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font-size:115%; border:none; background-color:#ffffff;"><tbody><tr><td align="left" style="line-height:135%; text:#731c2c; vertical-align:middle;"><center style="margin-top: -20px;"><a href="/Public_policy_in_Illinois" title="Public policy in Illinois"><img alt="Public Policy Logo-one line.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/4/41/Public_Policy_Logo-one_line.png/250px-Public_Policy_Logo-one_line.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="43" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/4/41/Public_Policy_Logo-one_line.png/375px-Public_Policy_Logo-one_line.png 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/4/41/Public_Policy_Logo-one_line.png/500px-Public_Policy_Logo-one_line.png 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="162" /></a><span style="position:relative; top:12.5px;"><span style="font-size:150%;"><b>in <a href="/Public_policy_in_Illinois" title="Public policy in Illinois"> Illinois</a></b></span><span style="position:relative; top:-1px;"></span></span></center></td></tr><tr><td><div class="bp-dropdown-menu centered"> <p><small> </small></p><small> <ul><li><b>Fiscal</b> <ul><li><a href="/Budget_Policy" title="Budget Policy"><b>Budgets</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/Illinois_state_budget_and_finances" title="Illinois state budget and finances">Illinois state budget and finances</a></li> <li><a href="/Tax_policy_in_Illinois" title="Tax policy in Illinois">Tax policy in Illinois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Finance_Policy" title="Finance Policy"><b>Finance</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/Financial_regulation_in_Illinois" title="Financial regulation in Illinois">Financial regulation in Illinois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Pension_Policy" title="Pension Policy"><b>Pensions</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/Public_pensions_in_Illinois" title="Public pensions in Illinois">Public pensions in Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/Pension_health_in_Illinois" title="Pension health in Illinois">Pension health in Illinois</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Civil_Liberties_Policy" title="Civil Liberties Policy"><b>Civil liberties</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/Affirmative_action_in_Illinois" title="Affirmative action in Illinois">Affirmative action in Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/Campaign_finance_requirements_in_Illinois" title="Campaign finance requirements in Illinois">Campaign finance requirements in Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/Campaign_finance_requirements_for_Illinois_ballot_measures" title="Campaign finance requirements for Illinois ballot measures">Campaign finance requirements for Illinois ballot measures</a></li> <li><a href="/Nonprofit_regulation_in_Illinois" title="Nonprofit regulation in Illinois">Nonprofit regulation in Illinois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Education_Policy" title="Education Policy"><b>Education</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/Charter_schools_in_Illinois" title="Charter schools in Illinois">Charter schools in Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/Higher_education_in_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Illinois">Higher education in Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/Public_education_in_Illinois" title="Public education in Illinois">Public education in Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/School_choice_in_Illinois" title="School choice in Illinois">School choice in Illinois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Election_Policy" title="Election Policy"><b>Elections</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/Portal:Ballot_Access" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Ballot Access">Ballot access</a> <ul><li><a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Illinois" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Illinois">Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Illinois" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Illinois">Ballot access requirements for political parties in Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/Political_parties_in_Illinois" title="Political parties in Illinois">Political parties in Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Illinois" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Illinois">Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Illinois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Redistricting in Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/Voting_in_Illinois" title="Voting in Illinois">Voting in Illinois</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/Energy_Policy" title="Energy Policy">Energy</a> and <a href="/Environmental_Policy" title="Environmental Policy">Environment</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/Energy_policy_in_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy in Illinois">Energy policy in Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/Fracking_in_Illinois" title="Fracking in Illinois">Fracking in Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/Oil_and_gas_extraction_on_federal_land_in_Illinois" title="Oil and gas extraction on federal land in Illinois">Oil and gas extraction on federal land in Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/Endangered_species_in_Illinois" title="Endangered species in Illinois">Endangered species in Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/Environmental_policy_in_Illinois" title="Environmental policy in Illinois">Environmental policy in Illinois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/Healthcare_Policy" title="Healthcare Policy"><b>Healthcare</b></a> <ul><li><a href="/Healthcare_policy_in_Illinois" title="Healthcare policy in Illinois">Healthcare policy in Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/Medicaid_spending_in_Illinois" title="Medicaid spending in Illinois">Medicaid spending in Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/Effect_of_the_Affordable_Care_Act_in_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Effect of the Affordable Care Act in Illinois">Effect of the Affordable Care Act in Illinois</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/Immigration_Policy" title="Immigration Policy">Immigration</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/Immigration_in_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration in Illinois">Immigration in Illinois</a></li></ul></li></ul> </small><p><small></small> </p> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="width:275px; background:#F8F8F8; border:1px solid #ccc; float:right; padding:5px; margin:5px; text-align: center; box-shadow: 0px 2px 5px #A0A0A0;"> <tbody><tr> <td><hr style="height:3px; background-color:#bd1d27; box-shadow: 0px 2px 5px #A0A0A0;" /><div class="center"><div class="floatnone"><a href="/Redistricting_Policy" title="Redistricting Policy"><img alt="Election Policy Logo.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/1/16/Election_Policy_Logo.png/200px-Election_Policy_Logo.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="87" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/1/16/Election_Policy_Logo.png/300px-Election_Policy_Logo.png 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/1/16/Election_Policy_Logo.png/400px-Election_Policy_Logo.png 2x" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="300" /></a></div></div><hr style="height:3px; background-color:#bd1d27; box-shadow: 0px 2px 5px #A0A0A0;" /> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F6F6F6; line-height:140%; font-size: 150%;"><center><b><a href="/Redistricting" title="Redistricting">Redistricting</a> after the 2020 census</b></center><center><div class="SingleDropdown"><select id="dropdownOne" class="styled-dropdown"><option value="Select your state:">Select your state:</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Alabama_after_the_2020_census">Alabama</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Alaska_after_the_2020_census">Alaska</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Arizona_after_the_2020_census">Arizona</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Arkansas_after_the_2020_census">Arkansas</option><option value="Redistricting_in_California_after_the_2020_census">California</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Colorado_after_the_2020_census">Colorado</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Connecticut_after_the_2020_census">Connecticut</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Delaware_after_the_2020_census">Delaware</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Florida_after_the_2020_census">Florida</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Georgia_after_the_2020_census">Georgia</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Hawaii_after_the_2020_census">Hawaii</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Idaho_after_the_2020_census">Idaho</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Illinois_after_the_2020_census">Illinois</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Indiana_after_the_2020_census">Indiana</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Iowa_after_the_2020_census">Iowa</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Kansas_after_the_2020_census">Kansas</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Kentucky_after_the_2020_census">Kentucky</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Louisiana_after_the_2020_census">Louisiana</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Maine_after_the_2020_census">Maine</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Maryland_after_the_2020_census">Maryland</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Massachusetts_after_the_2020_census">Massachusetts</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Michigan_after_the_2020_census">Michigan</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Minnesota_after_the_2020_census">Minnesota</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Mississippi_after_the_2020_census">Mississippi</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Missouri_after_the_2020_census">Missouri</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Montana_after_the_2020_census">Montana</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Nebraska_after_the_2020_census">Nebraska</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Nevada_after_the_2020_census">Nevada</option><option value="Redistricting_in_New_Hampshire_after_the_2020_census">New Hampshire</option><option value="Redistricting_in_New_Jersey_after_the_2020_census">New Jersey</option><option value="Redistricting_in_New_Mexico_after_the_2020_census">New Mexico</option><option value="Redistricting_in_New_York_after_the_2020_census">New York</option><option value="Redistricting_in_North_Carolina_after_the_2020_census">North Carolina</option><option value="Redistricting_in_North_Dakota_after_the_2020_census">North Dakota</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Ohio_after_the_2020_census">Ohio</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Oklahoma_after_the_2020_census">Oklahoma</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Oregon_after_the_2020_census">Oregon</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Pennsylvania_after_the_2020_census">Pennsylvania</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Rhode_Island_after_the_2020_census">Rhode Island</option><option value="Redistricting_in_South_Carolina_after_the_2020_census">South Carolina</option><option value="Redistricting_in_South_Dakota_after_the_2020_census">South Dakota</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Tennessee_after_the_2020_census">Tennessee</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Texas_after_the_2020_census">Texas</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Utah_after_the_2020_census">Utah</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Vermont_after_the_2020_census">Vermont</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Virginia_after_the_2020_census">Virginia</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Washington_after_the_2020_census">Washington</option><option value="Redistricting_in_West_Virginia_after_the_2020_census">West Virginia</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Wisconsin_after_the_2020_census">Wisconsin</option><option value="Redistricting_in_Wyoming_after_the_2020_census">Wyoming</option></select><button value="Submit" class="form-control" text="Submit">Submit</button></div></center><hr style="height:3px; background-color:#bd1d27; box-shadow: 0px 2px 5px #A0A0A0;" /> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F8F8F8; line-height:140%"><center><u><b>The 2020 cycle</b></u></center> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F8F8F8; line-height:140%"><center><b><a href="/Congressional_apportionment_after_the_2020_census" title="Congressional apportionment after the 2020 census">Congressional apportionment</a></b></center> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F8F8F8; line-height:140%"><center><b><a href="/States_conducting_redistricting_before_2024_elections_due_to_court_rulings_or_legal_requirements" title="States conducting redistricting before 2024 elections due to court rulings or legal requirements">Redistricting before 2024 elections</a></b></center> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F8F8F8; line-height:140%"><center><b><a href="/Partisan_composition_of_redistricting_committees,_2020_cycle" title="Partisan composition of redistricting committees, 2020 cycle">Redistricting committees</a></b></center> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F8F8F8; line-height:140%"><center><b><a href="/State_redistricting_deadlines_after_the_2020_census" title="State redistricting deadlines after the 2020 census">Deadlines</a></b></center> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F8F8F8; line-height:140%"><center><b><a href="/Redistricting_lawsuits_in_the_2020_redistricting_cycle" title="Redistricting lawsuits in the 2020 redistricting cycle">Lawsuits</a></b></center> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F8F8F8; line-height:140%"><center><b><a href="/Status_of_redistricting_after_the_2020_census" title="Status of redistricting after the 2020 census">Timeline of redistricting maps</a></b></center> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F8F8F8; line-height:140%"><center><b><a href="/United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections_with_multiple_incumbents,_2022" title="United States House of Representatives elections with multiple incumbents, 2022">2022 House elections with multiple incumbents</a></b></center> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F8F8F8; line-height:140%"><center><b><a href="/New_congressional_districts_created_after_the_2020_census" title="New congressional districts created after the 2020 census">New U.S.House districts created after apportionment</a></b></center> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F8F8F8; line-height:140%"><center><b><a href="/Congressional_district_maps_implemented_after_the_2020_census" title="Congressional district maps implemented after the 2020 census">Congressional maps</a></b></center> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F8F8F8; line-height:140%"><center><b><a href="/State_legislative_district_maps_implemented_after_the_2020_census" title="State legislative district maps implemented after the 2020 census">State legislative maps</a></b></center> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F8F8F8; line-height:140%"><center><u><b>General information</b></u></center> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F8F8F8; line-height:140%"><center><b><a href="/State-by-state_redistricting_procedures" title="State-by-state redistricting procedures">State-by-state redistricting procedures</a></b></center> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F8F8F8; line-height:140%"><center><b><a href="/United_States_census,_2020" title="United States census, 2020">United States census, 2020</a></b></center> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F8F8F8; line-height:140%"><center><b><a href="/Majority-minority_districts" title="Majority-minority districts">Majority-minority districts</a></b></center> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F8F8F8; line-height:140%"><center><b><a href="/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></b></center> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #F8F8F8; line-height:140%"><center><b><a href="/About_Ballotpedia%27s_election_legislation_tracker" class="mw-redirect" title="About Ballotpedia's election legislation tracker">Ballotpedia's election legislation tracker</a></b></center> </th></tr> </tbody></table><div style="float:right; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 0.4em; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0.8em; ; max-width:200px;" class="toclimit-3"> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Background"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Background</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Federal_requirements_for_congressional_redistricting"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Federal requirements for congressional redistricting</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Federal_requirements_for_state_legislative_redistricting"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Federal requirements for state legislative redistricting</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#State-based_requirements"><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">State-based requirements</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Methods"><span class="tocnumber">1.4</span> <span class="toctext">Methods</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Gerrymandering"><span class="tocnumber">1.5</span> <span class="toctext">Gerrymandering</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Recent_court_decisions"><span class="tocnumber">1.6</span> <span class="toctext">Recent court decisions</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Race_and_ethnicity"><span class="tocnumber">1.7</span> <span class="toctext">Race and ethnicity</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#State_process"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">State process</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#How_incarcerated_persons_are_counted_for_redistricting"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">How incarcerated persons are counted for redistricting</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#District_maps"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">District maps</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Congressional_districts"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Congressional districts</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#State_legislative_maps"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">State legislative maps</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Redistricting_by_cycle"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Redistricting by cycle</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Redistricting_after_the_2020_census"><span class="tocnumber">4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Redistricting after the 2020 census</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Enacted_congressional_district_maps"><span class="tocnumber">4.2</span> <span class="toctext">Enacted congressional district maps</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3"><a href="#Reactions"><span class="tocnumber">4.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Reactions</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3"><a href="#2020_presidential_results"><span class="tocnumber">4.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">2020 presidential results</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2"><a href="#Enacted_state_legislative_district_maps"><span class="tocnumber">4.3</span> <span class="toctext">Enacted state legislative district maps</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Redistricting_after_the_2010_census"><span class="tocnumber">4.4</span> <span class="toctext">Redistricting after the 2010 census</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#State_legislation_and_ballot_measures"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">State legislation and ballot measures</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Redistricting_legislation"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Redistricting legislation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Redistricting_ballot_measures"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Redistricting ballot measures</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Political_impacts_of_redistricting"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Political impacts of redistricting</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Competitiveness"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Competitiveness</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#State_legislatures_after_the_2010_redistricting_cycle"><span class="tocnumber">6.1.1</span> <span class="toctext">State legislatures after the 2010 redistricting cycle</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Recent_news"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Recent news</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Footnotes"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Footnotes</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <p><b><a href="/Redistricting" title="Redistricting">Redistricting</a> is the process by which new congressional and state legislative district boundaries are drawn.</b> Each of Illinois' 17 United States Representatives and 177 state legislators are elected from political divisions called districts. United States Senators are not elected by districts, but by the states at large. District lines are redrawn every 10 years following completion of the United States census. The federal government stipulates that districts must have nearly equal populations and must not discriminate on the basis of race or ethnicity.