladesh</a> (2013–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidi_genocide" title="Yazidi genocide">Yazidi genocide</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_by_the_Islamic_State" title="Persecution of Christians by the Islamic State">Genocide of Christians by ISIL</a> (2014–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmen_genocide" title="Iraqi Turkmen genocide">Iraqi Turkmen genocide</a> (2014–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Uyghurs_in_China" title="Persecution of Uyghurs in China">Persecution of Uyghurs in China</a> (2014–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide" title="Rohingya genocide">Rohingya genocide</a> (2016–ongoing)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christchurch_mosque_shootings" title="Christchurch mosque shootings">Christchurch mosque shootings</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Sri_Lanka_Easter_bombings" title="2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings">2019 Sri Lanka Easter bombings</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Delhi_riots" title="2020 Delhi riots">2020 Delhi riots</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Hamas-led_attack_on_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel">2023 Hamas-led attack on Israel</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Istanbul_church_shooting" title="2024 Istanbul church shooting">2024 Istanbul church shooting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocus_City_Hall_attack" title="Crocus City Hall attack">Crocus City Hall attack</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Discrimination" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Discrimination" title="Template:Discrimination"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Discrimination" title="Template talk:Discrimination"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Discrimination"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Discrimination" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">Discrimination</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_discrimination" title="Structural discrimination">Structural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_discrimination_(economics)" title="Statistical discrimination (economics)">Statistical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taste-based_discrimination" title="Taste-based discrimination">Taste-based</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Attributes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ageism" title="Ageism">Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">Caste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">Class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialect_discrimination" title="Dialect discrimination">Dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_hair_texture" title="Discrimination based on hair texture">Hair texture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Height_discrimination" title="Height discrimination">Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_discrimination" title="Linguistic discrimination">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lookism" title="Lookism">Looks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanism" title="Sanism">Mental disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Race / Ethnicity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_skin_tone" title="Discrimination based on skin tone">Skin color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankism" title="Rankism">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation_discrimination" title="Sexual orientation discrimination">Sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speciesism" title="Speciesism">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sizeism" title="Sizeism">Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viewpoint_discrimination" title="Viewpoint discrimination">Viewpoint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Arophobia">Arophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_asexual_people" title="Discrimination against asexual people">Acephobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adultism" title="Adultism">Adultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_people_with_albinism" title="Persecution of people with albinism">Anti-albinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_autistic_people" title="Discrimination against autistic people">Anti-autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_homeless_people" title="Discrimination against homeless people">Anti-homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_drug_addicts" title="Discrimination against drug addicts">Anti-drug addicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_intersex_people" title="Discrimination against intersex people">Anti-intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bias_against_left-handed_people" title="Bias against left-handed people">Anti-left handedness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aporophobia" title="Aporophobia">Aporophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audism" title="Audism">Audism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biphobia" title="Biphobia">Biphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clannism" class="mw-redirect" title="Clannism">Clannism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephebiphobia" title="Ephebiphobia">Ephebiphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health" title="Social determinants of health">Social determinants of health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_health_in_poverty" title="Social determinants of health in poverty">Social determinants of health in poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinants_of_mental_health" title="Social determinants of mental health">Social determinants of mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stigma_of_obesity" title="Social stigma of obesity">Fatphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_gay_men" title="Discrimination against gay men">Gayphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontophobia" title="Gerontophobia">Gerontophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">Heterosexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_people_with_HIV/AIDS" title="Discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">Homophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprosy_stigma" title="Leprosy stigma">Leprosy stigma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbophobia">Lesbophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_men" title="Discrimination against men">Discrimination against men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misandry" title="Misandry">Misandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotism" title="Nepotism">Nepotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_children" title="Fear of children">Pedophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_foreigner" title="Perpetual foreigner">Perpetual foreigner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_discrimination" title="Pregnancy discrimination">Pregnancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supremacism" title="Supremacism">Supremacism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Male</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transphobia" title="Transphobia">Transphobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_non-binary_people" title="Discrimination against non-binary people">Non-binary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_transgender_men" title="Discrimination against transgender men">Trans men</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegaphobia" title="Vegaphobia">Vegaphobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination" title="Religious discrimination">Religious</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exclusivism#Religious_exclusivism" title="Exclusivism">Exclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">LDS or Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Orthodox_Tewahedo_Christianity" title="Persecution of Orthodox Tewahedo Christianity">Tewahedo Orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">Untouchability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'ism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunnism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_minority_Muslim_groups" title="Persecution of minority Muslim groups">minority Muslim</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_modern_pagans" title="Religious discrimination against modern pagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sikh_sentiment" title="Anti-Sikh sentiment">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Yazidis" title="Persecution of Yazidis">Yazidism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic/<a href="/wiki/Discrimination_based_on_nationality" title="Discrimination based on nationality">National</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Afghan_sentiment" title="Anti-Afghan sentiment">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-African_sentiment" title="Anti-African