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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revolution_of_1848" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolution_of_1848"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Revolution of 1848</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolution_of_1848-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Exile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Return to France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Capitalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capitalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>Capitalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capitalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Thought" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Thought"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Thought</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Thought-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Thought subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Thought-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reformist_socialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reformist_socialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Reformist socialism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reformist_socialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Right_to_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Right_to_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Right to work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Right_to_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Louis Blanc</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 35 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-35" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">35 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86" title="لويس بلان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لويس بلان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%81" title="লুই ব্লঁ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লুই ব্লঁ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Louis Blanc" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Louis Blanc" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Louis Blanc" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Louis Blanc" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Louis Blanc" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Louis Blanc" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Louis Blanc" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Louis Blanc" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Louis Blanc" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AB_%D4%B2%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Լուի Բլան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լուի Բլան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82" title="लुई ब्लां – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लुई ब्लां" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Louis Blanc" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Louis Blanc" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98_%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ლუი ბლანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლუი ბლანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovicus_Blanc" title="Ludovicus Blanc – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ludovicus Blanc" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Louis Blanc" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%98_%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Луј Блан – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Луј Блан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="ലൂയി ബ്ലാങ്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലൂയി ബ്ലാങ്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86" title="لويس بلان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لويس بلان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Blanc_(politicus)" title="Louis Blanc (politicus) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Louis Blanc (politicus)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3" title="ルイ・ブラン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルイ・ブラン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Louis Blanc" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Louis Blanc" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Louis Blanc" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Louis Blanc" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8" title="Блан, Луи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Блан, Луи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Louis Blanc" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Louis Blanc" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Louis Blanc" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Louis Blanc" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Blanc" title="Louis Blanc – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Louis Blanc" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%97_%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Луї Блан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Луї Блан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%9C%97" title="路易·布朗 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="路易·布朗" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q355112#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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searchaux" style="display:none">French politician and historian (1811–1882)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Paris Métro station named after him, see <a href="/wiki/Louis_Blanc_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro)" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Blanc (Paris Métro)">Louis Blanc (Paris Métro)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Louis+Blanc%22">"Louis Blanc"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Louis+Blanc%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Louis+Blanc%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Louis+Blanc%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Louis+Blanc%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Louis+Blanc%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span 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div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Louis Blanc</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_Blanc_by_Carjat_1848.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Louis_Blanc_by_Carjat_1848.jpg/220px-Louis_Blanc_by_Carjat_1848.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Louis_Blanc_by_Carjat_1848.jpg/330px-Louis_Blanc_by_Carjat_1848.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Louis_Blanc_by_Carjat_1848.jpg/440px-Louis_Blanc_by_Carjat_1848.