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<li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standardization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standardization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Standardization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standardization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Going_public" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Going_public"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Going public</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Going_public-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fraunhofer_example_implementation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fraunhofer_example_implementation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>Fraunhofer example implementation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fraunhofer_example_implementation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_versions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_versions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Further versions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_versions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internet_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Internet distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Design</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Design-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Design subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-File_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#File_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>File structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-File_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Encoding_and_decoding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encoding_and_decoding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Encoding and decoding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encoding_and_decoding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Quality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bit_rate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bit_rate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Bit rate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bit_rate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancillary_data" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancillary_data"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Ancillary data</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancillary_data-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metadata" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metadata"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Metadata</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metadata-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Licensing,_ownership,_and_legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Licensing,_ownership,_and_legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Licensing, ownership, and legislation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Licensing,_ownership,_and_legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alternative_technologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_technologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Alternative technologies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_technologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">MP3</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 77 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-77" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">77 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%9D%E1%8D%923" title="ኤምፒ3 – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኤምፒ3" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%85_%D8%A8%D9%8A_3" title="إم بي 3 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إم بي 3" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%8F%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%A5%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%80" title="એમપીથ્રી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="એમપીથ્રી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%82%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF3" title="എം‌പി3 – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എം‌പി3" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%80%E0%A5%A9" title="एमपी३ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="एमपी३" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9E%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8" title="အမ်ပီသရီး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အမ်ပီသရီး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8E%D9%85_%D9%BE%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ئێم پی تری – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئێم پی تری" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF3" title="எம்பி3 – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எம்பி3" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%8E%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%803" title="ఎంపీ3 – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఎంపీ3" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B53" title="เอ็มพี3 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เอ็มพี3" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/MP3" title="MP3 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="MP3" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q42591#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Digital audio format</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/MP3_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="MP3 (disambiguation)">MP3 (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/MPEG-3" title="MPEG-3">MPEG-3</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="padding-bottom: 0.15em;">MP3</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mp3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Mp3.svg/250px-Mp3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Mp3.svg/330px-Mp3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Mp3.svg/500px-Mp3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="917" data-file-height="463" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">Filename extension</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;"><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">.mp3</code><br /><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">.bit</code> (before 1995)<sup id="cite_ref-mp3-name_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mp3-name-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Media_type" title="Media type">Internet media type</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">audio/mpeg</code><sup id="cite_ref-rfc3003_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc3003-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">audio/MPA</code><sup id="cite_ref-rfc3555_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc3555-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">audio/mpa-robust</code><sup id="cite_ref-rfc5219_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc5219-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;">Developed by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;"><a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Brandenburg" title="Karlheinz Brandenburg">Karlheinz Brandenburg</a>, Ernst Eberlein, Heinz Gerhäuser, <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Grill" title="Bernhard Grill">Bernhard Grill</a>, Jürgen Herre and <a href="/wiki/Harald_Popp" title="Harald Popp">Harald Popp</a> (all of <a href="/wiki/Fraunhofer_Society" title="Fraunhofer Society">Fraunhofer Society</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and others</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;">6 December 1991<span class="noprint">; 33 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1991-12-06</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Latest release</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">ISO/IEC 13818-3:1998<br />April 1998<span class="noprint">; 26 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1998-04</span>)</span> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;">Type of format</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;"><a href="/wiki/Lossy" class="mw-redirect" title="Lossy">Lossy</a> <a href="/wiki/Audio_file_format" title="Audio file format">audio</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;">Contained by</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;"><a href="/wiki/MPEG-ES" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG-ES">MPEG-ES</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/International_standard" title="International standard">Standards</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11172-3" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 11172-3">ISO/IEC 11172-3</a><sup id="cite_ref-11172-3_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11172-3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_13818-3" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 13818-3">ISO/IEC 13818-3</a><sup id="cite_ref-13818-3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13818-3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Open_file_format" title="Open file format">Open format</a>?</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;">Yes<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height: 1.2; padding-right: 0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Open_standard#Comparison_of_definitions" title="Open standard">Free format</a>?</span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height: 1.35;">Expired patents<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>MP3</b> (formally <b>MPEG-1 Audio Layer III</b> or <b>MPEG-2 Audio Layer III</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-rfc5219_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rfc5219-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">coding format</a> for <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">digital audio</a> developed largely by the <a href="/wiki/Fraunhofer_Society" title="Fraunhofer Society">Fraunhofer Society</a> in Germany under the lead of <a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Brandenburg" title="Karlheinz Brandenburg">Karlheinz Brandenburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was designed to greatly reduce the amount of data required to represent audio, yet still sound like a faithful reproduction of the original <a href="/wiki/Uncompressed" class="mw-redirect" title="Uncompressed">uncompressed</a> audio to most listeners; for example, compared to <a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio" title="Compact Disc Digital Audio">CD-quality digital audio</a>, MP3 compression can commonly achieve a 75–95% reduction in size, depending on the <a href="/wiki/Bit_rate" title="Bit rate">bit rate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In popular usage, <i>MP3</i> often refers to <a href="/wiki/Computer_file" title="Computer file">files</a> of sound or music recordings stored in the MP3 <a href="/wiki/File_format" title="File format">file format</a> (.mp3) on consumer electronic devices. </p><p>Originally defined in 1991 as the third audio format of the <a href="/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1">MPEG-1</a> standard, it was retained and further extended—defining additional bit rates and support for more <a href="/wiki/Surround_channels" title="Surround channels">audio channels</a>—as the third audio format of the subsequent <a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">MPEG-2</a> standard. MP3 as a <a href="/wiki/File_format" title="File format">file format</a> commonly designates files containing an <a href="/wiki/Elementary_stream" class="mw-redirect" title="Elementary stream">elementary stream</a> of MPEG-1 Audio or MPEG-2 Audio encoded data, without other complexities of the MP3 standard. Concerning <a href="/wiki/Audio_compression_(data)" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio compression (data)">audio compression</a>, which is its most apparent element to end-users, MP3 uses <a href="/wiki/Lossy_compression" title="Lossy compression">lossy compression</a> to encode data using inexact approximations and the partial discarding of data, allowing for a large reduction in <a href="/wiki/File_size" title="File size">file sizes</a> when compared to uncompressed audio. The combination of small size and acceptable fidelity led to a boom in the distribution of music over the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> in the late 1990s, with MP3 serving as an enabling technology at a time when <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">bandwidth</a> and storage were still at a premium. The MP3 format soon became associated with controversies surrounding <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">copyright infringement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music_piracy" title="Music piracy">music piracy</a>, and the file-<a href="/wiki/Ripping" title="Ripping">ripping</a> and <a href="/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">sharing</a> services <a href="/wiki/MP3.com#Original_version" title="MP3.com">MP3.com</a> and <a href="/wiki/Napster" title="Napster">Napster</a>, among others. With the advent of <a href="/wiki/Portable_media_player" title="Portable media player">portable media players</a> (including "MP3 players"), a product category also including <a href="/wiki/Smartphones" class="mw-redirect" title="Smartphones">smartphones</a>, MP3 support remains near-universal and a <a href="/wiki/De_facto_standard" title="De facto standard"><i>de facto</i> standard</a> for digital audio. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MP3&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Moving_Picture_Experts_Group" title="Moving Picture Experts Group">Moving Picture Experts Group</a> (MPEG) designed MP3 as part of its <a href="/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1">MPEG-1</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">MPEG-2</a>, standards. MPEG-1 Audio (MPEG-1 Part 3), which included MPEG-1 Audio Layer I, II, and III, was approved as a committee draft for an <a href="/wiki/ISO" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO">ISO</a>/<a href="/wiki/IEC" class="mw-redirect" title="IEC">IEC</a> standard in 1991,<sup id="cite_ref-cd-1991_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cd-1991-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-neuron2-cd-1991_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neuron2-cd-1991-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> finalized in 1992,<sup id="cite_ref-dis-1992_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dis-1992-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and published in 1993 as ISO/IEC 11172-3:1993.<sup id="cite_ref-11172-3_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11172-3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An MPEG-2 Audio (MPEG-2 Part 3) extension with lower sample and bit rates was published in 1995 as ISO/IEC 13818-3:1995.<sup id="cite_ref-13818-3_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13818-3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mpeg-audio-faq-bc_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mpeg-audio-faq-bc-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It requires only minimal modifications to existing MPEG-1 decoders (recognition of the MPEG-2 bit in the header and addition of the new lower sample and bit rates). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MP3&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Linear_predictive_coding" title="Linear predictive coding">Linear predictive coding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modified_discrete_cosine_transform" title="Modified discrete cosine transform">Modified discrete cosine transform</a></div> <p>The MP3 <a href="/wiki/Lossy_compression" title="Lossy compression">lossy compression</a> algorithm takes advantage of a perceptual limitation of human hearing called <a href="/wiki/Auditory_masking" title="Auditory masking">auditory masking</a>. In 1894, the American physicist <a href="/wiki/Alfred_M._Mayer" title="Alfred M. Mayer">Alfred M. Mayer</a> reported that a tone could be rendered inaudible by another tone of lower frequency.<sup id="cite_ref-Mayer1894_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayer1894-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1959, Richard Ehmer described a complete set of auditory curves regarding this phenomenon.<sup id="cite_ref-Ehmer1959_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ehmer1959-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1967 and 1974, <a href="/wiki/Eberhard_Zwicker" title="Eberhard Zwicker">Eberhard Zwicker</a> did work in the areas of tuning and masking of critical frequency-bands,<sup id="cite_ref-Zwicker_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zwicker-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eberhard_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eberhard-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which in turn built on the fundamental research in the area from <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Fletcher" title="Harvey Fletcher">Harvey Fletcher</a> and his collaborators at <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fletcher_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fletcher-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perceptual coding was first used for <a href="/wiki/Speech_coding" title="Speech coding">speech coding</a> compression with <a href="/wiki/Linear_predictive_coding" title="Linear predictive coding">linear predictive coding</a> (LPC),<sup id="cite_ref-Schroeder2014_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schroeder2014-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which has origins in the work of <a href="/wiki/Fumitada_Itakura" title="Fumitada Itakura">Fumitada Itakura</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nagoya_University" title="Nagoya University">Nagoya University</a>) and Shuzo Saito (<a href="/wiki/Nippon_Telegraph_and_Telephone" title="Nippon Telegraph and Telephone">Nippon Telegraph and Telephone</a>) in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1978, <a href="/wiki/Bishnu_S._Atal" title="Bishnu S. Atal">Bishnu S. Atal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manfred_R._Schroeder" title="Manfred R. Schroeder">Manfred R. Schroeder</a> at Bell Labs proposed an LPC speech <a href="/wiki/Codec" title="Codec">codec</a>, called <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_predictive_coding" title="Adaptive predictive coding">adaptive predictive coding</a>, that used a <a href="/wiki/Psychoacoustic" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychoacoustic">psychoacoustic</a> coding-algorithm exploiting the masking properties of the human ear.<sup id="cite_ref-Schroeder2014_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schroeder2014-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further optimization by Schroeder and Atal with J.L. Hall was later reported in a 1979 paper.<sup id="cite_ref-Schroeder1979_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schroeder1979-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year, a psychoacoustic masking codec was also proposed by M. A. Krasner,<sup id="cite_ref-Krasner_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krasner-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who published and produced hardware for speech (not usable as music bit-compression), but the publication of his results in a relatively obscure <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln Laboratory">Lincoln Laboratory</a> Technical Report<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> did not immediately influence the mainstream of psychoacoustic codec-development. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">discrete cosine transform</a> (DCT), a type of <a href="/wiki/Transform_coding" title="Transform coding">transform coding</a> for lossy compression, proposed by <a href="/wiki/N._Ahmed" class="mw-redirect" title="N. Ahmed">Nasir Ahmed</a> in 1972, was developed by Ahmed with T. Natarajan and <a href="/wiki/K._R._Rao" title="K. R. Rao">K. R. Rao</a> in 1973; they published their results in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to the development of the <a href="/wiki/Modified_discrete_cosine_transform" title="Modified discrete cosine transform">modified discrete cosine transform</a> (MDCT), proposed by J. P. Princen, A. W. Johnson and A. B. Bradley in 1987,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> following earlier work by Princen and Bradley in 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MDCT later became a core part of the MP3 algorithm.<sup id="cite_ref-Guckert_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guckert-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ernst Terhardt and other collaborators constructed an algorithm describing auditory masking with high accuracy in 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-Terhardt1982_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Terhardt1982-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This work added to a variety of reports from authors dating back to Fletcher, and to the work that initially determined critical ratios and critical bandwidths. </p><p>In 1985, Atal and Schroeder presented <a href="/wiki/Code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Code-excited linear prediction">code-excited linear prediction</a> (CELP), an LPC-based perceptual speech-coding algorithm with auditory masking that achieved a significant <a href="/wiki/Data_compression_ratio" title="Data compression ratio">data compression ratio</a> for its time.<sup id="cite_ref-Schroeder2014_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schroeder2014-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/IEEE" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE">IEEE</a>'s refereed <i>Journal on Selected Areas in Communications</i> reported on a wide variety of (mostly perceptual) audio compression algorithms in 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-Voice_Coding_for_Communications_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voice_Coding_for_Communications-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "Voice Coding for Communications" edition published in February 1988 reported on a wide range of established, working audio bit compression technologies,<sup id="cite_ref-Voice_Coding_for_Communications_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Voice_Coding_for_Communications-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> some of them using auditory masking as part of their fundamental design, and several showing real-time hardware implementations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MP3&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The genesis of the MP3 technology is fully described in a paper from Professor Hans Musmann,<sup id="cite_ref-musmann_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-musmann-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who chaired the ISO MPEG Audio group for several years. In December 1988, MPEG called for an audio coding standard. In June 1989, 14 audio coding algorithms were submitted. Because of certain similarities between these coding proposals, they were clustered into four development groups. The first group was ASPEC, by <a href="/wiki/Fraunhofer_Gesellschaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraunhofer Gesellschaft">Fraunhofer Gesellschaft</a>, <a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a>, <a href="/wiki/France_Telecom" class="mw-redirect" title="France Telecom">France Telecom</a>, Deutsche and <a href="/wiki/Thomson-CSF" title="Thomson-CSF">Thomson-Brandt</a>. The second group was <a href="/wiki/MUSICAM" class="mw-redirect" title="MUSICAM">MUSICAM</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Matsushita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centre_commun_d%27%C3%A9tudes_de_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_et_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9communications" title="Centre commun d'études de télévision et télécommunications">CCETT</a>, ITT and <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a>. The third group was ATAC (ATRAC Coding), by <a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/JVC" title="JVC">JVC</a>, <a href="/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a>. And the fourth group was <a href="/wiki/SB-ADPCM" class="mw-redirect" title="SB-ADPCM">SB-ADPCM</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Nippon_Telegraph_and_Telephone" title="Nippon Telegraph and Telephone">NTT</a> and BTRL.<sup id="cite_ref-musmann_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-musmann-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The immediate predecessors of MP3 were "Optimum Coding in the Frequency Domain" (OCF),<sup id="cite_ref-Brandenburg_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brandenburg-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Perceptual Transform Coding (PXFM).