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role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible">This article has multiple issues. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Regia_Marina" title="Special:EditPage/Regia Marina">improve it</a> or discuss these issues on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Regia_Marina" title="Talk:Regia Marina">talk page</a>. (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>) <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Regia_Marina" title="Special:EditPage/Regia Marina">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Regia+Marina%22">"Regia Marina"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Regia+Marina%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Regia+Marina%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Regia+Marina%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Regia+Marina%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Regia+Marina%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (March 2019) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Lead_too_short plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-lead_too_short" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Length" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> may be too short to adequately <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summarize</a> the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Provide_an_accessible_overview" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">provide an accessible overview</a> of all important aspects of the article. (October 2019)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>The Regia Marina (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> for 'Royal Navy'; <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[ˈrɛːdʒa maˈriːna]</a>) (RM) or Royal Italian Navy was the <a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">navy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> (Regno d'Italia) from 1861 to 1946. In 1946, with the <a href="/wiki/Italian_constitutional_referendum,_1946" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian constitutional referendum, 1946">birth of the Italian Republic</a> (Repubblica Italiana), the Regia Marina changed its name to <a href="/wiki/Marina_Militare" class="mw-redirect" title="Marina Militare">Marina Militare</a> ("Military Navy").<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Coffey-3">[3]</a> <table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Regia Marina (RM)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Regia_Marina.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Emblem_of_the_Regia_Marina.svg/240px-Emblem_of_the_Regia_Marina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Emblem_of_the_Regia_Marina.svg/360px-Emblem_of_the_Regia_Marina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Emblem_of_the_Regia_Marina.svg/480px-Emblem_of_the_Regia_Marina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="910" data-file-height="800"></a><div class="infobox-caption">Emblem of the Regia Marina</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">Navy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Engagements</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Prussian_War" title="Austro-Prussian War">Austro-Prussian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Commander</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_Italian_Navy" title="Chief of Staff of the Italian Navy">Chief of Staff of the Navy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Notable commanders</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Luigi_Amedeo,_Duke_of_the_Abruzzi" title="Prince Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi">The Duke of the Abruzzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Thaon_di_Revel" title="Paolo Thaon di Revel">Paolo Thaon di Revel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inigo_Campioni" title="Inigo Campioni">Inigo Campioni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Iachino" title="Angelo Iachino">Angelo Iachino</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Angelo_Ugo_Conz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Angelo Ugo Conz (page does not exist)">Angelo Ugo Conz</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelo_Ugo_Conz" class="extiw" title="it:Angelo Ugo Conz">it</a>]</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Insignia</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Naval Ensign</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Italy_(1861-1946)_crowned.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/200px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/300px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/400px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Naval Jack</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Naval_jack_of_Italy_(ca._1900-1946).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Naval_jack_of_Italy_%28ca._1900-1946%29.svg/100px-Naval_jack_of_Italy_%28ca._1900-1946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Naval_jack_of_Italy_%28ca._1900-1946%29.svg/150px-Naval_jack_of_Italy_%28ca._1900-1946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Naval_jack_of_Italy_%28ca._1900-1946%29.svg/200px-Naval_jack_of_Italy_%28ca._1900-1946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="750"></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Origins">1 Origins</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Seven_Weeks_War">1.1 Seven Weeks War</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Decline_and_resurgence">1.2 Decline and resurgence</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Italo-Turkish_War">1.3 Italo-Turkish War</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#World_War_I">2 World War I</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Interwar_years">3 Interwar years</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Italo-Ethiopian_War">3.1 Italo-Ethiopian War</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Spanish_Civil_War">3.2 Spanish Civil War</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Albania">3.3 Albania</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#World_War_II">4 World War II</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Mediterranean">4.1 Mediterranean</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Atlantic">4.2 Atlantic</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Red_Sea">4.3 Red Sea</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Black_Sea">4.4 Black Sea</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Lake_Ladoga">4.5 Lake Ladoga</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Far_East">4.6 Far East</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Armistice_of_1943">4.7 Armistice of 1943</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#After_World_War_II">5 After World War II</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Peace_treaty">6 Peace treaty</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Ships">7 Ships</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Pre%E2%80%93World_War_I">7.1 Pre–World War I</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-22"><a href="#Battleships">7.1.1 Battleships</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#World_War_I_2">7.2 World War I</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#Battleships_2">7.2.1 Battleships</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a href="#Cruisers">7.2.2 Cruisers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><a href="#Destroyers">7.2.3 Destroyers</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#World_War_II_2">7.3 World War II</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="#Aircraft_carriers">7.3.1 Aircraft carriers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-29"><a href="#Seaplane_carriers">7.3.2 Seaplane carriers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-30"><a href="#Battleships_3">7.3.3 Battleships</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-31"><a href="#Heavy_cruisers">7.3.4 Heavy cruisers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-32"><a href="#Light_cruisers">7.3.5 Light cruisers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-33"><a href="#Aviation_and_transport_cruisers">7.3.6 Aviation and transport cruisers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-34"><a href="#Destroyers_2">7.3.7 Destroyers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-35"><a href="#Torpedo_boats">7.3.8 Torpedo boats</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-36"><a href="#Submarines">7.3.9 Submarines</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-37"><a href="#Auxiliary_cruisers">7.3.10 Auxiliary cruisers</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#Ranks_and_ratings_of_the_Navy">8 Ranks and ratings of the Navy</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Fleet_forces">8.1 Fleet forces</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-40"><a href="#Commissioned_officer_ranks">8.1.1 Commissioned officer ranks</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-41"><a href="#Other_ranks">8.1.2 Other ranks</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="#Technical_services">8.2 Technical services</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-43"><a href="#Enlisted_ratings,_non-commissioned_officers_and_warrant_officers">8.2.1 Enlisted ratings, non-commissioned officers and warrant officers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-44"><a href="#Officers">8.2.2 Officers</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-45"><a href="#Gallery">9 Gallery</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-46"><a href="#See_also">10 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-47"><a href="#References">11 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-48"><a href="#Notes">11.1 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-49"><a href="#Citations">11.2 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-50"><a href="#Bibliography">11.3 Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-51"><a href="#External_links">12 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Regia_Marina&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naval_jack_of_Italy_(1879-ca._1900).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Naval_jack_of_Italy_%281879-ca._1900%29.svg/100px-Naval_jack_of_Italy_%281879-ca._1900%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="750"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 100px;height: 100px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Naval_jack_of_Italy_%281879-ca._1900%29.svg/100px-Naval_jack_of_Italy_%281879-ca._1900%29.svg.png" data-width="100" data-height="100" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Naval_jack_of_Italy_%281879-ca._1900%29.svg/150px-Naval_jack_of_Italy_%281879-ca._1900%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Naval_jack_of_Italy_%281879-ca._1900%29.svg/200px-Naval_jack_of_Italy_%281879-ca._1900%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Regia Marina naval jack until 1900</figcaption></figure> The Regia Marina was established on 17 March 1861 following the proclamation of the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Kingdom of Italy</a>. Just as the Kingdom was a unification of various states in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian peninsula</a>, so the Regia Marina was formed from the navies of those states, though the main constituents were the <a href="/wiki/Real_Marina_(Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies)" title="Real Marina (Kingdom of the Two Sicilies)">navies</a> of the former kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">Sardinia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Naples</a>. The new Navy inherited a substantial number of ships, both sail- and steam-powered, and the long naval traditions of its constituents, especially those of Sardinia and Naples, but also suffered from some major handicaps. Firstly, it suffered from a lack of uniformity and cohesion; the Regia Marina was a heterogeneous mix of equipment, standards and practice, and even saw hostility between the officers from the various former navies. These problems were compounded by the continuation of separate officer schools at <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, and were not fully addressed until the opening of a unified <a href="/wiki/Accademia_Navale_di_Livorno" class="mw-redirect" title="Accademia Navale di Livorno">Naval Academy</a> at <a href="/wiki/Livorno" title="Livorno">Livorno</a> in 1881. Secondly, <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">unification</a> occurred during a period of rapid advances in naval technology and tactics, as typified by the launch of <a href="/wiki/French_ironclad_Gloire" title="French ironclad Gloire">Gloire</a> by <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a> in 1858, and later by the appearance of, and battle between, <a href="/wiki/USS_Monitor" title="USS Monitor">USS Monitor</a> and <a href="/wiki/CSS_Virginia" title="CSS Virginia">CSS Virginia</a> in 1862. These innovations quickly made older warships obsolete. Italy did not possess the shipyards or infrastructure to build the modern ships required, but the then Minister for the Navy, Admiral <a href="/wiki/Carlo_di_Persano" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlo di Persano">Carlo di Persano</a>, launched a substantial programme to purchase warships from foreign yards. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seven_Weeks_War">Seven Weeks War</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Regia_Marina&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Seven Weeks War" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Die_Seeschlacht_bei_Lissa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Die_Seeschlacht_bei_Lissa.jpg/220px-Die_Seeschlacht_bei_Lissa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="302"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 134px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Die_Seeschlacht_bei_Lissa.jpg/220px-Die_Seeschlacht_bei_Lissa.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="134" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Die_Seeschlacht_bei_Lissa.jpg/330px-Die_Seeschlacht_bei_Lissa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Die_Seeschlacht_bei_Lissa.jpg/440px-Die_Seeschlacht_bei_Lissa.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Sea Battle of Lissa, by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Frederik_S%C3%B8rensen" title="Carl Frederik Sørensen">Carl Frederik Sørensen</a>, 1868</figcaption></figure> The new navy's baptism of fire came on 20 July 1866 at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lissa_(1866)" title="Battle of Lissa (1866)">Battle of Lissa</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third Italian War of Independence</a> (parallel to the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Weeks_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven Weeks War">Seven Weeks War</a>). The battle was fought against the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a> and occurred near the island of <a href="/wiki/Vis_(island)" title="Vis (island)">Vis</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a>. That was one of the few fleet actions of the 19th century and as a major sea battle that involved <a href="/wiki/Ram_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ram (ship)">ramming</a>, it is often considered to have had a profound effect on subsequent warship design and tactics. The Italian fleet, commanded by Admiral Persano, mustered 12 <a href="/wiki/Ironclad" class="mw-redirect" title="Ironclad">ironclad</a> and 17 wooden-hulled ships, though only one, <a href="/wiki/Italian_ironclad_Affondatore" title="Italian ironclad Affondatore">Affondatore</a>, was of the most modern <a href="/wiki/Turret_ship" title="Turret ship">turret ship</a> design. Despite a marked disadvantage in numbers and equipment, superior handling by the Austrians under Admiral <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Tegetthoff" title="Wilhelm von Tegetthoff">Wilhelm von Tegetthoff</a> resulted in a severe defeat for Italy, which lost two armoured ships and 640 men. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_and_resurgence">Decline and resurgence</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Regia_Marina&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Decline and resurgence" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> After the war, the Regia Marina passed through some difficult years as the naval budget was substantially reduced, thus impairing the fleet's efficiency and the pace of new construction; only in the 1870s, under <a href="/wiki/Simone_Antonio_Saint-Bon" title="Simone Antonio Saint-Bon">Simone Pacoret de Saint Bon</a>'s ministry, did the situation begin to improve. In 1881, the battleship <a href="/wiki/Italian_ironclad_Duilio" title="Italian ironclad Duilio">Duilio</a> was commissioned, followed in 1882 by the battleship <a href="/wiki/Italian_ironclad_Enrico_Dandolo" title="Italian ironclad Enrico Dandolo">Enrico Dandolo</a>; at the time these were the most powerful warships in the world, and signalled the Italian fleet's renewed power. In 1896 the corvette Magenta completed a circumnavigation of the world. The following year the Regia Marina conducted experiments with <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a> in the use of radio communications. 