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1792" data-file-height="2195" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1811-10-29</span>)</span>29 October 1811<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain_under_Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Spain under Joseph Bonaparte">Spain</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">6 December 1882<span style="display:none">(1882-12-06)</span> (aged 71)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Cannes" title="Cannes">Cannes</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Lachaise_Cemetery" title="Père Lachaise Cemetery">Père Lachaise Cemetery</a>, Paris</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/19th-century_philosophy" title="19th-century philosophy">19th-century philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">Politics</a>, <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economy</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Right_to_work" title="Right to work">Right to work</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_workshops" class="mw-redirect" title="National workshops">national workshops</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a> for <a href="/wiki/Seine_(department)" title="Seine (department)">Seine</a> 5</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />13 February 1871 – 6 December 1882</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of State (France)">Minister of State</a></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/French_Provisional_Government_of_1848" title="French Provisional Government of 1848">Provisional government</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />24 February 1848 – 9 May 1848</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/The_Mountain_(1849)" title="The Mountain (1849)">The Mountain</a> (1849–1852)<br /><a href="/wiki/Republican_Union_(France)" title="Republican Union (France)">Republican Union</a> (1871–1882)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Louis Jean Joseph Charles Blanc</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling">blahn</i></a>; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[blɑ̃]</a></span>; 29 October 1811 – 6 December 1882) was a French <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> politician, journalist and historian. He called for the creation of cooperatives in order to <a href="/wiki/Job_guarantee" title="Job guarantee">guarantee employment</a> for the urban poor. Although Blanc's ideas of the workers' cooperatives were never realized, his political and social ideas greatly contributed to the development of <a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism in France">socialism in France</a>. He wanted the government to encourage cooperatives and replace capitalist enterprises. These cooperatives were to be associations of people who produced together and divided the profit accordingly. </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">Revolution of 1848</a>, Blanc became a member of <a href="/wiki/French_Provisional_Government_of_1848" title="French Provisional Government of 1848">the provisional government</a> and began advocating for cooperatives which would be initially aided by the government but ultimately controlled by the workers themselves. Blanc's advocacy failed; caught between radical worker tendencies and the <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(France)" title="National Guard (France)">National Guard</a>, he was forced into exile. Blanc returned to France in 1870, shortly before the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>, where he served as a member of the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a> for <a href="/wiki/Seine_(department)" title="Seine (department)">Seine</a>. While he did not support the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a>, he successfully proposed amnesty to the <a href="/wiki/Communards" title="Communards">Communards</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Blanc&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_years">Early years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Blanc&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Blanc was born in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>. His father held the post of <a href="/wiki/Inspector_General_of_Finance" class="mw-redirect" title="Inspector General of Finance">Inspector General of Finance</a> under <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph Bonaparte</a>. His younger brother was <a href="/wiki/Charles_Blanc" title="Charles Blanc">Charles Blanc</a>, who later became an influential art critic.<sup id="cite_ref-ODNB_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODNB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Failing to receive aid from <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Andrea,_count_Pozzo_di_Borgo" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlo Andrea, count Pozzo di Borgo">Pozzo di Borgo</a>, his mother's uncle, Louis Blanc studied law in Paris, living in poverty, and became a contributor to various journals. In the <i>Revue du progres</i>, which he founded, he published in 1839 his study on <i>L'Organisation du travail</i>. The principles laid down in this famous essay form the key to Louis Blanc's whole political career. He attributes all the evils that afflict society to the pressure of competition, whereby the weaker are driven to the wall. He demanded the equalization of wages, and the merging of personal interests in the common good—"<i>De chacun selon ses facultés, à chacun selon ses besoins,"</i><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is often translated as "<a href="/wiki/From_each_according_to_his_ability,_to_each_according_to_his_needs" title="From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs">from each according to his ability, to each according to his needs</a>." This was to be affected by the establishment of "social workshops," a sort of combined co-operative society and <a href="/wiki/Labor_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor union">trade-union</a>, where the workmen in each trade were to unite their efforts for their common benefit. In 1841 he published his <i>Histoire de dix ans 1830-1840</i>, an attack upon the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_July" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchy of July">monarchy of July</a>. It ran through four editions in four years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolution_of_1848">Revolution of 1848</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Blanc&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Revolution of 1848"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blanc-louis-1850.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Blanc-louis-1850.jpg/250px-Blanc-louis-1850.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/61/Blanc-louis-1850.jpg/375px-Blanc-louis-1850.