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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Boundaries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Boundaries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Boundaries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Boundaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lithosphere-asthenosphere_boundary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lithosphere-asthenosphere_boundary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lithosphere-asthenosphere_boundary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lower_boundary_of_asthenosphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lower_boundary_of_asthenosphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Lower boundary of asthenosphere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lower_boundary_of_asthenosphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Magma_generation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magma_generation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Magma generation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magma_generation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Asthenosphere</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 66 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">66 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="نطاق الانسياب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نطاق الانسياب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astenosfera" title="Astenosfera – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Astenosfera" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astenosfer" title="Astenosfer – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Astenosfer" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%B1" title="آستونوسفر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آستونوسفر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Астэнасфера – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Астэнасфера" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%84%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Астэнасфэра – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Астэнасфэра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="एस्थेनोस्फीयर – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="एस्थेनोस्फीयर" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Астеносфера – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Астеносфера" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astenosfera" title="Astenosfera – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Astenosfera" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astenosf%C3%A9ra" title="Astenosféra – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Astenosféra" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthenosf%C3%A6re" title="Asthenosfære – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Asthenosfære" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthenosph%C3%A4re" title="Asthenosphäre – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Asthenosphäre" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astenosf%C3%A4%C3%A4r" title="Astenosfäär – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Astenosfäär" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%83%CE%B8%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%83%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Ασθενόσφαιρα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ασθενόσφαιρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astenosfera" title="Astenosfera – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Astenosfera" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astenosfero" title="Astenosfero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Astenosfero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astenosfera" title="Astenosfera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Astenosfera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%87" title="سست‌کره – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سست‌کره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asth%C3%A9nosph%C3%A8re" title="Asthénosphère – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Asthénosphère" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astanaisf%C3%A9ar" title="Astanaisféar – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Astanaisféar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astenosfera" title="Astenosfera – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Astenosfera" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%B0%EC%95%BD%EA%B6%8C" title="연약권 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="연약권" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BD%D6%86%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1" title="Աստենոսֆերա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աստենոսֆերա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2" title="दुर्बलतामंडल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दुर्बलतामंडल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astenosfera" title="Astenosfera – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Astenosfera" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astenosfer" title="Astenosfer – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Astenosfer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deighvolf" title="Deighvolf – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Deighvolf" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astenosfera" title="Astenosfera – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Astenosfera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%AA%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%94" title="אסתנוספירה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אסתנוספירה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ast%C3%A9nosf%C3%A8r" title="Asténosfèr – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Asténosfèr" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D" title="ასთენოსფერო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ასთენოსფერო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Астеносфера – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Астеносфера" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astenosf%C3%A8" title="Astenosfè – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Astenosfè" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Астеносфера – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Астеносфера" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astenosf%C4%93ra" title="Astenosfēra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Astenosfēra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astenosfera" title="Astenosfera – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Astenosfera" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asztenoszf%C3%A9ra" title="Asztenoszféra – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Asztenoszféra" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Астеносфера – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Астеносфера" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Астеносфер – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Астеносфер" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthenosfeer" title="Asthenosfeer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Asthenosfeer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%BB%E3%83%8E%E3%82%B9%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A2" title="アセノスフェア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アセノスフェア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astenosf%C3%A6re" title="Astenosfære – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Astenosfære" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astenosf%C3%A6re" title="Astenosfære – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Astenosfære" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="استینوسفیر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="استینوسفیر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astenosfera" title="Astenosfera – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Astenosfera" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astenosfera" title="Astenosfera – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Astenosfera" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astenosfer%C4%83" title="Astenosferă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Astenosferă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Астеносфера – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Астеносфера" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Астеносфера – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Астеносфера" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthenosphere" title="Asthenosphere – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Asthenosphere" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astenosfera" title="Astenosfera – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Astenosfera" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asthenosphere" title="Asthenosphere – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Asthenosphere" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astenosf%C3%A9ra" title="Astenosféra – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Astenosféra" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astenosfera" title="Astenosfera – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Astenosfera" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Астеносфера – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Астеносфера" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astenosfera" title="Astenosfera – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Astenosfera" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astenosf%C3%A4%C3%A4ri" title="Astenosfääri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Astenosfääri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astenosf%C3%A4r" title="Astenosfär – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Astenosfär" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%84" title="ฐานธรณีภาค – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฐานธรณีภาค" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astenosfer" title="Astenosfer – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Astenosfer" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Астеносфера – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Астеносфера" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astenosfera" title="Astenosfera – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Astenosfera" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quy%E1%BB%83n_m%E1%BB%81m" title="Quyển mềm – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Quyển mềm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Highly viscous, ductile, and mechanically weak region of Earth's mantle</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Subduction-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Subduction-en.svg/350px-Subduction-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Subduction-en.svg/525px-Subduction-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Subduction-en.svg/700px-Subduction-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1482" data-file-height="854" /></a><figcaption>The asthenosphere shown at a <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction</a> <a href="/wiki/Convergent_boundary" title="Convergent boundary">boundary</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>asthenosphere</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a> <i> </i><span class="texhtml"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%80%CF%83%CE%B8%CE%B5%CE%BD%CF%8C%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἀσθενός">ἀσθενός</a></span></span><i> (<span title="Ancient Greek transliteration" lang="grc-Latn"><i>asthenós</i></span>)</i> 'without strength') is the mechanically weak<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ductility_(Earth_science)" title="Ductility (Earth science)">ductile</a> region of the <a href="/wiki/Upper_mantle_(Earth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper mantle (Earth)">upper mantle</a> of Earth. It lies below the <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere" title="Lithosphere">lithosphere</a>, at a depth between c. 80 and 200 km (50 and 120 mi) below the surface, and extends as deep as 700 km (430 mi). However, the lower boundary of the asthenosphere is not well defined. </p><p>The asthenosphere is almost solid, but a slight amount of melting (less than 0.1% of the rock) contributes to its mechanical weakness. More extensive <a href="/wiki/Decompression_melting" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression melting">decompression melting</a> of the asthenosphere takes place where it wells upwards, and this is the most important source of <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> on Earth. It is the source of <a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge" title="Mid-ocean ridge">mid-ocean ridge</a> <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> (MORB) and of some magmas that erupt above <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction</a> zones or in regions of <a href="/wiki/Continental_rifting" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental rifting">continental