1909 saw the first use of aircraft with the fleet. An Italian naval officer, <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Cuniberti" title="Vittorio Cuniberti">Vittorio Cuniberti</a>, was the first in 1903 to envision in a published article the all-big gun battleship design, which would be later come to be known as <a href="/wiki/Dreadnought" title="Dreadnought">dreadnought</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italo-Turkish_War">Italo-Turkish War</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Regia_Marina&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Italo-Turkish War" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 1911 and 1912, the Regia Marina was involved in the <a href="/wiki/Italo-Turkish_War" title="Italo-Turkish War">Italo-Turkish War</a> against forces of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. As the majority of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Navy" title="Ottoman Navy">Ottoman Navy</a> stayed behind the relative safety of the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a>, the Italians dominated the Mediterranean during the conflict winning victories against Ottoman light units at the battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Preveza_(1911)" title="Battle of Preveza (1911)">Preveza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beirut_(1912)" title="Battle of Beirut (1912)">Beirut</a>. In the Red Sea the Italian forces were vastly superior to those of the Ottomans who possessed only a squadron of gunboats there. These were destroyed while attempting to withdraw into the Mediterranean at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kunfuda_Bay" title="Battle of Kunfuda Bay">Battle of Kunfuda Bay</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="World_War_I">World War I</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Regia_Marina&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: World War I" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_134-C2280,_Szent_Istv%C3%A1n,_Sinkendes_Linienschiff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bundesarchiv_Bild_134-C2280%2C_Szent_Istv%C3%A1n%2C_Sinkendes_Linienschiff.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_134-C2280%2C_Szent_Istv%C3%A1n%2C_Sinkendes_Linienschiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="499"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 137px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bundesarchiv_Bild_134-C2280%2C_Szent_Istv%C3%A1n%2C_Sinkendes_Linienschiff.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_134-C2280%2C_Szent_Istv%C3%A1n%2C_Sinkendes_Linienschiff.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="137" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bundesarchiv_Bild_134-C2280%2C_Szent_Istv%C3%A1n%2C_Sinkendes_Linienschiff.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_134-C2280%2C_Szent_Istv%C3%A1n%2C_Sinkendes_Linienschiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bundesarchiv_Bild_134-C2280%2C_Szent_Istv%C3%A1n%2C_Sinkendes_Linienschiff.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_134-C2280%2C_Szent_Istv%C3%A1n%2C_Sinkendes_Linienschiff.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/SMS_Szent_Istv%C3%A1n" title="SMS Szent István">Szent István</a> low in the water, after being torpedoed by Italian <a href="/wiki/MAS_(boat)" class="mw-redirect" title="MAS (boat)">MAS boats</a></figcaption></figure> Before 1914, the Kingdom of Italy built six <a href="/wiki/Battleship" title="Battleship">dreadnought</a> battleships: (<a href="/wiki/Italian_battleship_Dante_Alighieri" title="Italian battleship Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a> as a prototype; <a href="/wiki/Italian_battleship_Giulio_Cesare" title="Italian battleship Giulio Cesare">Giulio Cesare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_battleship_Conte_di_Cavour" title="Italian battleship Conte di Cavour">Conte di Cavour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_battleship_Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Italian battleship Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Conte_di_Cavour-class_battleship" title="Conte di Cavour-class battleship">Conte di Cavour class</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Italian_battleship_Andrea_Doria" title="Italian battleship Andrea Doria">Andrea Doria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_battleship_Duilio" title="Italian battleship Duilio">Duilio</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Doria-class_battleship" title="Andrea Doria-class battleship">Andrea Doria class</a>), but they did not participate in any major naval actions in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. During the war, the Regia Marina spent its minor efforts in the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a>, opposing the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Navy" title="Austro-Hungarian Navy">Austro-Hungarian Navy</a>. The resulting <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Campaign_of_World_War_I" title="Adriatic Campaign of World War I">Adriatic Campaign of World War I</a> consisted mainly of Austro-Hungarian coastal bombardments of Italy's Adriatic coast, and wider-ranging German/Austro-Hungarian submarine warfare into the Mediterranean. Allied forces mainly limited themselves to blockading the Austro-Hungarian navy inside the Adriatic, which was successful with regards to surface units, but failed for the submarines, which found safe harbours and easy passage into and out of the area for the whole of the war. Considered a relatively minor part of the <a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare_of_World_War_I" title="Naval warfare of World War I">naval warfare of World War I</a>, it nonetheless tied down significant forces. In December 1915, and January 1916, when the Serbian army was driven by the German foces under General von Mackensen toward the Albanian coast, 138,000 Serbian infantry and 11,000 refugees were ferried across the Adriatic and landed in Italy in 87 trips by the <a href="/wiki/Italian_battleship_Conte_di_Cavour" title="Italian battleship Conte di Cavour">Conte di Cavour</a> and other shps of the Italian Navy under the command of Admiral Conz. These ships also carried 13,000 cavalrymen and 10,000 horses of the Serbian army to Corfu in 13 crossings from the Albanian port of Vallons.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> For most of the war the Italian navy avoided wherever possible the Austro-Hungarian navy. The Italian fleet lost the destroyer Turbine in 1915 to an Austro-Hungarian fleet sortie; the armoured cruiser Amalfi was sunk by Austrian submarine U-26 on 7 July 1915; the armoured cruiser Giuseppe Garibaldi, sunk by Austrian submarine U-4 on 18 July 1915, the pre-dreadnought battleship <a href="/wiki/Italian_battleship_Benedetto_Brin" title="Italian battleship Benedetto Brin">Benedetto Brin</a> at <a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brindisi</a> (27 September 1915) and the dreadnought <a href="/wiki/Italian_battleship_Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Italian battleship Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> at <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taranto</a> (2 August 1916) due to a magazine explosion (although there were rumours of Austrian sabotage). The Austrians also sank the Italian armed merchant cruiser SS Principe Umberto on 8 June 1916. While transporting troops in the Adriatic, the ship was sunk by Austro-Hungarian U-boat U-5 with the loss of 1,926 men. It was the worst naval disaster of World War I in terms of human lives lost. In the last part of the war, the Regia Marina developed the <a href="/wiki/MAS_(boat)" class="mw-redirect" title="MAS (boat)">MAS boats</a>, that, by chance, managed to sink the Austro-Hungarian battleship <a href="/wiki/SMS_Szent_Istv%C3%A1n" title="SMS Szent István">SMS Szent István</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a> on 10 June 1918; and an early type of <a href="/wiki/Human_torpedo" title="Human torpedo">human torpedo</a> (codenamed <a href="/wiki/Mignatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mignatta">Mignatta</a>, or "leech") carrying two men, which entered the harbour of <a href="/wiki/Pola_(Istria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pola (Istria)">Pola</a> and planted two magnetic mines during the early hours of the morning which exploded sinking the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Flagship" title="Flagship">flagship</a> <a href="/wiki/SMS_Viribus_Unitis" title="SMS Viribus Unitis">SMS Viribus Unitis</a>, with considerable loss of life, on 1 November 1918, shortly after the entire navy had been turned over to the newly founded neutral State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs. The battleship <a href="/wiki/SMS_Tegetthoff_(1912)" title="SMS Tegetthoff (1912)">SMS Tegetthoff</a> (sister of the former two) was handed over to Italy as a war prize in 1919. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Interwar_years">Interwar years</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Regia_Marina&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Interwar years" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> During the interwar years the Italian government set about modernizing the Regia Marina in a way that could enable it to reach dominance over the Mediterranean Sea. Italian naval planners also wanted a force capable of taking on the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>, especially after the <a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">Fascist</a> takeover. The British response to the <a href="/wiki/Corfu_incident" title="Corfu incident">Corfu incident</a> left <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> and his military advisors convinced that Italy was "imprisoned in the Mediterranean" through British bases in <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Malta" title="Crown Colony of Malta">Malta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">Cyprus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Italian naval construction was limited by the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Conference" title="Washington Naval Conference">Washington Naval Conference</a>. The 1922 treaty required a parity in naval forces between the Italian and French navies, with equality in total displacement in battleships and carriers. The treaty influenced the development of the Italian fleet over the years between the two world wars. Between the late twenties and early thirties a construction program began, focusing first on cruisers up to 10,000 tons, followed by the building of destroyers and submarines, and lastly the construction of the new <a href="/wiki/Littorio-class_battleship" title="Littorio-class battleship">Littorio-class</a> battleships; plans were also put in place to modernize the <a href="/wiki/Conte_di_Cavour-class_battleship" title="Conte di Cavour-class battleship">Conte di Cavour-class</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Doria-class_battleship" title="Andrea Doria-class battleship">Andrea Doria-class</a> battleships. Much of these new naval units were responses to French naval constructions, as the <a href="/wiki/Marine_nationale" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine nationale">Marine nationale</a> was seen until the mid-1930s as the most likely enemy in a hypothetical conflict. The Regia Marina chose to build fast ships armed with longer ranged guns to give the Italian vessels the ability to minimize close contact with vessels of the Royal Navy, whose crews were more experienced. In theory this would allow them to engage or break off at their own choosing, and would allow them to hit the enemy when he could not yet hit back. New guns were developed with longer ranges than their British counterparts of similar caliber. Speed was emphasized in their new construction. Italian cruisers built in the 1920s, such as <a href="/wiki/Italian_cruiser_Giovanni_delle_Bande_Nere" title="Italian cruiser Giovanni delle Bande Nere">Giovanni delle Bande Nere</a> were built with a newly designed and relatively thin armour. This would have a decisive role in a number of naval battles, including the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Spada" title="Battle of Cape Spada">Battle of Cape Spada</a>. Later classes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Zara-class_cruiser" title="Zara-class cruiser">Zara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raimondo_Montecuccoli-class_cruiser" class="mw-redirect" title="Raimondo Montecuccoli-class cruiser">Raimondo Montecuccoli</a> classes, were built to a more balanced design with thicker armor. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duilio_1948.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Duilio_1948.jpg/220px-Duilio_1948.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="601"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 129px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Duilio_1948.jpg/220px-Duilio_1948.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="129" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Duilio_1948.jpg/330px-Duilio_1948.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Duilio_1948.jpg/440px-Duilio_1948.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Duilio after refitting</figcaption></figure> The modernization work on the four Great War era battleships turned into a significant reconstruction project, with only 40% of the original structures being left. The ship's guns were upgraded in main armament, going from 13 guns of 305 mm diameter, to 10 guns of 320 mm diameter. The middle turret and the vessel's central tower were eliminated. To increase speed the coal-fired boilers were replaced with modern oil-fired boilers and ten meters were added to the ship's length to improve the <a href="/wiki/Fineness_ratio" title="Fineness ratio">coefficient of fineness</a>. Though the ships were improved, they still were not an equal match for the <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth-class_battleship" title="Queen Elizabeth-class battleship">Queen Elizabeth-class</a> battleships and the <a href="/wiki/Renown-class_battlecruiser" title="Renown-class battlecruiser">Renown-class</a> battlecruisers, both of which carried larger guns and heavier armour. Though scientific research on tracking devices such as radar and sonar was being conducted in Italian universities and military laboratories by men such as <a href="/wiki/Ugo_Tiberio" title="Ugo Tiberio">Ugo Tiberio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a>, the conservative Italian leadership had little interest in these new technologies, and did not use them to improve the effectiveness of the Italian vessels. This was mainly due to the influence of Admiral <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Cavagnari" title="Domenico Cavagnari">Domenico Cavagnari</a>, whom Mussolini appointed as Chief of Staff of the Navy in 1933, and whom he later promoted to Secretary of the Navy. Likewise technological advancement in radio range finders and gunnery control devices for night combat were not incorporated. Regarding such devices, Cavagnari emphasized "not wanting traps in your way". Writing to Admiral Iachino, he wrote "procedere con estrema cautela nell'accettare brillanti novità tecniche che non siano ancora collaudate da una esperienza pratica sufficientemente lunga", which can be translated to "proceed with extreme caution regarding brilliant technical innovations that have not yet been tested or with which there is no practical experience". Thus, the Italian navy entered the Second World War with a marked technical inferiority to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">British Royal Navy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Albert_Kesselring" title="Albert Kesselring">Albert Kesselring</a>, overall commander of Axis forces in the Mediterranean, observed that the Italian navy was "a good weather" force, unable to operate effectively at night or in heavy seas. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amerigo_vespucci_1976_nyc_aufgetakelt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Amerigo_vespucci_1976_nyc_aufgetakelt.jpg/220px-Amerigo_vespucci_1976_nyc_aufgetakelt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1708" data-file-height="1140"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Amerigo_vespucci_1976_nyc_aufgetakelt.jpg/220px-Amerigo_vespucci_1976_nyc_aufgetakelt.