<sup id="cite_ref-Johnston1988_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnston1988-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These two codecs, along with block-switching contributions from Thomson-Brandt, were merged into a codec called ASPEC, which was submitted to MPEG, and which won the quality competition, but that was mistakenly rejected as too complex to implement. The first practical implementation of an audio perceptual coder (OCF) in hardware (Krasner's hardware was too cumbersome and slow for practical use), was an implementation of a psychoacoustic transform coder based on <a href="/wiki/Motorola_56000" title="Motorola 56000">Motorola 56000</a> <a href="/wiki/Digital_Signal_Processor" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Signal Processor">DSP</a> chips. </p><p>Another predecessor of the MP3 format and technology is to be found in the perceptual codec MUSICAM based on an integer arithmetics 32 sub-bands filter bank, driven by a psychoacoustic model. It was primarily designed for Digital Audio Broadcasting (digital radio) and digital TV, and its basic principles were disclosed to the scientific community by CCETT (France) and IRT (Germany) in Atlanta during an IEEE-<a href="/wiki/ICASSP" class="mw-redirect" title="ICASSP">ICASSP</a> conference in 1991,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after having worked on MUSICAM with Matsushita and Philips since 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-musmann_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-musmann-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This codec incorporated into a broadcasting system using COFDM modulation was demonstrated on air and in the field<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Radio Canada and CRC Canada during the NAB show (Las Vegas) in 1991. The implementation of the audio part of this broadcasting system was based on a two-chip encoder (one for the subband transform, one for the psychoacoustic model designed by the team of <a href="/w/index.php?title=G._Stoll&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="G. Stoll (page does not exist)">G. Stoll</a> (IRT Germany), later known as psychoacoustic model I) and a real-time decoder using one <a href="/wiki/Motorola_56001" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorola 56001">Motorola 56001</a> DSP chip running an integer arithmetics software designed by Y.F. Dehery's team (CCETT, France). The simplicity of the corresponding decoder together with the high audio quality of this codec using for the first time a 48 kHz <a href="/wiki/Sampling_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sampling rate">sampling rate</a>, a 20 bits/sample input format (the highest available sampling standard in 1991, compatible with the AES/EBU professional digital input studio standard) were the main reasons to later adopt the characteristics of MUSICAM as the basic features for an advanced digital music compression codec. </p><p>During the development of the MUSICAM encoding software, Stoll and Dehery's team made thorough use of a set of high-quality audio assessment material<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> selected by a group of audio professionals from the European Broadcasting Union, and later used as a reference for the assessment of music compression codecs. The subband coding technique was found to be efficient, not only for the perceptual coding of high-quality sound materials but especially for the encoding of critical percussive sound materials (drums, <a href="/wiki/Triangle_(musical_instrument)" title="Triangle (musical instrument)">triangle</a>,...), due to the specific temporal masking effect of the MUSICAM sub-band filterbank (this advantage being a specific feature of short transform coding techniques). </p><p>As a doctoral student at Germany's <a href="/wiki/University_of_Erlangen-Nuremberg" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Erlangen-Nuremberg">University of Erlangen-Nuremberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Brandenburg" title="Karlheinz Brandenburg">Karlheinz Brandenburg</a> began working on digital music compression in the early 1980s, focusing on how people perceive music. He completed his doctoral work in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-BusinessWeek_2007_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BusinessWeek_2007-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MP3 is directly descended from OCF and PXFM, representing the outcome of the collaboration of Brandenburg — working as a postdoctoral researcher at AT&T-Bell Labs with James D. Johnston ("JJ") of AT&T-Bell Labs — with the <a href="/wiki/Fraunhofer_Society" title="Fraunhofer Society">Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits</a>, Erlangen (where he worked with <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Grill" title="Bernhard Grill">Bernhard Grill</a> and four other researchers – "The Original Six"<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), with relatively minor contributions from the MP2 branch of psychoacoustic sub-band coders. In 1990, Brandenburg became an assistant professor at Erlangen-Nuremberg. While there, he continued to work on music compression with scientists at the <a href="/wiki/Fraunhofer_Society" title="Fraunhofer Society">Fraunhofer Society</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Fraunhofer_Institute_for_Telecommunications" title="Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications">Heinrich Herz Institute</a>. In 1993, he joined the staff of Fraunhofer HHI.<sup id="cite_ref-BusinessWeek_2007_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BusinessWeek_2007-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An acapella version of the song "<a href="/wiki/Tom%27s_Diner" title="Tom's Diner">Tom's Diner</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Vega" title="Suzanne Vega">Suzanne Vega</a> was the first song used by Brandenburg to develop the MP3 format. It was used as a benchmark to see how well MP3's compression algorithm handled the human voice. Brandenburg adopted the song for testing purposes, listening to it again and again each time he refined the compression algorithm, making sure it did not adversely affect the reproduction of Vega's voice.<sup id="cite_ref-Sterne2012_Vega_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sterne2012_Vega-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, he dubbed Vega the "Mother of MP3".<sup id="cite_ref-motherofmp3_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-motherofmp3-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instrumental music had been easier to compress, but Vega's voice sounded unnatural in early versions of the format. Brandenburg eventually met Vega and heard Tom's Diner performed live. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standardization">Standardization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MP3&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Standardization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1991, two available proposals were assessed for an MPEG audio standard: <a href="/wiki/MUSICAM" class="mw-redirect" title="MUSICAM">MUSICAM</a> (<u>M</u>asking pattern adapted <u>U</u>niversal <u>S</u>ubband <u>I</u>ntegrated <u>C</u>oding <u>A</u>nd <u>M</u>ultiplexing) and ASPEC (<u>A</u>daptive <u>S</u>pectral <u>P</u>erceptual <u>E</u>ntropy <u>C</u>oding). The MUSICAM technique, proposed by <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a> (Netherlands), <a href="/wiki/Centre_commun_d%27%C3%A9tudes_de_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_et_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9communications" title="Centre commun d'études de télévision et télécommunications">CCETT</a> (France), the <a href="/wiki/Institut_f%C3%BCr_Rundfunktechnik" title="Institut für Rundfunktechnik">Institute for Broadcast Technology</a> (Germany), and Matsushita (Japan),<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was chosen due to its simplicity and error robustness, as well as for its high level of computational efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-santa-clara-1990_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-santa-clara-1990-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MUSICAM format, based on <a href="/wiki/Sub-band_coding" title="Sub-band coding">sub-band coding</a>, became the basis for the MPEG Audio compression format, incorporating, for example, its frame structure, header format, sample rates, etc. </p><p>While much of MUSICAM technology and ideas were incorporated into the definition of MPEG Audio Layer I and Layer II, the filter bank alone and the data structure based on 1152 samples framing (file format and byte-oriented stream) of MUSICAM remained in the Layer III (MP3) format, as part of the computationally inefficient hybrid <a href="/wiki/Filter_(software)" title="Filter (software)">filter</a> bank. Under the chairmanship of Professor Musmann of the <a href="/wiki/Leibniz_University_Hannover" title="Leibniz University Hannover">Leibniz University Hannover</a>, the editing of the standard was delegated to Leon van de Kerkhof (Netherlands), Gerhard Stoll (Germany), and Yves-François Dehery (France), who worked on Layer I and Layer II. ASPEC was the joint proposal of AT&T Bell Laboratories, Thomson Consumer Electronics, Fraunhofer Society, and <a href="/wiki/Centre_national_d%27%C3%A9tudes_des_t%C3%A9l%C3%A9communications" title="Centre national d'études des télécommunications">CNET</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Aspec_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aspec-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It provided the highest coding efficiency. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Working_group" title="Working group">working group</a> consisting of van de Kerkhof, Stoll, <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Chiariglione" title="Leonardo Chiariglione">Leonardo Chiariglione</a> (<a href="/wiki/CSELT" title="CSELT">CSELT</a> VP for Media), Yves-François Dehery, Karlheinz Brandenburg (Germany) and James D. Johnston (United States) took ideas from ASPEC, integrated the filter bank from Layer II, added some of their ideas such as the joint stereo coding of MUSICAM and created the MP3 format, which was designed to achieve the same quality at <span class="nowrap">128 kbit/s</span> as <a href="/wiki/MPEG-1_Audio_Layer_II" title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer II">MP2</a> at <span class="nowrap">192 kbit/s</span>. </p><p>The algorithms for MPEG-1 Audio Layer I, II and III were approved in 1991<sup id="cite_ref-cd-1991_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cd-1991-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-neuron2-cd-1991_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neuron2-cd-1991-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and finalized in 1992<sup id="cite_ref-dis-1992_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dis-1992-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as part of <a href="/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1">MPEG-1</a>, the first standard suite by <a href="/wiki/MPEG" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG">MPEG</a>, which resulted in the international standard <b>ISO/IEC 11172-3</b> (a.k.a. <i>MPEG-1 Audio</i> or <i>MPEG-1 Part 3</i>), published in 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-11172-3_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11172-3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Files or data streams conforming to this standard must handle sample rates of 48k, 44100, and 32k and continue to be supported by current <a href="/wiki/MP3_player" class="mw-redirect" title="MP3 player">MP3 players</a> and decoders. Thus the first generation of MP3 defined <span class="texhtml">14 × 3 = 42</span> interpretations of MP3 frame data structures and size layouts. </p><p>The compression efficiency of encoders is typically defined by the bit rate because the compression ratio depends on the <a href="/wiki/Audio_bit_depth" title="Audio bit depth">bit depth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sampling_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sampling rate">sampling rate</a> of the input signal. Nevertheless, compression ratios are often published. They may use the <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">compact disc</a> (CD) parameters as references (44.1 <a href="/wiki/KHz" class="mw-redirect" title="KHz">kHz</a>, 2 channels at 16 bits per channel or 2×16 bit), or sometimes the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Tape" title="Digital Audio Tape">Digital Audio Tape</a> (DAT) SP parameters (48 kHz, 2×16 bit). Compression ratios with this latter reference are higher, which demonstrates the problem with the use of the term <i>compression ratio</i> for lossy encoders. </p><p>Karlheinz Brandenburg used a CD recording of <a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Vega" title="Suzanne Vega">Suzanne Vega</a>'s song "<a href="/wiki/Tom%27s_Diner" title="Tom's Diner">Tom's Diner</a>" to assess and refine the MP3 <a href="/wiki/Compression_algorithm" class="mw-redirect" title="Compression algorithm">compression algorithm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This song was chosen because of its nearly <a href="/wiki/Monophonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophonic">monophonic</a> nature and wide spectral content, making it easier to hear imperfections in the compression format during playbacks. This particular track has an interesting property in that the two channels are almost, but not completely, the same, leading to a case where Binaural Masking Level Depression causes spatial unmasking of noise artifacts unless the encoder properly recognizes the situation and applies corrections similar to those detailed in the MPEG-2 AAC psychoacoustic model. Some more critical audio excerpts (<a href="/wiki/Glockenspiel" title="Glockenspiel">glockenspiel</a>, triangle, <a href="/wiki/Accordion" title="Accordion">accordion</a>, etc.) were taken from the <a href="/wiki/EBU" class="mw-redirect" title="EBU">EBU</a> V3/SQAM reference compact disc and have been used by professional sound engineers to assess the subjective quality of the MPEG Audio formats.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Going_public">Going public</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MP3&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Going public"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A reference simulation software implementation, written in the C language and later known as <i>ISO 11172-5</i>, was developed (in 1991–1996) by the members of the ISO MPEG Audio committee to produce bit-compliant MPEG Audio files (Layer 1, Layer 2, Layer 3). It was approved as a committee draft of the ISO/IEC technical report in March 1994 and printed as document CD 11172-5 in April 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-paris_press_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paris_press-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was approved as a draft technical report (DTR/DIS) in November 1994,<sup id="cite_ref-singapore_press_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singapore_press-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> finalized in 1996 and published as international standard ISO/IEC TR 11172-5:1998 in 1998.<sup id="cite_ref-ISO/IEC_TR_11172-5:1998_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISO/IEC_TR_11172-5:1998-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Reference_implementation_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reference implementation (computing)">reference software</a> in C language was later published as a freely available ISO standard.<sup id="cite_ref-Software_Simulation.zip_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Software_Simulation.zip-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Working in non-real time on several operating systems, it was able to demonstrate the first real-time hardware decoding (DSP based) of compressed audio. Some other real-time implementations of MPEG Audio encoders and decoders<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were available for digital broadcasting (radio <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital audio broadcasting">DAB</a>, television <a href="/wiki/DVB" title="DVB">DVB</a>) towards consumer receivers and set-top boxes. </p><p>On 7 July 1994, the Fraunhofer Society released the first software MP3 encoder, called <a href="/wiki/L3enc" title="L3enc">l3enc</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MP3_Todays_Technology_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MP3_Todays_Technology-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Filename_extension" title="Filename extension">filename extension</a> <i>.mp3</i> was chosen by the Fraunhofer team on 14 July 1995 (previously, the files had been named <i>.bit</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-mp3-name_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mp3-name-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the first real-time software MP3 player <a href="/wiki/WinPlay3" title="WinPlay3">WinPlay3</a> (released 9 September 1995) many people were able to encode and play back MP3 files on their PCs. Because of the relatively small <a href="/wiki/Hard_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard drive">hard drives</a> of the era (≈500–1000 <a href="/wiki/Megabyte" title="Megabyte">MB</a>) lossy compression was essential to store multiple albums' worth of music on a home computer as full recordings (as opposed to <a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a> notation, or <a href="/wiki/Tracker_(music_software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tracker (music software)">tracker</a> files which combined notation with short recordings of instruments playing single notes). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fraunhofer_example_implementation">Fraunhofer example implementation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MP3&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Fraunhofer example implementation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A hacker named SoloH discovered the <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> of the "dist10" MPEG <a href="/wiki/Reference_implementation" title="Reference implementation">reference implementation</a> shortly after the release on the servers of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Erlangen" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Erlangen">University of Erlangen</a>. He developed a higher-quality version and spread it on the internet. This code started the widespread <a href="/wiki/CD_ripper" title="CD ripper">CD ripping</a> and digital music distribution as MP3 over the internet.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_versions">Further versions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MP3&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further versions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Further work on MPEG audio<sup id="cite_ref-sydney1993_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sydney1993-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was finalized in 1994 as part of the second suite of MPEG standards, <a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">MPEG-2</a>, more formally known as international standard <b>ISO/IEC 13818-3</b> (a.k.a. <i>MPEG-2 Part 3</i> or backward compatible <i>MPEG-2 Audio</i> or <i>MPEG-2 Audio BC</i><sup id="cite_ref-mpeg-audio-faq-bc_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mpeg-audio-faq-bc-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), originally published in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-13818-3_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13818-3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brandenburg1997_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brandenburg1997-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MPEG-2 Part 3 (ISO/IEC 13818-3) defined 42 additional bit rates and sample rates for MPEG-1 Audio Layer I, II and III. The new sampling rates are exactly half that of those originally defined in MPEG-1 Audio. This reduction in sampling rates serves to cut the available frequency fidelity in half while likewise cutting the bit rate by 50%. MPEG-2 Part 3 also enhanced MPEG-1's audio by allowing the coding of audio programs with more than two channels, up to 5.1 multichannel.<sup id="cite_ref-sydney1993_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sydney1993-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An MP3 coded with MPEG-2 results in half of the bandwidth reproduction of MPEG-1 appropriate for piano and singing. </p><p>A third generation of "MP3" style data streams (files) extended the <i>MPEG-2</i> ideas and implementation but was named <i>MPEG-2.5</i> audio since MPEG-3 already had a different meaning. This extension was developed at Fraunhofer IIS, the registered patent holder of MP3, by reducing the frame sync field in the MP3 header from 12 to 11 bits. As in the transition from MPEG-1 to MPEG-2, MPEG-2.5 adds additional sampling rates exactly half of those available using MPEG-2. It thus widens the scope of MP3 to include human speech and other applications yet requires only 25% of the bandwidth (frequency reproduction) possible using MPEG-1 sampling rates. While not an ISO-recognized standard, MPEG-2.5 is widely supported by both inexpensive Chinese and brand-name digital audio players as well as computer software-based MP3 encoders (<a href="/wiki/LAME" title="LAME">LAME</a>), decoders (FFmpeg) and players (MPC) adding <span class="texhtml">3 × 8 = 24</span> additional MP3 frame types. Each generation of MP3 thus supports 3 sampling rates exactly half that of the previous generation for a total of 9 varieties of MP3 format files. The sample rate comparison table between MPEG-1, 2, and 2.5 is given later in the article.<sup id="cite_ref-MPEG-2.5_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPEG-2.5-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MPEG-2.5-2_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPEG-2.5-2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MPEG-2.5 is supported by LAME (since 2000), Media Player Classic (MPC), iTunes, and FFmpeg. </p><p>MPEG-2.5 was not developed by MPEG (see above) and was never approved as an international standard. MPEG-2.5 is thus an unofficial or proprietary extension to the MP3 format. It is nonetheless ubiquitous and especially advantageous for low-bit-rate human speech applications. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>MPEG Audio Layer III versions </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Version </th> <th>International Standard<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_mp3standard"><a href="#endnote_mp3standard">[*]</a></sup> </th> <th>First edition public release date </th> <th>Latest edition public release date </th></tr> <tr> <td>MPEG-1 Audio Layer III </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=22412">ISO/IEC 11172-3</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120528230220/http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=22412">Archived</a> 28 May 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (MPEG-1 Part 3)<sup id="cite_ref-11172-3_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11172-3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-neuron2-cd-1991_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neuron2-cd-1991-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1993 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>MPEG-2 Audio Layer III </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?csnumber=26797">ISO/IEC 13818-3</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511043216/http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?csnumber=26797">Archived</a> 11 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (MPEG-2 Part 3)<sup id="cite_ref-13818-3_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13818-3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mp3tech-iso13818-3_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mp3tech-iso13818-3-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1995 </td> <td>1998 </td></tr> <tr> <td>MPEG-2.5 Audio Layer III </td> <td>nonstandard, Fraunhofer proprietary<sup id="cite_ref-MPEG-2.5_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPEG-2.5-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MPEG-2.5-2_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPEG-2.5-2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2000 </td> <td>2008 </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <p><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562" /><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_mp3standard"><sup>*</sup></span> The ISO standard ISO/IEC 11172-3 (a.k.a. MPEG-1 Audio) defined three formats: the MPEG-1 Audio Layer I, Layer II and Layer III. The ISO standard ISO/IEC 13818-3 (a.k.a. MPEG-2 Audio) defined an extended version of MPEG-1 Audio: MPEG-2 Audio Layer I, Layer II, and Layer III. MPEG-2 Audio (MPEG-2 Part 3) should not be confused with MPEG-2 AAC (MPEG-2 Part 7 – ISO/IEC 13818-7).<sup id="cite_ref-mpeg-audio-faq-bc_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mpeg-audio-faq-bc-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </div> <p>LAME is the most advanced MP3 encoder.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Bold claims require verifiable citations (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> LAME includes a <a href="/wiki/Variable_bit_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable bit rate">variable bit rate</a> (VBR) encoding which uses a quality parameter rather than a bit rate goal. Later versions (2008+) support an <i>n.nnn</i> quality goal which automatically selects MPEG-2 or MPEG-2.5 sampling rates as appropriate for human speech recordings that need only 5512 Hz bandwidth resolution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet_distribution">Internet distribution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MP3&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Internet distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the second half of the 1990s, MP3 files began to spread on the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, often via underground pirated song networks. The first known experiment in Internet distribution was organized in the early 1990s by the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Underground_Music_Archive" title="Internet Underground Music Archive">Internet Underground Music Archive</a>, better known by the acronym IUMA. After some experiments<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using uncompressed audio files, this archive started to deliver on the native worldwide low-speed Internet some compressed MPEG Audio files using the MP2 (Layer II) format and later on used MP3 files when the standard was fully completed. The popularity of MP3s began to rise rapidly with the advent of <a href="/wiki/Nullsoft" title="Nullsoft">Nullsoft</a>'s audio player <a href="/wiki/Winamp" title="Winamp">Winamp</a>, released in 1997, which still had in 2023 a community of 80 million active users.