rifting</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asthenosphere&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Earth_cutaway_schematic-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Earth_cutaway_schematic-en.svg/400px-Earth_cutaway_schematic-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Earth_cutaway_schematic-en.svg/600px-Earth_cutaway_schematic-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Earth_cutaway_schematic-en.svg/800px-Earth_cutaway_schematic-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>The asthenosphere in relation to the other layers of Earth's structure</figcaption></figure> <p>The asthenosphere is a part of the upper mantle just below the <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere" title="Lithosphere">lithosphere</a> that is involved in <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">plate tectonic movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isostasy" title="Isostasy">isostatic</a> adjustments. It is composed of <a href="/wiki/Peridotite" title="Peridotite">peridotite</a>, a rock containing mostly the minerals <a href="/wiki/Olivine" title="Olivine">olivine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pyroxene" title="Pyroxene">pyroxene</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirschmann2010_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirschmann2010-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary is conventionally taken at the 1,300 °C (2,370 °F) <a href="/wiki/Isotherm_(contour_line)" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotherm (contour line)">isotherm</a>. Closer to the surface at lower temperatures, the mantle behaves rigidly; deeper below the surface at higher temperatures, the mantle moves in a <a href="/wiki/Ductility_(Earth_science)" title="Ductility (Earth science)">ductile</a> fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The asthenosphere is where the mantle rock most closely approaches its melting point, and a small amount of melt is likely to present in this layer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeareyKlepeisVine200949_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeareyKlepeisVine200949-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Seismic_wave" title="Seismic wave">Seismic waves</a> pass relatively slowly through the asthenosphere<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> compared to the overlying lithospheric mantle. Thus, it has been called the <i><a href="/wiki/Low-velocity_zone" title="Low-velocity zone">low-velocity zone</a></i> (LVZ), although the two are not strictly the same;<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Epplbm-Kutsv-Pilchn-2013_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epplbm-Kutsv-Pilchn-2013-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the lower boundary of the LVZ lies at a depth of 180 to 220 kilometers (110 to 140 mi),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas the base of the asthenosphere lies at a depth of about 700 kilometers (430 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeareyKlepeisVine200951_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeareyKlepeisVine200951-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The LVZ also has a high <a href="/wiki/Seismic_attenuation" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismic attenuation">seismic attenuation</a> (seismic waves moving through the asthenosphere lose energy) and significant anisotropy (shear waves polarized vertically have a lower velocity than shear waves polarized horizontally).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarato2012_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarato2012-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The discovery of the LVZ alerted <a href="/wiki/Seismology" title="Seismology">seismologists</a> to the existence of the asthenosphere and gave some information about its physical properties, as the speed of seismic waves decreases with decreasing <a href="/wiki/Stiffness" title="Stiffness">rigidity</a>. This decrease in seismic wave velocity from the lithosphere to the asthenosphere could be caused by the presence of a very small percentage of melt in the asthenosphere, though since the asthenosphere transmits <a href="/wiki/S_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="S waves">S waves</a>, it cannot be fully melted.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeareyKlepeisVine200949_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeareyKlepeisVine200949-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the oceanic <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a>, the transition from the lithosphere to the asthenosphere (the LAB) is shallower than for the continental mantle (about 60 km in some old oceanic regions) with a sharp and large velocity drop (5–10%).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the <a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge" title="Mid-ocean ridge">mid-ocean ridges</a>, the LAB rises to within a few kilometers of the ocean floor. </p><p>The upper part of the asthenosphere is believed to be the zone upon which the great rigid and brittle lithospheric <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plate">plates of the Earth's crust</a> move about. Due to the temperature and <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a> conditions in the asthenosphere, <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rock</a> becomes <a href="/wiki/Ductile" class="mw-redirect" title="Ductile">ductile</a>, moving at rates of deformation measured in cm/yr over lineal distances eventually measuring thousands of kilometers. In this way, it flows like a <a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">convection</a> current, radiating heat outward from the Earth's interior. Above the asthenosphere, at the same rate of deformation, rock behaves elastically and, being brittle, can break, causing <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">faults</a>. The rigid lithosphere is thought to "float" or move about on the slowly flowing asthenosphere, enabling <a href="/wiki/Isostatic_equilibrium" class="mw-redirect" title="Isostatic equilibrium">isostatic equilibrium</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeareyKlepeisVine200948–49_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeareyKlepeisVine200948–49-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and allowing the movement of <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plates" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plates">tectonic plates</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Boundaries">Boundaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asthenosphere&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Boundaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The asthenosphere extends from an upper boundary at approximately 80 to 200 km (50 to 120 miles) below the surface<sup