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Amerigo_vespucci_1976_nyc_aufgetakelt.jpg/330px-Amerigo_vespucci_1976_nyc_aufgetakelt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Amerigo_vespucci_1976_nyc_aufgetakelt.jpg/440px-Amerigo_vespucci_1976_nyc_aufgetakelt.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Italian_training_ship_Amerigo_Vespucci" title="Italian training ship Amerigo Vespucci">Amerigo Vespucci</a>, launched in 1931; here in the harbor of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>, 1976</figcaption></figure> Two training ships were built during this period, in addition to the effort to modernize and re-equip the combat vessels of the navy. These were square rigged school ships the Regia Marina ordered in 1925. The sailing ships followed a design by Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francesco_Rotundi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francesco Rotundi (page does not exist)">Francesco Rotundi</a> of the Italian Navy Engineering Corps, reminiscent of <a href="/wiki/Ship_of_the_line" title="Ship of the line">ships of the line</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_era" title="Napoleonic era">Napoleonic era</a>. The first of these two ships, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_training_ship_Dunay" title="Soviet training ship Dunay">Cristoforo Colombo</a>, was put into service in 1928 and was used by the Italian Navy for training until 1943. After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, this ship was handed over to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> as part of <a href="/wiki/War_reparation" class="mw-redirect" title="War reparation">war reparations</a> and was shortly afterwards decommissioned. The second ship of the design was <a href="/wiki/Italian_training_ship_Amerigo_Vespucci" title="Italian training ship Amerigo Vespucci">Amerigo Vespucci</a>. The ship was built in 1930 at the (formerly Royal) Naval Shipyard of <a href="/wiki/Castellammare_di_Stabia" title="Castellammare di Stabia">Castellammare di Stabia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>). She was launched on 22 February 1931, and was put into service in July of that year. She is still being used to this day. In 1928, the unified command of the "Armata Navale" was abolished, and the fleet was divided in two <a href="/wiki/Squadron_(naval)" title="Squadron (naval)">squadrons</a> (Squadre navali), one based at La Spezia and the other based at Taranto. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italo-Ethiopian_War">Italo-Ethiopian War</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Regia_Marina&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Italo-Ethiopian War" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raimondo_Montecuccoli_SLV_Green.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Raimondo_Montecuccoli_SLV_Green.jpg/220px-Raimondo_Montecuccoli_SLV_Green.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5080" data-file-height="2970"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 129px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Raimondo_Montecuccoli_SLV_Green.jpg/220px-Raimondo_Montecuccoli_SLV_Green.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="129" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Raimondo_Montecuccoli_SLV_Green.jpg/330px-Raimondo_Montecuccoli_SLV_Green.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Raimondo_Montecuccoli_SLV_Green.jpg/440px-Raimondo_Montecuccoli_SLV_Green.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Cruiser Raimondo Montecuccoli during a visit to Australia in 1938</figcaption></figure> The Regia Marina played a limited role in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">invasion of Ethiopia</a>. While the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a> was landlocked, the navy was instrumental in delivering and supplying the invasion forces through <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrean</a> ports. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spanish_Civil_War">Spanish Civil War</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Regia_Marina&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Spanish Civil War" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> At the time of the Italian intervention in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, the Regia Marina sent naval units in support of the Italian Corps of Volunteer Troops (<a href="/wiki/Corpo_Truppe_Volontarie" title="Corpo Truppe Volontarie">Corpo Truppe Volontarie</a>). Approximately 58 Italian submarines took part in operations against the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Republican_Navy" title="Spanish Republican Navy">Spanish Republican Navy</a>. These submarines were organized in a Submarine Legion and complemented German <a href="/wiki/Kriegsmarine" title="Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine</a> <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boat</a> operations as part of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Ursula" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Ursula">Operation Ursula</a>. At least two <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Second_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Second Republic">Republican</a> freighters, one <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> and another <a href="/wiki/Panamanian_Public_Forces" title="Panamanian Public Forces">Panamanian</a> were either sunk or forced to run aground by Italian destroyers near the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Sicily" title="Strait of Sicily">Strait of Sicily</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Two light cruisers took part in the shelling of <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valencia,_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Valencia, Spain">Valencia</a> in 1937, resulting in the deaths of more than 30 civilians.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Albania">Albania</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Regia_Marina&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Albania" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 1939, the Regia Marina supported the <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">invasion of Albania</a>. All ground forces involved in the invasion had to cross the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a> from mainland Italy and the crossings were accomplished without incident. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Regia_Marina&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: World War II" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history of World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vittorio_Veneto_and_Littorio_during_WW2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Vittorio_Veneto_and_Littorio_during_WW2.jpg/220px-Vittorio_Veneto_and_Littorio_during_WW2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="584"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 136px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Vittorio_Veneto_and_Littorio_during_WW2.jpg/220px-Vittorio_Veneto_and_Littorio_during_WW2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="136" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Vittorio_Veneto_and_Littorio_during_WW2.jpg/330px-Vittorio_Veneto_and_Littorio_during_WW2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Vittorio_Veneto_and_Littorio_during_WW2.jpg/440px-Vittorio_Veneto_and_Littorio_during_WW2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Vittorio Veneto and Littorio on trials</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_landing_at_Sitia_1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4e/Italian_landing_at_Sitia_1941.jpg/170px-Italian_landing_at_Sitia_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="266" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="825" data-file-height="1293"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 266px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4e/Italian_landing_at_Sitia_1941.jpg/170px-Italian_landing_at_Sitia_1941.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="266" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4e/Italian_landing_at_Sitia_1941.jpg/255px-Italian_landing_at_Sitia_1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4e/Italian_landing_at_Sitia_1941.jpg/340px-Italian_landing_at_Sitia_1941.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Italian landing at <a href="/wiki/Sitia" title="Sitia">Sitia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, on 27 May 1941, was one of the few amphibious operations carried out by Italian forces.</figcaption></figure> On 10 June 1940, after the German <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">invasion of France</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861-1946)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy (1861-1946)">Kingdom of Italy</a> declared war on <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and entered World War II. Italian dictator <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> saw the control of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> as an essential prerequisite for expanding his "<a href="/wiki/New_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="New Roman Empire">New Roman Empire</a>" into <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunis" title="Tunis">Tunis</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>. Italian naval building accelerated during his tenure. Mussolini described the Mediterranean as "<a href="/wiki/Mare_Nostrum" title="Mare Nostrum">Mare Nostrum</a>" (Our Sea).<a href="#cite_note-Mollo,_p.94-8">[8]</a> Before the declaration of war, Italian ground and air forces had prepared to strike at the beaten French forces across the border in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_France" title="Italian invasion of France">Italian invasion of France</a>. By contrast, the Regia Marina prepared to secure the lines of communications between Italy, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">Libya</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Italian_East_Africa" title="Italian East Africa">East African</a> colonies. The Italian High Command (<a href="/wiki/Comando_Supremo" title="Comando Supremo">Comando Supremo</a>) did not approve of the plan devised by the Italian Naval Headquarters (<a href="/wiki/Supermarina" title="Supermarina">Supermarina</a>) to occupy a weakly defended <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(World_War_II)" title="Siege of Malta (World War II)">Malta</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Piekalkiewicz,_p._82-9">[9]</a> which proved a crucial mistake. British High Command, thinking that Malta could not be defended because of the proximity of <a href="/wiki/Regia_Aeronautica" title="Regia Aeronautica">Regia Aeronautica</a> air bases in <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">Libya</a>, had put little effort into bolstering the islands' defences. Thus, at the outset of the war there were only 42 anti-aircraft guns on the island and twelve <a href="/wiki/Gloster_Gladiator" title="Gloster Gladiator">Gloster Sea Gladiators</a>, half sitting in crates at the wharf.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor_1974,_p._181.-10">[10]</a> Entering the war, the Regia Marina was operating under a number of limitations. Though significant assets were available to challenge the Royal Navy for control of the Mediterranean, there had been a lack of emphasis on the incorporation of technological advances such as <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sonar" title="Sonar">sonar</a>. This meant that in night engagements or foul weather, the Italian ships were unable to detect the approach of their British adversaries. When engaged, they could only range their guns if they were able to visually locate their targets. The Regia Marina had six battleships with which to contend for control of the Mediterranean, the four most modern of which were being re-fitted at the outbreak of the war. In addition to the six capital ships, the Italians had 19 cruisers, 59 destroyers, 67 torpedo boats, and 116 submarines. Though the Regia Marina had a number of fast new cruisers with good range in their gunnery, the older classes were lightly built and had inadequate defensive armor. Numerically the Italian fleet was formidable, but there were a large number of older vessels, and the service suffered in general from insufficient time at sea for crew training. Italy's lack of raw materials meant that it would have great difficulty building new ships over the course of the war.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Thus, the assets that it had were handled with caution by Supermarina. Allied commanders at sea had a fair degree of autonomy and discretion to fight their vessels as circumstance allowed, but Italian commanders were required to confer with their headquarters before committing their forces in an engagement that might result in their loss.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] That led to delays in arriving at decisions and actions being avoided even when the Italians had a clear advantage.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] An example occurred during "<a href="/wiki/Malta_Convoys#September_1940_%E2%80%93_Operation_Hats" class="mw-redirect" title="Malta Convoys">Operation Hats</a>" in which the Regia Marina had superior forces but failed to commit them to take advantage of the opportunity.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> A further key disadvantage in the convoy support and interception battles that dominated the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a> was the intelligence advantage granted to the British in intercepting <a href="/wiki/Ultra_(cryptography)" title="Ultra (cryptography)">German Ultra</a> and, through this, the key information on Italian convoy routes, times of departure, time of arrival, and make up of the convoy.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The warships of the Regia Marina had a general reputation as being well-designed. Italian small attack craft lived up to expectations and were responsible for many successful actions in the Mediterranean. Though Italian warships lacked <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>, that was partly offset in fair weather by good optical <a href="/wiki/Rangefinding_telemeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangefinding telemeter">rangefinder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fire-control_system" title="Fire-control system">fire-control</a> systems.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The Italian Navy lacked a fleet air arm.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The High Command had reasoned that since the Italian navy would be operating solely in the Mediterranean, their vessels would never be far from an airfield and so the time and the resources needed to develop a naval air arm could be directed elsewhere. This proved problematic on a number of occasions. The Italians had the aircraft carriers <a href="/wiki/Italian_aircraft_carrier_Aquila" title="Italian aircraft carrier Aquila">Aquila</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_aircraft_carrier_Sparviero" title="Italian aircraft carrier Sparviero">Sparviero</a> under construction at the start of the war, but neither was ever completed.<a href="#cite_note-Mollo,_p.94-8">[8]</a> Lastly, the lack of natural oil reserves and subsequent shortage of oil precluded extensive fleet operations.<a href="#cite_note-Piekalkiewicz,_p._82-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Regia_Marina&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mediterranean" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_after_the_modernisation.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_after_the_modernisation.jpg/220px-HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_after_the_modernisation.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="784" data-file-height="590"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 166px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_after_the_modernisation.jpg/220px-HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_after_the_modernisation.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="166" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_after_the_modernisation.jpg/330px-HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_after_the_modernisation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_after_the_modernisation.jpg/440px-HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_after_the_modernisation.