<sup id="cite_ref-matter_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matter-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-indy_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indy-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-atlantic_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atlantic-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-naacp_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naacp-4">[4]</a></sup> </p><p>Illinois was apportioned 17 seats in the U.S. House of Representatives after the 2020 census, 1 fewer than it received after the 2010 census. </p> <div style="margin: 5px 1%; border: 0px; border-left: 10px solid #E5E5E5; background: #fbfbfb;"> <div style="padding: .5em 1em 0.3em; font-size: 90%; width: 100%; color:#202020;"> <b>HIGHLIGHTS</b></div> <div style="padding: 0em 1.1em 0.3em; width: 100%;"><li>Following the 2020 United States Census, Illinois was apportioned 17 congressional districts, one less than the number it had after the 2010 census. </li></div> <div style="padding: 0em 1.1em 0.3em; width: 100%;"><li>Illinois' House of Representatives is made up of 118 districts; Illinois' State Senate is made up of 59 districts. </li></div><div style="padding: 0em 1.1em 0.3em; width: 100%;"><li> The Illinois General Assembly is responsible for drawing both congressional and state legislative district lines.</li></div></div> <p>Illinois enacted a congressional map on November 24, 2021, after Gov. <a href="/J.B._Pritzker" title="J.B. Pritzker">J.B. Pritzker</a> (D) signed the proposal into law.<sup id="cite_ref-congress24_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-congress24-5">[5]</a></sup> The <a href="/Illinois_State_Senate" title="Illinois State Senate">Illinois State Senate</a> voted 41-18 in favor of the map on October 28, 2021, followed by the <a href="/Illinois_House_of_Representatives" title="Illinois House of Representatives">Illinois House of Representatives</a> voting 71-43 in favor on October 29, 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></sup> The Illinois State Legislature approved new state legislative maps in a special session on August 31, 2021. Gov. <a href="/J.B._Pritzker" title="J.B. Pritzker">J.B. Pritzker</a> (D) signed the new maps into law on September 24, 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-septmapexplain_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-septmapexplain-7">[7]</a></sup> These maps were revised versions of maps enacted on June 4, 2021, that the legislature based on non-census population estimates. Following the release of census data in August, the legislature reconvened to develop and approve a revised map. These maps were later subject to a <a href="/Redistricting_in_Illinois_after_the_2020_census#Court_challenges" title="Redistricting in Illinois after the 2020 census">federal lawsuit</a> that was decided on December 30, 2021, with the court upholding the maps enacted on September 24, 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></sup> Learn more <a href="/Redistricting_in_Illinois_after_the_2020_census#Court_challenges" title="Redistricting in Illinois after the 2020 census">here</a>. For more information on maps enacted after the 2020 census, <a href="/Redistricting_in_Illinois_after_the_2020_census#Enactment" title="Redistricting in Illinois after the 2020 census">click here</a>. </p><p>See the sections below for further information on the following topics: </p> <ol><li><b><a href="#Background">Background</a></b>: A summary of federal requirements for redistricting at both the congressional and state legislative levels.</li> <li><b><a href="#State_process">State process</a></b>: An overview about the redistricting process in Illinois</li> <li><b><a href="#District_maps">District maps</a></b>: Information about the current district maps in Illinois</li> <li><b><a href="#Redistricting_by_cycle">Redistricting by cycle</a></b>: A breakdown of the most significant events in Illinois' redistricting after recent censuses</li> <li><b><a href="#State_legislation_and_ballot_measures">State legislation and ballot measures</a></b>: State legislation and state and local ballot measures relevant to redistricting policy</li> <li><b><a href="#Political_impacts_of_redistricting">Political impacts of redistricting</a></b>: An analysis of the political issues associated with redistricting</li></ol> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Background">Background</span></h2> <p>This section includes background information on federal requirements for <a href="#Federal_requirements_for_congressional_redistricting">congressional redistricting</a>, <a href="#Federal_requirements_for_state_legislative_redistricting">state legislative redistricting</a>, <a href="#State-based_requirements">state-based requirements</a>, <a href="#Methods">redistricting methods used in the 50 states</a>, <a href="#Gerrymandering">gerrymandering</a>, and <a href="#Recent_court_decisions">recent court decisions</a>. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Federal_requirements_for_congressional_redistricting">Federal requirements for congressional redistricting</span></h3> <p>According to Article I, Section 4 of the <a href="/United_States_Constitution" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>, the states and their legislatures have primary authority in determining the "times, places, and manner" of congressional elections. Congress may also pass laws regulating congressional elections.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></sup> </p> <table data-nosnippet="" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;background-color: transparent; auto; ;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="border:none; color:#B2B7F2;font-size:35px;font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding: 10px 3px;">“ </td> <td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">The Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives, shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof; but the Congress may at any time by Law make or alter such Regulations, except as to the Places of chusing Senators.<sup id="cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quotedisclaimer-11">[11]</a></sup> </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding: 10px 1px;">” </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" class="cquotecite" style="border: none; padding-right: 4%"><cite style="font-style: normal;font-size: smaller; float: right;">—United States Constitution</cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Article I, Section 2 of the <a href="/United_States_Constitution" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> stipulates that congressional representatives be <a href="/Apportionment" title="Apportionment">apportioned</a> to the states on the basis of population. There are 435 seats in the <a href="/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a>. Each state is allotted a portion of these seats based on the size of its population relative to the other states. Consequently, a state may gain seats in the House if its population grows or lose seats if its population decreases, relative to populations in other states. In 1964, the <a href="/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> ruled in <i><a href="/Wesberry_v._Sanders" title="Wesberry v. Sanders">Wesberry v. Sanders</a></i> that the populations of House districts must be equal "as nearly as practicable."<sup id="cite_ref-brennan_report_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brennan_report-12">[12]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-where_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-where-14">[14]</a></sup> </p><p>The equal population requirement for congressional districts is strict. According to <i>All About Redistricting</i>, "Any district with more or fewer people than the average (also known as the 'ideal' population), must be specifically justified by a consistent state policy. And even consistent policies that cause a 1 percent spread from largest to smallest district will likely be unconstitutional."<sup id="cite_ref-where_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-where-14">[14]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Federal_requirements_for_state_legislative_redistricting">Federal requirements for state legislative redistricting</span></h3> <p>The <a href="/United_States_Constitution" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a> is silent on the issue of state legislative redistricting. In the mid-1960s, the <a href="/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> issued a series of rulings in an effort to clarify standards for state legislative redistricting. In <i><a href="/Reynolds_v._Sims" title="Reynolds v. Sims">Reynolds v. Sims</a></i>, the court ruled that "the Equal Protection Clause [of the <a href="/United_States_Constitution" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>] demands no less than substantially equal state legislative representation for all citizens, of all places as well as of all races." According to <i>All About Redistricting</i>, "it has become accepted that a [redistricting] plan will be constitutionally suspect if the largest and smallest districts [within a state or jurisdiction] are more than 10 percent apart."<sup id="cite_ref-where_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-where-14">[14]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="State-based_requirements">State-based requirements</span></h3> <p>In addition to the federal criteria noted above, individual states may impose additional requirements on redistricting. Common state-level redistricting criteria are listed below. </p> <ol><li><b><a href="/Contiguity" title="Contiguity">Contiguity</a></b> refers to the principle that all areas within a district should be physically adjacent. A total of 49 states require that districts of at least one state legislative chamber be contiguous (Nevada has no such requirement, imposing no requirements on redistricting beyond those enforced at the federal level). A total of 23 states require that congressional districts meet contiguity requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-where_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-where-14">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fairvotedefinitions_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fairvotedefinitions-15">[15]</a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/Compactness" title="Compactness">Compactness</a></b> refers to the general principle that the constituents within a district should live as near to one another as practicable. A total of 37 states impose compactness requirements on state legislative districts; 18 states impose similar requirements for congressional districts.<sup id="cite_ref-where_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-where-14">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fairvotedefinitions_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fairvotedefinitions-15">[15]</a></sup></li> <li>A <b><a href="/Community_of_interest" title="Community of interest">community of interest</a></b> is defined by <a href="/FairVote" title="FairVote">FairVote</a> as a "group of people in a geographical area, such as a specific region or neighborhood, who have common political, social or economic interests." A total of 24 states require that the maintenance of communities of interest be considered in the drawing of state legislative districts. A total of 13 states impose similar requirements for congressional districts.<sup id="cite_ref-where_14-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-where-14">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fairvotedefinitions_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fairvotedefinitions-15">[15]</a></sup></li> <li>A total of 42 states require that state legislative district lines be drawn to account for <b><a href="/Political_boundaries" title="Political boundaries">political boundaries</a></b> (e.g., the limits of counties, cities, and towns). A total of 19 states require that similar considerations be made in the drawing of congressional districts.<sup id="cite_ref-where_14-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-where-14">[14]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fairvotedefinitions_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fairvotedefinitions-15">[15]</a></sup></li></ol> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Methods">Methods</span></h3> <p>In general, a state's redistricting authority can be classified as one of the following:<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></sup> </p> <ol><li><b>Legislature-dominant</b>: In a legislature-dominant state, the legislature retains the ultimate authority to draft and enact district maps. Maps enacted by the legislature may or may not be subject to gubernatorial veto. Advisory commissions may also be involved in the redistricting process, although the legislature is not bound to adopt an advisory commission's recommendations.</li> <li><b>Commission</b>: In a commission state, an extra-legislative commission retains the ultimate authority to draft and enact district maps. A non-politician commission is one whose members cannot hold elective office. A politician commission is one whose members can hold elective office.</li> <li><b>Hybrid</b>: In a hybrid state, the legislature shares redistricting authority with a commission.</li></ol> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</span></h3> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/File:Rsz_the_gerry-mander_edit.png" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/d/d9/Rsz_the_gerry-mander_edit.png/200px-Rsz_the_gerry-mander_edit.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="93" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/d/d9/Rsz_the_gerry-mander_edit.png/300px-Rsz_the_gerry-mander_edit.png 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/d/d9/Rsz_the_gerry-mander_edit.png/400px-Rsz_the_gerry-mander_edit.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="278" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/File:Rsz_the_gerry-mander_edit.png" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>In 1812, Massachusetts Governor Elbridge Gerry signed into law a state Senate district map that, according to the <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, "consolidated the Federalist Party vote in a few districts and thus gave disproportionate representation to Democratic-Republicans." The word <i>gerrymander</i> was coined by <i>The Boston Gazette</i> to describe the district.</div></div></div> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">Gerrymandering</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>The term <i><a href="/Gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">gerrymandering</a></i> refers to the practice of drawing electoral district lines to favor one political party, individual, or constituency over another. When used in a rhetorical manner by opponents of a particular district map, the term has a negative connotation but does not necessarily address the legality of a challenged map. The term can also be used in legal documents; in this context, the term describes redistricting practices that violate federal or state laws.<sup id="cite_ref-matter_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matter-1">[1]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brittanica_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brittanica-17">[17]</a></sup> </p><p>For additional background information about gerrymandering, click "[Show more]" below. </p> <script type="text/javascript" src="/wiki/extensions/ShowHideText/ShowHideText.js"></script><link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/wiki/extensions/ShowHideText/ShowHideText.css" /><div class="all-content"><div class="shown-content"> </div><a href="#ShowThis" class="ShowThis">Show more</a><div class="hidden-content"> <p>The phrase <i>racial gerrymandering</i> refers to the practice of drawing electoral district lines to dilute the voting power of racial minority groups. Federal law prohibits racial gerrymandering and establishes that, to combat this practice and to ensure compliance with the <a href="/Voting_Rights_Act" title="Voting Rights Act">Voting Rights Act</a>, states and jurisdictions can create majority-minority electoral districts. A <a href="/Majority-minority_district" class="mw-redirect" title="Majority-minority district">majority-minority district</a> is one in which a racial group or groups comprise a majority of the district's populations. Racial gerrymandering and majority-minority districts are discussed in greater detail <a href="/Gerrymandering#Racial_gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">in this article</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-crsreport_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-crsreport-18">[18]</a></sup> </p> The phrase <i>partisan gerrymandering</i> refers to the practice of drawing electoral district maps with the intention of favoring one political party over another. In contrast with racial gerrymandering, on which the <a href="/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> has issued rulings in the past affirming that such practices violate federal law, the high court had not, as of November 2017, issued a ruling establishing clear precedent on the question of partisan gerrymandering. Although the court has granted in past cases that partisan gerrymandering can violate the United States Constitution, it has never adopted a standard for identifying or measuring partisan gerrymanders. Partisan gerrymandering is described in greater detail <a href="/Gerrymandering#Partisan_gerrymandering" title="Gerrymandering">in this article</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></sup></div></div> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Recent_court_decisions">Recent court decisions</span></h3> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Redistricting_cases_heard_by_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Redistricting cases heard by the Supreme Court of the United States">Redistricting cases heard by the Supreme Court of the United States</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>The Supreme Court of the United States has, in recent years, issued several decisions dealing with redistricting policy, including rulings relating to the consideration of race in drawing district maps, the use of total population tallies in <a href="/Apportionment" title="Apportionment">apportionment</a>, and the constitutionality of <a href="/Independent_redistricting_commissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent redistricting commissions">independent redistricting commissions</a>. The rulings in these cases, which originated in a variety of states, impact redistricting processes across the nation. </p><p>For additional background information about these cases, click "[Show more]" below. </p> <div class="all-content"><div class="shown-content"> </div><a href="#ShowThis" class="ShowThis">Show more</a><div class="hidden-content"> <h4><span id="Alexander_v._South_Carolina_State_Conference_of_the_NAACP_.282024.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Alexander_v._South_Carolina_State_Conference_of_the_NAACP_(2024)"><i>Alexander v. South Carolina State Conference of the NAACP</i> (2024)</span></h4> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Alexander_v._South_Carolina_State_Conference_of_the_NAACP" title="Alexander v. South Carolina State Conference of the NAACP">Alexander v. South Carolina State Conference of the NAACP</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p><i><a href="/Alexander_v._South_Carolina_State_Conference_of_the_NAACP" title="Alexander v. South Carolina State Conference of the NAACP">Alexander v. South Carolina State Conference of the NAACP</a></i> — This case concerns a challenge to the congressional redistricting plan that the <a href="/South_Carolina_State_Legislature" title="South Carolina State Legislature">South Carolina legislature</a> enacted after the 2020 census. In January 2023, a federal three-judge panel ruled that the state's 1st Congressional District was unconstitutional and enjoined the state from conducting future elections using its district boundaries. The panel's opinion said, "The Court finds that race was the predominant factor motivating the General Assembly’s adoption of Congressional District No. 1...Defendants have made no showing that they had a compelling state interest in the use of race in the design of Congressional District No. 1 and thus cannot survive a strict scrutiny review."<sup id="cite_ref-3judgeorder_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3judgeorder-21">[21]</a></sup> <a href="/Thomas_Alexander" title="Thomas Alexander">Thomas Alexander</a> (R)—in his capacity as <a href="/South_Carolina_State_Senate" title="South Carolina State Senate">South Carolina State Senate</a> president—appealed the federal court's ruling, arguing: :In striking down an isolated portion of South Carolina Congressional District 1 as a racial gerrymander, the panel never even mentioned the presumption of the General Assembly’s “good faith.”...The result is a thinly reasoned order that presumes bad faith, erroneously equates the purported racial effect of a single line in Charleston County with racial predominance across District 1, and is riddled with “legal mistake[s]” that improperly relieved Plaintiffs of their “demanding” burden to prove that race was the “predominant consideration” in District 1.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></sup> The <a href="/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> scheduled oral argument on this case for October 11, 2023.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></sup> </p> <h4><span id="Moore_v._Harper_.282023.