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/61/Blanc-louis-1850.jpg 2x" data-file-width="433" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption>Frontis from Blanc's <i>Organisation du Travail</i>, published in Paris in 1850 by <i>Nouveau Monde</i></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1847, Blanc published the two first volumes of his <i>Histoire de la Revolution Française</i>. Its publication was interrupted by the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutions of 1848 in France">Revolution of 1848</a>, when he became a member of <a href="/wiki/French_Provisional_Government_of_1848" title="French Provisional Government of 1848">the provisional government</a>. It was on his motion that, on 25 February, the government undertook "to guarantee the existence of the workmen by work"; and though his demand for the establishment of a ministry of labour was refused—as beyond the competence of a provisional government—he was appointed to preside over the government labour commission (<i><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Commission" title="Luxembourg Commission">Commission du Gouvernement pour les travailleurs</a></i>) established at the <a href="/wiki/Palais_du_Luxembourg" class="mw-redirect" title="Palais du Luxembourg">Palais du Luxembourg</a> to inquire into and report on the labour question. </p><p>The revolution of 1848 was the real chance for Louis Blanc's ideas to be implemented. His theory of using the established government to enact change was different from those of other socialist theorists of his time. Blanc believed that workers could control their own livelihoods but knew that unless they were given help to get started the cooperative workshops would never work. To assist this process along Blanc lobbied for national funding of these workshops until the workers could assume control. To fund this ambitious project, Blanc saw a ready revenue source in the rail system. Under government control the railway system would provide the bulk of the funding needed for this and other projects Blanc saw in the future. </p><p>When the <a href="/wiki/National_Workshops" title="National Workshops">workshop program</a> was ratified in the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(France)" title="National Assembly (France)">National Assembly</a>, Blanc's chief rival <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%89mile_Thomas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Émile Thomas (page does not exist)">Émile Thomas</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89mile_Thomas_(ing%C3%A9nieur)" class="extiw" title="fr:Émile Thomas (ingénieur)">fr</a>]</span> was put in control of the project. The National Assembly was not ready for this type of social program and treated the workshops as a method of buying time until the assembly could gather enough support to stabilize themselves against another worker rebellion. Thomas's deliberate failure in organizing the workshops into a success only seemed to anger the public more. The people had been promised a job and a working environment in which the workers were in charge, from these government funded programs. What they had received was hand outs and government funded work parties to dig ditches and hard manual labor for meager wages or paid to remain idle. When the workshops were closed the workers rebelled again but were put down by force by the <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(France)" title="National Guard (France)">National Guard</a>. The National Assembly was also able to blame Blanc for the failure of the workshops. His ideas were questioned, and he lost much of the respect which had given him influence with the public. </p><p>Between the <a href="/wiki/Sans-culottes" title="Sans-culottes">sans-culottes</a>, who tried to force him to place himself at their head, and the National Guards, who mistreated him, he was nearly killed. Rescued with difficulty, he escaped with a false passport to Belgium, and then to London. He was condemned to deportation in absentia by a special tribunal at Bourges. Against trial and sentence he alike protested, developing his protest in a series of articles in the <i>Nouveau Monde</i>, a review published in Paris under his direction. These he afterwards collected and published as <i>Pages de l'histoire de la révolution de 1848</i> (Brussels, 1850). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exile">Exile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Blanc&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Exile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During his stay in Britain, he made use of the unique collection of materials for the revolutionary period preserved at the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> to complete his <i>Histoire de la Revolution Française</i> 12 vols. (1847–1862). In 1858 he published a reply to <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Phipps,_1st_Marquess_of_Normanby" title="Constantine Phipps, 1st Marquess of Normanby">Lord Normanby's</a> <i>A Year of Revolution in Paris</i> (1858), which he developed later into his <i>Histoire de la révolution de 1848</i> (2 vols., 1870–1880). He was also active in the <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">masonic</a> organisation, the Conseil Suprême de l'Ordre Maçonnique de Memphis. His membership in the London-based <a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Memphis-Misraim" title="Rite of Memphis-Misraim">La Grand Loge des Philadelphes</a> is unconfirmed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_France">Return to France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Blanc&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Return to France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_Blanc_mid_career.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Louis_Blanc_mid_career.jpg/220px-Louis_Blanc_mid_career.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Louis_Blanc_mid_career.jpg/330px-Louis_Blanc_mid_career.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Louis_Blanc_mid_career.jpg/440px-Louis_Blanc_mid_career.jpg 2x" data-file-width="517" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption>Blanc in his last years</figcaption></figure> <p>As far back as 1839, Louis Blanc had vehemently opposed the idea of a Napoleonic restoration, predicting that it would be "despotism without glory," "the Empire without the Emperor." He therefore remained in exile until the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second Empire</a> in September 1870, after which he returned to Paris and served as a private in the National Guard. On 8 February 1871 he was elected a member of the National Assembly, in which he maintained that the Republic was "the necessary form of national sovereignty," and voted for the continuation of the war; yet, though a leftist, he did not sympathize with the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune" title="Paris Commune">Paris Commune</a> and exerted his influence in vain on the side of moderation. In 1878 he advocated the abolition of the <a href="/wiki/French_presidency" class="mw-redirect" title="French presidency">presidency</a> and the <a href="/wiki/French_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="French Senate">Senate</a>. In January 1879 he introduced into the chamber a proposal for the amnesty of the <a href="/wiki/Communards" title="Communards">Communards</a>, which