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_(1913)" title="HMS Queen Elizabeth (1913)">HMS Queen Elizabeth</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> harbour surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Torpedo_nets" class="mw-redirect" title="Torpedo nets">anti-torpedo nets</a>. Regia Marina divers heavily damaged her on 19 December 1941.</figcaption></figure> The Regia Marina and the Royal Navy engaged in a two-and-a-half-year struggle for control of the Mediterranean. The Regia Marina's primary goal was to support the Axis forces in <a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a> while obstructing the supply route to <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> and cutting off supplies to Malta. The Royal Navy's major effort was to maintain supply to the military forces and people of Malta, and secondarily to interdict convoy shipments to North Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Coggins_p._179-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[N 1]</a> The first major action occurred on 11 November 1940 when the British aircraft carrier <a href="/wiki/HMS_Illustrious_(87)" title="HMS Illustrious (87)">HMS Illustrious</a> launched two waves of <a href="/wiki/Fairey_Swordfish" title="Fairey Swordfish">Fairey Swordfish</a> torpedo-bombers in a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taranto" title="Battle of Taranto">surprise raid</a> against the Italian Fleet moored at the naval base of <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taranto</a>. The raid came in undetected, and three battleships were sunk. Another major defeat was inflicted on the Regia Marina at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Matapan" title="Battle of Cape Matapan">Cape Matapan</a>, where the Royal Navy and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy" title="Royal Australian Navy">Royal Australian Navy</a> intercepted and destroyed three heavy cruisers (<a href="/wiki/Italian_cruiser_Zara" title="Italian cruiser Zara">Zara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_cruiser_Pola" title="Italian cruiser Pola">Pola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_cruiser_Fiume" title="Italian cruiser Fiume">Fiume</a>; all of the same class) and two <a href="/wiki/Oriani-class_destroyer" title="Oriani-class destroyer">Oriani-class</a> destroyers in a night ambush, with the loss of over 2,300 seamen. The Allies had <a href="/wiki/Ultra_(cryptography)" title="Ultra (cryptography)">Ultra</a> intercepts, which uncovered the Italian movements, and <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a>, which enabled them to locate the ships and range their weapons at distance and at night. The better air reconnaissance skills of the Royal Navy's <a href="/wiki/Fleet_Air_Arm" title="Fleet Air Arm">Fleet Air Arm</a> and their close collaboration with surface units were other major causes of the Italian debacle. On 19 December 1941, the battleships <a href="/wiki/HMS_Queen_Elizabeth_(1913)" title="HMS Queen Elizabeth (1913)">HMS Queen Elizabeth</a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Valiant_(1914)" title="HMS Valiant (1914)">HMS Valiant</a> were damaged by <a href="/wiki/Limpet_mine" title="Limpet mine">limpet mines</a> planted by Italian <a href="/wiki/Frogmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Frogmen">frogmen</a>, knocking both out of the conflict for almost two years. This <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Alexandria_(1941)" title="Raid on Alexandria (1941)">action</a>, coming on the heels of the loss of the Prince of Wales and Repulse in the South China Sea, significantly weakened the surface strength of the Royal Navy, making it difficult for them to challenge Italian control of the eastern Mediterranean.<a href="#cite_note-16">[N 2]</a> On the night of 19 December, <a href="/wiki/Force_K" title="Force K">Force K</a>, comprising three cruisers and four destroyers based at <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, ran into an Italian minefield off <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a>. Three cruisers struck mines, with the <a href="/wiki/Cruiser" title="Cruiser">cruiser</a> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Neptune_(20)" title="HMS Neptune (20)">HMS Neptune</a> lost, along with the <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyer</a> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Kandahar" title="HMS Kandahar">HMS Kandahar</a>. In addition, another destroyer was seriously damaged. All told 800 seamen were lost, and Force K, which had been effectively interdicting Axis convoys, was put out of action. This series of successes allowed the Regia Marina to achieve naval supremacy in the central Mediterranean. Coupled with an intensive bombing campaign against Malta, the Axis supply routes from southern Europe to North Africa were almost untouched by the Royal Navy or its allies for the next several months. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Sinking_of_HMS_Bedouin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/The_Sinking_of_HMS_Bedouin.jpg/220px-The_Sinking_of_HMS_Bedouin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="72" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="207"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 72px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/The_Sinking_of_HMS_Bedouin.jpg/220px-The_Sinking_of_HMS_Bedouin.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="72" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/The_Sinking_of_HMS_Bedouin.jpg/330px-The_Sinking_of_HMS_Bedouin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fb/The_Sinking_of_HMS_Bedouin.jpg/440px-The_Sinking_of_HMS_Bedouin.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/HMS_Bedouin" title="HMS Bedouin">HMS Bedouin</a> sinking after being disabled by Italian cruisers and hit by an aerial torpedo during Operation Harpoon</figcaption></figure> The Italian fleet went on the offensive, blocking or mauling three large Allied convoys bound for Malta. This led to a number of naval engagements, including the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Sirte" title="Second Battle of Sirte">Second Battle of Sirte</a> in March 1942, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Harpoon_(1942)" title="Operation Harpoon (1942)">Operation Harpoon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Vigorous" title="Operation Vigorous">Operation Vigorous</a>, (known as the "Battle of Mid-June") and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Pedestal" title="Operation Pedestal">Operation Pedestal</a> (the "Battle of Mid-August"). All of these engagements ended favourably for the Axis. Despite this activity, the only real success of the Italian fleet was the surface attack on the Harpoon convoy, supported by Axis aerial forces. These attacks sank several Allied warships and damaged others. Only two transports of the original six in the convoy reached Malta. This was the only undisputed squadron-sized victory for Italian surface forces in World War II.<a href="#cite_note-18">[N 3]</a> Despite the heavy losses suffered by the merchantmen and escorting forces of convoy Pedestal, the oil and supplies brought through allowed the near starving island of Malta to continue to hold out. With Allied landings in North Africa, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a>, in November 1942, the fortunes of war turned against the Italians. Their sea convoys were harassed day after day by the aerial and naval supremacy of the Allies. The maritime lane between Sicily and Tunisia became known as the "route of death". After years of back and forth, the Axis forces were forced to surrender in Tunisia, bringing the campaign for North Africa to a close. The Regia Marina performed well and bravely in its North African convoy duties, but remained at a technical disadvantage. The Italian ships relied on speed but could easily be damaged by shell or torpedo, due to their relatively thin armour, as happened in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Spada" title="Battle of Cape Spada">battle of Cape Spada</a>. The fatal and final blow to the Italian Navy was a shortage of fuel, which forced its main units to remain at anchor for most of the last year of the Italian alliance with Germany.<a href="#cite_note-19">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atlantic">Atlantic</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Regia_Marina&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Atlantic" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> From 10 June 1940, submarines of the Regia Marina took part in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a> alongside the U-boats of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Kriegsmarine" title="Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine</a>. The Italian submarines were based in <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> at the <a href="/wiki/BETASOM" title="BETASOM">BETASOM</a> base. While more suited for the Mediterranean Sea than the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>, the thirty-two Italian submarines that operated in the Atlantic sank 109 Allied ships for a total of 593,864 tons.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Regia Marina even planned an attack on <a href="/wiki/New_York_Harbor" title="New York Harbor">New York Harbor</a> with midget submarines for December 1942, but this plan was delayed for many reasons and was never carried out.<a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Red_Sea">Red Sea</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Regia_Marina&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Red Sea" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Initially, Italian forces enjoyed considerable success in East Africa. From 10 June 1940, the Regia Marina's <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_Flotilla" title="Red Sea Flotilla">Red Sea Flotilla</a>, based at <a href="/wiki/Massawa" title="Massawa">Massawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a>, posed a potential threat to Allied shipping crossing the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> and the Mediterranean Sea. This threat increased in August 1940 with the <a href="/wiki/Italian_conquest_of_British_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian conquest of British Somaliland">Italian conquest of British Somaliland</a>, which allowed the Italians the use of the port of <a href="/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera">Berbera</a>; in January 1941, however, British and <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> forces launched a successful <a href="/wiki/Counterattack" title="Counterattack">counterattack</a> in East Africa and the threat posed by the Red Sea Flotilla disappeared. Much of the Red Sea Flotilla was destroyed by hostile action during the first months of war or when the port of Massawa fell in April 1941. However, there were a few survivors. In February 1941, prior to the fall of Massawa, the colonial ship <a href="/wiki/Italian_sloop_Eritrea" title="Italian sloop Eritrea">Eritrea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Armed_merchantmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed merchantmen">auxiliary cruisers</a> <a href="/wiki/Italian_auxiliary_cruiser_Ramb_I" title="Italian auxiliary cruiser Ramb I">Ramb I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_auxiliary_cruiser_Ramb_II" title="Italian auxiliary cruiser Ramb II">Ramb II</a> broke out and sailed to <a href="/wiki/Kobe" title="Kobe">Kobe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>. While Ramb I was sunk by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Navy" title="Royal New Zealand Navy">Royal New Zealand Navy</a> cruiser <a href="/wiki/HMNZS_Leander" title="HMNZS Leander">HMNZS Leander</a> off the <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a>, Eritrea and Ramb II made it to Kobe. As the port of Massawa was falling, four submarines—<a href="/wiki/Italian_submarine_Guglielmotti_(1938)" title="Italian submarine Guglielmotti (1938)">Guglielmotti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_submarine_Galileo_Ferraris_(1934)" title="Italian submarine Galileo Ferraris (1934)">Galileo Ferraris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_submarine_Perla" title="Italian submarine Perla">Perla</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Italian_submarine_Archimede_(1939)" title="Italian submarine Archimede (1939)">Archimede</a>—sailed south from Massawa, rounded the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a> and ultimately sailed to <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_France_by_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of France by Nazi Germany">German occupied</a> <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. One or two Italian merchant ships from the Red Sea Flotilla made it to <a href="/wiki/Vichy_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Vichy French">Vichy French</a>-controlled <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>. On 10 June 1941, the British launched Operation Chronometer, landing a battalion of troops from the <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Army" title="British Indian Army">British Indian Army</a> at <a href="/wiki/Assab" title="Assab">Assab</a>, the last Italian-held harbour on the Red Sea.<a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a> By 11 June, Assab had fallen. Two days later, on 13 June, the Indian trawler Parvati became the last naval casualty of the East African Campaign when it struck a moored mine near Assab.<a href="#cite_note-22">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Black_Sea">Black Sea</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Regia_Marina&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Black Sea" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_Campaigns_(1941%E2%80%9344)" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Sea Campaigns (1941–44)">Black Sea Campaigns (1941–44)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MAScamo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/MAScamo.jpg/220px-MAScamo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="696" data-file-height="407"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 129px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/MAScamo.jpg/220px-MAScamo.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="129" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/MAScamo.jpg/330px-MAScamo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/MAScamo.jpg/440px-MAScamo.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dazzle_camouflage" title="Dazzle camouflage">"Dazzle" painted</a> Italian World War II <a href="/wiki/MAS_(boat)" class="mw-redirect" title="MAS (boat)">MAS</a> boat.</figcaption></figure> In May 1942, at German request, the Regia Marina deployed four 24-ton torpedo motorboats (Motoscafo Armato Silurante, <a href="/wiki/MAS_(ships)" class="mw-redirect" title="MAS (ships)">MAS</a>), six <a href="/wiki/CB-class_midget_submarine" title="CB-class midget submarine">CB-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Midget_submarine" title="Midget submarine">midget submarines</a>, five torpedo motorboats, and five explosive motorboats to the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>. The vessels were transported overland to the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube River</a> at <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, and then transported by water to <a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța">Constanța</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>. The flotilla had an active and successful campaign, based at <a href="/wiki/Yalta" title="Yalta">Yalta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feodosiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Feodosiya">Feodosia</a>. After Italy quit the war, most of the Italian vessels on the Black Sea were transferred to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Kriegsmarine" title="Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine</a>. In early 1944, six MAS boats were transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Romanian_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Romanian Navy">Royal Romanian Navy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a> By August 1944, they were ultimately captured by Soviet forces when <a href="/wiki/Constan%C8%9Ba" title="Constanța">Constanța</a> was captured. The five surviving midget submarines were transferred to the Royal Romanian Navy.