id="cite_ref-Gupta-etal-2011_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gupta-etal-2011-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Epplbm-Kutsv-Pilchn-2013_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epplbm-Kutsv-Pilchn-2013-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to a lower boundary at a depth of approximately 700 kilometers (430 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeareyKlepeisVine200951_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeareyKlepeisVine200951-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lithosphere-asthenosphere_boundary">Lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asthenosphere&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere-asthenosphere_boundary" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary">Lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary</a></div> <p>The lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (LAB<sup id="cite_ref-Gupta-etal-2011_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gupta-etal-2011-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Epplbm-Kutsv-Pilchn-2013_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Epplbm-Kutsv-Pilchn-2013-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) is relatively sharp and likely coincides with the onset of partial melting or a change in composition or <a href="/wiki/Anisotropy" title="Anisotropy">anisotropy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various definitions of the boundary reflect various aspects of the boundary region. In addition to the mechanical boundary defined by seismic data, which reflects the transition from the rigid lithosphere to ductile asthenosphere, these include a thermal boundary layer, above which heat is <a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer" title="Heat transfer">transported</a> by thermal conduction and below which heat transfer is mainly <a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">convective</a>; a rheological boundary, where the viscosity drops below about 10<sup>21</sup> Pa-s; and a chemical boundary layer, above which the mantle rock is depleted in volatiles and enriched in magnesium relative to the rock below.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lower_boundary_of_asthenosphere">Lower boundary of asthenosphere</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asthenosphere&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Lower boundary of asthenosphere"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The lower boundary of the asthenosphere, the top of the tentatively defined <a href="/wiki/Mesosphere_(mantle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesosphere (mantle)">mesosphere</a> or mesospheric shell,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is less well-defined, but has been placed at the base of the upper mantle.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This boundary is neither seismically sharp nor well understood<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeareyKlepeisVine200951_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeareyKlepeisVine200951-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but is approximately coincident with the complex 670 km discontinuity.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This discontinuity is generally linked to the transition from mantle rock containing <a href="/wiki/Ringwoodite" title="Ringwoodite">ringwoodite</a> to mantle rock containing <a href="/wiki/Bridgmanite" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridgmanite">bridgmanite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Periclase" title="Periclase">periclase</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origin">Origin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asthenosphere&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mechanical properties of the asthenosphere are widely attributed to the partial melting of the rock.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeareyKlepeisVine200949_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeareyKlepeisVine200949-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is likely that a small amount of melt is present through much of the asthenosphere, where it is stabilized by the traces of volatiles (water and carbon dioxide) present in the mantle rock.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirschmann2010_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirschmann2010-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the likely amount of melt, not more than about 0.1% of the rock, seems inadequate to fully explain the existence of the asthenosphere. This is not enough melt to fully wet grain boundaries in the rock, and the effects of melt on the mechanical properties of the rock are not expected to be significant if the grain boundaries are not fully wetted. The sharp lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary is also difficult to explain by partial melting alone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarato2012_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarato2012-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is possible that the asthenosphere is a zone of minimum water solubility in mantle minerals so that more water is available to form greater quantities of melt.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another possible mechanism for producing mechanical weakness is grain boundary sliding, where grains slide slightly past each other under stress, lubricated by the traces of volatiles present.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarato2012_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarato2012-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weakening below oceanic plates is partly caused by their motion itself, thanks to the non-linear dislocation creep mechanism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatočkaČížkováPokorný2024_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatočkaČížkováPokorný2024-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Numerical models of mantle convection in which the viscosity is dependent both on temperature and strain rate reliably produce an oceanic asthenosphere, suggesting that strain-rate weakening is a significant contributing mechanism,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and explaining the particularly weak asthenosphere below the Pacific plate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPatočkaČížkováPokorný2024_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatočkaČížkováPokorný2024-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Magma_generation">Magma generation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asthenosphere&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Magma generation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Decompression_melting" class="mw-redirect" title="Decompression melting">Decompression melting</a> of asthenospheric rock creeping towards the surface is the most important source of <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> on Earth. Most of this erupts at <a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge" title="Mid-ocean ridge">mid-ocean ridges</a> to form the distinctive mid-ocean ridge <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> (MORB) of the ocean crust.