sentiment">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Albanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Albanian sentiment">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Arab_racism" title="Anti-Arab racism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_Asians" title="Racism against Asians">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_France" title="Anti-Asian racism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_post-Apartheid_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in post-Apartheid South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Asian_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Asian racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Assyrian_sentiment" title="Anti-Assyrian sentiment">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Azerbaijani_sentiment" title="Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negrophobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Negrophobia">Black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Racism_against_African_Americans" title="Racism against African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_discrimination_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black discrimination in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-black_racism_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-black racism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bengali_sentiment_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Bengali sentiment in India">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Protection_of_Macedonian_National_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Law for the Protection of Macedonian National Honor">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catalan_sentiment" title="Anti-Catalan sentiment">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chechen_sentiment" title="Anti-Chechen sentiment">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Colombian_sentiment" title="Anti-Colombian sentiment">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Croat_sentiment" title="Anti-Croat sentiment">Croat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Filipino_sentiment" title="Anti-Filipino sentiment">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Fulani_sentiment" title="Anti-Fulani sentiment">Fulani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Finnish_sentiment" title="Anti-Finnish sentiment">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Georgian_sentiment" title="Anti-Georgian sentiment">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Greek_sentiment" title="Anti-Greek sentiment">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihaitianismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihaitianismo">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hazaras" title="Persecution of Hazaras">Hazara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Igbo_sentiment" title="Anti-Igbo sentiment">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Indian_sentiment" title="Anti-Indian sentiment">Indian</a></li> <li>Indigenous people <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-indigenous_racism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-indigenous racism in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Irish_sentiment" title="Anti-Irish sentiment">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Italianism" title="Anti-Italianism">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Japanese</a></li> <li>Jewish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Korean_sentiment" title="Anti-Korean sentiment">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Kurdish_sentiment" title="Anti-Kurdish sentiment">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Lithuanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Lithuanian sentiment">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Malay_sentiment" title="Anti-Malay sentiment">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-M%C4%81ori_sentiment" title="Anti-Māori sentiment">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mexican_sentiment" title="Anti-Mexican sentiment">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93Middle_Eastern_sentiment" title="Anti–Middle Eastern sentiment">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mongolianism" title="Anti-Mongolianism">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Nigerian_sentiment" title="Anti-Nigerian sentiment">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pakistan_sentiment" title="Anti-Pakistan sentiment">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Palestinianism" title="Anti-Palestinianism">Palestinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Pashtun_sentiment" title="Anti-Pashtun sentiment">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Polish_sentiment" title="Anti-Polish sentiment">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Quebec_sentiment" title="Anti-Quebec sentiment">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Romanian_sentiment" title="Anti-Romanian sentiment">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Scottish_sentiment" title="Anti-Scottish sentiment">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Serb_sentiment" title="Anti-Serb sentiment">Serb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Somali_sentiment" title="Anti-Somali sentiment">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatarophobia" title="Tatarophobia">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Thai_sentiment" title="Anti-Thai sentiment">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Turkish_sentiment" title="Anti-Turkish sentiment">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ukrainian_sentiment" title="Anti-Ukrainian sentiment">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Uyghur_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Uyghur sentiment">Uyghur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_xenophobia_during_the_Venezuelan_refugee_crisis" title="List of incidents of xenophobia during the Venezuelan refugee crisis">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Vietnamese_sentiment" title="Anti-Vietnamese sentiment">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Welsh_sentiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Welsh sentiment">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manifestations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_designated_by_the_Southern_Poverty_Law_Center_as_anti-LGBTQ_hate_groups" title="List of organizations designated by the Southern Poverty Law Center as anti-LGBTQ hate groups">SPLC-designated list of anti-LGBTQ hate groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020s_anti-LGBTQ_movement_in_the_United_States" title="2020s anti-LGBTQ movement in the United States">Anti-LGBTQ movemenet in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_anti-trans_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="21st-century anti-trans movement in the United Kingdom">Anti-trans movement in the UK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_for_homosexuality" title="Capital punishment for homosexuality">Capital punishment for homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">Compulsory sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrective_rape" title="Corrective rape">Corrective rape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_genocide" title="Cultural genocide">Cultural genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defamation" title="Defamation">Defamation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democide" title="Democide">Democide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_hate_crime" title="Disability hate crime">Disability hate crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domicide" title="Domicide">Domicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_discrimination" title="Economic discrimination">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_in_education" title="Discrimination in education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Employment_discrimination" title="Employment discrimination">Employment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliminationism" title="Eliminationism">Eliminationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_of_the_people" title="Enemy of the people">Enemy of the people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">Ethnic cleansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">Ethnic conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_hatred" title="Ethnic hatred">Ethnic hatred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_joke" title="Ethnic joke">Ethnic joke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocide" title="Ethnocide">Ethnocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_of_excellence" title="Discrimination of excellence">Excellence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-based_dress_codes" title="Gender-based dress codes">Gender-based dress codes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetics_policy" title="Cosmetics