<a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lake_Ladoga">Lake Ladoga</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Regia_Marina&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Lake Ladoga" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea_Campaigns_(1939%E2%80%931945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic Sea Campaigns (1939–1945)">Baltic Sea Campaigns (1939–1945)</a></div> The Regia Marina operated <a href="/wiki/XII_Squadriglia_MAS" title="XII Squadriglia MAS">a squadron</a> of four MAS boats on <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ladoga" title="Lake Ladoga">Lake Ladoga</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Continuation War</a> (1941–1944). As part of <a href="/wiki/Naval_Detachment_K" title="Naval Detachment K">Naval Detachment K</a>, German, Italian, and Finnish vessels operated against Soviet gunboats, escorts and supply vessels during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a> between 21 June and 21 October 1942. The Italian vessels were ultimately turned over to Finland. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Far_East">Far East</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Regia_Marina&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Far East" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Regia Marina had a naval base in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_concession_of_Tientsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian concession of Tientsin">concession territory</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tientsin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">China</a>. The primary Italian vessels based in China were the mine-layer <a href="/wiki/Italian_minelayer_Lepanto" title="Italian minelayer Lepanto">Lepanto</a> and the gunboat <a href="/wiki/Italian_gunboat_Ermanno_Carlotto" title="Italian gunboat Ermanno Carlotto">Carlotto</a>. During World War II, Italian supply ships, auxiliary cruisers and submarines operated throughout the waters of the Far East, often in disguise.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Italians also utilized Japanese-controlled port facilities such as <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai, China</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kobe" title="Kobe">Kobe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Japan</a>. Seven Italian submarines operating from France were converted by the Italians into "<a href="/wiki/Merchant_submarine" title="Merchant submarine">transport submarines</a>" in order to exchange rare or irreplaceable trade goods with Japan. The submarines <a href="/wiki/Liuzzi-class_submarine#Alpino_Bagnolini" title="Liuzzi-class submarine">Alpino Bagnolini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_submarine_Barbarigo" title="Italian submarine Barbarigo">Barbarigo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_submarine_Comandante_Cappellini" title="Italian submarine Comandante Cappellini">Comandante Cappellini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_submarine_Giuseppe_Finzi" title="Italian submarine Giuseppe Finzi">Giuseppe Finzi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liuzzi-class_submarine#Reginaldo_Giuliani" title="Liuzzi-class submarine">Reginaldo Giuliani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_submarine_Enrico_Tazzoli_(1935)" title="Italian submarine Enrico Tazzoli (1935)">Enrico Tazzoli</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Italian_submarine_Luigi_Torelli" title="Italian submarine Luigi Torelli">Luigi Torelli</a> were converted for service with the <a href="/wiki/Monsun_Gruppe" title="Monsun Gruppe">Monsun Gruppe</a> ("Monsoon Group"). The name of Comandante Cappellini was changed to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_submarine_Aquila_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Italian submarine Aquila III (page does not exist)">Aquila III</a>. Twelve additional <a href="/wiki/Italian_R-class_submarine" title="Italian R-class submarine">R-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Blockade_runner" title="Blockade runner">blockade running</a> transport submarines were specifically designed for trade with the Far East, but only two of these vessels were completed before Italy quit the war. Both of these submarines were destroyed by Allied action almost as soon as they were launched.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armistice_of_1943">Armistice of 1943</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Regia_Marina&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Armistice of 1943" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 1943, Italian dictator Benito Mussolini was deposed and the new Italian government agreed to an <a href="/wiki/Armistice_with_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Armistice with Italy">armistice with the Allies</a>. Under the terms of this armistice, the Regia Marina had to sail its ships to an Allied port. Most sailed to Malta, but a flotilla from <a href="/wiki/La_Spezia" title="La Spezia">La Spezia</a> headed towards <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>. This was intercepted and attacked by German aircraft and the battleship <a href="/wiki/Italian_battleship_Roma_(1940)" title="Italian battleship Roma (1940)">Roma</a> was sunk by two hits from <a href="/wiki/Fritz_X" title="Fritz X">Fritz X</a> guided glide-bombs. Among the 1600 sailors killed on board Roma was the Italian Naval Commander-in-Chief, Admiral <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Bergamini_(admiral)" title="Carlo Bergamini (admiral)">Carlo Bergamini</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a> As vessels became available to the new Italian government, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-Belligerent_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Co-Belligerent Navy">Italian Co-Belligerent Navy</a> was formed to fight on the side of the Allies.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Other ships were captured in port by the Germans or scuttled by their crews. Few Regia Marina crews chose to fight for Mussolini's new fascist regime in northern Italy, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a> (Repubblica Sociale Italiana, RSI). Mussolini's pro-German National Republican Navy (Marina Nazionale Repubblicana) hardly reached a twentieth the size attained by the co-belligerent Italian fleet.<a href="#cite_note-30">[27]</a> In the Far East, the Japanese occupied the Italian concession territory of Tiensin. There was little use for the surrendered Italian battleships and there was doubt about the loyalties of the crews, so these ships were interned in Egypt.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In June 1944, the less powerful battleships (Andrea Doria, Duilio and Giulio Cesare) were allowed to return to <a href="/wiki/Augusta,_Sicily" title="Augusta, Sicily">Augusta</a> harbour in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> for training. The others, <a href="/wiki/Italian_battleship_Vittorio_Veneto" title="Italian battleship Vittorio Veneto">Vittorio Veneto</a> and Italia (ex-<a href="/wiki/Italian_battleship_Littorio" title="Italian battleship Littorio">Littorio</a>), remained at <a href="/wiki/Isma%C3%AFlia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismaïlia">Ismaïlia</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> until 1947. After the war, Giulio Cesare was passed to the Soviet Union. In the Co-belligerency period, until <a href="/wiki/Victory_in_Europe_Day" title="Victory in Europe Day">"VE" (Victory in Europe) Day</a>, Italian light cruisers participated in the naval war in the Atlantic Ocean with patrols against German raiders. Smaller naval units (mainly submarines and torpedo boats) served in the Mediterranean Sea. In the last days of war, the issue of whether Italian battleships and cruisers should participate in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a> was debated by the Allied leaders.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] There were also Italian naval units in the Far East in 1943 when the new Italian government agreed to an armistice with the Allies. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The reactions of their crews varied greatly.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In general, surface units, mainly supply ships and auxiliary cruisers, either surrendered at Allied ports (Eritrea at <a href="/wiki/Colombo" title="Colombo">Colombo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceylon">Ceylon</a>) or, if in Japanese controlled ports, they were scuttled by their own crew (Conte Verde, Lepanto, and Carlotto at <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>). Ramb II was taken over by the Japanese in Kobe and renamed Calitea II. Four Italian submarines were in the Far East at the time of the armistice, transporting rare goods to Japan and Singapore: <a href="/wiki/Cagni-class_submarine" title="Cagni-class submarine">Ammiraglio Cagni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_submarine_Comandante_Cappellini" title="Italian submarine Comandante Cappellini">Comandante Cappellini</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italian_submarine_Aquilla_III&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Italian submarine Aquilla III (page does not exist)">Aquilla III</a>), <a href="/wiki/Liuzzi-class_submarine#Reginaldo_Giuliani" title="Liuzzi-class submarine">Reginaldo Giuliani</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Italian_submarine_Luigi_Torelli" title="Italian submarine Luigi Torelli">Luigi Torelli</a>. The crew of Ammiraglio Cagni heard of the armistice and surrendered to the Royal Navy off <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. Comandante Cappellini, Reginaldo Giuliani, and Luigi Torelli and their crews were temporarily interned by the Japanese. The boats passed to German U-boat command and, with mixed German and Italian crews, they continued to fight against the Allies.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The German navy assigned new officers to the three submarines. The three were renamed <a href="/wiki/Liuzzi-class_submarine#Reginaldo_Giuliani" title="Liuzzi-class submarine">UIT-23</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_submarine_Comandante_Cappellini" title="Italian submarine Comandante Cappellini">UIT-24</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_submarine_Luigi_Torelli" title="Italian submarine Luigi Torelli">UIT-25</a> and took part in German war operations in the Pacific. Reginaldo Giuliani was sunk by the British submarine <a href="/wiki/HMS_Tally-Ho" title="HMS Tally-Ho">HMS Tally-Ho</a> in February 1944. In May 1945, the other two vessels were taken over by the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Imperial_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Imperial Navy">Japanese Imperial Navy</a> when Germany surrendered. About twenty Italian sailors continued to fight with the Japanese. Luigi Torelli remained active until 30 August 1945, when, in Japanese waters, this last Fascist Italian submarine shot down a <a href="/wiki/North_American_B-25_Mitchell" title="North American B-25 Mitchell">North American B-25 Mitchell</a> bomber of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">United States Army Air Forces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="After_World_War_II">After World War II</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Regia_Marina&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: After World War II" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Marina_Militare" class="mw-redirect" title="Marina Militare">Marina Militare</a></div> After the end of hostilities, the Regia Marina started a long and complex rebuilding process. At the beginning of the war, the Regia Marina was the fourth largest navy in the world with a mix of modernised and new battleships. The important combat contributions of the Italian naval forces after the signing of the armistice with the Allies on 8 September 1943 and the subsequent cooperation agreement on 23 September 1943 left the Regia Marina in a poor condition. Much of its infrastructure and bases were unusable and its ports mined and blocked by sunken ships. However, a large number of its naval units had survived the war, albeit in a low efficiency state. This was due to the conflict and the age of many vessels. The vessels that remained were:[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <ul><li>2 incomplete and damaged aircraft carriers</li> <li>5 battleships</li> <li>9 cruisers</li> <li>11 destroyers</li> <li>22 frigates</li> <li>19 corvettes</li> <li>44 fast coastal patrol units</li> <li>50 minesweepers</li> <li>16 amphibious operations vessels</li> <li>2 school ships</li> <li>1 support ship and plane transport</li> <li>various submarine units</li></ul> On 2 June 1946, the Italian monarchy was abolished by a popular referendum. The Kingdom of Italy (Regno d'Italia) ended and was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Republic">Italian Republic</a> (Repubblica Italiana). The Regia Marina became the Navy of the Italian Republic (Marina Militare). </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Peace_treaty">Peace treaty</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Regia_Marina&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Peace treaty" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> On 10 February 1947, a <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Peace_with_Italy,_1947" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947">peace treaty</a> was signed in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> between the Italian Republic and the victorious powers of World War II. The treaty was onerous for the Italian Navy. Apart from territorial and material losses, the following restrictions were imposed: <ul><li>A ban on owning, building or experimenting with atomic weapons, self-propulsion projectiles or related launchers</li> <li>A ban on owning battleships, aircraft carriers, submarines and amphibious assault units.</li> <li>A ban on operating military installations on the islands of <a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pianosa" title="Pianosa">Pianosa</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Pelagie_Islands" title="Pelagie Islands">Pelagie Islands</a>.</li> <li>The total displacement, battleships excluded, of the future navy was not allowed to be greater than 67,500 tons, while the staff was capped at 25,000 men.</li></ul> The treaty also ordered Italy to put the following ships at the disposals of the victorious nations <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, Soviet Union, Great Britain, France, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, and Albania as war compensation:[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <ul><li>3 battleships: <a href="/wiki/Italian_battleship_Giulio_Cesare" title="Italian battleship Giulio Cesare">Giulio Cesare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_battleship_Littorio" title="Italian battleship Littorio">Italia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_battleship_Vittorio_Veneto" title="Italian battleship Vittorio Veneto">Vittorio Veneto</a>;</li> <li>5 cruisers: <a href="/wiki/Italian_cruiser_Emanuele_Filiberto_Duca_d%27Aosta" title="Italian cruiser Emanuele Filiberto Duca d'Aosta">Emanuele Filiberto Duca d'Aosta</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_cruiser_Ch%C3%A2teaurenault_(D_606)" title="French cruiser Châteaurenault (D 606)">Attilio Regolo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_cruiser_Scipione_Africano" title="Italian cruiser Scipione Africano">Scipione Africano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_cruiser_Eugenio_di_Savoia" title="Italian cruiser Eugenio di Savoia">Eugenio di Savoia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_sloop_Eritrea" title="Italian sloop Eritrea">Eritrea</a>;</li> <li>7 destroyers; 5 of the <a href="/wiki/Soldati-class_destroyer" title="Soldati-class destroyer">Soldati class</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_destroyer_Augusto_Riboty" title="Italian destroyer Augusto Riboty">Augusto Riboty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_destroyer_Alfredo_Oriani" title="Italian destroyer Alfredo Oriani">Alfredo Oriani</a>;</li> <li>6 minesweepers;</li> <li>8 submarines, including three of the <a href="/wiki/Acciaio-class_submarine" title="Acciaio-class submarine">Acciaio class</a>;</li> <li>1 sailing school ship: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_training_ship_Dunay" title="Soviet training ship Dunay">Cristoforo Colombo</a>.</li></ul> The convoy escort <a href="/wiki/Italian_auxiliary_cruiser_Ramb_III" title="Italian auxiliary cruiser Ramb III">Ramb III</a> ultimately became the Yugoslav Navy yacht <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_training_ship_Galeb" title="Yugoslav training ship Galeb">Galeb</a>. Galeb was used by the late <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Yugoslavia" title="List of heads of state of Yugoslavia">President</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia</a> <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_Yugoslavia" title="Marshal of Yugoslavia">Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> on his numerous foreign trips and to entertain heads of state. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Ships">Ships</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Regia_Marina&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ships" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre–World_War_I">Pre–World War I</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Regia_Marina&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Pre–World War I" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battleships">Battleships</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Regia_Marina&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Battleships" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_line_of_Italy" title="List of ships of the line of Italy">List of ships of the line of Italy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_ironclad_warships_of_Italy" title="List of ironclad warships of Italy">List of ironclad warships of Italy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_battleships_of_Italy" title="List of battleships of Italy">List of battleships of Italy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I_2">World War I</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Regia_Marina&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: World War I" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battleships_2">Battleships</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Regia_Marina&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Battleships" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_battleship_Vittorio_Emanuele_during_World_War_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Italian_battleship_Vittorio_Emanuele_during_World_War_I.jpg/220px-Italian_battleship_Vittorio_Emanuele_during_World_War_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="92" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1002"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 92px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Italian_battleship_Vittorio_Emanuele_during_World_War_I.jpg/220px-Italian_battleship_Vittorio_Emanuele_during_World_War_I.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="92" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Italian_battleship_Vittorio_Emanuele_during_World_War_I.jpg/330px-Italian_battleship_Vittorio_Emanuele_during_World_War_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Italian_battleship_Vittorio_Emanuele_during_World_War_I.jpg/440px-Italian_battleship_Vittorio_Emanuele_during_World_War_I.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Italian_battleship_Vittorio_Emanuele" title="Italian battleship Vittorio Emanuele">Vittorio Emanuele</a> battleship during WWI</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_battleships_of_Italy" title="List of battleships of Italy">List of battleships of Italy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cruisers">Cruisers</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Regia_Marina&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Cruisers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cruisers_of_Italy" title="List of cruisers of Italy">List of cruisers of Italy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Destroyers">Destroyers</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Regia_Marina&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Destroyers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_destroyers_of_Italy" title="List of destroyers of Italy">List of destroyers of Italy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II_2">World War II</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Regia_Marina&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: World War II" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aircraft_carriers">Aircraft carriers</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Regia_Marina&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Aircraft carriers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_aircraft_carrier_Aquila" title="Italian aircraft carrier Aquila">Aquila</a> (modification of the liner Roma, built but never used)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_aircraft_carrier_Sparviero" title="Italian aircraft carrier Sparviero">Sparviero</a> (modification of the liner Augustus, never completed)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Seaplane_carriers">Seaplane carriers</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Regia_Marina&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Seaplane carriers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_seaplane_carrier_Giuseppe_Miraglia" title="Italian seaplane carrier Giuseppe Miraglia">Giuseppe Miraglia</a> (extensively converted merchant ship Città di Messina for the seaplane carrier role, commissioned as a seaplane transport by 1940)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battleships_3">Battleships</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Regia_Marina&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Battleships" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_battleship_Roma_(1940)_starboard_bow_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Italian_battleship_Roma_%281940%29_starboard_bow_view.jpg/220px-Italian_battleship_Roma_%281940%29_starboard_bow_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="655"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Italian_battleship_Roma_%281940%29_starboard_bow_view.jpg/220px-Italian_battleship_Roma_%281940%29_starboard_bow_view.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Italian_battleship_Roma_%281940%29_starboard_bow_view.jpg/330px-Italian_battleship_Roma_%281940%29_starboard_bow_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Italian_battleship_Roma_%281940%29_starboard_bow_view.jpg/440px-Italian_battleship_Roma_%281940%29_starboard_bow_view.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Italian_battleship_Roma_(1940)" title="Italian battleship Roma (1940)">Roma</a> in 1940</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_battleships_of_Italy" title="List of battleships of Italy">List of battleships of Italy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Heavy_cruisers">Heavy cruisers</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Regia_Marina&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Heavy cruisers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_heavy_cruisers_of_Italy" title="List of heavy cruisers of Italy">List of heavy cruisers of Italy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Light_cruisers">Light cruisers</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Regia_Marina&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Light cruisers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cruisers_of_Italy" title="List of cruisers of Italy">List of cruisers of Italy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aviation_and_transport_cruisers">Aviation and transport cruisers</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Regia_Marina&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Aviation and transport cruisers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>Bolzano class: <a href="/wiki/Italian_cruiser_Bolzano" title="Italian cruiser Bolzano">Bolzano</a> aviation and transport cruiser (as regular heavy cruiser, extensively damaged by submarine torpedoes and proposed for reconstruction to a hybrid carrier/transport design)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Destroyers_2">Destroyers</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Regia_Marina&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Destroyers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_destroyers_of_Italy" title="List of destroyers of Italy">List of destroyers of Italy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Torpedo_boats">Torpedo boats</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Regia_Marina&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Torpedo boats" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spica-class_torpedo_boat" title="Spica-class torpedo boat">Spica class</a>: 30 vessels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spica-class_torpedo_boat" title="Spica-class torpedo boat">Airone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spica-class_torpedo_boat" title="Spica-class torpedo boat">Alcione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spica-class_torpedo_boat" title="Spica-class torpedo boat">Aldebaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spica-class_torpedo_boat" title="Spica-class torpedo boat">Altair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spica-class_torpedo_boat" title="Spica-class torpedo boat">Andromeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spica-class_torpedo_boat" title="Spica-class torpedo boat">Antares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spica-class_torpedo_boat" title="Spica-class torpedo boat">Aretusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spica-class_torpedo_boat" title="Spica-class torpedo boat">Ariel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HSwMS_Remus" title="HSwMS Remus">Astore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spica-class_torpedo_boat" title="Spica-class torpedo boat">Calipso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spica-class_torpedo_boat" title="Spica-class torpedo boat">Calliope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spica-class_torpedo_boat" title="Spica-class torpedo boat">Canopo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spica-class_torpedo_boat" title="Spica-class torpedo boat">Cassiopea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spica-class_torpedo_boat" title="Spica-class torpedo boat">Castore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spica-class_torpedo_boat" title="Spica-class torpedo boat">Centauro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spica-class_torpedo_boat" title="Spica-class torpedo boat">Cigno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spica-class_torpedo_boat" title="Spica-class torpedo boat">Circe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spica-class_torpedo_boat" title="Spica-class torpedo boat">Climene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spica-class_torpedo_boat" title="Spica-class torpedo boat">Clio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spica-class_torpedo_boat" title="Spica-class torpedo boat">Libra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_torpedo_boat_Lince" title="Italian torpedo boat Lince">Lince</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spica-class_torpedo_boat" title="Spica-class torpedo boat">Lira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_torpedo_boat_Lupo" title="Italian torpedo boat Lupo">Lupo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spica-class_torpedo_boat" title="Spica-class torpedo boat">Pallade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spica-class_torpedo_boat" title="Spica-class torpedo boat">Partenope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spica-class_torpedo_boat" title="Spica-class torpedo boat">Perseo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spica-class_torpedo_boat" title="Spica-class torpedo boat">Pleiadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spica-class_torpedo_boat" title="Spica-class torpedo boat">Polluce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_torpedo_boat_Sagittario_(1936)" title="Italian torpedo boat Sagittario (1936)">Sagittario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spica-class_torpedo_boat" title="Spica-class torpedo boat">Sirio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HSwMS_Romulus_(27)" title="HSwMS Romulus (27)">Spica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spica-class_torpedo_boat" title="Spica-class torpedo boat">Vega</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosolino_Pilo-class_destroyer" title="Rosolino Pilo-class destroyer">Rosolino Pilo class</a>: 7 vessels</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audace-class_torpedo_boat" class="mw-redirect" title="Audace-class torpedo boat">Audace class</a>: 1 vessel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_destroyer_Audace_(1916)" title="Italian destroyer Audace (1916)">Audace</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Sirtori-class_destroyer" title="Giuseppe Sirtori-class destroyer">Giuseppe Sirtori class</a>: 4 vessels</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Masa-class_destroyer" title="La Masa-class destroyer">La Masa class</a>: 7 vessels</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestro-class_torpedo_boat" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestro-class torpedo boat">Palestro class</a>: 4 vessels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palestro-class_destroyer" title="Palestro-class destroyer">Palestro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestro-class_destroyer" title="Palestro-class destroyer">Confienza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestro-class_destroyer" title="Palestro-class destroyer">San Martino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestro-class_destroyer" title="Palestro-class destroyer">Solferino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generali-class_destroyer" title="Generali-class destroyer">Generali class</a>: 6 vessels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Generali-class_destroyer" title="Generali-class destroyer">Generale Antonio Cantore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generali-class_destroyer" title="Generali-class destroyer">Generale Antonio Cascino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generali-class_destroyer" title="Generali-class destroyer">Generale Antonio Chinotto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generali-class_destroyer" title="Generali-class destroyer">Generale Carlo Montanari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generali-class_destroyer" title="Generali-class destroyer">Generale Marcello Prestinari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generali-class_destroyer" title="Generali-class destroyer">Generale Achille Papa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtatone-class_destroyer" title="Curtatone-class destroyer">Curtatone class</a>: 4 vessels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curtatone-class_destroyer" title="Curtatone-class destroyer">Calatafimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtatone-class_destroyer" title="Curtatone-class destroyer">Castelfidardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtatone-class_destroyer" title="Curtatone-class destroyer">Curtatone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtatone-class_destroyer" title="Curtatone-class destroyer">Monzambano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orsa-class_torpedo_boat" title="Orsa-class torpedo boat">Orsa class</a>: 4 vessels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_torpedo_boat_Pegaso_(1936)" title="Italian torpedo boat Pegaso (1936)">Pegaso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orsa-class_torpedo_boat" title="Orsa-class torpedo boat">Procione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orsa-class_torpedo_boat" title="Orsa-class torpedo boat">Orione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orsa-class_torpedo_boat" title="Orsa-class torpedo boat">Orsa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciclone-class_torpedo_boat" title="Ciclone-class torpedo boat">Ciclone class</a>: 16 vessels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ciclone-class_torpedo_boat" title="Ciclone-class torpedo boat">Aliseo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciclone-class_torpedo_boat" title="Ciclone-class torpedo boat">Animoso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciclone-class_torpedo_boat" title="Ciclone-class torpedo boat">Ardente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciclone-class_torpedo_boat" title="Ciclone-class torpedo boat">Ardimentoso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciclone-class_torpedo_boat" title="Ciclone-class torpedo boat">Ardito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciclone-class_torpedo_boat" title="Ciclone-class torpedo boat">Ciclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciclone-class_torpedo_boat" title="Ciclone-class torpedo boat">Fortunale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciclone-class_torpedo_boat" title="Ciclone-class torpedo boat">Ghibli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciclone-class_torpedo_boat" title="Ciclone-class torpedo boat">Groppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciclone-class_torpedo_boat" title="Ciclone-class torpedo boat">Impavido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciclone-class_torpedo_boat" title="Ciclone-class torpedo boat">Impetuoso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciclone-class_torpedo_boat" title="Ciclone-class torpedo