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1998, the first portable solid-state digital audio player <a href="/wiki/MPMan" title="MPMan">MPMan</a>, developed by SaeHan Information Systems, which is headquartered in <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, was released and the <a href="/wiki/Rio_PMP300" title="Rio PMP300">Rio PMP300</a> was sold afterward in 1998, despite legal suppression efforts by the <a href="/wiki/RIAA" class="mw-redirect" title="RIAA">RIAA</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-seattlepi_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seattlepi-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1997, the website <a href="/wiki/Mp3.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Mp3.com">mp3.com</a> was offering thousands of MP3s created by independent artists for free.<sup id="cite_ref-seattlepi_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seattlepi-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The small size of MP3 files enabled widespread peer-to-peer <a href="/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">file sharing</a> of music <a href="/wiki/Ripping" title="Ripping">ripped</a> from CDs, which would have previously been nearly impossible. The first large <a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer">peer-to-peer</a> filesharing network, <a href="/wiki/Napster" title="Napster">Napster</a>, was launched in 1999. The ease of creating and sharing MP3s resulted in widespread <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">copyright infringement</a>. Major record companies argued that this free sharing of music reduced sales, and called it "<a href="/wiki/Music_piracy" title="Music piracy">music piracy</a>". They reacted by pursuing lawsuits against <a href="/wiki/Napster" title="Napster">Napster</a>, which was eventually shut down and later sold, and against individual users who engaged in file sharing.<sup id="cite_ref-Giesler_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Giesler-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unauthorized MP3 file sharing continues on next-generation <a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer_file_sharing" title="Peer-to-peer file sharing">peer-to-peer networks</a>. Some authorized services, such as <a href="/wiki/Beatport" title="Beatport">Beatport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bleep.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Bleep.com">Bleep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juno_Records" title="Juno Records">Juno Records</a>, <a href="/wiki/EMusic" title="EMusic">eMusic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zune_Marketplace" class="mw-redirect" title="Zune Marketplace">Zune Marketplace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walmart.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Walmart.com">Walmart.com</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhapsody_(online_music_service)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhapsody (online music service)">Rhapsody</a>, the recording industry approved re-incarnation of <a href="/wiki/Napster_(pay_service)" title="Napster (pay service)">Napster</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amazon.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon.com">Amazon.com</a> sell unrestricted music in the MP3 format. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MP3&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="File_structure">File structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MP3&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: File structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1015px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize thumbimage" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MP3filestructure.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Diagram of the structure of an MP3 file (MPEG version 2.5, not described here, changes the last bit of sync word to "0" as an indication, effectively moving one bit to the version field)."><img alt="Diagram of the structure of an MP3 file" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/MP3filestructure.svg/1005px-MP3filestructure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="1005" height="400" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/MP3filestructure.svg/1508px-MP3filestructure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/MP3filestructure.svg/2010px-MP3filestructure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1764" data-file-height="702" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Mp3filestructure.svg" title="File:Mp3filestructure.svg"> </a></div>Diagram of the structure of an MP3 file (MPEG version 2.5, not described here, changes the last bit of sync word to "0" as an indication, effectively moving one bit to the version field<sup id="cite_ref-MPEG-2.5-2_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPEG-2.5-2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>).</div></div></div> <p>An MP3 file is made up of MP3 frames, which consist of a header and a data block. This sequence of frames is called an <a href="/wiki/Elementary_stream" class="mw-redirect" title="Elementary stream">elementary stream</a>. Due to the "bit reservoir", frames are not independent items and cannot usually be extracted on arbitrary frame boundaries. The MP3 Data blocks contain the (compressed) audio information in terms of frequencies and amplitudes. The diagram shows that the MP3 Header consists of a <a href="/wiki/Sync_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Sync word">sync word</a>, which is used to identify the beginning of a valid frame. This is followed by a bit indicating that this is the <a href="/wiki/MPEG" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG">MPEG</a> standard and two bits that indicate that layer 3 is used; hence MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3 or MP3. After this, the values will differ, depending on the MP3 file. <i>ISO/IEC 11172-3</i> defines the range of values for each section of the header along with the specification of the header. Most MP3 files today contain <a href="/wiki/ID3" title="ID3">ID3</a> <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a>, which precedes or follows the MP3 frames, as noted in the diagram. The data stream can contain an optional <a href="/wiki/Checksum" title="Checksum">checksum</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Joint_stereo" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint stereo">Joint stereo</a> is done only on a frame-to-frame basis.<sup id="cite_ref-Limitations_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Limitations-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Encoding_and_decoding">Encoding and decoding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MP3&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Encoding and decoding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In short, MP3 compression works by reducing the accuracy of certain components of sound that are considered (by psychoacoustic analysis) to be beyond the <a href="/wiki/Hearing_range#Humans" title="Hearing range">hearing capabilities</a> of most humans. This method is commonly referred to as perceptual coding or <a href="/wiki/Psychoacoustic" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychoacoustic">psychoacoustic</a> modeling.<sup id="cite_ref-Jayant1993_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jayant1993-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remaining audio information is then recorded in a space-efficient manner using <a href="/wiki/MDCT" class="mw-redirect" title="MDCT">MDCT</a> and <a href="/wiki/FFT" class="mw-redirect" title="FFT">FFT</a> algorithms. </p><p>The MP3 encoding algorithm is generally split into four parts. Part 1 divides the audio signal into smaller pieces, called frames, and an MDCT filter is then performed on the output. Part 2 passes the sample into a 1024-point <a href="/wiki/Fast_Fourier_transform" title="Fast Fourier transform">fast Fourier transform</a> (FFT), then the <a href="/wiki/Psychoacoustic" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychoacoustic">psychoacoustic</a> model is applied and another MDCT filter is performed on the output. Part 3 quantifies and encodes each sample, known as noise allocation, which adjusts itself to meet the bit rate and <a href="/wiki/Sound_masking" title="Sound masking">sound masking</a> requirements. Part 4 formats the <a href="/wiki/Bitstream" title="Bitstream">bitstream</a>, called an audio frame, which is made up of 4 parts, the <a href="/wiki/Header_(computing)" title="Header (computing)">header</a>, <a href="/wiki/Error_checking" class="mw-redirect" title="Error checking">error check</a>, <a href="/wiki/Audio_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio data">audio data</a>, and <a href="#Ancillary_data">ancillary data</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Guckert_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guckert-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1">MPEG-1</a> standard does not include a precise specification for an MP3 encoder but does provide examples of psychoacoustic models, rate loops, and the like in the non-normative part of the original standard.<sup id="cite_ref-mpeg1_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mpeg1-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MPEG-2 doubles the number of sampling rates that are supported and MPEG-2.5 adds 3 more. When this was written, the suggested implementations were quite dated. Implementers of the standard were supposed to devise algorithms suitable for removing parts of the information from the audio input. As a result, many different MP3 encoders became available, each producing files of differing quality. Comparisons were widely available, so it was easy for a prospective user of an encoder to research the best choice. Some encoders that were proficient at encoding at higher bit rates (such as <a href="/wiki/LAME" title="LAME">LAME</a>) were not necessarily as good at lower bit rates. Over time, LAME evolved on the SourceForge website until it became the de facto CBR MP3 encoder. Later an ABR mode was added. Work progressed on true <a href="/wiki/Variable_bit_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Variable bit rate">variable bit rate</a> using a quality goal between 0 and 10. Eventually, numbers (such as -V 9.600) could generate excellent quality low bit rate voice encoding at only <span class="nowrap">41 kbit/s</span> using the MPEG-2.5 extensions. </p><p>MP3 uses an overlapping MDCT structure. Each MPEG-1 MP3 frame is 1152 samples, divided into two granules of 576 samples. These samples, initially in the time domain, are transformed in one block to 576 <a href="/wiki/Fourier_Transform" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourier Transform">frequency-domain samples</a> by MDCT.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MP3 also allows the use of shorter blocks in a granule, down to a size of 192 samples; this feature is used when a <a href="/wiki/Transient_(acoustics)" title="Transient (acoustics)">transient</a> is detected. Doing so limits the temporal spread of quantization noise accompanying the transient (see <a href="/wiki/Psychoacoustics" title="Psychoacoustics">psychoacoustics</a>). Frequency resolution is limited by the small long block window size, which decreases coding efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-Limitations_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Limitations-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Time resolution can be too low for highly transient signals and may cause smearing of percussive sounds.<sup id="cite_ref-Limitations_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Limitations-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the tree structure of the filter bank, pre-echo problems are made worse, as the combined impulse response of the two filter banks does not, and cannot, provide an optimum solution in time/frequency resolution.<sup id="cite_ref-Limitations_70-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Limitations-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the combining of the two filter banks' outputs creates aliasing problems that must be handled partially by the "aliasing compensation" stage; however, that creates excess energy to be coded in the frequency domain, thereby decreasing coding efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Decoding, on the other hand, is carefully defined in the standard. Most <a href="/wiki/Codec" title="Codec">decoders</a> are "<a href="/wiki/Elementary_stream" class="mw-redirect" title="Elementary stream">bitstream</a> compliant", which means that the decompressed output that they produce from a given MP3 file will be the same, within a specified degree of <a href="/wiki/Rounding" title="Rounding">rounding</a> tolerance, as the output specified mathematically in the ISO/IEC high standard document (ISO/IEC 11172-3). Therefore, the comparison of decoders is usually based on how computationally efficient they are (i.e., how much <a href="/wiki/Computer_memory" title="Computer memory">memory</a> or <a href="/wiki/CPU" class="mw-redirect" title="CPU">CPU</a> time they use in the decoding process). Over time this concern has become less of an issue as <a href="/wiki/CPU_clock_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="CPU clock rate">CPU clock rates</a> transitioned from MHz to GHz. Encoder/decoder overall delay is not defined, which means there is no official provision for <a href="/wiki/Gapless_playback" title="Gapless playback">gapless playback</a>. However, some encoders such as LAME can attach additional metadata that will allow players that can handle it to deliver seamless playback. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quality">Quality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MP3&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Quality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When performing lossy audio encoding, such as creating an MP3 data stream, there is a trade-off between the amount of data generated and the sound quality of the results. The person generating an MP3 selects a bit rate, which specifies how many <a href="/wiki/Kilobits" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilobits">kilobits</a> per second of audio is desired. The higher the bit rate, the larger the MP3 data stream will be, and, generally, the closer it will sound to the original recording. With too low a bit rate, <a href="/wiki/Compression_artifact" title="Compression artifact">compression artifacts</a> (i.e., sounds that were not present in the original recording) may be audible in the reproduction. Some audio is hard to compress because of its randomness and sharp attacks. When this type of audio is compressed, artifacts such as ringing or <a href="/wiki/Pre-echo" title="Pre-echo">pre-echo</a> are usually heard. A sample of applause or a <a href="/wiki/Triangle_(musical_instrument)" title="Triangle (musical instrument)">triangle instrument</a> with a relatively low bit rate provides good examples of compression artifacts. Most subjective testings of perceptual codecs tend to avoid using these types of sound materials, however, the artifacts generated by percussive sounds are barely perceptible due to the specific temporal masking feature of the 32 sub-band filterbank of Layer II on which the format is based. </p><p>Besides the bit rate of an encoded piece of audio, the quality of MP3-encoded sound also depends on the quality of the encoder algorithm as well as the complexity of the signal being encoded. As the MP3 standard allows quite a bit of freedom with encoding algorithms, different encoders do feature quite different quality, even with identical bit rates. As an example, in a public listening test featuring two early MP3 encoders set at about <span class="nowrap">128 kbit/s</span>,<sup id="cite_ref-Amorim_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amorim-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one scored 3.66 on a 1–5 scale, while the other scored only 2.22. Quality is dependent on the choice of encoder and encoding parameters.<sup id="cite_ref-listening-test-128-2006_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-listening-test-128-2006-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This observation caused a revolution in audio encoding. Early on bit rate was the prime and only consideration. At the time MP3 files were of the very simplest type: they used the same bit rate for the entire file: this process is known as <a href="/wiki/Constant_bit_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Constant bit rate">constant bit rate</a> (CBR) encoding. Using a constant bit rate makes encoding simpler and less CPU-intensive. However, it is also possible to optimize the size of the file by creating files where the bit rate changes throughout the file. These are known as variable bit rate. The bit reservoir and VBR encoding were part of the original MPEG-1 standard. The concept behind them is that, in any piece of audio, some sections are easier to compress, such as silence or music containing only a few tones, while others will be more difficult to compress. So, the overall quality of the file may be increased by using a lower bit rate for the less complex passages and a higher one for the more complex parts. With some advanced MP3 encoders, it is possible to specify a given quality, and the encoder will adjust the bit rate accordingly. Users that desire a particular "quality setting" that is <a href="/wiki/Transparency_(data_compression)" title="Transparency (data compression)">transparent</a> to their ears can use this value when encoding all of their music, and generally speaking not need to worry about performing personal listening tests on each piece of music to determine the correct bit rate. </p><p>Perceived quality can be influenced by the listening environment (ambient noise), listener attention, listener training, and in most cases by listener audio equipment (such as sound cards, speakers, and headphones). Furthermore, sufficient quality may be achieved by a lesser quality setting for lectures and human speech applications and reduces encoding time and complexity. A test given to new students by <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> Music Professor Jonathan Berger showed that student preference for MP3-quality music has risen each year. Berger said the students seem to prefer the 'sizzle' sounds that MP3s bring to music.<sup id="cite_ref-Dougherty_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dougherty-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An in-depth study of MP3 audio quality, sound artist and composer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ryan_Maguire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ryan Maguire (page does not exist)">Ryan Maguire</a>'s project "The Ghost in the MP3" isolates the sounds lost during MP3 compression. In 2015, he released the track "moDernisT" (an anagram of "Tom's Diner"), composed exclusively from the sounds deleted during MP3 compression of the song "Tom's Diner",<sup id="cite_ref-noisey_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-noisey-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-schroeder2015_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schroeder2015-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hull2015_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hull2015-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the track originally used in the formulation of the MP3 standard. A detailed account of the techniques used to isolate the sounds deleted during MP3 compression, along with the conceptual motivation for the project, was published in the 2014 Proceedings of the International Computer Music Conference.<sup id="cite_ref-Maguire2014_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maguire2014-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bit_rate">Bit rate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MP3&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Bit rate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable infobox"> <caption>MPEG Audio Layer III<br />available bit rates (<span class="nowrap">kbit/s</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-neuron2-cd-1991_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neuron2-cd-1991-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MPEG-2.5_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPEG-2.5-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MPEG-2.5-2_64-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPEG-2.5-2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mp3tech-iso13818-3_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mp3tech-iso13818-3-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>MPEG-1<br />Audio Layer III </th> <th>MPEG-2<br />Audio Layer III </th> <th>MPEG-2.5<br />Audio Layer III </th></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td>8 </td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td>16 </td> <td>16 </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td>24 </td> <td>24 </td></tr> <tr> <td>32 </td> <td>32 </td> <td>32 </td></tr> <tr> <td>40 </td> <td>40 </td> <td>40 </td></tr> <tr> <td>48 </td> <td>48 </td> <td>48 </td></tr> <tr> <td>56 </td> <td>56 </td> <td>56 </td></tr> <tr> <td>64 </td> <td>64 </td> <td>64 </td></tr> <tr> <td>80 </td> <td>80 </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>96 </td> <td>96 </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>112 </td> <td>112 </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>128 </td> <td>128 </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td>144 </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>160 </td> <td>160 </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>192 </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>224 </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>256 </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>320 </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable infobox"> <caption>Supported sampling rates<br />by MPEG Audio Format<sup id="cite_ref-neuron2-cd-1991_15-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-neuron2-cd-1991-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MPEG-2.5_63-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPEG-2.5-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MPEG-2.5-2_64-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPEG-2.5-2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mp3tech-iso13818-3_65-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mp3tech-iso13818-3-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>MPEG-1<br />Audio Layer III </th> <th>MPEG-2<br />Audio Layer III </th> <th>MPEG-2.5<br />Audio Layer III </th></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>8 kHz </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>11.025 kHz </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>12 kHz </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td>16 kHz </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td>22.05 kHz </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>– </td> <td>24 kHz </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>32 kHz </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>44.1 kHz </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td>48 kHz </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/MP3" title="Special:EditPage/MP3">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Bit rate is the product of the sample rate and number of bits per sample used to encode the music. CD audio is 44100 samples per second. The number of bits per sample also depends on the number of audio channels. The CD is stereo and 16 bits per channel. So, multiplying 44100 by 32 gives 1411200—the bit rate of uncompressed CD digital audio. MP3 was designed to encode this <span class="nowrap">1411 kbit/s</span> data at <span class="nowrap">320 kbit/s</span> or less. If less complex passages are detected by the MP3 algorithms then lower bit rates may be employed. When using MPEG-2 instead of MPEG-1, MP3 supports only lower sampling rates (16,000, 22,050, or 24,000 samples per second) and offers choices of bit rate as low as <span class="nowrap">8 kbit/s</span> but no higher than <span class="nowrap">160 kbit/s</span>. By lowering the sampling rate, MPEG-2 layer III removes all frequencies above half the new sampling rate that may have been present in the source audio. </p><p>As shown in these two tables, 14 selected bit rates are allowed in MPEG-1 Audio Layer III standard: 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 160, 192, 224, 256 and <span class="nowrap">320 kbit/s</span>, along with the 3 highest available sampling rates of 32, 44.1 and 48 <a href="/wiki/KHz" class="mw-redirect" title="KHz">kHz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MPEG-2.5-2_64-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPEG-2.5-2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MPEG-2 Audio Layer III also allows 14 somewhat different (and mostly lower) bit rates of 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56, 64, 80, 96, 112, 128, 144, <span class="nowrap">160 kbit/s</span> with sampling rates of 16, 22.05 and 24 <a href="/wiki/KHz" class="mw-redirect" title="KHz">kHz</a> which are exactly half that of MPEG-1.<sup id="cite_ref-MPEG-2.5-2_64-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPEG-2.5-2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MPEG-2.5 Audio Layer III frames are limited to only 8 bit rates of 8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48, 56 and <span class="nowrap">64 kbit/s</span> with 3 even lower sampling rates of 8, 11.025, and 12 kHz.