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Moore_v._Harper_(2023)"><i>Moore v. Harper</i> (2023)</span></h4> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Moore_v._Harper" title="Moore v. Harper">Moore v. Harper</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>At issue in <i><a href="/Moore_v._Harper" title="Moore v. Harper">Moore v. Harper</a></i>, was whether state legislatures alone are empowered by the Constitution to regulate federal elections without oversight from state courts, which is known as the <i>independent state legislature doctrine</i>. On November 4, 2021, the <a href="/North_Carolina_General_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="North Carolina General Assembly">North Carolina General Assembly</a> adopted a new congressional voting map based on 2020 Census data. The legislature, at that time, was controlled by the <a href="/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party">Republican Party</a>. In the case <i>Harper v. Hall</i> (2022), a group of Democratic Party-affiliated voters and nonprofit organizations challenged the map in state court, alleging that the new map was a partisan gerrymander that violated the state constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-sbart_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sbart-24">[24]</a></sup> On February 14, 2022, the <a href="/North_Carolina_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="North Carolina Supreme Court">North Carolina Supreme Court</a> ruled that the state could not use the map in the 2022 elections and <span class="simple-tooltip simple-tooltip-inline" data-simple-tooltip="<p>To return a case or claim to a lower court for additional proceedings. </p>">remanded</span> the case to the trial court for further proceedings. The trial court adopted a new congressional map drawn by three court-appointed experts. <b>The <a href="/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">United States Supreme Court</a> affirmed the <a href="/North_Carolina_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="North Carolina Supreme Court">North Carolina Supreme Court</a>'s original decision in <i><a href="/Moore_v._Harper" title="Moore v. Harper">Moore v. Harper</a></i> that the state's congressional district map violated state law.</b> In a 6-3 decision, Chief Justice <a href="/John_Roberts_(Supreme_Court)" title="John Roberts (Supreme Court)">John Roberts</a> wrote that the "Elections Clause does not vest exclusive and independent authority in state legislatures to set the rules regarding federal elections.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a></sup> </p> <h4><span id="Merrill_v._Milligan_.282023.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Merrill_v._Milligan_(2023)"><i>Merrill v. Milligan</i> (2023)</span></h4> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Merrill_v._Milligan" class="mw-redirect" title="Merrill v. Milligan">Merrill v. Milligan</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>At issue in <i><a href="/Merrill_v._Milligan" class="mw-redirect" title="Merrill v. Milligan">Merrill v. Milligan</a></i>, was the constitutionality of Alabama's 2021 redistricting plan and whether it violated Section 2 of the <a href="/Voting_Rights_Act" title="Voting Rights Act">Voting Rights Act</a>. A group of Alabama voters and organizations sued Secretary of State John Merrill (R) and the House and Senate redistricting chairmen, Rep. Chris Pringle (R) and Sen. Jim McClendon (R). Plaintiffs alleged the congressional map enacted on Nov. 4, 2021, by Gov. Kay Ivey (R) unfairly distributed Black voters. The plaintiffs asked the lower court to invalidate the enacted congressional map and order a new map with instructions to include a second majority-Black district. <b>The court ruled 5-4, affirming the lower court opinion that the plaintiffs showed a reasonable likelihood of success concerning their claim that Alabama's redistricting map violated Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act.</b><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></sup> </p> <h4><span id="Gill_v._Whitford_.282018.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Gill_v._Whitford_(2018)"><i>Gill v. Whitford</i> (2018)</span></h4> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Gill_v._Whitford" title="Gill v. Whitford">Gill v. Whitford</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>In <i><a href="/Gill_v._Whitford" title="Gill v. Whitford">Gill v. Whitford</a></i>, decided on June 18, 2018, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that the plaintiffs—12 Wisconsin Democrats who alleged that Wisconsin's state legislative district plan had been subject to an unconstitutional gerrymander in violation of the First and Fourteenth Amendments—had failed to demonstrate standing under Article III of the United States Constitution to bring a complaint. The court's opinion, penned by Chief Justice <a href="/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a>, did not address the broader question of whether partisan gerrymandering claims are justiciable and remanded the case to the district court for further proceedings. Roberts was joined in the majority opinion by Associate Justices <a href="/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Anthony Kennedy</a>, <a href="/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a>, <a href="/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a>, <a href="/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Samuel Alito</a>, <a href="/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a>, and <a href="/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Elena Kagan</a>. Kagan penned a concurring opinion joined by Ginsburg, Breyer, and Sotomayor. Associate Justice <a href="/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a> penned an opinion that concurred in part with the majority opinion and in the judgment, joined by Associate Justice <a href="/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Neil Gorsuch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gillopinion_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gillopinion-27">[27]</a></sup> </p> <h4><span id="Cooper_v._Harris_.282017.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Cooper_v._Harris_(2017)"><i>Cooper v. Harris</i> (2017)</span></h4> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Cooper_v._Harris" title="Cooper v. Harris">Cooper v. Harris</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>In <i><a href="/Cooper_v._Harris" title="Cooper v. Harris">Cooper v. Harris</a></i>, decided on May 22, 2017, the <a href="/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> affirmed the judgment of the <a href="/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Middle_District_of_North_Carolina" title="United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina">United States District Court for the Middle District of North Carolina</a>, finding that two of North Carolina's congressional districts, the boundaries of which had been set following the 2010 United States Census, had been subject to an illegal racial gerrymander in violation of Section 2 of the <a href="/Voting_Rights_Act" title="Voting Rights Act">Voting Rights Act</a>. Justice <a href="/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Elena Kagan</a> delivered the court's majority opinion, which was joined by Justices <a href="/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a>, <a href="/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a>, <a href="/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a>, and <a href="/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a> (Thomas also filed a separate concurring opinion). In the court's majority opinion, Kagan described the two-part analysis utilized by the high court when plaintiffs allege racial gerrymandering as follows: "First, the plaintiff must prove that 'race was the predominant factor motivating the legislature's decision to place a significant number of voters within or without a particular district.' ... Second, if racial considerations predominated over others, the design of the district must withstand strict scrutiny. The burden shifts to the State to prove that its race-based sorting of voters serves a 'compelling interest' and is 'narrowly tailored' to that end." In regard to the first part of the aforementioned analysis, Kagan went on to note that "a plaintiff succeeds at this stage even if the evidence reveals that a legislature elevated race to the predominant criterion in order to advance other goals, including political ones." Justice <a href="/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Samuel Alito</a> delivered an opinion that concurred in part and dissented in part with the majority opinion. This opinion was joined by Chief Justice <a href="/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> and Justice <a href="/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Anthony Kennedy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cooperharris_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cooperharris-30">[30]</a></sup> </p> <h4><span id="Evenwel_v._Abbott_.282016.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Evenwel_v._Abbott_(2016)"><i>Evenwel v. Abbott</i> (2016)</span></h4> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Evenwel_v._Abbott" title="Evenwel v. Abbott">Evenwel v. Abbott</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p><i><a href="/Evenwel_v._Abbott" title="Evenwel v. Abbott">Evenwel v. Abbott</a></i> was a case decided by the <a href="/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> in 2016. At issue was the constitutionality of <a href="/Texas_State_Legislature" title="Texas State Legislature">state legislative districts</a> in <a href="/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>. The plaintiffs, Sue Evenwel and Edward Pfenninger, argued that district populations ought to take into account only the number of registered or eligible voters residing within those districts as opposed to total population counts, which are generally used for redistricting purposes. Total population tallies include non-voting residents, such as immigrants residing in the country without legal permission, prisoners, and children. The plaintiffs alleged that this tabulation method dilutes the voting power of citizens residing in districts that are home to smaller concentrations of non-voting residents. The court ruled 8-0 on April 4, 2016, that a state or locality can use total population counts for redistricting purposes. The majority opinion was penned by Justice <a href="/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wapost_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wapost-31">[31]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-32">[32]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-scotusblog_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scotusblog-33">[33]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ap_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ap-34">[34]</a></sup> </p> <h4><span id="Harris_v._Arizona_Independent_Redistricting_Commission_.282016.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Harris_v._Arizona_Independent_Redistricting_Commission_(2016)"><i>Harris v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission</i> (2016)</span></h4> <div class="thumb tleft"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px;"><a href="/File:Stephen_Breyer,_SCOTUS_photo_portrait.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Stephen_Breyer%2C_SCOTUS_photo_portrait.jpg/200px-Stephen_Breyer%2C_SCOTUS_photo_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="250" class="thumbimage" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Stephen_Breyer%2C_SCOTUS_photo_portrait.jpg/300px-Stephen_Breyer%2C_SCOTUS_photo_portrait.jpg 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Stephen_Breyer%2C_SCOTUS_photo_portrait.jpg/400px-Stephen_Breyer%2C_SCOTUS_photo_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a> <div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/File:Stephen_Breyer,_SCOTUS_photo_portrait.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div>Justice <a href="/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a> penned the majority opinion in <i>Harris v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission</i>.</div></div></div> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Harris_v._Arizona_Independent_Redistricting_Commission" title="Harris v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission">Harris v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p><i><a href="/Harris_v._Arizona_Independent_Redistricting_Commission" title="Harris v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission">Harris v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission</a></i> was a case decided by the <a href="/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> in 2016. At issue was the constitutionality of state legislative districts that were created by the commission in 2012. The plaintiffs, a group of <a href="/Republican" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican">Republican</a> voters, alleged that "the commission diluted or inflated the votes of almost two million Arizona citizens when the commission intentionally and systematically overpopulated 16 Republican districts while under-populating 11 Democrat districts." This, the plaintiffs argued, constituted a partisan gerrymander. The plaintiffs claimed that the commission placed a disproportionately large number of non-minority voters in districts dominated by Republicans; meanwhile, the commission allegedly placed many minority voters in smaller districts that tended to vote Democratic. As a result, the plaintiffs argued, more voters overall were placed in districts favoring Republicans than in those favoring Democrats, thereby diluting the votes of citizens in the Republican-dominated districts. The defendants countered that the population deviations resulted from legally defensible efforts to comply with the <a href="/Voting_Rights_Act" title="Voting Rights Act">Voting Rights Act</a> and obtain approval from the <a href="/United_States_Department_of_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Department of Justice">United States Department of Justice</a>. At the time of redistricting, certain states were required to obtain <span class="simple-tooltip simple-tooltip-inline" data-simple-tooltip="<p>A jurisdiction subject to preclearance needed to get approval from the U.S. Department of Justice before changing election laws or district maps. </p>">preclearance</span> from the U.S. Department of Justice before adopting redistricting plans or making other changes to their election laws—a requirement struck down by the United States Supreme Court in <i><a href="/Shelby_County_v._Holder" title="Shelby County v. Holder">Shelby County v. Holder</a></i> (2013). On April 20, 2016, the court ruled unanimously that the plaintiffs had failed to prove that a partisan gerrymander had taken place. Instead, the court found that the commission had acted in good faith to comply with the Voting Rights Act. The court's majority opinion was penned by Justice <a href="/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-scotusblogcommentary_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scotusblogcommentary-35">[35]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brief_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brief-36">[36]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-opinionharris_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opinionharris-37">[37]</a></sup> </p> <h4><span id="Arizona_State_Legislature_v._Arizona_Independent_Redistricting_Commission_.282015.29"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Arizona_State_Legislature_v._Arizona_Independent_Redistricting_Commission_(2015)"><i>Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission</i> (2015)</span></h4> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Arizona_State_Legislature_v._Arizona_Independent_Redistricting_Commission" title="Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission">Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <i><a href="/Arizona_State_Legislature_v._Arizona_Independent_Redistricting_Commission" title="Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission">Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission</a></i> was a case decided by the <a href="/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> in 2015. At issue was the constitutionality of the Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission, which was established by <a href="/Arizona_Creation_of_a_Redistricting_Commission,_Proposition_106_(2000)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arizona Creation of a Redistricting Commission, Proposition 106 (2000)">state constitutional amendment</a> in 2000. According to Article I, Section 4 of the <a href="/United_States_Constitution" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>, "the Times, Places and Manner of holding Elections for Senators and Representatives shall be prescribed in each State by the Legislature thereof." The state legislature argued that the use of the word "legislature" in this context is literal; therefore, only a state legislature may draw congressional district lines. Meanwhile, the commission contended that the word "legislature" ought to be interpreted to mean "the legislative powers of the state," including voter initiatives and referenda. On June 29, 2015, the court ruled 5-4 in favor of the Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission, finding that "redistricting is a legislative function, to be performed in accordance with the state's prescriptions for lawmaking, which may include the referendum and the governor's veto." The majority opinion was penned by Justice <a href="/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a> and joined by Justices <a href="/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Anthony Kennedy</a>, <a href="/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a>, <a href="/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Elena Kagan</a>, and <a href="/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a>. Chief Justice John Roberts and Justices <a href="/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a>, <a href="/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Antonin Scalia</a>, and <a href="/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Samuel Alito</a> dissented.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes2_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes2-38">[38]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-atlanticseptember_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atlanticseptember-39">[39]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-opinionarizona_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-opinionarizona-40">[40]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nytimesupheld_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimesupheld-41">[41]</a></sup></div></div> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Race_and_ethnicity">Race and ethnicity</span></h3> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Majority-minority_districts" title="Majority-minority districts">Majority-minority districts</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Section 2 of the <a href="/Voting_Rights_Act" title="Voting Rights Act">Voting Rights Act</a> of 1965 mandates that electoral district lines cannot be drawn in such a manner as to "improperly dilute minorities' voting power." </p> <table data-nosnippet="" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none;background-color: transparent; auto; ;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="20" valign="top" style="border:none; color:#B2B7F2;font-size:35px;font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: left; padding: 10px 3px;">“ </td> <td valign="top" style="border: none; padding: 4px 10px;">No voting qualification or prerequisite to voting, or standard, practice, or procedure shall be imposed or applied by any State or political subdivision to deny or abridge the right of any citizen of the United States to vote on account of race or color.<sup id="cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-quotedisclaimer-11">[11]</a></sup> </td> <td width="20" valign="bottom" style="border: none; color: #B2B7F2; font-size: 35px; font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-weight: bold; text-align: right; padding: 10px 1px;">” </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" class="cquotecite" style="border: none; padding-right: 4%"><cite style="font-style: normal;font-size: smaller; float: right;">—Voting Rights Act of 1965<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>States and other political subdivisions may create majority-minority districts in order to comply with Section 2 of the <a href="/Voting_Rights_Act" title="Voting Rights Act">Voting Rights Act</a>. A majority-minority district is a district in which minority groups compose a majority of the district's total population. As of 2015, Illinois was home to four congressional majority-minority districts.<sup id="cite_ref-indy_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indy-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-atlantic_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atlantic-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-naacp_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naacp-4">[4]</a></sup> </p><p>Proponents of majority-minority districts maintain that these districts are a necessary hindrance to the practice of <i><a href="/Cracking" title="Cracking">cracking</a></i>, which occurs when a constituency is divided between several districts in order to prevent it from achieving a majority in any one district. In addition, supporters argue that the drawing of majority-minority districts has resulted in an increased number of minority representatives in state legislatures and Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-indy_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indy-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-atlantic_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atlantic-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-naacp_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naacp-4">[4]</a></sup> </p><p>Critics, meanwhile, contend that the establishment of majority-minority districts can result in <i><a href="/Packing" title="Packing">packing</a></i>, which occurs when a constituency or voting group is placed within a single district, thereby minimizing its influence in other districts. Because minority groups tend to vote <a href="/Democratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic">Democratic</a>, critics argue that majority-minority districts ultimately present an unfair advantage to <a href="/Republicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Republicans">Republicans</a> by consolidating Democratic votes into a smaller number of districts.