boat">Indomito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciclone-class_torpedo_boat" title="Ciclone-class torpedo boat">Intrepido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciclone-class_torpedo_boat" title="Ciclone-class torpedo boat">Monsone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_torpedo_boat_Tifone" title="Italian torpedo boat Tifone">Tifone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_torpedo_boat_Uragano" title="Italian torpedo boat Uragano">Uragano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariete-class_torpedo_boat" title="Ariete-class torpedo boat">Ariete class</a>: 16 vessels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariete-class_torpedo_boat" title="Ariete-class torpedo boat">Alabarda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariete-class_torpedo_boat" title="Ariete-class torpedo boat">Ariete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_torpedo_boat_TA24" title="German torpedo boat TA24">Arturo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariete-class_torpedo_boat" title="Ariete-class torpedo boat">Auriga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariete-class_torpedo_boat" title="Ariete-class torpedo boat">Balestra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariete-class_torpedo_boat" title="Ariete-class torpedo boat">Daga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariete-class_torpedo_boat" title="Ariete-class torpedo boat">Dragone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariete-class_torpedo_boat" title="Ariete-class torpedo boat">Eridano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariete-class_torpedo_boat" title="Ariete-class torpedo boat">Fionda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_torpedo_boat_TA37" title="German torpedo boat TA37">Gladio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariete-class_torpedo_boat" title="Ariete-class torpedo boat">Lancia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariete-class_torpedo_boat" title="Ariete-class torpedo boat">Pugnale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariete-class_torpedo_boat" title="Ariete-class torpedo boat">Rigel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariete-class_torpedo_boat" title="Ariete-class torpedo boat">Spada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariete-class_torpedo_boat" title="Ariete-class torpedo boat">Spica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariete-class_torpedo_boat" title="Ariete-class torpedo boat">Stella Polare</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Submarines">Submarines</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Regia_Marina&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Submarines" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_submarines_of_Italy" title="List of submarines of Italy">List of submarines of Italy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Auxiliary_cruisers">Auxiliary cruisers</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Regia_Marina&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Auxiliary cruisers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramb-class_auxiliary_cruiser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramb-class auxiliary cruiser (page does not exist)">Ramb class</a>: 4 vessels (only 2 converted to <a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_cruisers" class="mw-redirect" title="Auxiliary cruisers">auxiliary cruisers</a>) – 3,667 t <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_auxiliary_cruiser_Ramb_I" title="Italian auxiliary cruiser Ramb I">Ramb I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_auxiliary_cruiser_Ramb_II" title="Italian auxiliary cruiser Ramb II">Ramb II</a></li></ul></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Ranks_and_ratings_of_the_Navy">Ranks and ratings of the Navy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Regia_Marina&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Ranks and ratings of the Navy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_ranks_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Military ranks of the Kingdom of Italy">Military ranks of the Kingdom of Italy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fleet_forces">Fleet forces</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Regia_Marina&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Fleet forces" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Commissioned_officer_ranks">Commissioned officer ranks</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Regia_Marina&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Commissioned officer ranks" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The rank insignia of <a href="/wiki/Commissioned_officer" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissioned officer">commissioned officers</a>. <table style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:#CCCCCC; width: 100%"> <th>Rank group </th> <th colspan="10">General / flag officers </th> <th colspan="6">Senior officers </th> <th colspan="8">Junior officers </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><noscript><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png" data-alt="Italy" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Royal Italian Navy<a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a> </th> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Shoulder_boards_of_grande_ammiraglio_of_the_Regia_Marina_(1936).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Shoulder_boards_of_grande_ammiraglio_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg/50px-Shoulder_boards_of_grande_ammiraglio_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="101" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="1009"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 50px;height: 101px;" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Rank_insignia_of_grande_ammiraglio_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg/50px-Rank_insignia_of_grande_ammiraglio_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 50px;height: 80px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Rank_insignia_of_grande_ammiraglio_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg/50px-Rank_insignia_of_grande_ammiraglio_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg.png" data-width="50" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Rank_insignia_of_grande_ammiraglio_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg/75px-Rank_insignia_of_grande_ammiraglio_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Rank_insignia_of_ammiraglio_d%27armata_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg/50px-Rank_insignia_of_ammiraglio_d%27armata_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 50px;height: 80px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Rank_insignia_of_ammiraglio_d%27armata_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg/50px-Rank_insignia_of_ammiraglio_d%27armata_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg.png" data-width="50" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Rank_insignia_of_ammiraglio_d%27armata_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg/75px-Rank_insignia_of_ammiraglio_d%27armata_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Shoulder_boards_of_ammiraglio_designato_d%27armata_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg/50px-Shoulder_boards_of_ammiraglio_designato_d%27armata_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg.png" data-width="50" data-height="101" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Shoulder_boards_of_ammiraglio_designato_d%27armata_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg/75px-Shoulder_boards_of_ammiraglio_designato_d%27armata_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Shoulder_boards_of_ammiraglio_designato_d%27armata_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg/100px-Shoulder_boards_of_ammiraglio_designato_d%27armata_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/File:Rank_insignia_of_ammiraglio_designato_d%27armata_of_the_Regia_Marina_(1936).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Rank_insignia_of_ammiraglio_designato_d%27armata_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg/50px-Rank_insignia_of_ammiraglio_designato_d%27armata_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 50px;height: 80px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Rank_insignia_of_ammiraglio_designato_d%27armata_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg/50px-Rank_insignia_of_ammiraglio_designato_d%27armata_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg.png" data-width="50" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Rank_insignia_of_ammiraglio_designato_d%27armata_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg/75px-Rank_insignia_of_ammiraglio_designato_d%27armata_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Shoulder_boards_of_ammiraglio_di_squadra_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg/50px-Shoulder_boards_of_ammiraglio_di_squadra_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg.png" data-width="50" data-height="101" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Shoulder_boards_of_ammiraglio_di_squadra_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg/75px-Shoulder_boards_of_ammiraglio_di_squadra_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Shoulder_boards_of_ammiraglio_di_squadra_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg/100px-Shoulder_boards_of_ammiraglio_di_squadra_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/File:Rank_insignia_of_ammiraglio_di_squadra_of_the_Regia_Marina_(1936).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Rank_insignia_of_ammiraglio_di_squadra_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg/50px-Rank_insignia_of_ammiraglio_di_squadra_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 50px;height: 80px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Rank_insignia_of_ammiraglio_di_squadra_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg/50px-Rank_insignia_of_ammiraglio_di_squadra_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg.png" data-width="50" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Rank_insignia_of_ammiraglio_di_squadra_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg/75px-Rank_insignia_of_ammiraglio_di_squadra_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Shoulder_boards_of_ammiraglio_di_divisione_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg/50px-Shoulder_boards_of_ammiraglio_di_divisione_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg.png" data-width="50" data-height="101" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Shoulder_boards_of_ammiraglio_di_divisione_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg/75px-Shoulder_boards_of_ammiraglio_di_divisione_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Shoulder_boards_of_ammiraglio_di_divisione_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg/100px-Shoulder_boards_of_ammiraglio_di_divisione_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/File:Rank_insignia_of_ammiraglio_di_divisione_of_the_Regia_Marina_(1936).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Rank_insignia_of_sottotenente_di_vascello_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg/50px-Rank_insignia_of_sottotenente_di_vascello_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 50px;height: 80px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Rank_insignia_of_sottotenente_di_vascello_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg/50px-Rank_insignia_of_sottotenente_di_vascello_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg.png" data-width="50" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Rank_insignia_of_sottotenente_di_vascello_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg/75px-Rank_insignia_of_sottotenente_di_vascello_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Shoulder_boards_of_guardiamarina_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg/50px-Shoulder_boards_of_guardiamarina_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg.png" data-width="50" data-height="119" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Shoulder_boards_of_guardiamarina_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg/75px-Shoulder_boards_of_guardiamarina_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Shoulder_boards_of_guardiamarina_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg/100px-Shoulder_boards_of_guardiamarina_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/File:Rank_insignia_of_guardiamarina_of_the_Regia_Marina_(1936).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Rank_insignia_of_guardiamarina_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg/50px-Rank_insignia_of_guardiamarina_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 50px;height: 80px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Rank_insignia_of_guardiamarina_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg/50px-Rank_insignia_of_guardiamarina_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg.png" data-width="50" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Rank_insignia_of_guardiamarina_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg/75px-Rank_insignia_of_guardiamarina_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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data-height="119" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Shoulder_boards_of_aspirante_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg/75px-Shoulder_boards_of_aspirante_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Shoulder_boards_of_aspirante_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg/100px-Shoulder_boards_of_aspirante_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Grand_admiral" title="Grand admiral">Grande ammiraglio</a> </td> <td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Fleet_admiral" class="mw-redirect" title="Fleet admiral">Ammiraglio d'armata</a> </td> <td colspan="1">Ammiraglio designato d'armata </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Squadron_admiral" title="Squadron admiral">Ammiraglio di squadra</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Divisional_admiral" title="Divisional admiral">Ammiraglio di divisione</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Counter_admiral" title="Counter admiral">Contrammiraglio</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Ship-of-the-line_captain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ship-of-the-line captain">Capitano di vascello</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Frigate_captain" title="Frigate captain">Capitano di fregata</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Corvette_captain" title="Corvette captain">Capitano di corvetta</a> </td> <td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Ship-of-the-line_lieutenant" title="Ship-of-the-line lieutenant">Primo tenente di vascello</a> </td> <td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Ship-of-the-line_lieutenant" title="Ship-of-the-line lieutenant">Tenente di vascello</a> </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Ship-of-the-line_lieutenant" title="Ship-of-the-line lieutenant">Sottotenente di vascello</a> </td> <td colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Gardes_de_la_Marine" title="Gardes de la Marine">Guardiamarina</a> </td> <td colspan="12"><a href="/wiki/Aspirant" title="Aspirant">Aspirante guardiamarina</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_ranks">Other ranks</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Regia_Marina&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Other ranks" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The rank insignia of <a href="/wiki/Non-commissioned_officer" title="Non-commissioned officer">non-commissioned officers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enlisted_rank" title="Enlisted rank">enlisted personnel</a>. <table style="border:1px solid #8888aa; background-color:#f7f8ff; padding:5px; font-size:95%; margin: 0px 12px 12px 0px;"> <tbody><tr style="color:inherit; background-color:#CCCCCC; text-align:center; width: 100%"> <th>Rank group </th> <th colspan="22">Senior NCOs </th> <th colspan="6">Junior NCOs </th> <th colspan="8">Enlisted </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy"><noscript><img alt="Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png" data-alt="Italy" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Royal Italian Navy </th> <td colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/File:Shoulder_boards_of_capo_di_prima_classe_of_the_Regia_Marina_(1936).