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Based on results from the LAME encoder, these do seem to be the actual bit rates supported by MPEG-2.5, but official documents claim MPEG-2.5 has the same possible bit rates as MPEG-2. Answer: Bitrate switching implies VBR so, it is not CBR anymore. When MPEG-2 frames are needed instead of the smaller 2.5 frames, the former are generated. Can we find a source that mentions this limitation? (December 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> On earlier systems that only support the MPEG-1 Audio Layer III standard, MP3 files with a bit rate below <span class="nowrap">32 kbit/s</span> might be played back sped-up and pitched-up. </p><p>Earlier systems also lack <a href="/wiki/Fast_forward" title="Fast forward">fast forwarding</a> and rewinding playback controls on MP3.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MPEG-1 frames contain the most detail in <span class="nowrap">320 kbit/s</span> mode, the highest allowable bit rate setting,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with silence and simple tones still requiring <span class="nowrap">32 kbit/s</span>. MPEG-2 frames can capture up to 12 kHz sound reproductions needed up to <span class="nowrap">160 kbit/s</span>. MP3 files made with MPEG-2 do not have 20 kHz bandwidth because of the <a href="/wiki/Nyquist%E2%80%93Shannon_sampling_theorem" title="Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem">Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem</a>. Frequency reproduction is always strictly less than half of the sampling rate, and imperfect filters require a larger margin for error (noise level versus sharpness of filter), so an 8 kHz sampling rate limits the maximum frequency to 4 kHz, while a 48 kHz sampling rate limits an MP3 to a maximum 24 kHz sound reproduction. MPEG-2 uses half and MPEG-2.5 only a quarter of MPEG-1 sample rates. </p><p>For the general field of human speech reproduction, a bandwidth of 5,512 Hz is sufficient to produce excellent results (for voice) using the sampling rate of 11,025 and VBR encoding from 44,100 (standard) WAV file. English speakers average 41–<span class="nowrap">42 kbit/s</span> with -V 9.6 setting but this may vary with the amount of silence recorded or the rate of delivery (wpm). Resampling to 12,000 (6K bandwidth) is selected by the LAME parameter -V 9.4. Likewise -V 9.2 selects a 16,000 sample rate and a resultant 8K lowpass filtering. Older versions of LAME and FFmpeg only support integer arguments for the variable bit rate quality selection parameter. The n.nnn quality parameter (-V) is documented at lame.sourceforge.net but is only supported in LAME with the new style VBR variable bit rate quality selector—not average bit rate (ABR). </p><p>A sample rate of 44.1 kHz is commonly used for music reproduction because this is also used for <a href="/wiki/Red_Book_(audio_CD_standard)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Book (audio CD standard)">CD audio</a>, the main source used for creating MP3 files. A great variety of bit rates are used on the Internet. A bit rate of <span class="nowrap">128 kbit/s</span> is commonly used,<sup id="cite_ref-Woon-Seng_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Woon-Seng-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at a compression ratio of 11:1, offering adequate audio quality in a relatively small space. As Internet <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">bandwidth</a> availability and hard drive sizes have increased, higher bit rates up to <span class="nowrap">320 kbit/s</span> are widespread. Uncompressed audio as stored on an audio-CD has a bit rate of <span class="nowrap">1,411.2 kbit/s</span>, (16 bit/sample × 44,100 samples/second × 2 channels / 1,000 bits/kilobit), so the bit rates 128, 160, and <span class="nowrap">192 kbit/s</span> represent <a href="/wiki/Data_compression_ratio" title="Data compression ratio">compression ratios</a> of approximately 11:1, 9:1 and 7:1 respectively. </p><p>Non-standard bit rates up to <span class="nowrap">640 kbit/s</span> can be achieved with the <a href="/wiki/LAME" title="LAME">LAME</a> encoder and the free format option, although few MP3 players can play those files. According to the ISO standard, decoders are only required to be able to decode streams up to <span class="nowrap">320 kbit/s</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bouvigne_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bouvigne-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early MPEG Layer III encoders used what is now called <a href="/wiki/Constant_bit_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Constant bit rate">constant bit rate</a> (CBR). The software was only able to use a uniform bit rate on all frames in an MP3 file. Later more sophisticated MP3 encoders were able to use the bit reservoir to target an <a href="/wiki/Average_bit_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Average bit rate">average bit rate</a> selecting the encoding rate for each frame based on the complexity of the sound in that portion of the recording. </p><p>A more sophisticated MP3 encoder can produce variable bit rate audio. MPEG audio may use bit rate switching on a per-frame basis, but only layer III decoders must support it.<sup id="cite_ref-MPEG-2.5-2_64-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPEG-2.5-2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LAME_GPSYCHO_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAME_GPSYCHO-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-TwoLAME_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TwoLAME-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MPEG-1_and_MPEG-2_BC_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPEG-1_and_MPEG-2_BC-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> VBR is used when the goal is to achieve a fixed level of quality. The final file size of a VBR encoding is less predictable than with constant bit rate. Average bit rate is a type of VBR implemented as a compromise between the two: the bit rate is allowed to vary for more consistent quality, but is controlled to remain near an average value chosen by the user, for predictable file sizes. Although an MP3 decoder must support VBR to be standards compliant, historically some decoders have bugs with VBR decoding, particularly before VBR encoders became widespread. The most evolved LAME MP3 encoder supports the generation of VBR, ABR, and even the older CBR MP3 formats. </p><p>Layer III audio can also use a "bit reservoir", a partially full frame's ability to hold part of the next frame's audio data, allowing temporary changes in effective bit rate, even in a constant bit rate stream.<sup id="cite_ref-MPEG-2.5-2_64-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MPEG-2.5-2-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LAME_GPSYCHO_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAME_GPSYCHO-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Internal handling of the bit reservoir increases encoding delay.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There is no scale factor band 21 (sfb21) for frequencies above approx 16 <a href="/wiki/KHz" class="mw-redirect" title="KHz">kHz</a>, forcing the encoder to choose between less accurate representation in band 21 or less efficient storage in all bands below band 21, the latter resulting in wasted bit rate in VBR encoding.<sup id="cite_ref-LAME_Y_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LAME_Y-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancillary_data">Ancillary data</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MP3&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Ancillary data"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ancillary data field can be used to store user-defined data. The ancillary data is optional and the number of bits available is not explicitly given. The ancillary data is located after the Huffman code bits and ranges to where the next frame's main_data_begin points to. Encoder <a href="/wiki/Mp3PRO" title="Mp3PRO">mp3PRO</a> used ancillary data to encode extra information which could improve audio quality when decoded with its algorithm. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metadata">Metadata</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MP3&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Metadata"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/ID3" title="ID3">ID3</a> and <a href="/wiki/APEv2_tag" class="mw-redirect" title="APEv2 tag">APEv2 tag</a></div> <p>A "tag" in an audio file is a section of the file that contains <a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a> such as the title, artist, album, track number, or other information about the file's contents. The MP3 standards do not define tag formats for MP3 files, nor is there a standard <a href="/wiki/Container_format" title="Container format">container format</a> that would support metadata and obviate the need for tags. However, several <i>de facto</i> standards for tag formats exist. As of 2010, the most widespread are <a href="/wiki/ID3" title="ID3">ID3v1 and ID3v2</a>, and the more recently introduced <a href="/wiki/APEv2_tag" class="mw-redirect" title="APEv2 tag">APEv2</a>. These tags are normally embedded at the beginning or end of MP3 files, separate from the actual MP3 frame data. MP3 decoders either extract information from the tags or just treat them as ignorable, non-MP3 junk data. </p><p>Playing and editing software often contains tag editing functionality, but there are also <a href="/wiki/Tag_editor" title="Tag editor">tag editor</a> applications dedicated to the purpose. Aside from metadata about the audio content, tags may also be used for <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">DRM</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rae_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rae-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/ReplayGain" title="ReplayGain">ReplayGain</a> is a standard for measuring and storing the loudness of an MP3 file (<a href="/wiki/Audio_normalization" title="Audio normalization">audio normalization</a>) in its metadata tag, enabling a ReplayGain-compliant player to automatically adjust the overall playback volume for each file. <a href="/wiki/MP3Gain" title="MP3Gain">MP3Gain</a> may be used to reversibly modify files based on ReplayGain measurements so that adjusted playback can be achieved on players without ReplayGain capability. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Licensing,_ownership,_and_legislation"><span id="Licensing.2C_ownership.2C_and_legislation"></span><span class="anchor" id="Licensing_and_patent_issues"></span>Licensing, ownership, and legislation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MP3&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Licensing, ownership, and legislation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The basic MP3 decoding and encoding technology is patent-free in the European Union, all patents having expired there by 2012 at the latest. In the United States, the technology became substantially patent-free on 16 April 2017 (see below). MP3 patents expired in the US between 2007 and 2017. In the past, many organizations have claimed ownership of <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patents</a> related to MP3 decoding or encoding. These claims led to several legal threats and actions from a variety of sources. As a result, in countries that allow <a href="/wiki/Software_patent" title="Software patent">software patents</a>, uncertainty about which patents must have been licensed to create MP3 products without committing patent infringement was common in the early stages of the technology's adoption. </p><p>The initial near-complete MPEG-1 standard (parts 1, 2, and 3) was publicly available on 6 December 1991 as ISO CD 11172.<sup id="cite_ref-Patel_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patel-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mpegfa31.txt_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mpegfa31.txt-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In most countries, patents cannot be filed after <a href="/wiki/Prior_art" title="Prior art">prior art</a> has been made public, and patents expire 20 years after the initial filing date, which can be up to 12 months later for filings in other countries. As a result, patents required to implement MP3 expired in most countries by December 2012, 21 years after the publication of ISO CD 11172. </p><p>An exception is the United States, where patents in force but filed before 8 June 1995 expire after the later of 17 years from the issue date or 20 years from the priority date. A lengthy patent prosecution process may result in a patent issued much later than normally expected (see <a href="/wiki/Submarine_patent" title="Submarine patent">submarine patents</a>). The various MP3-related patents expired on dates ranging from 2007 to 2017 in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-big-list_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-big-list-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patents for anything disclosed in ISO CD 11172 filed a year or more after its publication are questionable. If only the known MP3 patents filed by December 1992 are considered, then MP3 decoding has been patent-free in the US since 22 September 2015, when <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US5812672">U.S. patent 5,812,672</a></span>, which had a PCT filing in October 1992, expired.<sup id="cite_ref-Cogliati_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cogliati-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-US5812672_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-US5812672-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Patent_expiration_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patent_expiration-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the longest-running patent mentioned in the aforementioned references is taken as a measure, then the MP3 technology became patent-free in the United States on 16 April 2017, when <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US6009399">U.S. patent 6,009,399</a></span>, held<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and administered by <a href="/wiki/Technicolor_SA" class="mw-redirect" title="Technicolor SA">Technicolor</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> expired. As a result, many <a href="/wiki/Free_and_open-source_software" title="Free and open-source software">free and open-source software</a> projects, such as the <a href="/wiki/Fedora_operating_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Fedora operating system">Fedora operating system</a>, have decided to start shipping MP3 support by default, and users will no longer have to resort to installing unofficial packages maintained by third party software repositories for MP3 playback or encoding.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Technicolor_SA" class="mw-redirect" title="Technicolor SA">Technicolor</a> (formerly called Thomson Consumer Electronics) claimed to control MP3 licensing of the Layer 3 patents in many countries, including the United States, Japan, Canada, and EU countries.<sup id="cite_ref-ffii_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ffii-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Technicolor had been actively enforcing these patents.<sup id="cite_ref-Technicolor_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Technicolor-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MP3 license revenues from Technicolor's administration generated about €100 million for the Fraunhofer Society in 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-Kistenfeger_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kistenfeger-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 1998, the Fraunhofer Institute sent a letter to several developers of MP3 software stating that a license was required to "distribute and/or sell decoders and/or encoders". The letter claimed that unlicensed products "infringe the patent rights of Fraunhofer and Thomson. To make, sell or distribute products using the [MPEG Layer-3] standard and thus our patents, you need to obtain a license under these patents from us."<sup id="cite_ref-chillingeffects_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chillingeffects-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to the situation where the <a href="/wiki/LAME" title="LAME">LAME</a> MP3 encoder project could not offer its users official binaries that could run on their computer. The project's position was that as source code, LAME was simply a description of how an MP3 encoder <i>could</i> be implemented. Unofficially, compiled binaries were available from other sources. </p><p>Sisvel S.p.A., a Luxembourg-based company, administers licenses for patents applying to MPEG Audio.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They, along with its United States subsidiary Audio MPEG, Inc. previously sued Thomson for patent infringement on MP3 technology,<sup id="cite_ref-ZDNet_India_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZDNet_India-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but those disputes were resolved in November 2005 with Sisvel granting Thomson a license to their patents. Motorola followed soon after and signed with Sisvel to license MP3-related patents in December 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-SISVEL_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SISVEL-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Except for three patents, the US patents administered by Sisvel<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had all expired in 2015. The three exceptions are: <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US5878080">U.S. patent 5,878,080</a></span>, expired February 2017; <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US5850456">U.S. patent 5,850,456</a></span>, expired February 2017; and <span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US5960037">U.S. patent 5,960,037</a></span>, expired 9 April 2017. As of around the first quarter of 2023, Sisvel's licensing program has become a legacy.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September 2006, German officials seized MP3 players from <a href="/wiki/SanDisk" title="SanDisk">SanDisk</a>'s booth at the <a href="/wiki/IFA_show" class="mw-redirect" title="IFA show">IFA show</a> in Berlin after an Italian patents firm won an injunction on behalf of Sisvel against SanDisk in a dispute over licensing rights. The injunction was later reversed by a Berlin judge,<sup id="cite_ref-SanDisk_MP3_seizure_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SanDisk_MP3_seizure-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but that reversal was in turn blocked the same day by another judge from the same court, "bringing the Patent Wild West to Germany" in the words of one commentator.<sup id="cite_ref-Patent_Wild_West_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patent_Wild_West-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 2007, Texas MP3 Technologies sued Apple, Samsung Electronics and Sandisk in <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Texas" title="United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas">eastern Texas federal court</a>, claiming infringement of a portable MP3 player patent that Texas MP3 said it had been assigned. Apple, Samsung, and Sandisk all settled the claims against them in January 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-law360_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-law360-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kelly_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kelly-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent" title="Alcatel-Lucent">Alcatel-Lucent</a> has asserted several MP3 coding and compression patents, allegedly inherited from AT&T-Bell Labs, in litigation of its own. In November 2006, before the companies' merger, <a href="/wiki/Alcatel-Lucent_v._Microsoft" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcatel-Lucent v. Microsoft">Alcatel sued Microsoft</a> for allegedly infringing seven patents. On 23 February 2007, a San Diego jury awarded Alcatel-Lucent US $1.52 billion in damages for infringement of two of them.<sup id="cite_ref-MP3_payout_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MP3_payout-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The court subsequently revoked the award, however, finding that one patent had not been infringed and that the other was not owned by Alcatel-Lucent; it was co-owned by <a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a> and Fraunhofer, who had licensed it to <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, the judge ruled.<sup id="cite_ref-Microsoft_wins_reversal_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Microsoft_wins_reversal-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That defense judgment was upheld on appeal in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-Alcatel-Lucent_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alcatel-Lucent-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alternative_technologies">Alternative technologies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MP3&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Alternative technologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/60px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/120px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Test_ogg_mp3_48kbps.wav" title="File:Test ogg mp3 48kbps.wav">Comparison between MP3 and Vorbis</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="25" data-mwtitle="Test_ogg_mp3_48kbps.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bb/Test_ogg_mp3_48kbps.wav/Test_ogg_mp3_48kbps.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bb/Test_ogg_mp3_48kbps.wav/Test_ogg_mp3_48kbps.wav.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/Test_ogg_mp3_48kbps.wav" type="audio/wav" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">The first is uncompressed WAV file. The second is a Vorbis file encoded at <span class="nowrap">48 kbit/s</span>, and third is an MP3 encoded at <span class="nowrap">48 kbit/s</span> using <a href="/wiki/LAME" title="LAME">LAME</a>.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_codecs" title="List of codecs">List of codecs</a></div> <p>Other lossy formats exist. Among these, <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="Advanced Audio Coding">Advanced Audio Coding</a> (AAC) is the most widely used, and was designed to be the successor to MP3. There also exist other lossy formats such as <a href="/wiki/Mp3PRO" title="Mp3PRO">mp3PRO</a> and <a href="/wiki/MPEG-1_Audio_Layer_II" title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer II">MP2</a>. They are members of the same technological family as MP3 and depend on roughly similar <a href="/wiki/Psychoacoustics" title="Psychoacoustics">psychoacoustic models</a> and MDCT algorithms. Whereas MP3 uses a hybrid coding approach that is part MDCT and part <a href="/wiki/FFT" class="mw-redirect" title="FFT">FFT</a>, AAC is purely MDCT, significantly improving compression efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-brandenburg_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brandenburg-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the basic <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patents</a> underlying these formats are held by Fraunhofer Society, Alcatel-Lucent, <a href="/wiki/Thomson_Consumer_Electronics" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomson Consumer Electronics">Thomson Consumer Electronics</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-brandenburg_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brandenburg-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolby" title="Dolby">Dolby</a>, <a href="/wiki/LG_Electronics" title="LG Electronics">LG Electronics</a>, <a href="/wiki/NEC" title="NEC">NEC</a>, <a href="/wiki/NTT_Docomo" title="NTT Docomo">NTT Docomo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sony_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Corporation">Sony Corporation</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/ETRI" class="mw-redirect" title="ETRI">ETRI</a>, <a href="/wiki/JVC_Kenwood" class="mw-redirect" title="JVC Kenwood">JVC Kenwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nippon_Telegraph_and_Telephone" title="Nippon Telegraph and Telephone">NTT</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the digital audio player market was taking off, MP3 was widely adopted as the standard hence the popular name "MP3 player". Sony was an exception and used their own <a href="/wiki/ATRAC" title="ATRAC">ATRAC</a> codec taken from their <a href="/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc">MiniDisc</a> format, which Sony claimed was better.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following criticism and lower than expected <a href="/wiki/Walkman" title="Walkman">Walkman</a> sales, in 2004 Sony for the first time introduced native MP3 support to its Walkman players.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are also open compression formats like <a href="/wiki/Opus_(audio_format)" title="Opus (audio format)">Opus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vorbis" title="Vorbis">Vorbis</a> that are available free of charge and without any known patent restrictions. Some of the newer audio compression formats, such as AAC, WMA Pro, Vorbis, and Opus, are free of some limitations inherent to the MP3 format that cannot be overcome by any MP3 encoder.<sup id="cite_ref-big-list_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-big-list-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides lossy compression methods, <a href="/wiki/Lossless_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Lossless format">lossless formats</a> are a significant alternative to MP3 because they provide unaltered audio content, though with an increased file size compared to lossy compression. Lossless formats include <a href="/wiki/FLAC" title="FLAC">FLAC</a> (Free Lossless Audio Codec), <a href="/wiki/Apple_Lossless" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Lossless">Apple Lossless</a> and many others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MP3&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MP3_Surround" title="MP3 Surround">MP3 Surround</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Audio" title="Windows Media Audio">Windows Media Audio</a> (WMA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_audio_coding_formats" title="Comparison of audio coding formats">Comparison of audio coding formats</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MP3&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-mp3-name-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mp3-name_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mp3-name_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141211110033/http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20050712005686/en/Fraunhofer-IIS-Happy-Birthday-MP3!">"Happy Birthday MP3!"