<sup id="cite_ref-indy_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indy-2">[2]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-atlantic_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atlantic-3">[3]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-naacp_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-naacp-4">[4]</a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="State_process">State process</span></h2> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/State-by-state_redistricting_procedures" title="State-by-state redistricting procedures">State-by-state redistricting procedures</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>In 37 states, legislatures are primarily responsible for drawing congressional district lines. Seven states have only one congressional district each, rendering congressional redistricting unnecessary. Four states employ <a href="/Independent_commissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent commissions">independent commissions</a> to draw the district maps. In two states, <a href="/Politician_commissions" class="mw-redirect" title="Politician commissions">politician commissions</a> draw congressional district lines. </p><p>State legislative district lines are primarily the province of the state legislatures themselves in 37 states. In seven states, politician commissions draw state legislative district lines. In the remaining six states, independent commissions draw the lines.<sup id="cite_ref-loyola_who_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loyola_who-43">[43]</a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/Illinois_General_Assembly" title="Illinois General Assembly">Illinois General Assembly</a> is responsible for drawing both congressional and state legislative district lines. Both chambers of the state legislature must approve a redistricting plan. The <a href="/Governor_of_Illinois" title="Governor of Illinois">governor</a> may veto the lines drawn by the state legislature.<sup id="cite_ref-illinoisloyola_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-illinoisloyola-44">[44]</a></sup> </p><p>In the event that both chambers of the state legislature do not approve a legislative redistricting plan, a backup commission must draw the lines. The majority and minority leaders of each chamber must appoint two members each to the commission (one legislator and one general citizen). Of the eight commission members, no more than four may belong to the same political party. In the event that these eight members cannot approve a plan, the <a href="/Illinois_Supreme_Court" title="Illinois Supreme Court">Illinois Supreme Court</a> must select two individuals (from different political parties) as potential tiebreakers. The <a href="/Secretary_of_State_of_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of State of Illinois">secretary of state</a> must then appoint one of these individuals to the backup commission to break the tie.<sup id="cite_ref-illinoisloyola_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-illinoisloyola-44">[44]</a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/Illinois_Constitution" title="Illinois Constitution">Illinois Constitution</a> requires that state legislative districts be "contiguous and reasonably compact." There are no such requirements in place for the state's congressional districts.<sup id="cite_ref-illinoisloyola_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-illinoisloyola-44">[44]</a></sup> </p><p>State law also mandates the establishment of state legislative districts "that allow racial or language minority communities to elect--or influence the election of--the candidates of their choice, even if no comparable district would be required by the federal <a href="/Voting_Rights_Act" title="Voting Rights Act">Voting Rights Act</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-illinoisloyola_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-illinoisloyola-44">[44]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="How_incarcerated_persons_are_counted_for_redistricting">How incarcerated persons are counted for redistricting</span></h3> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/State-by-state_redistricting_procedures#How_incarcerated_persons_are_counted_for_redistricting" title="State-by-state redistricting procedures">State-by-state redistricting procedures</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>States differ on how they count incarcerated persons for the purposes of redistricting. In Illinois, effective in 2025, inmates who were in-state residents prior to incarceration are counted in their last known residence's district population. Out-of-state residents and inmates with unknown previous residences are excluded from all district populations. Federal inmates are counted using the same standard as state inmates. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="District_maps">District maps</span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Congressional_districts">Congressional districts</span></h3> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_Illinois" title="United States congressional delegations from Illinois">United States congressional delegations from Illinois</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Illinois comprises 17 congressional districts. The table below lists Illinois' current U.S. Representatives. </p><p><style> table#officeholder-table th, td { padding:5px; font-size: 16px; } @media only screen and (max-width: 600px) { table#officeholder-table th, td {font-size: 10px; } } @media only screen and (min-width: 600px) { table #officeholder-table td { </p> <pre> padding-left: 10px !important; padding-right: 10px !important; </pre> <p>} } .partytd.Democratic { background-color: #003388; color: white; text-align: center; } .partytd.Republican { background-color: #db0000; color: white; text-align: center; } .partytd.Libertarian { background-color: #fdd007; text-align: center; } .partytd.Green { background-color: #6db24f; color: white; text-align: center; } .partytd.Gray { text-align: center; } .bptable.gray th { background:#4c4c4c;color:#fff; } </style> </p> <div> <p><br /> </p><table class="bptable gray sortable" id="officeholder-table" style="width:auto; border-bottom:1px solid #bcbcbc;"> <thead> <tr colspan="5" style="background:#4c4c4c!important;color:#fff!important;text-align:center;padding: 7px 8px 8px;margin-bottom:4px;"> <th>Office</th> <th>Name</th> <th>Party</th> <th>Date assumed office</th> <th>Date term ends</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding-left:10px;"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Illinois'_1st_Congressional_District">U.S. House Illinois District 1</a></td> <td style="padding-left:10px;text-align:center;"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Jonathan_Jackson_(Illinois)">Jonathan Jackson</a></td> <td class="partytd Democratic">Democratic </td> <td style="text-align:center;">January 3, 2023</td> <td style="text-align:center;">January 3, 2027</td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-left:10px;"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Illinois'_2nd_Congressional_District">U.S. House Illinois District 2</a></td> <td style="padding-left:10px;text-align:center;"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Robin_Kelly">Robin Kelly</a></td> <td class="partytd Democratic">Democratic </td> <td style="text-align:center;">April 11, 2013</td> <td style="text-align:center;">January 3, 2027</td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-left:10px;"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Illinois'_3rd_Congressional_District">U.S. House Illinois District 3</a></td> <td style="padding-left:10px;text-align:center;"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Delia_Ramirez">Delia Ramirez</a></td> <td class="partytd Democratic">Democratic </td> <td style="text-align:center;">January 3, 2023</td> <td style="text-align:center;">January 3, 2027</td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-left:10px;"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Illinois'_4th_Congressional_District">U.S. House Illinois District 4</a></td> <td style="padding-left:10px;text-align:center;"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Jesus_Garcia">Jesus Garcia</a></td> <td class="partytd Democratic">Democratic </td> <td style="text-align:center;">January 3, 2019</td> <td style="text-align:center;">January 3, 2027</td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-left:10px;"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Illinois'_5th_Congressional_District">U.S. House Illinois District 5</a></td> <td style="padding-left:10px;text-align:center;"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Mike_Quigley">Mike Quigley</a></td> <td class="partytd Democratic">Democratic </td> <td style="text-align:center;">April 7, 2009</td> <td style="text-align:center;">January 3, 2027</td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-left:10px;"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Illinois'_6th_Congressional_District">U.S. House Illinois District 6</a></td> <td style="padding-left:10px;text-align:center;"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Sean_Casten">Sean Casten</a></td> <td class="partytd Democratic">Democratic </td> <td style="text-align:center;">January 3, 2019</td> <td style="text-align:center;">January 3, 2027</td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-left:10px;"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Illinois'_7th_Congressional_District">U.S. House Illinois District 7</a></td> <td style="padding-left:10px;text-align:center;"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Danny_K._Davis">Danny K. Davis</a></td> <td class="partytd Democratic">Democratic </td> <td style="text-align:center;">January 3, 1997</td> <td style="text-align:center;">January 3, 2027</td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-left:10px;"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Illinois'_8th_Congressional_District">U.S. House Illinois District 8</a></td> <td style="padding-left:10px;text-align:center;"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Raja_Krishnamoorthi">Raja Krishnamoorthi</a></td> <td class="partytd Democratic">Democratic </td> <td style="text-align:center;">January 3, 2017</td> <td style="text-align:center;">January 3, 2027</td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-left:10px;"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Illinois'_9th_Congressional_District">U.S. House Illinois District 9</a></td> <td style="padding-left:10px;text-align:center;"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Jan_Schakowsky">Jan Schakowsky</a></td> <td class="partytd Democratic">Democratic </td> <td style="text-align:center;">January 3, 1999</td> <td style="text-align:center;">January 3, 2027</td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-left:10px;"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Illinois'_10th_Congressional_District">U.S. House Illinois District 10</a></td> <td style="padding-left:10px;text-align:center;"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Brad_Schneider">Brad Schneider</a></td> <td class="partytd Democratic">Democratic </td> <td style="text-align:center;">January 3, 2017</td> <td style="text-align:center;">January 3, 2027</td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-left:10px;"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Illinois'_11th_Congressional_District">U.S. House Illinois District 11</a></td> <td style="padding-left:10px;text-align:center;"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Bill_Foster_(Illinois)">Bill Foster</a></td> <td class="partytd Democratic">Democratic </td> <td style="text-align:center;">January 3, 2013</td> <td style="text-align:center;">January 3, 2027</td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-left:10px;"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Illinois'_12th_Congressional_District">U.S. House Illinois District 12</a></td> <td style="padding-left:10px;text-align:center;"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Mike_Bost">Mike Bost</a></td> <td class="partytd Republican">Republican </td> <td style="text-align:center;">January 3, 2015</td> <td style="text-align:center;">January 3, 2027</td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-left:10px;"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Illinois'_13th_Congressional_District">U.S. House Illinois District 13</a></td> <td style="padding-left:10px;text-align:center;"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Nikki_Budzinski">Nikki Budzinski</a></td> <td class="partytd Democratic">Democratic </td> <td style="text-align:center;">January 3, 2023</td> <td style="text-align:center;">January 3, 2027</td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-left:10px;"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Illinois'_14th_Congressional_District">U.S. House Illinois District 14</a></td> <td style="padding-left:10px;text-align:center;"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Lauren_Underwood">Lauren Underwood</a></td> <td class="partytd Democratic">Democratic </td> <td style="text-align:center;">January 3, 2019</td> <td style="text-align:center;">January 3, 2027</td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-left:10px;"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Illinois'_15th_Congressional_District">U.S. House Illinois District 15</a></td> <td style="padding-left:10px;text-align:center;"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Mary_Miller_(Illinois)">Mary Miller</a></td> <td class="partytd Republican">Republican </td> <td style="text-align:center;">January 3, 2021</td> <td style="text-align:center;">January 3, 2027</td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-left:10px;"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Illinois'_16th_Congressional_District">U.S. House Illinois District 16</a></td> <td style="padding-left:10px;text-align:center;"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Darin_LaHood">Darin LaHood</a></td> <td class="partytd Republican">Republican </td> <td style="text-align:center;">January 3, 2023</td> <td style="text-align:center;">January 3, 2027</td> </tr><tr> <td style="padding-left:10px;"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Illinois'_17th_Congressional_District">U.S. House Illinois District 17</a></td> <td style="padding-left:10px;text-align:center;"><a href="https://ballotpedia.org/Eric_Sorensen">Eric Sorensen</a></td> <td class="partytd Democratic">Democratic </td> <td style="text-align:center;">January 3, 2023</td> <td style="text-align:center;">January 3, 2027</td> </tr> </tbody></table> <p><script src="//ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/3.4.1/jquery.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/jquery.tablesorter/2.29.6/js/jquery.tablesorter.js" type="text/javascript"></script> </p> </div> <p><br /> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="State_legislative_maps">State legislative maps</span></h3> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Illinois_State_Senate" title="Illinois State Senate">Illinois State Senate</a> and <a href="/Illinois_House_of_Representatives" title="Illinois House of Representatives">Illinois House of Representatives</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Illinois comprises 59 <a href="/Illinois_State_Senate" title="Illinois State Senate">state Senate</a> districts and 118 <a href="/Illinois_House_of_Representatives" title="Illinois House of Representatives">state House</a> districts. State senators are elected every four years in partisan elections. State representatives are elected every two years in partisan elections. To access the state legislative district maps approved during the 2020 redistricting cycle, click <a href="/Redistricting_in_Illinois_after_the_2020_census#Enactment" title="Redistricting in Illinois after the 2020 census">here</a>. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Redistricting_by_cycle">Redistricting by cycle</span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Redistricting_after_the_2020_census">Redistricting after the 2020 census</span></h3> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Redistricting_in_Illinois_after_the_2020_census" title="Redistricting in Illinois after the 2020 census">Redistricting in Illinois after the 2020 census</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Illinois was apportioned 17 seats in the U.S. House of Representatives. This represented a net loss of one seat as compared to apportionment after the 2010 census.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></sup> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Enacted_congressional_district_maps">Enacted congressional district maps</span></h3> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Congressional_district_maps_implemented_after_the_2020_census" title="Congressional district maps implemented after the 2020 census">Congressional district maps implemented after the 2020 census</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Illinois enacted a congressional map on November 24, 2021, after Gov. <a href="/J.B._Pritzker" title="J.B. Pritzker">J.B. Pritzker</a> (D) signed the proposal into law.<sup id="cite_ref-congress24_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-congress24-5">[5]</a></sup> The <a href="/Illinois_State_Senate" title="Illinois State Senate">Illinois State Senate</a> voted 41-18 in favor of the map on October 28, 2021, followed by the <a href="/Illinois_House_of_Representatives" title="Illinois House of Representatives">Illinois House of Representatives</a> voting 71-43 in favor on October 29, 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></sup> </p><p>This map took effect for Illinois' 2022 congressional elections. </p><p>Below are the congressional maps in effect before and after the 2020 redistricting cycle. </p> <div class="redistricting-map-flex" data-district-state="IL" data-district-type="congress"> <div class="redistricting-map-flex-item"> <h3 class="redistricting-map-title">Illinois Congressional Districts<br />until January 2, 2023</h3> <p class="redistricting-map-instructions">Click a district to compare boundaries.</p> <div class="redistricting-map-map-container map-a"></div> </div> <div class="redistricting-map-flex-item"> <h3 class="redistricting-map-title">Illinois Congressional Districts<br />starting January 3, 2023</h3> <p class="redistricting-map-instructions">Click a district to compare boundaries.</p> <div class="redistricting-map-map-container map-b"></div> </div> </div> <p><br /> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Reactions">Reactions</span></h4> <p>The <i>Associated Press'</i> Sara Burnett wrote, "The map ... was intended to eliminate two Republican-held districts and make elections easier for Democratic candidates, even with the state losing one congressional seat due to population loss."<sup id="cite_ref-congress24_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-congress24-5">[5]</a></sup> Burnett also said the map "added a second predominantly Latino district, after census data showed Illinois’ Latino population grew over the past decade. They also maintained three predominantly Black districts."<sup id="cite_ref-apfinal29_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apfinal29-47">[47]</a></sup> </p><p>State Sen. <a href="/Don_Harmon_(Illinois)" title="Don Harmon (Illinois)">Don Harmon</a> (D), president of the Senate, said the map "reflects the diversity of the state of Illinois," and combined communities "that shared political philosophies and policy objectives."<sup id="cite_ref-apfinal29_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apfinal29-47">[47]</a></sup> State Sen. <a href="/Don_DeWitte" title="Don DeWitte">Don DeWitte</a> (R) said, "This will be the most gerrymandered map in the country, and this process will be used as the poster child for why politicians should never be allowed to draw their own maps."<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a></sup> </p><p>According to <i><a href="/The_Chicago_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="The Chicago Tribune">The Chicago Tribune</a></i>'s Rick Pearson, the approved proposal drew the following pairs of incumbents into the same district:<sup id="cite_ref-ctcongmap29_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ctcongmap29-49">[49]</a></sup> </p> <ul><li>U.S. Reps. <a href="/Marie_Newman" title="Marie Newman">Marie Newman</a> (D) and <a href="/Jesus_Garcia" title="Jesus Garcia">Jesus Garcia</a> (D)</li> <li>U.S. Reps. <a href="/Adam_Kinzinger" title="Adam Kinzinger">Adam Kinzinger</a> (R) and <a href="/Darin_LaHood" title="Darin LaHood">Darin LaHood</a> (R)</li> <li>U.S. Reps. <a href="/Mary_Miller_(Illinois)" title="Mary Miller (Illinois)">Mary Miller</a> (R) and <a href="/Mike_Bost" title="Mike Bost">Mike Bost</a> (R)</li></ul> <p>Following the map's approval by the Illinois State Legislature, Kinzinger announced he would <a href="/List_of_U.S._Congress_incumbents_who_are_not_running_for_re-election_in_2022" class="mw-redirect" title="List of U.S. Congress incumbents who are not running for re-election in 2022">not seek re-election in 2022</a>. Additionally, Newman announced that she would seek re-election not against Garcia, but rather against U.S. Rep. <a href="/Sean_Casten" title="Sean Casten">Sean Casten</a> (D) whose new district, under the proposal, would consist of many areas represented by Newman before redistricting.<sup id="cite_ref-apfinal29_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-apfinal29-47">[47]</a></sup> <br /><br /> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="2020_presidential_results">2020 presidential results</span></h4> <p>The table below details the results of the 2020 presidential election in each district at the time of the 2022 election and its political predecessor district.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a></sup> This data was compiled by <i>Daily Kos Elections</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></sup> </p> <table class="marqueetable sortable" style="border:1px solid #424949; border-radius:5px; text-align=center;" cellpadding="6px" width="70%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5" align="center" style="background-color: #424949; color:white"><b>2020 presidential results by Congressional district, Illinois</b> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" style="background-color:#C8CCD0; border-radius:0px;">District </th> <th colspan="2" style="background:#E5E7E9;"><i><b>2022 district</b></i> </th> <th colspan="2" style="background:#E5E7E9;"><i><b>Political predecessor district</b></i> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color:#C8CCD0; border-radius:0px;"><a href="/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> <a href="/Democratic_Party" title="Democratic Party"><img alt="Democratic Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/d/d4/Electiondot.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> </th> <th style="background-color:#C8CCD0; border-radius:0px;"><a href="/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> <a href="/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party"><img alt="Republican Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/f/fd/Ends.