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Magmas are also generated by decompressional melting of the asthenosphere above <a href="/wiki/Subduction_zones" class="mw-redirect" title="Subduction zones">subduction zones</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in areas of <a href="/wiki/Continental_rifting" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental rifting">continental rifting</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Decompression melting in upwelling asthenosphere likely begins at a depth as great as 100 to 150 kilometers (60 to 90 mi), where the small amounts of volatiles in the mantle rock (about 100 <a href="/wiki/Parts_per_million" class="mw-redirect" title="Parts per million">ppm</a> of water and 60 ppm of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>) assist in melting not more than about 0.1% of the rock. At a depth of about 70 kilometers (40 mi), dry melting conditions are reached and melting increases substantially. This dehydrates the remaining solid rock and is likely the origin of the chemically depleted lithosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHirschmann2010_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHirschmann2010-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarato2012_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarato2012-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asthenosphere&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seismology#History" title="Seismology">Seismology § History</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asthenosphere&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBarrell1914" class="citation journal cs1">Barrell, J. (1914). "The strength of the crust, <span class="nowrap">Part VI. 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(1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-246X.1975.tb00630.x">"The early structural evolution and anisotropy of the oceanic upper mantle"</a>. <i>Geophysical Journal International</i>. <b>43</b> (1): 103–162. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1975GeoJ...43..103F">1975GeoJ...43..103F</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-246X.1975.tb00630.x">10.1111/j.1365-246X.1975.tb00630.x</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Journal+International&rft.atitle=The+early+structural+evolution+and+anisotropy+of+the+oceanic+upper+mantle&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=103-162&rft.date=1975&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-246X.1975.tb00630.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1975GeoJ...43..103F&rft.aulast=Forsyth&rft.aufirst=Donald+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1365-246X.1975.tb00630.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsthenosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKearey1993" class="citation book cs1">Kearey, P., ed. 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Oxford: Blackwell Science. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-1388-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-1388-8"><bdi>978-1-4443-1388-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/655917296">655917296</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Solid+Earth+Sciences&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell+Science&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F655917296&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-1388-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F655917296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsthenosphere" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Epplbm-Kutsv-Pilchn-2013-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Epplbm-Kutsv-Pilchn-2013_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Epplbm-Kutsv-Pilchn-2013_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Epplbm-Kutsv-Pilchn-2013_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEppelbaumKutasovPilchin2013" class="citation book cs1">Eppelbaum, Lev V.; Kutasov, I.M.; Pilchin, Arkady (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/879327163"><i>Applied Geothermics</i></a>. Berlin, Germany. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-34023-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-34023-9"><bdi>978-3-642-34023-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/879327163">879327163</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Applied+Geothermics&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Germany&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F879327163&rft.isbn=978-3-642-34023-9&rft.aulast=Eppelbaum&rft.aufirst=Lev+V.&rft.au=Kutasov%2C+I.M.&rft.au=Pilchin%2C+Arkady&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F879327163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsthenosphere" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCondie1997" class="citation book cs1">Condie, Kent C. 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Stamford, CT. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-285-44226-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-285-44226-6"><bdi>978-1-285-44226-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/864788835">864788835</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Earth&rft.place=Stamford%2C+CT&rft.edition=2nd&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F864788835&rft.isbn=978-1-285-44226-6&rft.aulast=Hendrix&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Thompson%2C+Graham+R.&rft.au=Turk%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F864788835&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsthenosphere" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrisonEllis2017" class="citation book cs1">Garrison, Tom; Ellis, Robert (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1100670264"><i>Essentials of Oceanography</i></a> (8th ed.). 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(12 November 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2024GL109116">"Dynamic Component of the Asthenosphere: Lateral Viscosity Variations Due to Dislocation Creep at the Base of Oceanic Plates"</a>. <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>. <b>51</b>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2024GL109116">10.1029/2024GL109116</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=Dynamic+Component+of+the+Asthenosphere%3A+Lateral+Viscosity+Variations+Due+to+Dislocation+Creep+at+the+Base+of+Oceanic+Plates&rft.volume=51&rft.date=2024-11-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2024GL109116&rft.aulast=Pato%C4%8Dka&rft.aufirst=Vojt%C4%9Bch&rft.au=%C4%8C%C3%AD%C5%BEkov%C3%A1%2C+Hana&rft.au=Pokorn%C3%BD%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1029%252F2024GL109116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsthenosphere" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeareyKlepeisVine2009" class="citation book cs1">Kearey, P.; Klepeis, Keith A.; Vine, F.J. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/132681514"><i>Global Tectonics</i></a> (3rd ed.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0777-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-0777-8"><bdi>978-1-4051-0777-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/132681514">132681514</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Tectonics&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F132681514&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-0777-8&rft.aulast=Kearey&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=Klepeis%2C+Keith+A.&rft.au=Vine%2C+F.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F132681514&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsthenosphere" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcBrideGilmour2004" class="citation book cs1">McBride, Neil; Gilmour, Iain (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CsX_E3gDaIoC"><i>An Introduction to the Solar System</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-54620-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-54620-1"><bdi>978-0-521-54620-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Solar+System&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-54620-1&rft.aulast=McBride&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft.au=Gilmour%2C+Iain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCsX_E3gDaIoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsthenosphere" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurcotteSchubert2002" class="citation book cs1">Turcotte, Donald L.; Schubert, Gerald (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-nCHlVuJ4FoC"><i>Geodynamics</i></a> (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66624-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66624-4"><bdi>978-0-521-66624-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geodynamics&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-66624-4&rft.aulast=Turcotte&rft.aufirst=Donald+L.&rft.au=Schubert%2C+Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-nCHlVuJ4FoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAsthenosphere" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asthenosphere&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110303023207/http://www.geology.sdsu.edu/how_volcanoes_work/Heat.html">"The Earth's internal heat energy and interior structure"</a>. Geology. Department of Earth & Environmental Sciences. San Diego, CA: San Diego State University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geology.sdsu.edu/how_volcanoes_work/Heat.html">the original</a> on 3 March 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Earthsinterior" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Earthsinterior"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Structure_of_Earth" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Internal_structure_of_Earth" title="Internal structure of Earth">Structure of Earth</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shells</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_crust" title="Earth's crust">Crust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_mantle" title="Earth's mantle">Mantle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upper_mantle" title="Upper mantle">Upper mantle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithospheric_mantle" title="Lithospheric mantle">Lithospheric mantle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Asthenosphere</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_mantle" title="Lower mantle">Lower mantle</a> (aka <a href="/wiki/Mesosphere_(mantle)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesosphere (mantle)">Mesosphere</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_core" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's core">Core</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_outer_core" title="Earth's outer core">Outer core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_inner_core" title="Earth's inner core">Inner core</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Global discontinuities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohorovi%C4%8Di%C4%87_discontinuity" title="Mohorovičić discontinuity">Mohorovičić (crust–mantle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_zone_(Earth)" title="Transition zone (Earth)">410 discontinuity (upper mantle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_zone_(Earth)" title="Transition zone (Earth)">660 discontinuity (upper mantle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core%E2%80%93mantle_boundary" title="Core–mantle boundary">D’’ discontinuity (lower mantle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core%E2%80%93mantle_boundary" title="Core–mantle boundary">Core–mantle boundary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_core#Discovery" class="mw-redirect" title="Inner core">Inner-core boundary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional discontinuities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_discontinuity" title="Conrad discontinuity">Conrad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_crust" title="Continental crust">continental crust</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithosphere%E2%80%93asthenosphere_boundary" title="Lithosphere–asthenosphere boundary">Gutenberg (upper mantle)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehmann_discontinuity" title="Lehmann discontinuity">Lehmann (upper mantle)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Structure_of_the_Earth" title="Category:Structure of the Earth">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q166257#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group 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Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asthenosphere&oldid=1258097357">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asthenosphere&oldid=1258097357</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Structure_of_the_Earth" title="Category:Structure of the Earth">Structure of the Earth</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Plate_tectonics" title="Category:Plate tectonics">Plate tectonics</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks 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