</a>. Fraunhofer IIS. 12 July 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20050712005686/en/Fraunhofer-IIS-Happy-Birthday-MP3!">the original</a> on 11 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Happy+Birthday+MP3%21&rft.pub=Fraunhofer+IIS&rft.date=2005-07-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.businesswire.com%2Fnews%2Fhome%2F20050712005686%2Fen%2FFraunhofer-IIS-Happy-Birthday-MP3%21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc3003-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc3003_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFM._Nilsson2000" class="citation cs1">M. Nilsson (November 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3003"><i>The audio/mpeg Media Type</i></a>. Network Working Group. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC3003">10.17487/RFC3003</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3003">3003</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+audio%2Fmpeg+Media+Type&rft.pub=Network+Working+Group&rft.date=2000-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC3003&rft.au=M.+Nilsson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc3003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Proposed Standard.</i> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc3555-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rfc3555_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFS._CasnerP._Hoschka2003" class="citation cs1">S. Casner; P. Hoschka (July 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3555"><i>MIME Type Registration of RTP Payload Formats</i></a>. Network Working Group. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC3555">10.17487/RFC3555</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3555">3555</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=MIME+Type+Registration+of+RTP+Payload+Formats&rft.pub=Network+Working+Group&rft.date=2003-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC3555&rft.au=S.+Casner&rft.au=P.+Hoschka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc3555&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Obsolete.</i> Obsoleted by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" />RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4855">4855</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4856">4856</a>. Updated by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" />RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3625">3625</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc4629">4629</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rfc5219-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rfc5219_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rfc5219_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFR._Finlayson2008" class="citation cs1">R. Finlayson (February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5219"><i>A More Loss-Tolerant RTP Payload Format for MP3 Audio</i></a>. Network Working Group. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17487%2FRFC5219">10.17487/RFC5219</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5219">5219</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+More+Loss-Tolerant+RTP+Payload+Format+for+MP3+Audio&rft.pub=Network+Working+Group&rft.date=2008-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17487%2FRFC5219&rft.au=R.+Finlayson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdatatracker.ietf.org%2Fdoc%2Fhtml%2Frfc5219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span> <i>Proposed Standard.</i> Obsoletes <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" />RFC <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3119">3119</a>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mp3-history.com/en/the_mp3_team.html">"The mp3 team"</a>. <i>Fraunhofer IIS</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200714004713/https://www.mp3-history.com/en/the_mp3_team.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fraunhofer+IIS&rft.atitle=The+mp3+team&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mp3-history.com%2Fen%2Fthe_mp3_team.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPatelSmithRowe1993" class="citation book cs1">Patel K, Smith BC, Rowe LA (1 September 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/166266.166274">"Performance of a software MPEG video decoder"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the first ACM international conference on Multimedia - MULTIMEDIA '93</i>. ACM Multimedia. New York City: Association for Computing Machinery. pp. <span class="nowrap">75–</span>82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1145%2F166266.166274">10.1145/166266.166274</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89791-596-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89791-596-0"><bdi>978-0-89791-596-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3773268">3773268</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211215125939/https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/166266.166274">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Performance+of+a+software+MPEG+video+decoder&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+first+ACM+international+conference+on+Multimedia+-+MULTIMEDIA+%2793&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.series=ACM+Multimedia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E75-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.pub=Association+for+Computing+Machinery&rft.date=1993-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3773268%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F166266.166274&rft.isbn=978-0-89791-596-0&rft.aulast=Patel&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Smith%2C+BC&rft.au=Rowe%2C+LA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdl.acm.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1145%2F166266.166274&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span> Reference 3 in the paper is to Committee Draft of Standard ISO/IEC 11172, December 6, 1991.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11172-3-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-11172-3_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-11172-3_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-11172-3_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-11172-3_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=22412">"ISO/IEC 11172-3:1993 – Information technology — Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for digital storage media at up to about <span class="nowrap">1,5 Mbit/s —</span> Part 3: Audio"</a>. ISO. 1993. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120528230220/http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=22412">Archived</a> from the original on 28 May 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+11172-3%3A1993+%E2%80%93+Information+technology+%E2%80%94+Coding+of+moving+pictures+and+associated+audio+for+digital+storage+media+at+up+to+about+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%2C5+Mbit%2Fs+%E2%80%94%3C%2Fspan%3E+Part+3%3A+Audio&rft.pub=ISO&rft.date=1993&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fiso%2Fiso_catalogue%2Fcatalogue_tc%2Fcatalogue_detail.htm%3Fcsnumber%3D22412&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13818-3-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-13818-3_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-13818-3_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-13818-3_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-13818-3_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?csnumber=22991">"ISO/IEC 13818-3:1995 – Information technology — Generic coding of moving pictures and associated audio information — Part 3: Audio"</a>. ISO. 1995. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112191104/http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?csnumber=22991">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+13818-3%3A1995+%E2%80%93+Information+technology+%E2%80%94+Generic+coding+of+moving+pictures+and+associated+audio+information+%E2%80%94+Part+3%3A+Audio&rft.pub=ISO&rft.date=1995&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fiso%2Fiso_catalogue%2Fcatalogue_ics%2Fcatalogue_detail_ics.htm%3Fcsnumber%3D22991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210815043015/https://www.iis.fraunhofer.de/en/ff/amm/consumer-electronics/mp3.html">"MP3 technology at Fraunhofer IIS"</a>. <i>Fraunhofer IIS</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=MP3+%28MPEG+Layer+III+Audio+Encoding%29&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.series=Sustainability+of+Digital+Formats&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.date=2017-05-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fpreservation%2Fdigital%2Fformats%2Ffdd%2Ffdd000012.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cuU16whZ-Fs">"73. "Father" of the MP3, Karlheinz Brandenburg"</a>. 13 July 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230102160404/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cuU16whZ-Fs">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2023</span> – via www.youtube.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=73.+%22Father%22+of+the+MP3%2C+Karlheinz+Brandenburg&rft.date=2015-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DcuU16whZ-Fs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.internethistorypodcast.com/2015/07/on-the-20th-birthday-of-the-mp3-an-interview-with-the-father-of-the-mp3-karlheinz-brandenburg/">"On the 20th Birthday of the MP3, An Interview With The "Father" of the MP3, Karlheinz Brandenburg"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230102160403/https://www.internethistorypodcast.com/2015/07/on-the-20th-birthday-of-the-mp3-an-interview-with-the-father-of-the-mp3-karlheinz-brandenburg/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+the+20th+Birthday+of+the+MP3%2C+An+Interview+With+The+%22Father%22+of+the+MP3%2C+Karlheinz+Brandenburg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.internethistorypodcast.com%2F2015%2F07%2Fon-the-20th-birthday-of-the-mp3-an-interview-with-the-father-of-the-mp3-karlheinz-brandenburg%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/preservation/digital/formats/fdd/fdd000012.shtml">"MP3 (MPEG Layer III Audio Encoding)"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MP3+%28MPEG+Layer+III+Audio+Encoding%29&rft.pub=The+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=2017-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fpreservation%2Fdigital%2Fformats%2Ffdd%2Ffdd000012.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cd-1991-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cd-1991_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cd-1991_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFISO1991" class="citation web cs1">ISO (November 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110503174827/http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/meetings/kurihama91/kurihama_press.htm">"MPEG Press Release, Kurihama, November 1991"</a>. ISO. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/meetings/kurihama91/kurihama_press.htm">the original</a> on 3 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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ISO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100218081343/http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/faq/mp1-aud/mp1-aud.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=OCF%3A+Coding+High+Quality+Audio+with+Data+Rates+of+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E64+kbit%2Fs%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=1988-11-03%2F1988-11-06&rft.aulast=Brandenburg&rft.aufirst=Karlheinz&rft.au=Seitzer%2C+Dieter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aes.org%2Fe-lib%2Fbrowse.cfm%3Felib%3D4721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnston1988-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Johnston1988_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnston1988" class="citation journal cs1">Johnston, James D. (February 1988). "Transform Coding of Audio Signals Using Perceptual Noise Criteria". <i>IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications</i>. <b>6</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">314–</span>323. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2F49.608">10.1109/49.608</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Journal+on+Selected+Areas+in+Communications&rft.atitle=Transform+Coding+of+Audio+Signals+Using+Perceptual+Noise+Criteria&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E314-%3C%2Fspan%3E323&rft.date=1988-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2F49.608&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=James+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Y.F. 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(1991) A MUSICAM source codec for Digital Audio Broadcasting and storage Proceedings IEEE-ICASSP 91 pages 3605–3608 May 1991</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americanradiohistory.com/Archive-BC/BC-1991/BC-1991-04-15.pdf">"A DAB commentary from Alan Box, EZ communication and chairman NAB DAB task force"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+DAB+commentary+from+Alan+Box%2C+EZ+communication+and+chairman+NAB+DAB+task+force&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanradiohistory.com%2FArchive-BC%2FBC-1991%2FBC-1991-04-15.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tech.ebu.ch/publications/sqamcd"><i>EBU SQAM CD Sound Quality Assessment Material recordings for subjective tests</i></a>. 7 October 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170211162447/https://tech.ebu.ch/publications/sqamcd">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=EBU+SQAM+CD+Sound+Quality+Assessment+Material+recordings+for+subjective+tests&rft.date=2008-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftech.ebu.ch%2Fpublications%2Fsqamcd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BusinessWeek_2007-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BusinessWeek_2007_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BusinessWeek_2007_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEwing2007" class="citation news cs1">Ewing, Jack (5 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2007-03-05/how-mp3-was-bornbusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice">"How MP3 Was Born"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_BusinessWeek" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomberg BusinessWeek">Bloomberg BusinessWeek</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160315061732/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2007-03-05/how-mp3-was-bornbusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+BusinessWeek&rft.atitle=How+MP3+Was+Born&rft.date=2007-03-05&rft.aulast=Ewing&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2007-03-05%2Fhow-mp3-was-bornbusinessweek-business-news-stock-market-and-financial-advice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWitt2016" class="citation book cs1">Witt, Stephen (2016). <i>How Music Got Free: The End of an Industry, the Turn of the Century, and the Patient Zero of Piracy</i>. United States of America: Penguin Books. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-310934-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-310934-1"><bdi>978-0-14-310934-1</bdi></a>. <q>Brandenburg and Grill were joined by four other Fraunhofer researchers. Heinz Gerhauser oversaw the institute´s audio research group; <a href="/wiki/Harald_Popp" title="Harald Popp">Harald Popp</a> was a hardware specialist; Ernst Eberlein was a signal processing expert; Jurgen Herre was another graduate student whose mathematical prowess rivaled Brandenburg´s own. In later years this group would refer to themselves as "the original six".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Music+Got+Free%3A+The+End+of+an+Industry%2C+the+Turn+of+the+Century%2C+and+the+Patient+Zero+of+Piracy&rft.place=United+States+of+America&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-14-310934-1&rft.aulast=Witt&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sterne2012_Vega-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sterne2012_Vega_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_Sterne2012" class="citation book cs1">Jonathan Sterne (17 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O9bcwTHMpN0C&pg=PA178"><i>MP3: The Meaning of a Format</i></a>. Duke University Press. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-5287-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-5287-7"><bdi>978-0-8223-5287-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=MP3%3A+The+Meaning+of+a+Format&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2012-07-17&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-5287-7&rft.au=Jonathan+Sterne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO9bcwTHMpN0C%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-motherofmp3-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-motherofmp3_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.suzannevega.com/bio">"Suzanne Vega | Bio"</a>. <i>The Official Community of Suzanne Vega</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220118183253/https://www.suzannevega.com/bio">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Official+Community+of+Suzanne+Vega&rft.atitle=Suzanne+Vega+%7C+Bio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.suzannevega.com%2Fbio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Digital Video and Audio Broadcasting Technology: A Practical Engineering Guide (Signals and Communication Technology) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-540-76357-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-540-76357-0">3-540-76357-0</a> p. 144: "In the year 1988, the MASCAM method was developed at the Institut für Rundfunktechnik (IRT) in Munich in preparation for the digital audio broadcasting (DAB) system. From MASCAM, the MUSICAM (masking pattern universal subband integrated coding and multiplexing) method was developed in 1989 in cooperation with CCETT, Philips and Matsushita."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-santa-clara-1990-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-santa-clara-1990_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100214044029/http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/meetings/santa_clara90/santa_clara_press.htm">"Status report of ISO MPEG"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a>. September 1990. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/meetings/santa_clara90/santa_clara_press.htm">the original</a> on 14 February 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Status+report+of+ISO+MPEG&rft.pub=International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft.date=1990-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmpeg.chiariglione.org%2Fmeetings%2Fsanta_clara90%2Fsanta_clara_press.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aspec-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aspec_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=5682">"Aspec-Adaptive Spectral Entropy Coding of High Quality Music Signals"</a>. <i>AES E-Library</i>. 1991. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511083910/http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=5682">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AES+E-Library&rft.atitle=Aspec-Adaptive+Spectral+Entropy+Coding+of+High+Quality+Music+Signals&rft.date=1991&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aes.org%2Fe-lib%2Fbrowse.cfm%3Felib%3D5682&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/therecord/2011/03/23/134622940/the-mp3-a-history-of-innovation-and-betrayal">"The MP3: A History Of Innovation And Betrayal"</a>. <i>NPR</i>. 23 March 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230803092021/https://www.npr.org/sections/therecord/2011/03/23/134622940/the-mp3-a-history-of-innovation-and-betrayal">Archived</a> from the original on 3 August 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=The+MP3%3A+A+History+Of+Innovation+And+Betrayal&rft.date=2011-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Ftherecord%2F2011%2F03%2F23%2F134622940%2Fthe-mp3-a-history-of-innovation-and-betrayal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-paris_press-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-paris_press_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMPEG1994" class="citation web cs1">MPEG (25 March 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100726103705/http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/meetings/paris94/paris_press.htm">"Approved at 26th meeting (Paris)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/meetings/paris94/paris_press.htm">the original</a> on 26 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Approved+at+26th+meeting+%28Paris%29&rft.date=1994-03-25&rft.au=MPEG&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmpeg.chiariglione.org%2Fmeetings%2Fparis94%2Fparis_press.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-singapore_press-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-singapore_press_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMPEG1994" class="citation web cs1">MPEG (11 November 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100808100029/http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/meetings/singapore94/singapore_press.htm">"Approved at 29th meeting"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/meetings/singapore94/singapore_press.htm">the original</a> on 8 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Approved+at+29th+meeting&rft.date=1994-11-11&rft.au=MPEG&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmpeg.chiariglione.org%2Fmeetings%2Fsingapore94%2Fsingapore_press.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ISO/IEC_TR_11172-5:1998-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ISO/IEC_TR_11172-5:1998_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFISO" class="citation web cs1">ISO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=25029">"ISO/IEC TR 11172-5:1998 – Information technology – Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for digital storage media at up to about 1,5 Mbit/s – Part 5: Software simulation"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511043221/http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_tc/catalogue_detail.htm?csnumber=25029">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+TR+11172-5%3A1998+%E2%80%93+Information+technology+%E2%80%93+Coding+of+moving+pictures+and+associated+audio+for+digital+storage+media+at+up+to+about+1%2C5+Mbit%2Fs+%E2%80%93+Part+5%3A+Software+simulation&rft.au=ISO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fiso%2Fiso_catalogue%2Fcatalogue_tc%2Fcatalogue_detail.htm%3Fcsnumber%3D25029&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Software_Simulation.zip-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Software_Simulation.zip_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/c025029_ISO_IEC_TR_11172-5_1998(E)_Software_Simulation.zip">"ISO/IEC TR 11172-5:1998 – Information technology – Coding of moving pictures and associated audio for digital storage media at up to about 1,5 Mbit/s – Part 5: Software simulation (Reference Software)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(ZIP)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061230121352/http://standards.iso.org/ittf/PubliclyAvailableStandards/c025029_ISO_IEC_TR_11172-5_1998(E)_Software_Simulation.zip">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+TR+11172-5%3A1998+%E2%80%93+Information+technology+%E2%80%93+Coding+of+moving+pictures+and+associated+audio+for+digital+storage+media+at+up+to+about+1%2C5+Mbit%2Fs+%E2%80%93+Part+5%3A+Software+simulation+%28Reference+Software%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstandards.iso.org%2Fittf%2FPubliclyAvailableStandards%2Fc025029_ISO_IEC_TR_11172-5_1998%28E%29_Software_Simulation.zip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDehery1994" class="citation book cs1">Dehery, Yves-Francois (1994). <i>A high-quality sound coding standard for broadcasting, telecommunications and multimedia systems</i>. The Netherlands: Elsevier Science BV. pp. <span class="nowrap">53–</span>64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-444-81580-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-444-81580-4"><bdi>978-0-444-81580-4</bdi></a>. <q>This article refers to a Musicam (MPEG Audio Layer II) compressed digital audio workstation implemented on a microcomputer used not only as a professional editing station but also as a server on Ethernet for a compressed digital audio library, therefore anticipating the future MP3 on Internet</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+high-quality+sound+coding+standard+for+broadcasting%2C+telecommunications+and+multimedia+systems.&rft.place=The+Netherlands&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E53-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.pub=Elsevier+Science+BV&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-444-81580-4&rft.aulast=Dehery&rft.aufirst=Yves-Francois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MP3_Todays_Technology-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MP3_Todays_Technology_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080704065939/http://513rocks.com/MP3_Todays_Technology_158.shtml">"MP3 Today's Technology"</a>. <i>Lots of Informative Information about Music</i>. 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.513rocks.com/MP3_Todays_Technology_158.shtml">the original</a> on 4 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lots+of+Informative+Information+about+Music&rft.atitle=MP3+Today%27s+Technology&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.513rocks.com%2FMP3_Todays_Technology_158.