policy">Cosmetics policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_heel_policy" title="High heel policy">High heel policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_conversion" title="Forced conversion">Forced conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freak_show" title="Freak show">Freak show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_bashing" title="Gay bashing">Gay bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gendercide" title="Gendercide">Gendercide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genital_modification_and_mutilation" title="Genital modification and mutilation">Genital modification and mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocides_in_history" title="Genocides in history">examples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_ceiling" title="Glass ceiling">Glass ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_crime" title="Hate crime">Hate crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_LGBTQ_people" title="Violence against LGBTQ people">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_group" title="Hate group">Hate group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient_dumping" title="Patient dumping">Homeless dumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_discrimination" title="Housing discrimination">Housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rolling" title="Indian rolling">Indian rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kill_Haole_Day" title="Kill Haole Day">Kill Haole Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_grooming_conspiracy_theory" title="LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory">LGBTQ grooming conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_killed_for_being_transgender" title="List of people killed for being transgender">List of people killed for being transgender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching" title="Lynching">Lynching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_discrimination" title="Mortgage discrimination">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stop_Murder_Music" title="Stop Murder Music">Murder music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_mascot_controversy" title="Native American mascot controversy">Native American mascots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_segregation" title="Occupational segregation">Occupational segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_immigration" title="Opposition to immigration">Opposition to immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_genocide" title="Paper genocide">Paper genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution" title="Persecution">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">Political repression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racialization" title="Racialization">Racialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_terrorism" title="Religious terrorism">Religious terrorism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Religious violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_war" title="Religious war">Religious war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segregation_academy" title="Segregation academy">Segregation academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-selective_abortion" title="Sex-selective abortion">Sex-selective abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slut-shaming" title="Slut-shaming">Slut-shaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_transgender_people" title="Violence against transgender people">Trans bashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victimisation" title="Victimisation">Victimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_flight" title="White flight">White flight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wife_selling" title="Wife selling">Wife selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discriminatory<br />policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limpieza_de_sangre" title="Limpieza de sangre">Blood purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_quantum_laws" title="Blood quantum laws">Blood quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_of_apartheid" title="Crime of apartheid">Crime of apartheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disabilities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Catholics)" title="Disabilities (Catholics)">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish disabilities">Jewish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap" title="Gender pay gap">Gender pay gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender roles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internment" title="Internment">Internment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_Protection_of_the_Nation" title="Law for Protection of the Nation">Law for Protection of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_opposition" title="LGBTQ rights opposition">LGBTQ rights opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_donation_restrictions_on_men_who_have_sex_with_men" title="Blood donation restrictions on men who have sex with men">MSM blood donation restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_kid_zone" title="No kid zone">No kid zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerus_clausus" title="Numerus clausus"><i>Numerus clausus</i> (as religious or racial quota)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-drop_rule" title="One-drop rule">One-drop rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_quota" title="Racial quota">Racial quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_steering" title="Racial steering">Racial steering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redlining" title="Redlining">Redlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage" title="Same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage (laws and issues prohibiting)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_segregation" title="Geographical segregation">Segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_segregation" title="Age segregation">age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">sexual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">Social exclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugly_law" title="Ugly law">Ugly law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_suppression" title="Voter suppression">Voter suppression</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Countermeasures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.26em 0; line-height:1.5em; background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affirmative_action" title="Affirmative action">Affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-discrimination_law" title="Anti-discrimination law">Anti-discrimination law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-racism" title="Anti-racism">Anti-racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_colorblindness" title="Constitutional colorblindness">Constitutional colorblindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">Cultural assimilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_pluralism" title="Cultural pluralism">Cultural pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a> <ul><li><a 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title="Cisnormativity">Cisnormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_liberties" title="Civil liberties">Civil liberties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumanization" title="Dehumanization">Dehumanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurodiversity" title="Neurodiversity">Neurodiversity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_penalty" title="Ethnic penalty">Ethnic penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figleaf_(linguistics)" title="Figleaf (linguistics)">Figleaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heteronormativity" title="Heteronormativity">Heteronormativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">Historical eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_oppression" title="Internalized oppression">Internalized oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality" title="Intersectionality">Intersectionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model of disability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_autism" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical model of autism">autism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_bias" title="Net bias">Net bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oikophobia" title="Oikophobia">Oikophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oppression" title="Oppression">Oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_correctness" title="Political correctness">Political correctness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyculturalism" title="Polyculturalism">Polyculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_distance" title="Power distance">Power 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