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> </th> <th style="background-color:#C8CCD0; border-radius:0px;"><a href="/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> <a href="/Democratic_Party" title="Democratic Party"><img alt="Democratic Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/d/d4/Electiondot.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> </th> <th style="background-color:#C8CCD0; border-radius:0px;"><a href="/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> <a href="/Republican_Party" title="Republican Party"><img alt="Republican Party" src="https://cdn.ballotpedia.org/images/f/fd/Ends.png" width="18" height="18" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Illinois%27_1st_Congressional_District" title="Illinois' 1st Congressional District">Illinois' 1st</a></td> <td>70.5%</td> <td>28.1%</td> <td>73.9%</td> <td>24.7% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Illinois%27_2nd_Congressional_District" title="Illinois' 2nd Congressional District">Illinois' 2nd</a></td> <td>69.3%</td> <td>29.3%</td> <td>77.5%</td> <td>21.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Illinois%27_3rd_Congressional_District" title="Illinois' 3rd Congressional District">Illinois' 3rd</a></td> <td>69.7%</td> <td>28.3%</td> <td>55.5%</td> <td>42.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Illinois%27_4th_Congressional_District" title="Illinois' 4th Congressional District">Illinois' 4th</a></td> <td>72.3%</td> <td>25.9%</td> <td>80.7%</td> <td>17.3% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Illinois%27_5th_Congressional_District" title="Illinois' 5th Congressional District">Illinois' 5th</a></td> <td>68.9%</td> <td>29.3%</td> <td>72.1%</td> <td>26.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Illinois%27_6th_Congressional_District" title="Illinois' 6th Congressional District">Illinois' 6th</a></td> <td>54.5%</td> <td>43.6%</td> <td>55.3%</td> <td>42.6% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Illinois%27_7th_Congressional_District" title="Illinois' 7th Congressional District">Illinois' 7th</a></td> <td>85.6%</td> <td>12.8%</td> <td>86.3%</td> <td>12.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Illinois%27_8th_Congressional_District" title="Illinois' 8th Congressional District">Illinois' 8th</a></td> <td>56.8%</td> <td>41.4%</td> <td>59.2%</td> <td>39.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Illinois%27_9th_Congressional_District" title="Illinois' 9th Congressional District">Illinois' 9th</a></td> <td>69.9%</td> <td>28.4%</td> <td>71.0%</td> <td>27.4% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Illinois%27_10th_Congressional_District" title="Illinois' 10th Congressional District">Illinois' 10th</a></td> <td>62.0%</td> <td>36.1%</td> <td>64.2%</td> <td>34.0% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Illinois%27_11th_Congressional_District" title="Illinois' 11th Congressional District">Illinois' 11th</a></td> <td>56.6%</td> <td>41.3%</td> <td>61.9%</td> <td>36.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Illinois%27_12th_Congressional_District" title="Illinois' 12th Congressional District">Illinois' 12th</a></td> <td>27.7%</td> <td>70.5%</td> <td>41.9%</td> <td>56.1% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Illinois%27_13th_Congressional_District" title="Illinois' 13th Congressional District">Illinois' 13th</a></td> <td>54.4%</td> <td>43.2%</td> <td>47.0%</td> <td>50.5% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Illinois%27_14th_Congressional_District" title="Illinois' 14th Congressional District">Illinois' 14th</a></td> <td>54.7%</td> <td>43.3%</td> <td>50.2%</td> <td>47.8% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Illinois%27_15th_Congressional_District" title="Illinois' 15th Congressional District">Illinois' 15th</a></td> <td>29.6%</td> <td>68.3%</td> <td>25.9%</td> <td>72.2% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Illinois%27_16th_Congressional_District" title="Illinois' 16th Congressional District">Illinois' 16th</a></td> <td>38.1%</td> <td>59.6%</td> <td>36.8%</td> <td>60.9% </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/Illinois%27_17th_Congressional_District" title="Illinois' 17th Congressional District">Illinois' 17th</a></td> <td>52.7%</td> <td>44.9%</td> <td>48.1%</td> <td>49.7% </td></tr></tbody></table> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Enacted_state_legislative_district_maps">Enacted state legislative district maps</span></h3> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/State_legislative_district_maps_implemented_after_the_2020_census" title="State legislative district maps implemented after the 2020 census">State legislative district maps implemented after the 2020 census</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>The Illinois State Legislature approved new state legislative maps in a special session on August 31, 2021. Gov. <a href="/J.B._Pritzker" title="J.B. Pritzker">J.B. Pritzker</a> (D) signed the new maps into law on September 24, 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-septmapexplain_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-septmapexplain-7">[7]</a></sup> These maps were revised versions of maps enacted on June 4, 2021, that the legislature based on non-census population estimates. Following the release of census data in August, the legislature reconvened to develop and approve a revised map. These maps were later subject to a <a href="/Redistricting_in_Illinois_after_the_2020_census#Court_challenges" title="Redistricting in Illinois after the 2020 census">federal lawsuit</a> that was decided on December 30, 2021, with the court upholding the maps enacted on September 24, 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a></sup> Learn more <a href="/Redistricting_in_Illinois_after_the_2020_census#Court_challenges" title="Redistricting in Illinois after the 2020 census">here</a>. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Redistricting_after_the_2010_census">Redistricting after the 2010 census</span></h3> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Redistricting_in_Illinois_after_the_2010_census" title="Redistricting in Illinois after the 2010 census">Redistricting in Illinois after the 2010 census</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Following the completion of the 2010 United States Census, Illinois lost one congressional seat. At the time of redistricting, Democrats held majorities in both chambers of the <a href="/Illinois_General_Assembly" title="Illinois General Assembly">state legislature</a>. On May 30, 2011, the <a href="/Illinois_House_of_Representatives" title="Illinois House of Representatives">Illinois House of Representatives</a> approved a congressional redistricting plan. The <a href="/Illinois_State_Senate" title="Illinois State Senate">Illinois State Senate</a> approved the plan on May 31, 2011, and Governor <a href="/Pat_Quinn" title="Pat Quinn">Pat Quinn</a> (<a href="/Democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Democrat">D</a>) signed it into law on June 24, 2011. Legal suits were filed challenging the new congressional district map, but these were all ultimately dismissed.<sup id="cite_ref-illinoisloyola_44-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-illinoisloyola-44">[44]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a></sup> </p><p>The state legislative redistricting plan was passed by the legislature on May 27, 2011. Quinn signed the map into law on June 3, 2011. As with the congressional map, lawsuits were filed challenging the new state legislative districts. These suits were ultimately dismissed.<sup id="cite_ref-illinoisloyola_44-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-illinoisloyola-44">[44]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="State_legislation_and_ballot_measures">State legislation and ballot measures</span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Redistricting_legislation">Redistricting legislation</span></h3> <dl><dd><a href="/File:DocumentIcon.jpg" class="image"><img alt="DocumentIcon.jpg" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/e/ea/DocumentIcon.jpg" decoding="async" width="13" height="18" data-file-width="13" data-file-height="18" /></a> <span style="color:#404040"><b>See <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs2.asp?ChapterID=3">state election laws</a></b></span></dd></dl> <p>The table below includes bills related to redistricting introduced during (or carried over to) the current session of the <a href="/Illinois_State_Legislature" class="mw-redirect" title="Illinois State Legislature">Illinois state legislature</a>. The following information is included for each bill: </p> <ul><li>State</li> <li>Bill number</li> <li>Official bill name or caption</li> <li>Most recent action date</li> <li>Legislative status</li> <li>Sponsor party</li> <li>Topics dealt with by the bill</li></ul> <p>Bills are organized by most recent action. The table displays up to 100 results. To view more bills, use the arrows in the upper-right corner. Clicking on a bill will open its page on <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://legislation.ballotpedia.org/elections/home">Ballotpedia's Election Administration Legislation Tracker</a>, which includes bill details and a summary. </p><p><iframe src="https://legislation.ballotpedia.org/elections/search?state=IL&category=Partisan%20gerrymandering&category=Redistricting&category=Redistricting%20commissions&category=Redistricting%20criteria%2Frequirements&category=Redistricting%20process&session=&page=1&embed=true" frameborder="1" height="500"></iframe> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Redistricting_ballot_measures">Redistricting ballot measures</span></h3> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Redistricting_measures_on_the_ballot" title="Redistricting measures on the ballot">Redistricting measures on the ballot</a> and <a href="/List_of_Illinois_ballot_measures" title="List of Illinois ballot measures">List of Illinois ballot measures</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Ballotpedia has tracked the following ballot measure(s) relating to redistricting in Illinois. </p> <ol><li><a href="/Illinois_Independent_Redistricting_Amendment_(2014)" title="Illinois Independent Redistricting Amendment (2014)">Illinois Independent Redistricting Amendment (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/Illinois_Senatorial_Apportionment_Amendment_(1954)" title="Illinois Senatorial Apportionment Amendment (1954)">Illinois Senatorial Apportionment Amendment (1954)</a></li></ol> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Political_impacts_of_redistricting">Political impacts of redistricting</span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Competitiveness">Competitiveness</span></h3> <p>There are conflicting opinions regarding the correlation between partisan gerrymandering and electoral competitiveness. In 2012, Jennifer Clark, a political science professor at the University of Houston, said, "The redistricting process has important consequences for voters. In some states, incumbent legislators work together to protect their own seats, which produces less competition in the political system. Voters may feel as though they do not have a meaningful alternative to the incumbent legislator. Legislators who lack competition in their districts have less incentive to adhere to their constituents’ opinions."<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a></sup> </p><p>In 2006, Emory University professor Alan Abramowitz and Ph.D. students Brad Alexander and Matthew Gunning wrote, "[Some] studies have concluded that redistricting has a neutral or positive effect on competition. ... [It] is often the case that partisan redistricting has the effect of reducing the safety of incumbents, thereby making elections more competitive."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></sup> </p><p>In 2011, James Cottrill, a professor of political science at Santa Clara University, published a study of the effect of non-legislative approaches (e.g., independent commissions, politician commissions) to redistricting on the competitiveness of congressional elections. Cottrill found that "particular types of [non-legislative approaches] encourage the appearance in congressional elections of experienced and well-financed challengers." Cottrill cautioned, however, that non-legislative approaches "contribute neither to decreased vote percentages when incumbents win elections nor to a greater probability of their defeat."<sup id="cite_ref-cottrill_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cottrill-57">[57]</a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, John Johnson, Research Fellow in the Lubar Center for Public Policy Research and Civic Education at Marquette University, reviewed the relationship between partisan gerrymandering and political geography in Wisconsin, a state where Republicans have controlled both chambers of the state legislature since 2010 while voting for the Democratic nominee in every presidential election but one since 1988. After analyzing state election results since 2000, Johnson wrote, "In 2000, 42% of Democrats and 36% of Republicans lived in a neighborhood that the other party won. Twenty years later, 43% of Democrats lived in a place Trump won, but just 28% of Republicans lived in a Biden-voting neighborhood. Today, Democrats are more likely than Republicans to live in both places where they are the overwhelming majority and places where they form a noncompetitive minority."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a></sup> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="State_legislatures_after_the_2010_redistricting_cycle">State legislatures after the 2010 redistricting cycle</span></h4> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>See also: <a href="/Margin_of_victory_in_state_legislative_elections_before_and_after_2010_census_redistricting" title="Margin of victory in state legislative elections before and after 2010 census redistricting">Margin of victory in state legislative elections</a></i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>In 2014, Ballotpedia conducted a study of competitive districts in 44 state legislative chambers between 2010, the last year in which district maps drawn after the 2000 census applied, and 2012, the first year in which district maps drawn after the 2010 census applied. Ballotpedia found that there were 61 fewer competitive general election contests in 2012 than in 2010. Of the 44 chambers studied, 25 experienced a net loss in the number of competitive elections. A total of 17 experienced a net increase. In total, 16.2 percent of the 3,842 legislative contests studied saw competitive general elections in 2010. In 2012, 14.6 percent of the contests studied saw competitive general elections. An election was considered competitive if it was won by a margin of victory of 5 percent or less. An election was considered mildly competitive if it was won by a margin of victory between 5 and 10 percent. For more information regarding this report, including methodology, see <a href="/Margin_of_victory_in_state_legislative_elections_before_and_after_2010_census_redistricting" title="Margin of victory in state legislative elections before and after 2010 census redistricting">this article</a>. </p><p>There were four competitive races in the <a href="/Illinois_House_of_Representatives" title="Illinois House of Representatives">Illinois House of Representatives</a> in 2012, the same as in 2010. There were two mildly competitive races for the state House in 2012, compared to six in 2010. This amounted to a net loss of four competitive races. </p><p><br /> </p> <div id="div-gpt-ad-1548351761485-0"><script>googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display("div-gpt-ad-1548351761485-0"); });</script></div><h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Recent_news">Recent news</span></h2> <p>The link below is to the most recent stories in a Google news search for the terms <b>Redistricting Illinois.</b> These results are automatically generated from Google. Ballotpedia does not curate or endorse these articles. </p> <div class="rss-feed"> <p><b><span style="font-size:135%"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://google.com/search?hl=en&gl=us&tbm=nws&q=Redistricting+Illinois&um=1&ie=UTF-8">Redistricting in Illinois - Google News</a></span></b> </p> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/United_States_census,_2020" title="United States census, 2020">United States census, 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/Redistricting_in_Illinois_after_the_2010_census" title="Redistricting in Illinois after the 2010 census">Redistricting in Illinois after the 2010 census</a></li> <li><a href="/Redistricting" title="Redistricting">Redistricting</a></li> <li><a href="/State-by-state_redistricting_procedures" title="State-by-state redistricting procedures">State-by-state redistricting procedures</a></li> <li><a href="/Majority-minority_districts" title="Majority-minority districts">Majority-minority districts</a></li> <li><a href="/State_Legislative_and_Congressional_Redistricting_after_the_2010_Census" title="State Legislative and Congressional Redistricting after the 2010 Census">State legislative and congressional redistricting after the 2010 census</a></li> <li><a href="/Margin_of_victory_in_state_legislative_elections_before_and_after_2010_census_redistricting" title="Margin of victory in state legislative elections before and after 2010 census redistricting">Margin of victory in state legislative elections before and after the 2010 census</a></li> <li><a href="/Margin_of_victory_analysis_for_the_2014_congressional_elections" title="Margin of victory analysis for the 2014 congressional elections">Margin of victory analysis for the 2014 congressional elections</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2> <ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://redistricting.lls.edu/index.php">All About Redistricting</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://davesredistricting.org/">Dave's Redistricting</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/redistricting-2022-maps/"><i>FiveThirtyEight</i>, "What Redistricting Looks Like In Every State"</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.ncsl.org/research/redistricting/redistricting-process.aspx"><i>National Conference of State Legislatures</i>, "Redistricting Process"</a></li> <li><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.fairvote.org/research-and-analysis/redistricting/"><i>FairVote</i>, "Redistricting"</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Footnotes">Footnotes</span></h2> <p> <script type="text/javascript"> if(document.getElementsByClassName("reference").length==0) if(document.getElementById('Footnotes')!==null) document.getElementById('Footnotes').parentNode.style.display = 'none'; </script> </p> <div class="references-small"><div class="mobile-columns" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-matter-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-matter_1-0">1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-matter_1-1">1.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://redistricting.lls.edu/why.php"><i>All About Redistricting</i>, "Why does it matter?" accessed April 8, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-indy-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-indy_2-0">2.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-indy_2-1">2.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-indy_2-2">2.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-indy_2-3">2.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.indyweek.com/indyweek/cracked-stacked-and-packed-initial-redistricting-maps-met-with-skepticism-and-dismay/Content?oid=2583046"><i>Indy Week</i>, "Cracked, stacked and packed: Initial redistricting maps met with skepticism and dismay," June 29, 2011</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-atlantic-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-atlantic_3-0">3.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-atlantic_3-1">3.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-atlantic_3-2">3.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-atlantic_3-3">3.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2013/06/how-the-voting-rights-act-hurts-democrats-and-minorities/276893/"><i>The Atlantic</i>, "How the Voting Rights Act Hurts Democrats and Minorities," June 17, 2013</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-naacp-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-naacp_4-0">4.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-naacp_4-1">4.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-naacp_4-2">4.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-naacp_4-3">4.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.redrawingthelines.org/majorityminoritydistricts"><i>Redrawing the Lines</i>, "The Role of Section 2 - Majority Minority Districts," accessed April 6, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-congress24-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-congress24_5-0">5.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-congress24_5-1">5.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-congress24_5-2">5.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/chicago-legislature-philanthropy-voting-rights-elections-f16c5d5a4abc34c13af39f82d6fa7b5d"><i>The Associated Press</i>, "Gov. Pritzker signs new Illinois congressional map into law," Nov. 24, 2021</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/politics/ct-illinois-legislature-congressional-map-20211028-wnmdd45i4nfnxlypkibvrvmini-story.html"><i>Chicago Tribune</i>, "Fourth version of a Democratic-drawn congressional map passed by legislators, heads to Pritzker," Oct. 29, 2021</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-septmapexplain-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-septmapexplain_7-0">7.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-septmapexplain_7-1">7.1</a></sup></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: Invalid <code><ref></code> tag; no text was provided for refs named <code>septmapexplain</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.news-journal.com/court-upholds-illinois-legislative-redistricting-plan/article_3da444f4-4005-590a-835b-05520fbf9e8c.html#1"><i>Longview News-Journal</i>, "Court upholds Illinois legislative redistricting plan," Jan. 4, 2021</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.heritage.org/constitution/#!