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMann2000" class="citation web cs1">Mann, Charles C. (September 2000). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2000/09/the-heavenly-jukebox/305141/">"The Heavenly Jukebox"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130430043648/https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2000/09/the-heavenly-jukebox/305141/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2013. <q>To show industries how to use the codec, MPEG cobbled together a free sample program that converted music into MP3 files. The demonstration software created poor-quality sound, and Fraunhofer did not intend that it be used. The software's "source code"—its underlying instructions—was stored on an easily accessible computer at the University of Erlangen, from which it was downloaded by one SoloH, a hacker in the Netherlands (and, one assumes, a Star Wars fan). SoloH revamped the source code to produce software that converted compact-disc tracks into music files of acceptable quality.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=The+Heavenly+Jukebox&rft.date=2000-09&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Charles+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fmagazine%2Farchive%2F2000%2F09%2Fthe-heavenly-jukebox%2F305141%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3M2hAgAAQBAJ&dq=SoloH+mp3+source+code&pg=PT75">Pop Idols and Pirates: Mechanisms of Consumption and the Global Circulation of Popular Music</a></i> by Charles Fairchild. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231015095150/https://books.google.com/books?id=3M2hAgAAQBAJ&dq=SoloH+mp3+source+code&pg=PT75">Archived</a> 15 October 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/viewFile/1765/989">Technologies of Piracy? - Exploring the Interplay Between Commercialism and Idealism in the Development of MP3 and DivX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200919101723/https://ijoc.org/index.php/ijoc/article/viewFile/1765/989">Archived</a> 19 September 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by HENDRIK STORSTEIN SPILKER, SVEIN HÖIER, page 2072</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170103170919/http://www.euronet.nl/~soloh/mpegEnc/">www.euronet.nl/~soloh/mpegEnc/</a> (<a href="/wiki/Archive.org" class="mw-redirect" title="Archive.org">Archive.org</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sydney1993-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sydney1993_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sydney1993_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100806161942/http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/meetings/sydney93/sydney_press.htm">"Adopted at 22nd WG11 meeting"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a>. 2 April 1993. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/meetings/sydney93/sydney_press.htm">the original</a> on 6 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adopted+at+22nd+WG11+meeting&rft.pub=International+Organization+for+Standardization&rft.date=1993-04-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmpeg.chiariglione.org%2Fmeetings%2Fsydney93%2Fsydney_press.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brandenburg1997-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Brandenburg1997_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrandenburgBosi1997" class="citation journal cs1">Brandenburg, Karlheinz; Bosi, Marina (February 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=7871">"Overview of MPEG Audio: Current and Future Standards for Low-Bit-Rate Audio Coding"</a>. <i>Journal of the Audio Engineering Society</i>. <b>45</b> (1/2): <span class="nowrap">4–</span>21. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090417030540/http://www.aes.org/e-lib/browse.cfm?elib=7871">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Audio+Engineering+Society&rft.atitle=Overview+of+MPEG+Audio%3A+Current+and+Future+Standards+for+Low-Bit-Rate+Audio+Coding&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1%2F2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.date=1997-02&rft.aulast=Brandenburg&rft.aufirst=Karlheinz&rft.au=Bosi%2C+Marina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aes.org%2Fe-lib%2Fbrowse.cfm%3Felib%3D7871&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MPEG-2.5-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MPEG-2.5_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MPEG-2.5_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MPEG-2.5_63-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MPEG-2.5_63-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080124200925/http://www.iis.fraunhofer.de/EN/bf/amm/projects/mp3/index.jsp">"MP3 technical details (MPEG-2 and MPEG-2.5)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fraunhofer_IIS" class="mw-redirect" title="Fraunhofer IIS">Fraunhofer IIS</a>. September 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iis.fraunhofer.de/EN/bf/amm/projects/mp3/index.jsp">the original</a> on 24 January 2008. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"MPEG-2.5" is the name of a proprietary extension developed by Fraunhofer IIS. It enables MP3 to work satisfactorily at very low bitrates and introduces the additional sampling rates 8 kHz, 11.025 kHz and 12 kHz.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MP3+technical+details+%28MPEG-2+and+MPEG-2.5%29&rft.pub=Fraunhofer+IIS&rft.date=2007-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iis.fraunhofer.de%2FEN%2Fbf%2Famm%2Fprojects%2Fmp3%2Findex.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MPEG-2.5-2-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MPEG-2.5-2_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MPEG-2.5-2_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MPEG-2.5-2_64-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MPEG-2.5-2_64-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MPEG-2.5-2_64-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MPEG-2.5-2_64-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MPEG-2.5-2_64-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MPEG-2.5-2_64-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MPEG-2.5-2_64-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSupurovic1999" class="citation web cs1">Supurovic, Predrag (22 December 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.datavoyage.com/mpgscript/mpeghdr.htm">"MPEG Audio Frame Header"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080907114653/http://www.datavoyage.com/mpgscript/mpeghdr.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 September 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MPEG+Audio+Frame+Header&rft.date=1999-12-22&rft.aulast=Supurovic&rft.aufirst=Predrag&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.datavoyage.com%2Fmpgscript%2Fmpeghdr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mp3tech-iso13818-3-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mp3tech-iso13818-3_65-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mp3tech-iso13818-3_65-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mp3tech-iso13818-3_65-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mp3-tech.org/programmer/docs/iso13818-3.zip">"ISO/IEC 13818-3:1994(E) – Information Technology — Generic Coding of Moving Pictures and Associated Audio: Audio"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(ZIP)</span>. 11 November 1994. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100613060642/http://mp3-tech.org/programmer/docs/iso13818-3.zip">Archived</a> from the original on 13 June 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ISO%2FIEC+13818-3%3A1994%28E%29+%E2%80%93+Information+Technology+%E2%80%94+Generic+Coding+of+Moving+Pictures+and+Associated+Audio%3A+Audio&rft.date=1994-11-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mp3-tech.org%2Fprogrammer%2Fdocs%2Fiso13818-3.zip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iuma-archive&tab=about">"About Internet Underground Music Archive"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Internet+Underground+Music+Archive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fiuma-archive%26tab%3Dabout&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVainilavičius2023" class="citation web cs1">Vainilavičius, Justinas (15 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cybernews.com/news/winamp-is-back-after-revamp-nostalgia-inducing-looks-intact/">"Winamp is back after revamp; nostalgia-inducing looks intact"</a>. <i>cybernews</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231204111949/https://cybernews.com/news/winamp-is-back-after-revamp-nostalgia-inducing-looks-intact/">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cybernews&rft.atitle=Winamp+is+back+after+revamp%3B+nostalgia-inducing+looks+intact&rft.date=2023-11-15&rft.aulast=Vainilavi%C4%8Dius&rft.aufirst=Justinas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcybernews.com%2Fnews%2Fwinamp-is-back-after-revamp-nostalgia-inducing-looks-intact%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-seattlepi-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-seattlepi_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-seattlepi_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchubert1999" class="citation web cs1">Schubert, Ruth (10 February 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seattlepi.com/archives/1999/9902100013.asp">"Tech-savvy Getting Music For A Song; Industry Frustrated That Internet Makes Free Music Simple"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Seattle_Post-Intelligencer" title="Seattle Post-Intelligencer">Seattle Post-Intelligencer</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NOISEY&rft.atitle=Meet+the+Musical+Clairvoyant+Who+Finds+Ghosts+In+Your+MP3s&rft.date=2015-03-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnoisey.vice.com%2Fblog%2Fyntht-there-are-ghosts-in-your-mp3s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schroeder2015-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-schroeder2015_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170614081313/http://kernelmag.dailydot.com/issue-sections/features-issue-sections/12144/ghost-in-mp3-compression-audio/">"The ghosts in the mp3"</a>. <i>The Kernel</i>. 15 March 2015. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UVA+Today&rft.atitle=Lost+and+Found%3A+U.Va.+Grad+Student+Discovers+Ghosts+in+the+MP3&rft.date=2015-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.virginia.edu%2Fcontent%2Flost-and-found-uva-grad-student-discovers-ghosts-mp3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maguire2014-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Maguire2014_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://speech.di.uoa.gr/ICMC-SMC-2014/images/VOL_1/0243.pdf">"The Ghost in the MP3"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150612184005/http://speech.di.uoa.gr/ICMC-SMC-2014/images/VOL_1/0243.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 12 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Ghost+in+the+MP3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspeech.di.uoa.gr%2FICMC-SMC-2014%2Fimages%2FVOL_1%2F0243.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130408110355/http://lame.cvs.sourceforge.net/viewvc/lame/lame/USAGE">"Guide to command line options (in CVS)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lame.cvs.sourceforge.net/viewvc/lame/lame/USAGE">the original</a> on 8 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guide+to+command+line+options+%28in+CVS%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flame.cvs.sourceforge.net%2Fviewvc%2Flame%2Flame%2FUSAGE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200820112149if_/http://resources.jvc.com/Resources/00/00/95/lvt1213-001b.pdf">"JVC RC-EX30 operation manual"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in multiple languages). 2004. p. 14. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://resources.jvc.com/Resources/00/00/95/lvt1213-001b.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 20 August 2020. <q>Search – locating a desired position on thedisc (audio CD only)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JVC+RC-EX30+operation+manual&rft.pages=14&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresources.jvc.com%2FResources%2F00%2F00%2F95%2Flvt1213-001b.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span> (2004 <a href="/wiki/Boombox" title="Boombox">boombox</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sharp.co.uk/cps/rde/xbcr/documents/documents/om/13_dvd/DVRW250H_OM_GB.pdf">"DV-RW250H Operation-Manual GB"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 2004. p. 33. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200820113949/https://www.sharp.co.uk/cps/rde/xbcr/documents/documents/om/13_dvd/DVRW250H_OM_GB.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 20 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2020</span>. <q>• Fast forward and review playback does not work with a MP3/WMA/JPEG-CD.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DV-RW250H+Operation-Manual+GB&rft.pages=33&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sharp.co.uk%2Fcps%2Frde%2Fxbcr%2Fdocuments%2Fdocuments%2Fom%2F13_dvd%2FDVRW250H_OM_GB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sony.com/electronics/hi-res-audio-mp3-cd-sound-quality-comparison">"Sound Quality Comparison of Hi-Res Audio vs. CD vs. MP3"</a>. <i>www.sony.com</i>. <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200914005253/https://www.sony.com/electronics/hi-res-audio-mp3-cd-sound-quality-comparison">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sony.com&rft.atitle=Sound+Quality+Comparison+of+Hi-Res+Audio+vs.+CD+vs.+MP3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sony.com%2Felectronics%2Fhi-res-audio-mp3-cd-sound-quality-comparison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Woon-Seng-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Woon-Seng_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWoon-Seng_GanSen-Maw_Kuo2007" class="citation book cs1">Woon-Seng Gan; Sen-Maw Kuo (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lg0aN3vYw20C&q=128+kbit+mp3&pg=PA382"><i>Embedded signal processing with the Micro Signal Architecture</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Wiley-IEEE_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Wiley-IEEE Press">Wiley-IEEE Press</a>. p. 382. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-73841-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-73841-1"><bdi>978-0-471-73841-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210310182738/https://books.google.com/books?id=Lg0aN3vYw20C&q=128+kbit+mp3&pg=PA382">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Embedded+signal+processing+with+the+Micro+Signal+Architecture&rft.pages=382&rft.pub=Wiley-IEEE+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-471-73841-1&rft.au=Woon-Seng+Gan&rft.au=Sen-Maw+Kuo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLg0aN3vYw20C%26q%3D128%2Bkbit%2Bmp3%26pg%3DPA382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bouvigne-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bouvigne_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBouvigne2006" class="citation web cs1">Bouvigne, Gabriel (28 November 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hydrogenaud.io/index.php?PHPSESSID=aimg728m4eib19iggvujst7ju3&topic=38808.msg452751#msg452751">"freeformat at <span class="nowrap">640 kbit/s</span> and foobar2000, possibilities?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160919091413/https://hydrogenaud.io/index.php?PHPSESSID=aimg728m4eib19iggvujst7ju3&topic=38808.msg452751#msg452751">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=freeformat+at+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E640+kbit%2Fs%3C%2Fspan%3E+and+foobar2000%2C+possibilities%3F&rft.date=2006-11-28&rft.aulast=Bouvigne&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhydrogenaud.io%2Findex.php%3FPHPSESSID%3Daimg728m4eib19iggvujst7ju3%26topic%3D38808.msg452751%23msg452751&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linux.die.net/man/1/lame">"lame(1): create mp3 audio files - Linux man page"</a>. <i>linux.die.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200822103430/https://linux.die.net/man/1/lame">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=linux.die.net&rft.atitle=lame%281%29%3A+create+mp3+audio+files+-+Linux+man+page&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinux.die.net%2Fman%2F1%2Flame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://man.cx/lame">"Linux Manpages Online - man.cx manual pages"</a>. <i>man.cx</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200822103425/https://man.cx/lame">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=man.cx&rft.atitle=Linux+Manpages+Online+-+man.cx+manual+pages&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fman.cx%2Flame&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LAME_GPSYCHO-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LAME_GPSYCHO_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LAME_GPSYCHO_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lame.sourceforge.net/vbr.php">"GPSYCHO – Variable Bit Rate"</a>. <i>LAME MP3 Encoder</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090422172037/http://lame.sourceforge.net/vbr.php">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LAME+MP3+Encoder&rft.atitle=GPSYCHO+%E2%80%93+Variable+Bit+Rate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flame.sourceforge.net%2Fvbr.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TwoLAME-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TwoLAME_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.twolame.org/doc/vbr.html">"TwoLAME: MPEG Audio Layer II VBR"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100703052530/http://www.twolame.org/doc/vbr.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TwoLAME%3A+MPEG+Audio+Layer+II+VBR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.twolame.org%2Fdoc%2Fvbr.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MPEG-1_and_MPEG-2_BC-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MPEG-1_and_MPEG-2_BC_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFISO_MPEG_Audio_Subgroup" class="citation web cs1">ISO MPEG Audio Subgroup. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/faq/mp1-aud/mp1-aud.htm#15">"MPEG Audio FAQ Version 9: MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 BC"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100218081343/http://mpeg.chiariglione.org/faq/mp1-aud/mp1-aud.htm#15">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MPEG+Audio+FAQ+Version+9%3A+MPEG-1+and+MPEG-2+BC&rft.au=ISO+MPEG+Audio+Subgroup&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmpeg.chiariglione.org%2Ffaq%2Fmp1-aud%2Fmp1-aud.htm%2315&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LAME_Y-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LAME_Y_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.hydrogenaud.io/index.php?title=LAME_Y_switch">"LAME Y switch"</a>. <i>Hydrogenaudio Knowledgebase</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402132607/http://wiki.hydrogenaud.io/index.php?title=LAME_Y_switch">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hydrogenaudio+Knowledgebase&rft.atitle=LAME+Y+switch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwiki.hydrogenaud.io%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DLAME_Y_switch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rae-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rae_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRae" class="citation web cs1">Rae, Casey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170629225326/https://futureofmusic.org/blog/2009/08/06/metadata-and-you">"Metadata and You"</a>. <i>Future of Music Coalition</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://futureofmusic.org/blog/2009/08/06/metadata-and-you">the original</a> on 29 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Future+of+Music+Coalition&rft.atitle=Metadata+and+You&rft.aulast=Rae&rft.aufirst=Casey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffutureofmusic.org%2Fblog%2F2009%2F08%2F06%2Fmetadata-and-you&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Patel-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Patel_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPatelSmithRowe" class="citation conference cs1">Patel, Ketan; Smith, Brian C.; Rowe, Lawrence A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.unc.edu/~kmp/publications/mm93/MM93-paper.pdf"><i>Performance of a Software MPEG Video Decoder</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ACM Multimedia 1993 Conference. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190902110246/http://www.cs.unc.edu/~kmp/publications/mm93/MM93-paper.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNET+News&rft.atitle=SanDisk+MP3+seizure+order+overturned&rft.date=2006-09-07&rft.aulast=Ogg&rft.aufirst=Erica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.cnet.com%2F2100-1047_3-6113326.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Patent_Wild_West-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Patent_Wild_West_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ipgeek.blogspot.com/2006/09/sisvels-brings-patent-wild-west-into.html">"Sisvel brings Patent Wild West into Germany"</a>. <i>IPEG blog</i>. 7 September 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070523032100/http://ipgeek.blogspot.com/2006/09/sisvels-brings-patent-wild-west-into.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 May 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 July</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IPEG+blog&rft.atitle=Sisvel+brings+Patent+Wild+West+into+Germany&rft.date=2006-09-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fipgeek.blogspot.com%2F2006%2F09%2Fsisvels-brings-patent-wild-west-into.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-law360-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-law360_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law360.com/registrations/user_registration?article_id=84475">"Apple, SanDisk Settle Texas MP3 Patent Spat"</a>. <i>IP Law360</i>. 26 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bakerbotts.com/lawyers/detail.aspx?id=2aa26940-06f4-44a3-865e-12b66912eed5">the original</a> on 10 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Baker+Botts+LLP&rft.atitle=Baker+Botts+LLP+Professionals%3A+Lisa+Catherine+Kelly+%E2%80%94+Representative+Engagements&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bakerbotts.com%2Flawyers%2Fdetail.aspx%3Fid%3D2aa26940-06f4-44a3-865e-12b66912eed5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MP3_payout-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MP3_payout_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6388273.stm">"Microsoft faces $1.5bn MP3 payout"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 22 February 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081102042713/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6388273.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Microsoft+faces+%241.5bn+MP3+payout&rft.date=2007-02-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fbusiness%2F6388273.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Microsoft_wins_reversal-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Microsoft_wins_reversal_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.cnet.com/8301-10784_3-9755745-7.html">"Microsoft wins reversal of MP3 patent decision"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNET" title="CNET">CNET</a></i>. 6 August 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131230071338/http://news.cnet.com/8301-10784_3-9755745-7.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNET&rft.atitle=Microsoft+wins+reversal+of+MP3+patent+decision&rft.date=2007-08-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.cnet.com%2F8301-10784_3-9755745-7.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alcatel-Lucent-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Alcatel-Lucent_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081029083229/http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/opinions/07-1546.pdf">"Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit Decision"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 25 September 2008. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.telos-systems.com/support/tech-talk/138-guest-papers/267-mp3-and-aac-explained">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MP3+and+AAC+Explained&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Brandenburg&rft.aufirst=Karlheinz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.telos-systems.com%2Fsupport%2Ftech-talk%2F138-guest-papers%2F267-mp3-and-aac-explained&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20090105005026/en/Licensing-Announces-Updated-AAC-Joint-Patent-License">"Via Licensing Announces Updated AAC Joint Patent License"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Business_Wire" title="Business Wire">Business Wire</a></i>. 5 January 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190618122721/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20090105005026/en/Licensing-Announces-Updated-AAC-Joint-Patent-License">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Wire&rft.atitle=Via+Licensing+Announces+Updated+AAC+Joint+Patent+License&rft.date=2009-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businesswire.com%2Fnews%2Fhome%2F20090105005026%2Fen%2FLicensing-Announces-Updated-AAC-Joint-Patent-License&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190628173314/http://www.via-corp.com/us/en/licensing/aac/licensors.html">"AAC Licensors"</a>. <i>Via Corp</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.via-corp.com/us/en/licensing/aac/licensors.html">the original</a> on 28 June 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Via+Corp&rft.atitle=AAC+Licensors&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.via-corp.com%2Fus%2Fen%2Flicensing%2Faac%2Flicensors.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarriott1999" class="citation news cs1">Marriott, Michel (30 September 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/30/technology/news-watch-new-player-from-sony-will-give-a-nod-to-mp3.html">"NEWS WATCH; New Player from Sony Will Give a Nod to MP3"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210703065644/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/30/technology/news-watch-new-player-from-sony-will-give-a-nod-to-mp3.