was carried. This was his last important act. His declining years were darkened by ill-health and by the death, in 1876, of his wife Christina Groh, whom he had married in 1865. He died at <a href="/wiki/Cannes" title="Cannes">Cannes</a>, and on 12 December received a state funeral in <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Lachaise_Cemetery" title="Père Lachaise Cemetery">Père Lachaise Cemetery</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legacy">Legacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Blanc&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Blanc possessed a picturesque and vivid style, and considerable power of research; but the fervour with which he expressed his convictions, while placing him in the first rank of orators, tended to turn his historical writings into political pamphlets. His political and social ideas have had a great influence on the development of <a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialism in France">socialism in France</a>. His <i>Discours politiques</i> (1847–1881) was published in 1882. His most important works, besides those already mentioned, are <i>Lettres sur l'Angleterre</i> (1866–1867), <i>Dix années de l'Histoire de l'Angleterre</i> (1879–1881), and <i>Questions d'aujourd'hui et de demain</i> (1873–1884). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Paris_Metro" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Metro">Paris Metro</a> Station <a href="/wiki/Louis_Blanc_(Paris_M%C3%A9tro)" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Blanc (Paris Métro)">Louis Blanc</a> is named after him. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Capitalism">Capitalism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Blanc&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Capitalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Blanc is sometimes cited as the first person to use the word capitalism in something like its modern form. While he did not mean the economic system described by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Das Kapital</a></i>, Blanc sowed the seeds of that usage, coining the word to mean the holding of capital away from others: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>What I call 'capitalism' that is to say the appropriation of capital by some to the exclusion of others.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Organisation du Travail</i> (1851)</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Thought">Thought</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Blanc&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Thought"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reformist_socialism">Reformist socialism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Blanc&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reformist socialism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Blanc was unusual in advocating for socialism without revolution first.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerzogSchaffJacksonSchaff18842205_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerzogSchaffJacksonSchaff18842205-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Right_to_work">Right to work</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Blanc&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Right to work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Blanc invented the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_work" title="Right to work">right to work</a> with his <i>Le Droit au Travail</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay191485_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay191485-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Blanc&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Blanc resisted what he perceived as the atheism implicit in Hegel, claiming that it corresponded to anarchism in politics and was not an adequate basis for democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoggach2011319_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoggach2011319-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Engels" class="mw-redirect" title="Engels">Engels</a> claimed that "Parisiann reformers of the Louis Blanc trend" could only imagine atheists as monsters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarxal200163_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarxal200163-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Instead, Blanc claimed that religion was foundational for revolution to take place, in keeping with the <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romantic tradition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoskowicz201346_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoskowicz201346-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He regarded <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> as part of the same historical and ideological movement<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStirnerByingtonMartin2012106_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStirnerByingtonMartin2012106-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and accordingly considered the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1789" class="mw-redirect" title="French Revolution of 1789">French Revolution of 1789</a> as a political outgrowth of the <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualistic</a> rejection of authority inherent in <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heresy_in_Christianity" title="Heresy in Christianity">heretical movements</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuretOzouf1989902_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuretOzouf1989902-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaliaEmmons200659_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaliaEmmons200659-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blanc thought the best of the revolution was the Jacobin dictatorship in the communitarian spirit of Catholicism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEComay2011187_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEComay2011187-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blanc himself sought to combine Catholicism and Protestantism in order to synthesize the values of authority, community, and individualism that he both affirmed as necessary for community.