/articles/1/essays/19/election-regulations"><i>The Heritage Guide to the Constitution</i>, "Election Regulations," accessed April 13, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.brookings.edu/research/interviews/2011/03/22-redistricting-mann"><i>Brookings</i>, "Redistricting and the United States Constitution," March 22, 2011</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-quotedisclaimer-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_11-0">11.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-quotedisclaimer_11-1">11.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Note: This text is quoted verbatim from the original source. Any inconsistencies are attributable to the original source.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brennan_report-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-brennan_report_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.brennancenter.org/sites/default/files/legacy/CGR%20Reprint%20Single%20Page.pdf"><i>Brennan Center for Justice</i>, "A Citizen's Guide to Redistricting," accessed March 25, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CDOC-110hdoc50/pdf/CDOC-110hdoc50.pdf"><i>The Constitution of the United States of America</i>, "Article 1, Section 2," accessed March 25, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-where-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-where_14-0">14.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-where_14-1">14.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-where_14-2">14.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-where_14-3">14.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-where_14-4">14.4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-where_14-5">14.5</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-where_14-6">14.6</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://redistricting.lls.edu/where.php"><i>All About Redistricting</i>, "Where are the lines drawn?" accessed April 9, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fairvotedefinitions-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-fairvotedefinitions_15-0">15.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-fairvotedefinitions_15-1">15.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-fairvotedefinitions_15-2">15.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-fairvotedefinitions_15-3">15.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.fairvote.org/research-and-analysis/redistricting/redistricting-glossary/"><i>FairVote</i>, "Redistricting Glossary," accessed April 9, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://redistricting.lls.edu/who.php"><i>All About Redistricting</i>, "Who draws the lines?" accessed June 19, 2017</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brittanica-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-brittanica_17-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/231865/gerrymandering"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>, "Gerrymandering," November 4, 2014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-crsreport-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-crsreport_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R42482.pdf"><i>Congressional Research Service</i>, "Congressional Redistricting and the Voting Rights Act: A Legal Overview," April 13, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/supreme-court-to-consider-limits-on-partisan-drawing-of-election-maps-1497881169"><i>The Wall Street Journal</i>, "Supreme Court to Consider Limits on Partisan Drawing of Election Maps," June 19, 2017</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/courts_law/supreme-court-to-hear-potentially-landmark-case-on-partisan-gerrymandering/2017/06/19/d525237e-5435-11e7-b38e-35fd8e0c288f_story.html"><i>The Washington Post</i>, "Supreme Court to hear potentially landmark case on partisan gerrymandering," June 19, 2017</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3judgeorder-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3judgeorder_21-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://vhdshf2oms2wcnsvk7sdv3so.blob.core.windows.net/thearp-media/documents/Findings_of_Fact_and_Conclusions_of_Law_1.6.23.pdf"><i>United States District Court for the District of South Carolina, Columbia Division</i>, "South Carolina State Conference of the NAACP, et al. v. Alexander," January 6, 2023</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/DocketPDF/22/22-807/255411/20230223140724315_Alexander%20v.%20S.C.%20State%20Conference%20of%20the%20NAACP%20-%20Jurisdictional%20Statement.pdf"><i>Supreme Court of the United States</i>, "Alexander, et al. v. The South Carolina State Conference of the NAACP, et al.," February 17, 2023</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/alexander-v-south-carolina-state-conference-of-the-naacp/"><i>SCOTUSblog</i>, "Alexander v. South Carolina State Conference of the NAACP," accessed July 21, 2023</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sbart-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-sbart_24-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.scotusblog.com/2022/06/justices-will-hear-case-that-tests-power-of-state-legislatures-to-set-rules-for-federal-elections/"><i>SCOTUSblog</i>, "Justices will hear case that tests power of state legislatures to set rules for federal elections," June 30, 2022</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/22pdf/21-1271_3f14.pdf"><i>U.S. Supreme Court</i>, “Moore, in his Official Capacity as Speaker of The North Carolina House of Representatives, et al. v. Harper et al.," "Certiorari to the Supreme Court of North Carolina,” accessed June 16, 2023</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.scotusblog.com/2023/06/supreme-court-upholds-section-2-of-voting-rights-act/"><i>SCOTUSblog.org</i>, "Supreme Court upholds Section 2 of Voting Rights Act," June 8, 2023</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gillopinion-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-gillopinion_27-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/17pdf/16-1161_dc8f.pdf"><i>Supreme Court of the United States</i>, "Gill v. Whitford: Decision," June 18, 2018</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://electionlawblog.org/?p=83858&utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+electionlawblog%2FuqCP+%28Election+Law%29"><i>Election Law Blog</i>, "Breaking: SCOTUS to Hear NC Racial Gerrymandering Case," accessed June 27, 2016</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://ballot-access.org/2016/06/27/u-s-supreme-court-accepts-another-racial-gerrymandering-case-2/"><i>Ballot Access News</i>, "U.S. Supreme Court Accepts Another Racial Gerrymandering Case," accessed June 28, 2016</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cooperharris-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-cooperharris_30-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/16pdf/15-1262_db8e.pdf"><i>Supreme Court of the United States</i>, "Cooper v. Harris: Decision," May 22, 2017</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wapost-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-wapost_31-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/courts_law/supreme-court-to-hear-texas-redistricting-case/2015/05/26/ab0c9c80-03b4-11e5-8bda-c7b4e9a8f7ac_story.html"><i>The Washington Post</i>, "Supreme Court to hear challenge to Texas redistricting plan," May 26, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-nytimes_32-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2015/05/27/us/supreme-court-to-weigh-meaning-of-one-person-one-vote.html?_r=0"><i>The New York Times</i>, "Supreme Court Agrees to Settle Meaning of ‘One Person One Vote,'" May 26, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scotusblog-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-scotusblog_33-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.scotusblog.com/case-files/cases/evenwel-v-abbott/"><i>SCOTUSblog</i>, "Evenwel v. Abbott," accessed May 27, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ap-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ap_34-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://bigstory.ap.org/article/41a853cfcc5a4a2bb0acb0f35deb76db/supreme-court-hear-texas-senate-districts-case"><i>Associated Press</i>, "Supreme Court to hear Texas Senate districts case," May 26, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scotusblogcommentary-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-scotusblogcommentary_35-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.scotusblog.com/2015/07/the-new-look-at-one-person-one-vote-made-simple/"><i>SCOTUSblog</i>, "The new look at 'one person, one vote,' made simple," July 27, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brief-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-brief_36-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/publications/supreme_court_preview/briefs_2015_2016/14-232_appellant.authcheckdam.pdf"><i>Supreme Court of the United States</i>, "Harris v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission: Brief for Appellants," accessed December 14, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-opinionharris-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-opinionharris_37-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/15pdf/14-232_ihdj.pdf"><i>Supreme Court of the United States</i>, "Harris v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission," April 20, 2016</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes2-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-nytimes2_38-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/03/us/politics/justices-show-skepticism-on-independent-redistricting-panel.html?_r=1"><i>The New York Times</i>, "Court Skeptical of Arizona Plan for Less-Partisan Congressional Redistricting," March 2, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-atlanticseptember-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-atlanticseptember_39-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2014/09/can-the-voters-take-politics-out-of-redistricting/380150/"><i>The Atlantic</i>, "Will the Supreme Court Let Arizona Fight Gerrymandering?" September 15, 2014</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-opinionarizona-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-opinionarizona_40-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/14pdf/13-1314_kjfl.pdf"><i>United States Supreme Court</i>, "Arizona State Legislature v. Arizona Independent Redistricting Commission: Opinion of the Court," June 29, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimesupheld-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-nytimesupheld_41-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/30/us/supreme-court-upholds-creation-of-arizona-redistricting-commission.html?_r=0"><i>The New York Times</i>, "Supreme Court Upholds Creation of Arizona Redistricting Commission," June 29, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/voting_rights_1965.asp"><i>Yale Law School, The Avalon Project</i>, "Voting Rights Act of 1965; August 6, 1965," accessed April 6, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-loyola_who-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-loyola_who_43-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://redistricting.lls.edu/who.php"><i>All About Redistricting</i>, "Who draws the lines?" accessed March 25, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-illinoisloyola-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-illinoisloyola_44-0">44.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-illinoisloyola_44-1">44.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-illinoisloyola_44-2">44.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-illinoisloyola_44-3">44.3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-illinoisloyola_44-4">44.4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-illinoisloyola_44-5">44.5</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://redistricting.lls.edu/states-IL.php#institution"><i>All About Redistricting</i>, "Illinois," accessed April 16, 2015</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2021/2020-census-apportionment-results.html"><i>United States Census Bureau</i>, "2020 Census Apportionment Results Delivered to the President," April 26, 2021</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/politics/ct-illinois-legislature-congressional-map-20211028-wnmdd45i4nfnxlypkibvrvmini-story.html"><i>Chicago Tribune</i>, "Fourth version of a Democratic-drawn congressional map passed by legislators, heads to Pritzker," Oct. 29, 2021</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-apfinal29-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-apfinal29_47-0">47.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-apfinal29_47-1">47.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-apfinal29_47-2">47.2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/elections-race-and-ethnicity-philanthropy-barack-obama-state-governments-7ac63c487406b020e050b3c6862b24b1"><i>Associated Press</i>, "Illinois Dems embrace gerrymandering in fight for US House," Oct. 29, 2021</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.wbez.org/stories/new-illinois-congressional-map-passed/8c54faaf-017a-4420-813e-96200c85b2b6"><i>WBEZ</i>, "Illinois Democrats’ new congressional map expands their power, but snubs one of their own," Oct. 29, 2021</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ctcongmap29-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ctcongmap29_49-0">↑</a></span> <span class="error mw-ext-cite-error" lang="en" dir="ltr">Cite error: Invalid <code><ref></code> tag; no text was provided for refs named <code>ctcongmap29</code></span></li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Political predecessor districts are determined primarily based on incumbents and where each chose to seek re-election.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1IfZ8OVWXVpdAvxZtTaDIA2HEN6DtN-H0I0J2KcdxRi4/edit#gid=1871835782"><i>Daily Kos Elections</i>, "Daily Kos Elections 2020 presidential results by congressional district (old CDs vs. new CDs)," accessed May 12, 2022</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://www.news-journal.com/court-upholds-illinois-legislative-redistricting-plan/article_3da444f4-4005-590a-835b-05520fbf9e8c.html#1"><i>Longview News-Journal</i>, "Court upholds Illinois legislative redistricting plan," Jan. 4, 2021</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/06/24/illinois-redistricting-qu_n_884067.html"><i>The Huffington Post</i>, "Illinois Redistricting: Quinn Signs Plan To Add Democratic Seats," June 24, 2011</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2011/05/31/illinois-redistricting-de_n_869342.html"><i>The Huffington Post</i>, "Illinois Redistricting: Democrat-Backed Maps Head To Quinn's Desk, Threaten Republican Gains," May 31, 2011</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-55">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/2/http://thedailycougar.com/2012/10/16/redistricting-will-affect-november-election/"><i>The Daily Cougar</i>, "Redistricting will affect November election," October 16, 2012</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-56">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/2/http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.177.798&rep=rep1&type=pdf"><i>The Journal of Politics</i>, "Incumbency, Redistricting, and the Decline of Competition in U.S. House Elections," February 2006</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cottrill-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-cottrill_57-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="http://www.palgrave-journals.com/polity/journal/v44/n1/full/pol201114a.html"><i>Polity</i>, "The Effects of Non-Legislative Approaches to Redistricting on Competition in Congressional Elections," October 3, 2011</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://law.marquette.edu/facultyblog/2021/02/why-do-republicans-overperform-in-the-wisconsin-state-assembly-partisan-gerrymandering-vs-political-geography/"><i>Marquette University Law School Faculty Blog</i>, "Why Do Republicans Overperform in the Wisconsin State Assembly? Partisan Gerrymandering Vs. Political Geography," February 11, 2021</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div></div> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=";"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";background:#F8F8F8;" colspan="3" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:xx-small; ;background:#F8F8F8;;border:none;;"><a href="/Template:New_election_policy_HNT" title="Template:New election policy HNT"><span title="View this template" style=";background:#F8F8F8;;border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://ballotpedia.org/wiki/index.php?title=Template:New_election_policy_HNT&action=edit"><span style="color:#002bb8;;background:#F8F8F8;;border:none;;" title="You can edit this template. Please use the preview button before saving.">e</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;"><big><a href="/Election_Policy" title="Election Policy">Election policy</a></big></span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#F8F8F8;;"><b>Election legislation</b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://legislation.ballotpedia.org/elections/home">Ballotpedia's Election Administration Legislation Tracker</a> • <a href="/Election_legislation_tracking:_weekly_digest" class="mw-redirect" title="Election legislation tracking: weekly digest">Election legislation tracking: weekly digest</a> • <a href="/User:Jerrick_Adams/Election_legislation_tracking:_list_of_sub-topics" title="User:Jerrick Adams/Election 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href="/Election_legislation_tracking:_Voter_registration" title="Election legislation tracking: Voter registration">Voter registration</a><hr style="background-color:#A0A0A0;" /></div></td><td style="width:1%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;padding-left:0.5em;" rowspan="21"><a href="/Energy_Policy" title="Energy Policy"><img alt="Election Policy on Ballotpedia Logo.png" src="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/2/25/Election_Policy_on_Ballotpedia_Logo.png/220px-Election_Policy_on_Ballotpedia_Logo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="95" srcset="https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/2/25/Election_Policy_on_Ballotpedia_Logo.png/330px-Election_Policy_on_Ballotpedia_Logo.png 1.5x, https://ballotpedia.s3.amazonaws.com/images/thumb/2/25/Election_Policy_on_Ballotpedia_Logo.png/440px-Election_Policy_on_Ballotpedia_Logo.png 2x" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="300" /></a></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#F8F8F8;;"><b>Election administration</b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Election_administration_in_Alabama" title="Election administration in Alabama">Alabama</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Alaska" title="Election administration in Alaska">Alaska</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Arizona" title="Election administration in Arizona">Arizona</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Arkansas" title="Election administration in Arkansas">Arkansas</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_California" title="Election administration in California">California</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Colorado" title="Election administration in Colorado">Colorado</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Connecticut" title="Election administration in Connecticut">Connecticut</a> • <a 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Kentucky">Kentucky</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Louisiana" title="Election administration in Louisiana">Louisiana</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Maine" title="Election administration in Maine">Maine</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Maryland" title="Election administration in Maryland">Maryland</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Massachusetts" title="Election administration in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Michigan" title="Election administration in Michigan">Michigan</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Minnesota" title="Election administration in Minnesota">Minnesota</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Mississippi" title="Election administration in Mississippi">Mississippi</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Missouri" title="Election administration in Missouri">Missouri</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Montana" title="Election administration in Montana">Montana</a> • <a 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href="/Election_administration_in_Vermont" title="Election administration in Vermont">Vermont</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Virginia" title="Election administration in Virginia">Virginia</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Washington" title="Election administration in Washington">Washington</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Washington,_D.C." title="Election administration in Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_West_Virginia" title="Election administration in West Virginia">West Virginia</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Wisconsin" title="Election administration in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> • <a href="/Election_administration_in_Wyoming" title="Election administration in Wyoming">Wyoming</a><hr style="background-color:#A0A0A0;" /></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#F8F8F8;;"><b>Voting policy</b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Voting_in_Alabama" title="Voting in Alabama">Alabama</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Alaska" title="Voting in Alaska">Alaska</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Arizona" title="Voting in Arizona">Arizona</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Arkansas" title="Voting in Arkansas">Arkansas</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_California" title="Voting in California">California</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Colorado" title="Voting in Colorado">Colorado</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Connecticut" title="Voting in Connecticut">Connecticut</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Delaware" title="Voting