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=NEWS+WATCH%3B+New+Player+from+Sony+Will+Give+a+Nod+to+MP3&rft.date=1999-09-30&rft.aulast=Marriott&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1999%2F09%2F30%2Ftechnology%2Fnews-watch-new-player-from-sony-will-give-a-nod-to-mp3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnet.com/reviews/sony-nw-e100-review/">"Sony NW-E105 Network Walkman"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201031221331/https://www.cnet.com/reviews/sony-nw-e100-review/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sony+NW-E105+Network+Walkman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnet.com%2Freviews%2Fsony-nw-e100-review%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJean-Marc_ValinGregory_MaxwellTimothy_B._TerriberryKoen_Vos2013" class="citation conference cs1">Jean-Marc Valin; Gregory Maxwell; Timothy B. Terriberry; Koen Vos (October 2013). <i>High-Quality, Low-Delay Music Coding in the Opus Codec</i>. 135th AES Convention. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1602.04845">1602.04845</a></span>. <q>Its CBR produces packets with exactly the size the encoder requested, without a bit reservoir to imposes additional buffering delays, as found in codecs such as MP3 or AAC-LD. [...] [Tonal noise] is most noticeable in low-bitrate MP3s.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=High-Quality%2C+Low-Delay+Music+Coding+in+the+Opus+Codec&rft.date=2013-10&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1602.04845&rft.au=Jean-Marc+Valin&rft.au=Gregory+Maxwell&rft.au=Timothy+B.+Terriberry&rft.au=Koen+Vos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MP3&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeert_Lovink2014" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Geert_Lovink" title="Geert Lovink">Geert Lovink</a> (9 November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://computationalculture.net/article/reflections-on-the-mp3-format">"Reflections on the MP3 Format: Interview with Jonathan Sterne"</a>. <i>Computational Culture</i> (4). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2047-2390">2047-2390</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150822035041/http://computationalculture.net/article/reflections-on-the-mp3-format">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computational+Culture&rft.atitle=Reflections+on+the+MP3+Format%3A+Interview+with+Jonathan+Sterne&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2014-11-09&rft.issn=2047-2390&rft.au=Geert+Lovink&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcomputationalculture.net%2Farticle%2Freflections-on-the-mp3-format&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMP3" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MP3&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 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data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:MP3" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:MP3">MP3</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mp3-history.com/">MP3-history.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200211201051/https://www.mp3-history.com/">Archived</a> 11 February 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Story of MP3: How MP3 was invented, by Fraunhofer IIS.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mp3newswire.net/sect/archive.htm">MP3 News Archive</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190303201456/https://www.mp3newswire.net/sect/archive.htm">Archived</a> 3 March 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – over 1000 articles from 1999 to 2011 focused on MP3 and digital audio.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mpeg.chiariglione.org/">MPEG.chiariglione.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240410005848/https://mpeg.chiariglione.org/">Archived</a> 10 April 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – MPEG official website</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a>, <br /><a href="/wiki/Moving_Picture_Experts_Group" title="Moving Picture Experts Group">MPEG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DV_(video_format)" title="DV (video format)">DV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_JPEG" title="Motion JPEG">MJPEG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_JPEG_2000" title="Motion JPEG 2000">Motion JPEG 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1">MPEG-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">MPEG-2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H.262/MPEG-2_Part_2" title="H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2">Part 2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4" title="MPEG-4">MPEG-4</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_2" title="MPEG-4 Part 2">Part 2 / ASP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H.264/MPEG-4_AVC" class="mw-redirect" title="H.264/MPEG-4 AVC">Part 10 / AVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_IVC" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG-4 IVC">Part 33 / IVC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-H" title="MPEG-H">MPEG-H</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding" title="High Efficiency Video Coding">Part 2 / HEVC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MPEG-I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MPEG-I (page does not exist)">MPEG-I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Video_Coding" title="Versatile Video Coding">Part 3 / VVC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-5" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG-5">MPEG-5</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essential_Video_Coding" title="Essential Video Coding">Part 1 / EVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCEVC" title="LCEVC">Part 2 / LCEVC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_Coding_Experts_Group" title="Video Coding Experts Group">VCEG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H.120" title="H.120">H.120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H.261" title="H.261">H.261</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H.262/MPEG-2_Part_2" title="H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2">H.262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H.263" title="H.263">H.263</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">H.264 / AVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding" title="High Efficiency Video Coding">H.265 / HEVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Video_Coding" title="Versatile Video Coding">H.266 / VVC</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H.267&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="H.267 (page does not exist)">H.267 / Enhanced Coding Model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Motion_Picture_and_Television_Engineers" title="Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers">SMPTE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/VC-1" title="VC-1">VC-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirac_(video_compression_format)" title="Dirac (video compression format)">VC-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avid_DNxHD" title="Avid DNxHD">VC-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CineForm" title="CineForm">VC-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VC-6" title="VC-6">VC-6</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/On2_Technologies" title="On2 Technologies">TrueMotion</a> and AOMedia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/On2_Technologies#TrueMotion_S" title="On2 Technologies">TrueMotion S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VP3" title="VP3">VP3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VP6" title="VP6">VP6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VP7" class="mw-redirect" title="VP7">VP7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VP8" title="VP8">VP8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VP9" title="VP9">VP9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AV1" title="AV1">AV1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Chinese Standard</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Standard#First_generation" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS1 P2/AVS+</a>(GB/T 20090.2/16)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Standard#Second_generation" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS2 P2</a>(GB/T 33475.2,GY/T 299.1) <ul><li>HDR Vivid(GY/T 358)</li></ul></li> <li>AVS3 P2(GY/T 368)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Video" title="Apple Video">Apple Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Standard" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bink_Video" title="Bink Video">Bink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinepak" title="Cinepak">Cinepak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daala" title="Daala">Daala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Video_Interactive" title="Digital Video Interactive">DVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FFV1" title="FFV1">FFV1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huffyuv" title="Huffyuv">Huffyuv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indeo" title="Indeo">Indeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagarith" title="Lagarith">Lagarith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Video_1" title="Microsoft Video 1">Microsoft Video 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSU_Lossless_Video_Codec" title="MSU Lossless Video Codec">MSU Lossless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OMS_Video" title="OMS Video">OMS Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixlet" title="Pixlet">Pixlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_ProRes" title="Apple ProRes">ProRes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ProRes_422" class="mw-redirect" title="ProRes 422">422</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProRes_4444" class="mw-redirect" title="ProRes 4444">4444</a></li></ul></li> <li>QuickTime <ul><li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime_Animation" title="QuickTime Animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime_Graphics" title="QuickTime Graphics">Graphics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealVideo" title="RealVideo">RealVideo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTVideo" title="RTVideo">RTVideo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SheerVideo" title="SheerVideo">SheerVideo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smacker_video" title="Smacker video">Smacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorenson_Media" title="Sorenson Media">Sorenson Video/Spark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theora" title="Theora">Theora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_(video_codec)" title="Thor (video codec)">Thor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ut_Video_Codec_Suite" title="Ut Video Codec Suite">Ut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Video" title="Windows Media Video">WMV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RatDVD" title="RatDVD">XEB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YULS" title="YULS">YULS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">Audio<br />compression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a>,<br /> <a href="/wiki/Moving_Picture_Experts_Group" title="Moving Picture Experts Group">MPEG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1_Audio_Layer_II" title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer II">MPEG-1 Layer II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_Multichannel" title="MPEG Multichannel">Multichannel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1_Audio_Layer_I" title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer I">MPEG-1 Layer I</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">MPEG-1 Layer III (MP3)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="Advanced Audio Coding">AAC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-Efficiency_Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="High-Efficiency Advanced Audio Coding">HE-AAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AAC-LD" title="AAC-LD">AAC-LD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_Surround" title="MPEG Surround">MPEG Surround</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Lossless_Coding" title="Audio Lossless Coding">MPEG-4 ALS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_SLS" title="MPEG-4 SLS">MPEG-4 SLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Audio_CD#DST" title="Super Audio CD">MPEG-4 DST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonic_Vector_Excitation_Coding" title="Harmonic Vector Excitation Coding">MPEG-4 HVXC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Code-excited linear prediction">MPEG-4 CELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding" title="Unified Speech and Audio Coding">MPEG-D USAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-H_3D_Audio" title="MPEG-H 3D Audio">MPEG-H 3D Audio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G.711" title="G.711">G.711</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-law_algorithm" title="A-law algorithm">A-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-law_algorithm" title="Μ-law algorithm">µ-law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.718" title="G.718">G.718</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.719" title="G.719">G.719</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.722" title="G.722">G.722</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.722.1" title="G.722.1">G.722.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Multi-Rate_Wideband" title="Adaptive Multi-Rate Wideband">G.722.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.723" title="G.723">G.723</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.723.1" title="G.723.1">G.723.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.726" title="G.726">G.726</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.728" title="G.728">G.728</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.729" title="G.729">G.729</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.729.1" title="G.729.1">G.729.1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opus_(audio_format)" title="Opus (audio format)">Opus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Low_Bitrate_Codec" title="Internet Low Bitrate Codec">iLBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speex" title="Speex">Speex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorbis" title="Vorbis">Vorbis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FLAC" title="FLAC">FLAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/3GPP" title="3GPP">3GPP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Multi-Rate_audio_codec" title="Adaptive Multi-Rate audio codec">AMR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Multi-Rate_Wideband" title="Adaptive Multi-Rate Wideband">AMR-WB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_Adaptive_Multi-Rate_%E2%80%93_Wideband" title="Extended Adaptive Multi-Rate – Wideband">AMR-WB+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec" title="Enhanced Variable Rate Codec">EVRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Variable_Rate_Codec_B" title="Enhanced Variable Rate Codec B">EVRC-B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Voice_Services" title="Enhanced Voice Services">EVS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half_Rate" title="Half Rate">GSM-HR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_Rate" title="Full Rate">GSM-FR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_full_rate" title="Enhanced full rate">GSM-EFR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/ETSI" class="mw-redirect" title="ETSI">ETSI</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolby_Digital" title="Dolby Digital">AC-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolby_AC-4" title="Dolby AC-4">AC-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTS_(sound_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="DTS (sound system)">DTS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_Special_Interest_Group" title="Bluetooth Special Interest Group">Bluetooth SIG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SBC_(codec)" title="SBC (codec)">SBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LC3_(codec)" title="LC3 (codec)">LC3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Chinese Standard</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Standard#First_generation" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS1 P10</a>(GB/T 20090.10)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Standard#Second_generation" title="Audio Video Standard">AVS2 P3</a>(GB/T 33475.3) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audio_Vivid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Audio Vivid (page does not exist)">Audio Vivid</a>(GY/T 363)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Resolution_Adaptation" title="Dynamic Resolution Adaptation">DRA</a>(GB/T 22726)</li> <li>ExAC(SJ/T 11299.4)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algebraic_code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Algebraic code-excited linear prediction">ACELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Lossless_Audio_Codec" title="Apple Lossless Audio Codec">ALAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asao_(codec)" title="Asao (codec)">Asao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Transform_Acoustic_Coding" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaptive Transform Acoustic Coding">ATRAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CELT" title="CELT">CELT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codec_2" title="Codec 2">Codec 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Speech_Audio_Codec" title="Internet Speech Audio Codec">iSAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyra_(codec)" title="Lyra (codec)">Lyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed-excitation_linear_prediction" title="Mixed-excitation linear prediction">MELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monkey%27s_Audio" title="Monkey's Audio">Monkey's Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MT9" title="MT9">MT9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musepack" title="Musepack">Musepack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OptimFROG" title="OptimFROG">OptimFROG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_Sound_Quality" title="Original Sound Quality">OSQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qualcomm_code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Qualcomm code-excited linear prediction">QCELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxed_code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Relaxed code-excited linear prediction">RCELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealAudio" title="RealAudio">RealAudio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avid_Audio#Sound_Designer_file_formats" title="Avid Audio">SD2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shorten_file_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Shorten file format">SHN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SILK" title="SILK">SILK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siren_(codec)" title="Siren (codec)">Siren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selectable_Mode_Vocoder" title="Selectable Mode Vocoder">SMV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SVOPC" title="SVOPC">SVOPC</a></li> <li>TTA <ul><li>True Audio</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TwinVQ" title="TwinVQ">TwinVQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable-Rate_Multimode_Wideband" title="Variable-Rate Multimode Wideband">VMR-WB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vector_sum_excited_linear_prediction" title="Vector sum excited linear prediction">VSELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WavPack" title="WavPack">WavPack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Audio" title="Windows Media Audio">WMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_Quality_Authenticated" title="Master Quality Authenticated">MQA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AptX" title="AptX">aptX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AptX#aptX_HD" title="AptX">aptX HD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AptX#aptX_Low_Latency" title="AptX">aptX Low Latency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AptX#aptX_Adaptive" title="AptX">aptX Adaptive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LDAC_(codec)" title="LDAC (codec)">LDAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LHDC_(codec)" title="LHDC (codec)">LHDC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LHDC_(codec)#LLAC" title="LHDC (codec)">LLAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">Image<br />compression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a>, <br /><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">W3C</a>, <a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joint_Photographic_Experts_Group" title="Joint Photographic Experts Group">JPEG</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_4_compression" title="Group 4 compression">CCITT Group 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GIF" title="GIF">GIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Image_File_Format#HEIC:_HEVC_in_HEIF" title="High Efficiency Image File Format">HEIC / HEIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding#Main_Still_Picture" title="High Efficiency Video Coding">HEVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBIG" title="JBIG">JBIG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBIG2" title="JBIG2">JBIG2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG">JPEG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_2000" title="JPEG 2000">JPEG 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG-LS" class="mw-redirect" title="JPEG-LS">JPEG-LS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XL" title="JPEG XL">JPEG XL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XR" title="JPEG XR">JPEG XR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XS" title="JPEG XS">JPEG XS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XT" title="JPEG XT">JPEG XT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable Network Graphics">PNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIFF" title="TIFF">TIFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIFF/EP" title="TIFF/EP">TIFF/EP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIFF/IT" class="mw-redirect" title="TIFF/IT">TIFF/IT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/APNG" title="APNG">APNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AV1" title="AV1">AV1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVIF" title="AVIF">AVIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Better_Portable_Graphics" title="Better Portable Graphics">BPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DjVu" title="DjVu">DjVu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenEXR" title="OpenEXR">EXR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Lossless_Image_Format" title="Free Lossless Image Format">FLIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICER_(file_format)" title="ICER (file format)">ICER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple-image_Network_Graphics" title="Multiple-image Network Graphics">MNG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Graphics_File" title="Progressive Graphics File">PGF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QOI_(image_format)" title="QOI (image format)">QOI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime_VR" title="QuickTime VR">QTVR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_Application_Protocol_Bitmap_Format" title="Wireless Application Protocol Bitmap Format">WBMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebP" title="WebP">WebP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_container_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital container format">Containers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Electrotechnical_Commission" title="International Electrotechnical Commission">IEC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_elementary_stream" title="MPEG elementary stream">MPEG-ES</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Packetized_elementary_stream" title="Packetized elementary stream">MPEG-PES</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_program_stream" title="MPEG program stream">MPEG-PS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_transport_stream" title="MPEG transport stream">MPEG-TS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_base_media_file_format" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC base media file format">ISO/IEC base media file format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_14" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG-4 Part 14">MPEG-4 Part 14</a> (MP4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_JPEG_2000" title="Motion JPEG 2000">Motion JPEG 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-21" title="MPEG-21">MPEG-21 Part 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_media_transport" title="MPEG media transport">MPEG media transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-2#Systems" title="MPEG-2">H.222.