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuretOzouf1989902_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuretOzouf1989902-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was unusual in combining Catholicism and socialism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuretOzouf1989700_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuretOzouf1989700-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Along with <a href="/wiki/Etienne_Cabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Etienne Cabet">Etienne Cabet</a>, Blanc advocated for what he understood as true Christianity while simultaneously critiquing the religion of Catholic clergy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoskowicz201346_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoskowicz201346-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was hopeful about the religious innovation taking place in early revolutionary France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuretOzouf1989700_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuretOzouf1989700-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His belief in God was shaped by <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romanticism</a> and was similar to <a href="/wiki/Rousseau" class="mw-redirect" title="Rousseau">Rousseau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Buchez" title="Philippe Buchez">Philippe Buchez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Vincent_Raspail" title="François-Vincent Raspail">François-Vincent Raspail</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenstein1959136_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenstein1959136-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Blanc&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_demonstration_of_15_May_1848" title="French demonstration of 15 May 1848">French demonstration of 15 May 1848</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Blanc&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ODNB-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ODNB_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFVarouxakis" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Varouxakis, Georgios. "Blanc, (Jean Joseph) Louis (1811–1882), political thinker and exile". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F92465">10.1093/ref:odnb/92465</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Blanc%2C+%28Jean+Joseph%29+Louis+%281811%E2%80%931882%29%2C+political+thinker+and+exile&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F92465&rft.aulast=Varouxakis&rft.aufirst=Georgios&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Blanc" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Louis Blanc, <i>Plus de Girondins</i>, 1851, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KFc9AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA92">p. 92</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S5XICQAAQBAJ&dq=what+i+call+%27capitalism%27+that+is+to+say+the+appropriation+of+capital+by+some+to+the+exclusion+of+others&pg=PA252">Conceptualizing Capitalism: Institutions, Evolution, Future</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerzogSchaffJacksonSchaff18842205-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerzogSchaffJacksonSchaff18842205_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerzogSchaffJacksonSchaff1884">Herzog et al. 1884</a>, p. 2205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDay191485-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDay191485_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDay1914">Day 1914</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoggach2011319-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoggach2011319_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoggach2011">Moggach 2011</a>, p. 319.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarxal200163-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarxal200163_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarxal2001">Marx & al 2001</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoskowicz201346-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoskowicz201346_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoskowicz201346_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJoskowicz2013">Joskowicz 2013</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStirnerByingtonMartin2012106-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStirnerByingtonMartin2012106_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStirnerByingtonMartin2012">Stirner, Byington & Martin 2012</a>, p. 106.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuretOzouf1989902-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuretOzouf1989902_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuretOzouf1989902_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuretOzouf1989">Furet & Ozouf 1989</a>, p. 902.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaliaEmmons200659-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMaliaEmmons200659_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaliaEmmons2006">Malia & Emmons 2006</a>, p. 59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEComay2011187-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEComay2011187_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFComay2011">Comay 2011</a>, p. 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuretOzouf1989700-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuretOzouf1989700_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuretOzouf1989700_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuretOzouf1989">Furet & Ozouf 1989</a>, p. 700.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEisenstein1959136-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEisenstein1959136_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenstein1959">Eisenstein 1959</a>, p. 136.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Blanc&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li>Leo A. Loubère, (1961) Louis Blanc: His Life and His Contribution to the Rise of French Jacobin-Socialism</li> <li>G.D.H Cole, <i>Socialist Thought, The Forerunners 1789-1850</i> (1959)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComay2011" class="citation book cs1">Comay, R. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tDsJrC9pC_QC&pg=PT187"><i>Mourning Sickness: Hegel and the French Revolution</i></a>. Cultural Memory in the Present. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-6127-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-6127-7"><bdi>978-0-8047-6127-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mourning+Sickness%3A+Hegel+and+the+French+Revolution&rft.series=Cultural+Memory+in+the+Present&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-6127-7&rft.aulast=Comay&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtDsJrC9pC_QC%26pg%3DPT187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Blanc" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDay1914" class="citation book cs1">Day, H.C. (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bPJQAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA85"><i>Catholic Democracy: Individualism and Socialism</i></a>. Longmans, Green, and Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catholic+Democracy%3A+Individualism+and+Socialism&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green%2C+and+Company&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=H.C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbPJQAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Blanc" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisenstein1959" class="citation book cs1">Eisenstein, E.L. (1959). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstprofessiona0000eise"><i>The first professional revolutionist</i></a></span>. Harvard historical monographs. Harvard University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/firstprofessiona0000eise/page/136">136</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+first+professional+revolutionist&rft.series=Harvard+historical+monographs&rft.pages=136&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Eisenstein&rft.aufirst=E.L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffirstprofessiona0000eise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Blanc" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuretOzouf1989" class="citation book cs1">Furet, F.; Ozouf, M. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bGxiE6jvzOcC"><i>A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution</i></a>. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-17728-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-17728-4"><bdi>978-0-674-17728-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Critical+Dictionary+of+the+French+Revolution&rft.pub=Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-674-17728-4&rft.aulast=Furet&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Ozouf%2C+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbGxiE6jvzOcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Blanc" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerzogSchaffJacksonSchaff1884" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herzog, J.J.; Schaff, P.; Jackson, S.M.; Schaff, D.S. (1884). "Socialism". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qPZMAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA2205"><i>A Religious Encyclopædia, Or, Dictionary of Biblical, Historical, Doctrinal and Practical Theology: Based on the Real-encyklopädie of H Erzog, Plitt and Hauck</i></a>. T. & T. Clark.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Socialism&rft.btitle=A+Religious+Encyclop%C3%A6dia%2C+Or%2C+Dictionary+of+Biblical%2C+Historical%2C+Doctrinal+and+Practical+Theology%3A+Based+on+the+Real-encyklop%C3%A4die+of+H+Erzog%2C+Plitt+and+Hauck&rft.pub=T.+%26+T.+Clark&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Herzog&rft.aufirst=J.J.&rft.au=Schaff%2C+P.&rft.au=Jackson%2C+S.M.&rft.au=Schaff%2C+D.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqPZMAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA2205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Blanc" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoskowicz2013" class="citation book cs1">Joskowicz, A. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=faT3AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA46"><i>The Modernity of Others: Jewish Anti-Catholicism in Germany and France</i></a>. Stanford Studies in Jewish History and Culture. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-8840-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-8840-3"><bdi>978-0-8047-8840-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Modernity+of+Others%3A+Jewish+Anti-Catholicism+in+Germany+and+France&rft.series=Stanford+Studies+in+Jewish+History+and+Culture&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-8840-3&rft.aulast=Joskowicz&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfaT3AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Blanc" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarxal2001" class="citation book cs1">Marx, K.; al, K.M. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xdeva2OvEiAC&pg=PA63"><i>Marxism, Socialism and Religion</i></a>. Resistance Marxist library. Resistance Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-876646-01-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-876646-01-1"><bdi>978-1-876646-01-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marxism%2C+Socialism+and+Religion&rft.series=Resistance+Marxist+library&rft.pub=Resistance+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-876646-01-1&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=al%2C+K.M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxdeva2OvEiAC%26pg%3DPA63&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Blanc" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Harry W. Laidler, <i>A History of Socialist Thought</i> (1927)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaliaEmmons2006" class="citation book cs1">Malia, M.E.; Emmons, T. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3tuMUDsZvQ0C&pg=PA59"><i>History's Locomotives: Revolutions and the Making of the Modern World</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13528-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13528-2"><bdi>978-0-300-13528-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History%27s+Locomotives%3A+Revolutions+and+the+Making+of+the+Modern+World&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-300-13528-2&rft.aulast=Malia&rft.aufirst=M.E.&rft.au=Emmons%2C+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3tuMUDsZvQ0C%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Blanc" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoggach2011" class="citation book cs1">Moggach, D. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yJ0wre5qeosC&pg=PA319"><i>Politics, Religion, and Art: Hegelian Debates</i></a>. Book collections on Project MUSE. Northwestern University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-2729-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-2729-6"><bdi>978-0-8101-2729-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics%2C+Religion%2C+and+Art%3A+Hegelian+Debates&rft.series=Book+collections+on+Project+MUSE&rft.pub=Northwestern+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8101-2729-6&rft.aulast=Moggach&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyJ0wre5qeosC%26pg%3DPA319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Blanc" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStirnerByingtonMartin2012" class="citation book cs1">Stirner, M.; Byington, S.T.; Martin, J.J. (2012) [1982]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rmEPPUuuhtcC&pg=PA106"><i>The Ego and His Own: The Case of the Individual Against Authority</i></a>. Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-12276-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-12276-2"><bdi>978-0-486-12276-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ego+and+His+Own%3A+The+Case+of+the+Individual+Against+Authority&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-486-12276-2&rft.aulast=Stirner&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Byington%2C+S.T.&rft.au=Martin%2C+J.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrmEPPUuuhtcC%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Blanc" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>G.R.S. Taylor, <i>Leaders of Socialism</i> (1968)</li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Attribution</dt></dl> <ul><li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Blanc,_Louis" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Blanc, Louis">Blanc, Louis</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Blanc%2C+Louis&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Blanc" class="Z3988"></span> This work in turn cites, in addition to Blanc's own works: <ul><li>L. Fiaux, <i>Louis Blanc</i> (1883)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Blanc&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHazareesingh2015" class="citation book cs1">Hazareesingh, S. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DfKlCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA45"><i>How the French Think: An Affectionate Portrait of an Intellectual People</i></a>. Basic Books. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-06166-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-06166-2"><bdi>978-0-465-06166-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+the+French+Think%3A+An+Affectionate+Portrait+of+an+Intellectual+People&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-465-06166-2&rft.aulast=Hazareesingh&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDfKlCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Blanc" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Blanc&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Louis_Blanc" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Louis Blanc">Louis Blanc</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Blanc, Jean Joseph Louis"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Blanc,_Jean_Joseph_Louis">"Blanc, Jean Joseph Louis" </a></span>. <i><a 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l'Eure</a></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="11" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Seal_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Great_Seal_of_France.svg/100px-Great_Seal_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Great_Seal_of_France.svg/150px-Great_Seal_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Great_Seal_of_France.svg/200px-Great_Seal_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="650" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacques-Charles_Dupont_de_L%27Eure.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jacques-Charles_Dupont_de_L%27Eure.jpg/100px-Jacques-Charles_Dupont_de_L%27Eure.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jacques-Charles_Dupont_de_L%27Eure.jpg/150px-Jacques-Charles_Dupont_de_L%27Eure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Jacques-Charles_Dupont_de_L%27Eure.jpg/200px-Jacques-Charles_Dupont_de_L%27Eure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Charles_Dupont_de_l%27Eure" title="Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure">Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interior</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Auguste_Ledru-Rollin" title="Alexandre Auguste Ledru-Rollin">Alexandre Auguste Ledru-Rollin</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Alphonse de Lamartine</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Goudchaux" title="Michel Goudchaux">Michel Goudchaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Antoine_Garnier-Pag%C3%A8s" title="Louis-Antoine Garnier-Pagès">Louis-Antoine Garnier-Pagès</a>, Sub-secretary <a href="/wiki/Charles_Duclerc" title="Charles Duclerc">Charles Duclerc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Justice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Cr%C3%A9mieux" title="Adolphe Crémieux">Adolphe Crémieux</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Marie_de_Saint-Georges" title="Pierre Marie de Saint-Georges">Pierre Marie de Saint-Georges</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agriculture and Commerce</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Bethmont" title="Eugène Bethmont">Eugène Bethmont</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education and Religious Affairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Carnot" title="Hippolyte Carnot">Hippolyte Carnot</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Navy and Colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Arago" title="François Arago">François Arago</a>, Sub-secretary <a href="/wiki/Victor_Sch%C5%93lcher" title="Victor Schœlcher">Victor Schœlcher</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">War</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Gervais,_baron_Subervie" title="Jacques Gervais, baron Subervie">Jacques Gervais, baron Subervie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Eug%C3%A8ne_Cavaignac" title="Louis-Eugène Cavaignac">Louis-Eugène Cavaignac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Arago" title="François Arago">François Arago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armand_Marrast" title="Armand Marrast">Armand Marrast</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louis Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Flocon" title="Ferdinand Flocon">Ferdinand Flocon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Martin" title="Alexandre Martin">Alexandre Martin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355112#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355112#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q355112#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/68925694">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/119690/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkhGMJgj4wj8hd7RBBQMP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118663704">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83197410">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11892228z">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11892228z">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Blanc, Louis <1811-1882>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/RAVV053170">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35019260">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=skuk0000122&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1206114">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/26587">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068434634">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/98060153">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000316128&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000103142&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=170852">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000026159">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/3ktr0slj1bvjwh26">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810659246905606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/1500">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007258600505171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058519937506706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01138105?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.assemblee-nationale.fr/sycomore/fiche/(num_dept)/850">Sycomore</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/793593">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118663704.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118663704">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" 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