in Delaware">Delaware</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Florida" title="Voting in Florida">Florida</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Georgia" title="Voting in Georgia">Georgia</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Hawaii" title="Voting in Hawaii">Hawaii</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Idaho" title="Voting in Idaho">Idaho</a> • <a 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• <a href="/Voting_in_Nebraska" title="Voting in Nebraska">Nebraska</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Nevada" title="Voting in Nevada">Nevada</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_New_Hampshire" title="Voting in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_New_Jersey" title="Voting in New Jersey">New Jersey</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_New_Mexico" title="Voting in New Mexico">New Mexico</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_New_York" title="Voting in New York">New York</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_North_Carolina" title="Voting in North Carolina">North Carolina</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_North_Dakota" title="Voting in North Dakota">North Dakota</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Ohio" title="Voting in Ohio">Ohio</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Oklahoma" title="Voting in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Oregon" title="Voting in Oregon">Oregon</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Pennsylvania" title="Voting in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Rhode_Island" title="Voting in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_South_Carolina" title="Voting in South Carolina">South Carolina</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_South_Dakota" title="Voting in South Dakota">South Dakota</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Tennessee" title="Voting in Tennessee">Tennessee</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Texas" title="Voting in Texas">Texas</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Utah" title="Voting in Utah">Utah</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Vermont" title="Voting in Vermont">Vermont</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Virginia" title="Voting in Virginia">Virginia</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Washington" title="Voting in Washington">Washington</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_West_Virginia" title="Voting in West Virginia">West Virginia</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Wisconsin" title="Voting in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> • <a href="/Voting_in_Wyoming" title="Voting in Wyoming">Wyoming</a><hr style="background-color:#A0A0A0;" /></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#F8F8F8;;"><b><a href="/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Electoral systems policy</a></b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Alabama" title="Electoral systems in Alabama">Alabama</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Alaska" title="Electoral systems in Alaska">Alaska</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Arizona" title="Electoral systems in Arizona">Arizona</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Arkansas" title="Electoral systems in Arkansas">Arkansas</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_California" title="Electoral systems in California">California</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Colorado" title="Electoral systems in Colorado">Colorado</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Connecticut" title="Electoral systems in Connecticut">Connecticut</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Delaware" title="Electoral systems in Delaware">Delaware</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Florida" title="Electoral systems in Florida">Florida</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Georgia" title="Electoral systems in Georgia">Georgia</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Hawaii" title="Electoral systems in Hawaii">Hawaii</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Idaho" title="Electoral systems in Idaho">Idaho</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Illinois" title="Electoral systems in Illinois">Illinois</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Indiana" title="Electoral systems in Indiana">Indiana</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Iowa" title="Electoral systems in Iowa">Iowa</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Kansas" title="Electoral systems in Kansas">Kansas</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Kentucky" title="Electoral systems in Kentucky">Kentucky</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Louisiana" title="Electoral systems in Louisiana">Louisiana</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Maine" title="Electoral systems in Maine">Maine</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Maryland" title="Electoral systems in Maryland">Maryland</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Massachusetts" title="Electoral systems in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Michigan" title="Electoral systems in Michigan">Michigan</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Minnesota" title="Electoral systems in Minnesota">Minnesota</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Mississippi" title="Electoral systems in Mississippi">Mississippi</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Missouri" title="Electoral systems in Missouri">Missouri</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Montana" title="Electoral systems in Montana">Montana</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Nebraska" title="Electoral systems in Nebraska">Nebraska</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Nevada" title="Electoral systems in Nevada">Nevada</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_New_Hampshire" title="Electoral systems in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_New_Jersey" title="Electoral systems in New Jersey">New Jersey</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_New_Mexico" title="Electoral systems in New Mexico">New Mexico</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_New_York" title="Electoral systems in New York">New York</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_North_Carolina" title="Electoral systems in North Carolina">North Carolina</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_North_Dakota" title="Electoral systems in North Dakota">North Dakota</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Ohio" title="Electoral systems in Ohio">Ohio</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Oklahoma" title="Electoral systems in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Oregon" title="Electoral systems in Oregon">Oregon</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Pennsylvania" title="Electoral systems in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Rhode_Island" title="Electoral systems in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_South_Carolina" title="Electoral systems in South Carolina">South Carolina</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_South_Dakota" title="Electoral systems in South Dakota">South Dakota</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Tennessee" title="Electoral systems in Tennessee">Tennessee</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Texas" title="Electoral systems in Texas">Texas</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Utah" title="Electoral systems in Utah">Utah</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Vermont" title="Electoral systems in Vermont">Vermont</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Virginia" title="Electoral systems in Virginia">Virginia</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Washington" title="Electoral systems in Washington">Washington</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_West_Virginia" title="Electoral systems in West Virginia">West Virginia</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Wisconsin" title="Electoral systems in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> • <a href="/Electoral_systems_in_Wyoming" title="Electoral systems in Wyoming">Wyoming</a><hr style="background-color:#A0A0A0;" /></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#F8F8F8;;"><b><a href="/Primary_election" title="Primary election">Primary elections policy</a></b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Primary_elections_in_Alabama" title="Primary elections in Alabama">Alabama</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Alaska" title="Primary elections in Alaska">Alaska</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Arizona" title="Primary elections in Arizona">Arizona</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Arkansas" title="Primary elections in Arkansas">Arkansas</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_California" title="Primary elections in California">California</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Colorado" title="Primary elections in Colorado">Colorado</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Connecticut" title="Primary elections in Connecticut">Connecticut</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Delaware" title="Primary elections in Delaware">Delaware</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Florida" title="Primary elections in Florida">Florida</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Georgia" title="Primary elections in Georgia">Georgia</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Hawaii" title="Primary elections in Hawaii">Hawaii</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Idaho" title="Primary elections in Idaho">Idaho</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Illinois" title="Primary elections in Illinois">Illinois</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Indiana" title="Primary elections in Indiana">Indiana</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Iowa" title="Primary elections in Iowa">Iowa</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Kansas" title="Primary elections in Kansas">Kansas</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Kentucky" title="Primary elections in Kentucky">Kentucky</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Louisiana" title="Primary elections in Louisiana">Louisiana</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Maine" title="Primary elections in Maine">Maine</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Maryland" title="Primary elections in Maryland">Maryland</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Massachusetts" title="Primary elections in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Michigan" title="Primary elections in Michigan">Michigan</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Minnesota" title="Primary elections in Minnesota">Minnesota</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Mississippi" title="Primary elections in Mississippi">Mississippi</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Missouri" title="Primary elections in Missouri">Missouri</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Montana" title="Primary elections in Montana">Montana</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Nebraska" title="Primary elections in Nebraska">Nebraska</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Nevada" title="Primary elections in Nevada">Nevada</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_New_Hampshire" title="Primary elections in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_New_Jersey" title="Primary elections in New Jersey">New Jersey</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_New_Mexico" title="Primary elections in New Mexico">New Mexico</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_New_York" title="Primary elections in New York">New York</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_North_Carolina" title="Primary elections in North Carolina">North Carolina</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_North_Dakota" title="Primary elections in North Dakota">North Dakota</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Ohio" title="Primary elections in Ohio">Ohio</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Oklahoma" title="Primary elections in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Oregon" title="Primary elections in Oregon">Oregon</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Pennsylvania" title="Primary elections in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Rhode_Island" title="Primary elections in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_South_Carolina" title="Primary elections in South Carolina">South Carolina</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_South_Dakota" title="Primary elections in South Dakota">South Dakota</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Tennessee" title="Primary elections in Tennessee">Tennessee</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Texas" title="Primary elections in Texas">Texas</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Utah" title="Primary elections in Utah">Utah</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Vermont" title="Primary elections in Vermont">Vermont</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Virginia" title="Primary elections in Virginia">Virginia</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Washington" title="Primary elections in Washington">Washington</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_West_Virginia" title="Primary elections in West Virginia">West Virginia</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Wisconsin" title="Primary elections in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> • <a href="/Primary_elections_in_Wyoming" title="Primary elections in Wyoming">Wyoming</a><hr style="background-color:#A0A0A0;" /></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#F8F8F8;;"><b><a href="/Redistricting" title="Redistricting">Redistricting policy</a></b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Redistricting_in_Alabama" title="Redistricting in Alabama">Alabama</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Alaska" title="Redistricting in Alaska">Alaska</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Arizona" title="Redistricting in Arizona">Arizona</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Arkansas" title="Redistricting in Arkansas">Arkansas</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_California" title="Redistricting in California">California</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Colorado" title="Redistricting in Colorado">Colorado</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Connecticut" title="Redistricting in Connecticut">Connecticut</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Delaware" title="Redistricting in Delaware">Delaware</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Florida" title="Redistricting in Florida">Florida</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Georgia" title="Redistricting in Georgia">Georgia</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Hawaii" title="Redistricting in Hawaii">Hawaii</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Idaho" title="Redistricting in Idaho">Idaho</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Illinois</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Indiana" title="Redistricting in Indiana">Indiana</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Iowa" title="Redistricting in Iowa">Iowa</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Kansas" title="Redistricting in Kansas">Kansas</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Kentucky" title="Redistricting in Kentucky">Kentucky</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Louisiana" title="Redistricting in Louisiana">Louisiana</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Maine" title="Redistricting in Maine">Maine</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Maryland" title="Redistricting in Maryland">Maryland</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Massachusetts" title="Redistricting in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Michigan" title="Redistricting in Michigan">Michigan</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Minnesota" title="Redistricting in Minnesota">Minnesota</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Mississippi" title="Redistricting in Mississippi">Mississippi</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Missouri" title="Redistricting in Missouri">Missouri</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Montana" title="Redistricting in Montana">Montana</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Nebraska" title="Redistricting in Nebraska">Nebraska</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Nevada" title="Redistricting in Nevada">Nevada</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_New_Hampshire" title="Redistricting in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_New_Jersey" title="Redistricting in New Jersey">New Jersey</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_New_Mexico" title="Redistricting in New Mexico">New Mexico</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_New_York" title="Redistricting in New York">New York</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_North_Carolina" title="Redistricting in North Carolina">North Carolina</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_North_Dakota" title="Redistricting in North Dakota">North Dakota</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Ohio" title="Redistricting in Ohio">Ohio</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Oklahoma" title="Redistricting in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Oregon" title="Redistricting in Oregon">Oregon</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Pennsylvania" title="Redistricting in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Rhode_Island" title="Redistricting in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_South_Carolina" title="Redistricting in South Carolina">South Carolina</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_South_Dakota" title="Redistricting in South Dakota">South Dakota</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Tennessee" title="Redistricting in Tennessee">Tennessee</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Texas" title="Redistricting in Texas">Texas</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Utah" title="Redistricting in Utah">Utah</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Vermont" title="Redistricting in Vermont">Vermont</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Virginia" title="Redistricting in Virginia">Virginia</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Washington" title="Redistricting in Washington">Washington</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_West_Virginia" title="Redistricting in West Virginia">West Virginia</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Wisconsin" title="Redistricting in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> • <a href="/Redistricting_in_Wyoming" title="Redistricting in Wyoming">Wyoming</a><hr style="background-color:#A0A0A0;" /></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#F8F8F8;;"><b><a href="/Election_recount_laws_and_procedures_in_the_50_states" title="Election recount laws and procedures in the 50 states">Recount laws</a></b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Recount_laws_in_Alabama" title="Recount laws in Alabama">Alabama</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Alaska" title="Recount laws in Alaska">Alaska</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Arizona" title="Recount laws in Arizona">Arizona</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Arkansas" title="Recount laws in Arkansas">Arkansas</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_California" title="Recount laws in California">California</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Colorado" title="Recount laws in Colorado">Colorado</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Connecticut" title="Recount laws in Connecticut">Connecticut</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Delaware" title="Recount laws in Delaware">Delaware</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Florida" title="Recount laws in Florida">Florida</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Georgia" title="Recount laws in Georgia">Georgia</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Hawaii" title="Recount laws in Hawaii">Hawaii</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Idaho" title="Recount laws in Idaho">Idaho</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Illinois" title="Recount laws in Illinois">Illinois</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Indiana" title="Recount laws in Indiana">Indiana</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Iowa" title="Recount laws in Iowa">Iowa</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Kansas" title="Recount laws in Kansas">Kansas</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Kentucky" title="Recount laws in Kentucky">Kentucky</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Louisiana" title="Recount laws in Louisiana">Louisiana</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Maine" title="Recount laws in Maine">Maine</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Maryland" title="Recount laws in Maryland">Maryland</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Massachusetts" title="Recount laws in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Michigan" title="Recount laws in Michigan">Michigan</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Minnesota" title="Recount laws in Minnesota">Minnesota</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Mississippi" title="Recount laws in Mississippi">Mississippi</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Missouri" title="Recount laws in Missouri">Missouri</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Montana" title="Recount laws in Montana">Montana</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Nebraska" title="Recount laws in Nebraska">Nebraska</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Nevada" title="Recount laws in