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_JPEG_2000" title="Motion JPEG 2000">T.802</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Internet_Engineering_Task_Force" title="Internet Engineering Task Force">IETF</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_Transport_Protocol" title="Real-time Transport Protocol">RTP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogg" title="Ogg">Ogg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matroska" title="Matroska">Matroska</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Motion_Picture_and_Television_Engineers" title="Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers">SMPTE</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Exchange_Format" title="General Exchange Format">GXF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material_Exchange_Format" title="Material Exchange Format">MXF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3GP_and_3G2" title="3GP and 3G2">3GP and 3G2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AMV_video_format" title="AMV video format">AMV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Systems_Format" title="Advanced Systems Format">ASF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Interchange_File_Format" title="Audio Interchange File Format">AIFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Video_Interleave" title="Audio Video Interleave">AVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Au_file_format" title="Au file format">AU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Better_Portable_Graphics" title="Better Portable Graphics">BPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bink_Video" title="Bink Video">Bink</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smacker_video" title="Smacker video">Smacker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMP_file_format" title="BMP file format">BMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DivX#DivX_Media_Format_(DMF)" title="DivX">DivX Media Format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_VOB" title="Enhanced VOB">EVO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_Video" title="Flash Video">Flash Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Image_File_Format" title="High Efficiency Image File Format">HEIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interchange_File_Format" title="Interchange File Format">IFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.m2ts" title=".m2ts">M2TS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matroska" title="Matroska">Matroska</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WebM" title="WebM">WebM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime_File_Format" title="QuickTime File Format">QuickTime File Format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RatDVD" title="RatDVD">RatDVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealMedia" title="RealMedia">RealMedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_Interchange_File_Format" title="Resource Interchange File Format">RIFF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WAV" title="WAV">WAV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOD_and_TOD" title="MOD and TOD">MOD and TOD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VOB" title="VOB">VOB, IFO and BUP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Collaborations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NETVC" title="NETVC">NETVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_LA" title="MPEG LA">MPEG LA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Open_Media" title="Alliance for Open Media">Alliance for Open Media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Methods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Entropy_encoding" class="mw-redirect" title="Entropy encoding">Entropy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arithmetic_coding" title="Arithmetic coding">Arithmetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huffman_coding" title="Huffman coding">Huffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_Huffman_coding" title="Modified Huffman coding">Modified</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_predictive_coding" title="Linear predictive coding">LPC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algebraic_code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Algebraic code-excited linear prediction">ACELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-excited_linear_prediction" title="Code-excited linear prediction">CELP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_spectral_pairs" title="Line spectral pairs">LSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warped_linear_predictive_coding" title="Warped linear predictive coding">WLPC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lossless_compression" title="Lossless compression">Lossless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lossy_compression" title="Lossy compression">Lossy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LZ77_and_LZ78" title="LZ77 and LZ78">LZ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DEFLATE" class="mw-redirect" title="DEFLATE">DEFLATE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lempel%E2%80%93Ziv%E2%80%93Welch" title="Lempel–Ziv–Welch">LZW</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse-code_modulation" title="Pulse-code modulation">PCM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-law_algorithm" title="A-law algorithm">A-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9C-law_algorithm" title="Μ-law algorithm">µ-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Adaptive differential pulse-code modulation">ADPCM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_pulse-code_modulation" title="Differential pulse-code modulation">DPCM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transform_coding" title="Transform coding">Transforms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Fourier_transform" title="Fast Fourier transform">FFT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_discrete_cosine_transform" title="Modified discrete cosine transform">MDCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wavelet" title="Wavelet">Wavelet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daubechies_wavelet" title="Daubechies wavelet">Daubechies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_wavelet_transform" title="Discrete wavelet transform">DWT</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_audio_coding_formats" title="Comparison of audio coding formats">Comparison of audio coding formats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_video_codecs" title="Comparison of video codecs">Comparison of video codecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_codecs" title="List of codecs">List of codecs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>See <a href="/wiki/Template:Compression_methods" title="Template:Compression methods">Compression methods</a> for techniques and <a href="/wiki/Template:Compression_software" title="Template:Compression software">Compression software</a> for codecs</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="MPEG_(Moving_Picture_Experts_Group)397" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:MPEG" title="Template:MPEG"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:MPEG" title="Template talk:MPEG"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:MPEG" title="Special:EditPage/Template:MPEG"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="MPEG_(Moving_Picture_Experts_Group)397" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Moving_Picture_Experts_Group" title="Moving Picture Experts Group">MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-size:115%;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1">MPEG-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-3" title="MPEG-3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4" title="MPEG-4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-7" title="MPEG-7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-21" title="MPEG-21">21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-A" title="MPEG-A">A</a></li> <li>B</li> <li>C</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-D" title="MPEG-D">D</a></li> <li>E</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-G" title="MPEG-G">G</a></li> <li>V</li> <li>M</li> <li>U</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-H" title="MPEG-H">H</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=MPEG-I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MPEG-I (page does not exist)">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-5" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG-5">5</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">MPEG-1 Parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Part 1: Systems <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_program_stream" title="MPEG program stream">Program stream</a></li></ul></li> <li>Part 2: Video <ul><li>based on <a href="/wiki/H.261" title="H.261">H.261</a></li></ul></li> <li>Part 3: Audio <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1_Audio_Layer_I" title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer I">Layer I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1_Audio_Layer_II" title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer II">Layer II</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Layer III</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">MPEG-2 Parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Part 1: Systems (H.222.0) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_transport_stream" title="MPEG transport stream">Transport stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_program_stream" title="MPEG program stream">Program stream</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H.262/MPEG-2_Part_2" title="H.262/MPEG-2 Part 2">Part 2: Video (H.262)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-2_Part_3" title="MPEG-2 Part 3">Part 3: Audio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1_Audio_Layer_I" title="MPEG-1 Audio Layer I">Layer I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-2_Audio_Layer_II" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG-2 Audio Layer II">Layer II</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Layer III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_Multichannel" title="MPEG Multichannel">MPEG Multichannel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSM_CC" title="DSM CC">Part 6: DSM CC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="Advanced Audio Coding">Part 7: Advanced Audio Coding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">MPEG-4 Parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_2" title="MPEG-4 Part 2">Part 2: Video</a> <ul><li>based on <a href="/wiki/H.263" title="H.263">H.263</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_3" title="MPEG-4 Part 3">Part 3: Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delivery_Multimedia_Integration_Framework" title="Delivery Multimedia Integration Framework">Part 6: DMIF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">Part 10: Advanced Video Coding (H.264)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_11" title="MPEG-4 Part 11">Part 11: Scene description</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_base_media_file_format" title="ISO base media file format">Part 12: ISO base media file format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_14" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG-4 Part 14">Part 14: MP4 file format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_17" title="MPEG-4 Part 17">Part 17: Streaming text format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_20" title="MPEG-4 Part 20">Part 20: LASeR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Font_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="Open Font Format">Part 22: Open Font Format</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Video_Coding" title="Internet Video Coding">Part 33: Internet Video Coding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">MPEG-7 Parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Description_Definition_Language" title="Description Definition Language">Part 2: Description definition language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">MPEG-21 Parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Item" title="Digital Item">Parts 2, 3 and 9: Digital Item</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_Expression_Language" title="Rights Expression Language">Part 5: Rights Expression Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">MPEG-D Parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_Surround" title="MPEG Surround">Part 1: MPEG Surround</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Speech_and_Audio_Coding" title="Unified Speech and Audio Coding">Part 3: Unified Speech and Audio Coding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">MPEG-G Parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-G" title="MPEG-G">Part 1: Transport and Storage of Genomic Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-G" title="MPEG-G">Part 2: Coding of Genomic Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-G" title="MPEG-G">Part 3: APIs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-G" title="MPEG-G">Part 4: Reference Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-G" title="MPEG-G">Part 5: Conformance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">MPEG-H Parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG_media_transport" title="MPEG media transport">Part 1: MPEG media transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding" title="High Efficiency Video Coding">Part 2: High Efficiency Video Coding (H.265)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-H_3D_Audio" title="MPEG-H 3D Audio">Part 3: MPEG-H 3D Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Image_File_Format" title="High Efficiency Image File Format">Part 12: High Efficiency Image File Format</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">MPEG-I Parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Video_Coding" title="Versatile Video Coding">Part 3: Versatile Video Coding (H.266)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">MPEG-5 Parts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essential_Video_Coding" title="Essential Video Coding">Part 1: Essential Video Coding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCEVC" title="LCEVC">Part 2: Low Complexity Enhancement Video Coding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Adaptive_Streaming_over_HTTP" title="Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP">MPEG-DASH</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_technology445" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_technology" title="Template:Music technology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_technology" title="Template talk:Music technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_technology445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music_technology" title="Music technology">Music technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music_technology" title="Music technology">Music technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(mechanical)" title="Music technology (mechanical)">Mechanical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electric)" title="Music technology (electric)">Electrical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_technology_(electronic_and_digital)" title="Music technology (electronic and digital)">Electronic and digital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording_and_reproduction" title="Sound recording and reproduction">Sound recording</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio channel">Audio channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_console" title="Mixing console">Mixing console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binaural_recording" title="Binaural recording">Binaural recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">Digital audio workstation</a> (DAW)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">Effects unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equalization_(audio)" title="Equalization (audio)">Equalizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headphones" title="Headphones">Headphones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">Microphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone_preamplifier" title="Microphone preamplifier">Microphone preamplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">Monitor speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multitrack_recording" title="Multitrack recording">Multitrack recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Music production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">Music sequencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outboard_gear" title="Outboard gear">Outboard gear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_audio_formats" title="Timeline of audio formats">Recording media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">Phonograph record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape">Magnetic tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_cassette" class="mw-redirect" title="Compact cassette">Compact cassette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">Compact disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Tape" title="Digital Audio Tape">DAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_recorder" title="Hard disk recorder">Hard disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc">MiniDisc</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">MP3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_(audio_format)" title="Opus (audio format)">Opus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analog_recording" title="Analog recording">Analog recording</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8-track_tape" class="mw-redirect" title="8-track tape">8-track cartridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">Amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassette_deck" title="Cassette deck">Cassette deck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_analog_and_digital_recording" title="Comparison of analog and digital recording">Comparison of analog and digital recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_musical_instrument" title="Experimental musical instrument">Experimental musical instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">Phonograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Player_piano" title="Player piano">Player piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reel-to-reel_audio_tape_recording" title="Reel-to-reel audio tape recording">Reel-to-reel audio tape recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_recorder" title="Tape recorder">Tape recorder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Playback transducers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">Loudspeaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headphones" title="Headphones">Headphones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">Monitor speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_address_system" title="Public address system">PA system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">Sound reinforcement system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_enclosure" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker enclosure">Speaker enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subwoofer" title="Subwoofer">Subwoofer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">Digital audio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_recording" title="Digital recording">Digital recording</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processing" title="Digital signal processing">Digital signal processing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">Live music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_console" title="Mixing console">Mixing console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_amplifier" title="Bass amplifier">Bass amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_unit" title="Effects unit">Effects unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldback_(sound_engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foldback (sound engineering)">Foldback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitar_amplifier" title="Guitar amplifier">Guitar amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyboard_amplifier" title="Keyboard amplifier">Keyboard amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_address_system" title="Public address system">PA system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverb_effect" title="Reverb effect">Reverb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_reinforcement_system" title="Sound reinforcement system">Sound reinforcement system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">Electronic music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiptune" title="Chiptune">Chiptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_bending" title="Circuit bending">Circuit bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">Drum machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_drums" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic drums">Electronic drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_musical_instrument" title="Electronic musical instrument">Electronic musical instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIDI_controller" title="MIDI controller">MIDI controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_workstation" title="Music workstation">Music workstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampler_(musical_instrument)" title="Sampler (musical instrument)">Sampler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_sequencer" title="Music sequencer">Sequencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_module" title="Sound module">Sound module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">Synthesizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theremin" title="Theremin">Theremin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital audio editor">Digital audio editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_workstation" title="Digital audio workstation">Digital audio workstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GarageBand" title="GarageBand">GarageBand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProTools" class="mw-redirect" title="ProTools">ProTools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorewriter" title="Scorewriter">Scorewriter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_effect_processor" title="Software effect processor">Software effect processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_sampler" class="mw-redirect" title="Software sampler">Software sampler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_synthesizer" title="Software synthesizer">Software synthesizer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_engineer" title="Audio engineer">Audio engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DJ" class="mw-redirect" title="DJ">DJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitar_tech" title="Guitar tech">Guitar technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixing_engineer" title="Mixing engineer">Mixing engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monitor_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Monitor engineer">Monitor engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piano_tuner" class="mw-redirect" title="Piano tuner">Piano tuner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record_producer" title="Record producer">Record producer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Re-recording_mixer" title="Re-recording mixer">Re-recording mixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_designer" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound designer">Sound designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_follower" title="Sound follower">Sound follower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_operator" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound operator">Sound operator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound recording">Sound recording engineer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_op" title="Tape op">Tape op</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People and organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Engineering_Society" title="Audio Engineering Society">Audio Engineering Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goji_Electronics" title="Goji Electronics">Goji Electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Broadcast_Sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Broadcast Sound">Institute of Broadcast Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lejaren_Hiller" title="Lejaren Hiller">Lejaren Hiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRCAM" title="IRCAM">IRCAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Mathews" title="Max Mathews">Max Mathews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_Electronics_Library" title="Musical Electronics Library">Musical Electronics Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Lighting_and_Sound_Association" title="Professional Lighting and Sound Association">Professional Lighting and Sound Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Moog" title="Robert Moog">Robert Moog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Motion_Picture_and_Television_Engineers" title="Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers">SMPTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEIM" title="STEIM">STEIM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audiophile" title="Audiophile">Audiophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fidelity" title="High fidelity">High fidelity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_audio" title="Home audio">Home audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_cinema" title="Home cinema">Home cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_store" title="Music store">Music store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_audio_store" title="Professional audio store">Professional audio store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Interfaces_for_Musical_Expression" title="New Interfaces for Musical Expression">New Interfaces for Musical Expression</a> (NIME)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_audio" title="Vehicle audio">Vehicle audio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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