Nevada">Nevada</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_New_Hampshire" title="Recount laws in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_New_Jersey" title="Recount laws in New Jersey">New Jersey</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_New_Mexico" title="Recount laws in New Mexico">New Mexico</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_New_York" title="Recount laws in New York">New York</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_North_Carolina" title="Recount laws in North Carolina">North Carolina</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_North_Dakota" title="Recount laws in North Dakota">North Dakota</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Ohio" title="Recount laws in Ohio">Ohio</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Oklahoma" title="Recount laws in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Oregon" title="Recount laws in Oregon">Oregon</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Pennsylvania" title="Recount laws in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Rhode_Island" title="Recount laws in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_South_Carolina" title="Recount laws in South Carolina">South Carolina</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_South_Dakota" title="Recount laws in South Dakota">South Dakota</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Tennessee" title="Recount laws in Tennessee">Tennessee</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Texas" title="Recount laws in Texas">Texas</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Utah" title="Recount laws in Utah">Utah</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Vermont" title="Recount laws in Vermont">Vermont</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Virginia" title="Recount laws in Virginia">Virginia</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Washington" title="Recount laws in Washington">Washington</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_West_Virginia" title="Recount laws in West Virginia">West Virginia</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Wisconsin" title="Recount laws in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> • <a href="/Recount_laws_in_Wyoming" title="Recount laws in Wyoming">Wyoming</a><hr style="background-color:#A0A0A0;" /></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#F8F8F8;;"><b><a href="/Ballot_access" title="Ballot access">Ballot access for<br />political candidates</a></b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Alabama" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Alabama">Alabama</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Alaska" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Alaska">Alaska</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Arizona" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Arizona">Arizona</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Arkansas" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Arkansas">Arkansas</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_California" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in California">California</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Colorado" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Colorado">Colorado</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Connecticut" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Connecticut">Connecticut</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Delaware" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Delaware">Delaware</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Florida" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Florida">Florida</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Georgia" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Georgia">Georgia</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Hawaii" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Hawaii">Hawaii</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Idaho" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Idaho">Idaho</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Illinois" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Illinois">Illinois</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Indiana" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Indiana">Indiana</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Iowa" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Iowa">Iowa</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Kansas" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Kansas">Kansas</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Kentucky" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Kentucky">Kentucky</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Louisiana" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Louisiana">Louisiana</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Maine" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Maine">Maine</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Maryland" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Maryland">Maryland</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Massachusetts" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Michigan" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Michigan">Michigan</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Minnesota" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Minnesota">Minnesota</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Mississippi" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Mississippi">Mississippi</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Missouri" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Missouri">Missouri</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Montana" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Montana">Montana</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Nebraska" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Nebraska">Nebraska</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Nevada" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Nevada">Nevada</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_New_Hampshire" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_New_Jersey" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in New Jersey">New Jersey</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_New_Mexico" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in New Mexico">New Mexico</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_New_York" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in New York">New York</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_North_Carolina" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in North Carolina">North Carolina</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_North_Dakota" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in North Dakota">North Dakota</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Ohio" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Ohio">Ohio</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Oklahoma" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Oregon" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Oregon">Oregon</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Pennsylvania" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Rhode_Island" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_South_Carolina" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in South Carolina">South Carolina</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_South_Dakota" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in South Dakota">South Dakota</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Tennessee" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Tennessee">Tennessee</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Texas" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Texas">Texas</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Utah" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Utah">Utah</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Vermont" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Vermont">Vermont</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Virginia" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Virginia">Virginia</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Washington" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Washington">Washington</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_West_Virginia" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in West Virginia">West Virginia</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Wisconsin" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_candidates_in_Wyoming" title="Ballot access requirements for political candidates in Wyoming">Wyoming</a><hr style="background-color:#A0A0A0;" /></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#F8F8F8;;"><b><a href="/Ballot_access_for_presidential_candidates" title="Ballot access for presidential candidates">Ballot access for<br />presidential candidates</a></b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Alabama" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Alabama">Alabama</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Alaska" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Alaska">Alaska</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Arizona" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Arizona">Arizona</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Arkansas" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Arkansas">Arkansas</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_California" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in California">California</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Colorado" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Colorado">Colorado</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Connecticut" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Connecticut">Connecticut</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Delaware" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Delaware">Delaware</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Florida" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Florida">Florida</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Georgia" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Georgia">Georgia</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Hawaii" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Hawaii">Hawaii</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Idaho" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Idaho">Idaho</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Illinois" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Illinois">Illinois</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Indiana" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Indiana">Indiana</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Iowa" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Iowa">Iowa</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Kansas" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Kansas">Kansas</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Kentucky" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Kentucky">Kentucky</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Louisiana" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Louisiana">Louisiana</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Maine" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Maine">Maine</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Maryland" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Maryland">Maryland</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Massachusetts" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Michigan" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Michigan">Michigan</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Minnesota" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Minnesota">Minnesota</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Mississippi" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Mississippi">Mississippi</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Missouri" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Missouri">Missouri</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Montana" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Montana">Montana</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Nebraska" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Nebraska">Nebraska</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Nevada" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Nevada">Nevada</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_New_Hampshire" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_New_Jersey" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in New Jersey">New Jersey</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_New_Mexico" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in New Mexico">New Mexico</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_New_York" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in New York">New York</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_North_Carolina" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in North Carolina">North Carolina</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_North_Dakota" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in North Dakota">North Dakota</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Ohio" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Ohio">Ohio</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Oklahoma" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Oregon" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Oregon">Oregon</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Pennsylvania" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Rhode_Island" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_South_Carolina" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in South Carolina">South Carolina</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_South_Dakota" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in South Dakota">South Dakota</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Tennessee" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Tennessee">Tennessee</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Texas" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Texas">Texas</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Utah" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Utah">Utah</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Vermont" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Vermont">Vermont</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Virginia" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Virginia">Virginia</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Washington" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Washington">Washington</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_West_Virginia" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in West Virginia">West Virginia</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Wisconsin" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_presidential_candidates_in_Wyoming" title="Ballot access requirements for presidential candidates in Wyoming">Wyoming</a><hr style="background-color:#A0A0A0;" /></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#F8F8F8;;"><b><a href="/List_of_political_parties_in_the_United_States" title="List of political parties in the United States">Ballot access for<br />political parties</a></b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Alabama" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Alabama">Alabama</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Alaska" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Alaska">Alaska</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Arizona" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Arizona">Arizona</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Arkansas" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Arkansas">Arkansas</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_California" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in California">California</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Colorado" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Colorado">Colorado</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Connecticut" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Connecticut">Connecticut</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Delaware" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Delaware">Delaware</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Florida" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Florida">Florida</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Georgia" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Georgia">Georgia</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Hawaii" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Hawaii">Hawaii</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Idaho" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Idaho">Idaho</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Illinois" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Illinois">Illinois</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Indiana" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Indiana">Indiana</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Iowa" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Iowa">Iowa</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Kansas" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Kansas">Kansas</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Kentucky" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Kentucky">Kentucky</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Louisiana" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Louisiana">Louisiana</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Maine" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Maine">Maine</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Maryland" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Maryland">Maryland</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Massachusetts" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Michigan" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Michigan">Michigan</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Minnesota" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Minnesota">Minnesota</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Mississippi" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Mississippi">Mississippi</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Missouri" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Missouri">Missouri</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Montana" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Montana">Montana</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Nebraska" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Nebraska">Nebraska</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Nevada" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Nevada">Nevada</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_New_Hampshire" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_New_Jersey" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in New Jersey">New Jersey</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_New_Mexico" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in New Mexico">New Mexico</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_New_York" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in New York">New York</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_North_Carolina" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in North Carolina">North Carolina</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_North_Dakota" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in North Dakota">North Dakota</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Ohio" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Ohio">Ohio</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Oklahoma" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Oregon" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Oregon">Oregon</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Pennsylvania" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Rhode_Island" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_South_Carolina" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in South Carolina">South Carolina</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_South_Dakota" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in South Dakota">South Dakota</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Tennessee" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Tennessee">Tennessee</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Texas" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Texas">Texas</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Utah" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Utah">Utah</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Vermont" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Vermont">Vermont</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Virginia" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Virginia">Virginia</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Washington" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Washington">Washington</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_West_Virginia" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in West Virginia">West Virginia</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Wisconsin" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> • <a href="/Ballot_access_requirements_for_political_parties_in_Wyoming" title="Ballot access requirements for political parties in Wyoming">Wyoming</a><hr style="background-color:#A0A0A0;" /></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";background:#F8F8F8;;"><b><a href="/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">Electoral systems</a></b></td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/Single-winner_system" title="Single-winner system">Single-winner system</a> • <a href="/Multi-winner_system" title="Multi-winner system">Multi-winner system</a> • <a href="/Block_voting_system" title="Block voting system">Block voting system</a> • <a 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