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Shoulder_boards_of_capo_di_prima_classe_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg/45px-Shoulder_boards_of_capo_di_prima_classe_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="107" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="947"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 45px;height: 107px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Shoulder_boards_of_capo_di_prima_classe_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg/45px-Shoulder_boards_of_capo_di_prima_classe_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="45" data-height="107" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Shoulder_boards_of_capo_di_prima_classe_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg/68px-Shoulder_boards_of_capo_di_prima_classe_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Shoulder_boards_of_capo_di_prima_classe_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg/90px-Shoulder_boards_of_capo_di_prima_classe_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/File:Rank_insignia_of_capo_di_prima_classe_of_the_Italian_Navy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Rank_insignia_of_capo_di_prima_classe_of_the_Italian_Navy.svg/45px-Rank_insignia_of_capo_di_prima_classe_of_the_Italian_Navy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="72" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 45px;height: 72px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Rank_insignia_of_capo_di_prima_classe_of_the_Italian_Navy.svg/45px-Rank_insignia_of_capo_di_prima_classe_of_the_Italian_Navy.svg.png" data-width="45" data-height="72" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Rank_insignia_of_capo_di_prima_classe_of_the_Italian_Navy.svg/68px-Rank_insignia_of_capo_di_prima_classe_of_the_Italian_Navy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Rank_insignia_of_capo_di_prima_classe_of_the_Italian_Navy.svg/90px-Rank_insignia_of_capo_di_prima_classe_of_the_Italian_Navy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/File:Shoulder_boards_of_capo_di_seconda_classe_of_the_Regia_Marina_(1936).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Shoulder_boards_of_capo_di_seconda_classe_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg/45px-Shoulder_boards_of_capo_di_seconda_classe_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="107" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="947"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 45px;height: 107px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Shoulder_boards_of_capo_di_seconda_classe_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg/45px-Shoulder_boards_of_capo_di_seconda_classe_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="45" data-height="107" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Shoulder_boards_of_capo_di_seconda_classe_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg/68px-Shoulder_boards_of_capo_di_seconda_classe_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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data-width="45" data-height="72" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Rank_insignia_of_capo_di_seconda_classe_of_the_Italian_Navy.svg/68px-Rank_insignia_of_capo_di_seconda_classe_of_the_Italian_Navy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Rank_insignia_of_capo_di_seconda_classe_of_the_Italian_Navy.svg/90px-Rank_insignia_of_capo_di_seconda_classe_of_the_Italian_Navy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/File:Shoulder_boards_of_capo_di_terza_classe_of_the_Regia_Marina_(1936).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Shoulder_boards_of_capo_di_terza_classe_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg/45px-Shoulder_boards_of_capo_di_terza_classe_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="107" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="947"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 45px;height: 107px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Shoulder_boards_of_capo_di_terza_classe_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg/45px-Shoulder_boards_of_capo_di_terza_classe_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="45" data-height="107" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Shoulder_boards_of_capo_di_terza_classe_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg/68px-Shoulder_boards_of_capo_di_terza_classe_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Shoulder_boards_of_capo_di_terza_classe_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg/90px-Shoulder_boards_of_capo_di_terza_classe_of_the_Regia_Marina_%281936%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> <a href="/wiki/File:Rank_insignia_of_capo_di_terza_classe_of_the_Italian_Navy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Rank_insignia_of_capo_di_terza_classe_of_the_Italian_Navy.svg/45px-Rank_insignia_of_capo_di_terza_classe_of_the_Italian_Navy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="72" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 45px;height: 72px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Rank_insignia_of_capo_di_terza_classe_of_the_Italian_Navy.svg/45px-Rank_insignia_of_capo_di_terza_classe_of_the_Italian_Navy.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="45" data-height="72" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Rank_insignia_of_capo_di_terza_classe_of_the_Italian_Navy.svg/68px-Rank_insignia_of_capo_di_terza_classe_of_the_Italian_Navy.svg.png 1.5x, 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data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Rank_insignia_of_secondo_capo_of_the_Italian_Navy.svg/75px-Rank_insignia_of_secondo_capo_of_the_Italian_Navy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Rank_insignia_of_secondo_capo_of_the_Italian_Navy.svg/100px-Rank_insignia_of_secondo_capo_of_the_Italian_Navy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/File:Rank_insignia_of_sergente_of_the_Italian_Navy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Rank_insignia_of_sergente_of_the_Italian_Navy.svg/50px-Rank_insignia_of_sergente_of_the_Italian_Navy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="70" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="350"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 50px;height: 70px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Rank_insignia_of_sergente_of_the_Italian_Navy.svg/50px-Rank_insignia_of_sergente_of_the_Italian_Navy.svg.png" data-width="50" data-height="70" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Rank_insignia_of_sergente_of_the_Italian_Navy.svg/75px-Rank_insignia_of_sergente_of_the_Italian_Navy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Rank_insignia_of_sergente_of_the_Italian_Navy.svg/100px-Rank_insignia_of_sergente_of_the_Italian_Navy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td colspan="4" rowspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/File:Rank_insignia_of_sottocapo_of_the_Italian_Navy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Rank_insignia_of_sottocapo_of_the_Italian_Navy.svg/50px-Rank_insignia_of_sottocapo_of_the_Italian_Navy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="70" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="350"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 50px;height: 70px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Rank_insignia_of_sottocapo_of_the_Italian_Navy.svg/50px-Rank_insignia_of_sottocapo_of_the_Italian_Navy.svg.png" data-width="50" data-height="70" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Rank_insignia_of_sottocapo_of_the_Italian_Navy.svg/75px-Rank_insignia_of_sottocapo_of_the_Italian_Navy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Rank_insignia_of_sottocapo_of_the_Italian_Navy.svg/100px-Rank_insignia_of_sottocapo_of_the_Italian_Navy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/File:Rank_insignia_of_comune_di_prima_classe_of_the_Italian_Navy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Rank_insignia_of_comune_di_prima_classe_of_the_Italian_Navy.svg/50px-Rank_insignia_of_comune_di_prima_classe_of_the_Italian_Navy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="70" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="350"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 50px;height: 70px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Rank_insignia_of_comune_di_prima_classe_of_the_Italian_Navy.svg/50px-Rank_insignia_of_comune_di_prima_classe_of_the_Italian_Navy.svg.png" data-width="50" data-height="70" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Rank_insignia_of_comune_di_prima_classe_of_the_Italian_Navy.svg/75px-Rank_insignia_of_comune_di_prima_classe_of_the_Italian_Navy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Rank_insignia_of_comune_di_prima_classe_of_the_Italian_Navy.svg/100px-Rank_insignia_of_comune_di_prima_classe_of_the_Italian_Navy.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </td> <td colspan="2">No insignia </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td colspan="6">Capo di Prima Classe </td> <td colspan="1">Capo di Seconda Classe </td> <td colspan="1">Capo di Terza Classe </td> <td colspan="6">Secondo Capo </td> <td colspan="6">Sergente </td> <td colspan="2">Sottocapo </td> <td colspan="6">Comune di 1ª classe </td> <td colspan="2">Comune di 2ª classe </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Technical_services">Technical services</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Regia_Marina&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Technical services" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Enlisted_ratings,_non-commissioned_officers_and_warrant_officers">Enlisted ratings, non-commissioned officers and warrant officers</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Regia_Marina&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Enlisted ratings, non-commissioned officers and warrant officers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>Comune di 2ª classe – <a href="/wiki/Seaman_apprentice" title="Seaman apprentice">Seaman apprentice</a> (historical equivalent in the British Navy, ordinary seaman)</li> <li>Comune di 1ª classe – <a href="/wiki/Seaman_(rank)" title="Seaman (rank)">Seaman</a> (historical equivalent in the British Nave, able bodied seaman)</li> <li>Sottocapo – <a href="/wiki/Leading_seaman" title="Leading seaman">Leading seaman</a></li> <li>Sergente – Petty officer 2nd class</li> <li>Secondo capo – Petty officer 1st class</li> <li>Capo di terza classe – Chief petty officer 2nd class</li> <li>Capo di seconda classe – Chief petty officer 1st class</li> <li>Capo di prima classe – Warrant officer</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Officers">Officers</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Regia_Marina&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Officers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>Aspirante – <a href="/wiki/Aspirant" title="Aspirant">Aspirant</a> (roughly equivalent to midshipman in the British Navy)</li> <li>Sottotenente (Sublieutenant) – <a href="/wiki/Second_lieutenant" title="Second lieutenant">Second Lieutenant</a></li> <li>Tenente – <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant" title="Lieutenant">Lieutenant</a></li> <li>Primo Tenente – First Lieutenant</li> <li>Capitano – <a href="/wiki/Captain_(armed_forces)" title="Captain (armed forces)">Captain</a></li> <li>Primo Capitano – <a href="/wiki/Senior_captain" title="Senior captain">First Captain</a></li> <li>Maggiore – <a href="/wiki/Major_(rank)" title="Major (rank)">Major</a></li> <li>Tenente Colonello – <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_colonel" title="Lieutenant colonel">Lieutenant Colonel</a></li> <li>Colonello – <a href="/wiki/Colonel" title="Colonel">Colonel</a></li> <li>Colonello Comandante – <a href="/wiki/Colonel_commandant" title="Colonel commandant">Colonel commandant</a></li> <li>Maggiore Generale – <a href="/wiki/Major_general" title="Major general">Major General</a></li> <li>Tenente Generale – <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general" title="Lieutenant general">Lieutenant general</a></li> <li>Generale ispettore – General</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Regia_Marina&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Gallery" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 211.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 209.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_cruiser_Montecuccoli.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cruiser Raimondo Montecuccoli in Venice in 1941"><noscript><img alt="Cruiser Raimondo Montecuccoli in Venice in 1941" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Italian_cruiser_Montecuccoli.jpg/314px-Italian_cruiser_Montecuccoli.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="459"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 210px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Italian_cruiser_Montecuccoli.jpg/314px-Italian_cruiser_Montecuccoli.jpg" data-alt="Cruiser Raimondo Montecuccoli in Venice in 1941" data-width="210" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Italian_cruiser_Montecuccoli.jpg/471px-Italian_cruiser_Montecuccoli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Italian_cruiser_Montecuccoli.jpg/628px-Italian_cruiser_Montecuccoli.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cruiser Raimondo Montecuccoli in Venice in 1941</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 214.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 212.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Maiale_at_gosport.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Original Maiale (manned torpedo) on display"><noscript><img alt="Original Maiale (manned torpedo) on display" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Maiale_at_gosport.jpg/319px-Maiale_at_gosport.jpg" decoding="async" width="213" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="236"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 213px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Maiale_at_gosport.jpg/319px-Maiale_at_gosport.jpg" data-alt="Original Maiale (manned torpedo) on display" data-width="213" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/Maiale_at_gosport.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Original Maiale (<a href="/wiki/Manned_torpedo" class="mw-redirect" title="Manned torpedo">manned torpedo</a>) on display</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Teseo_Tesei.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Major Teseo Tesei, inventor of the Maiale, ready to ride one in Malta."><noscript><img alt="Major Teseo Tesei, inventor of the Maiale, ready to ride one in Malta." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Teseo_Tesei.jpg/135px-Teseo_Tesei.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="185" data-file-height="246"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 90px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Teseo_Tesei.jpg/135px-Teseo_Tesei.jpg" data-alt="Major Teseo Tesei, inventor of the Maiale, ready to ride one in Malta." data-width="90" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/42/Teseo_Tesei.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Major <a href="/wiki/Teseo_Tesei" title="Teseo Tesei">Teseo Tesei</a>, inventor of the Maiale, ready to ride one in <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 425.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 423.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:RSMG_Adua.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Italian submarine Adua, sunk in September 1941 near Gibraltar."><noscript><img alt="Italian submarine Adua, sunk in September 1941 near Gibraltar." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/65/RSMG_Adua.jpg/635px-RSMG_Adua.jpg" decoding="async" width="424" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="211"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 424px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/65/RSMG_Adua.jpg/635px-RSMG_Adua.jpg" data-alt="Italian submarine Adua, sunk in September 1941 near Gibraltar." data-width="424" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/65/RSMG_Adua.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"> Italian submarine Adua, sunk in September 1941 near <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 198.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 196.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sella_at_anchor.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The destroyer Sella, one of the major Italian navy units in the Aegean Sea"><noscript><img alt="The destroyer Sella, one of the major Italian navy units in the Aegean Sea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Sella_at_anchor.jpg/295px-Sella_at_anchor.jpg" decoding="async" width="197" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="366"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 197px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Sella_at_anchor.jpg/295px-Sella_at_anchor.jpg" data-alt="The destroyer Sella, one of the major Italian navy units in the Aegean Sea" data-width="197" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Sella_at_anchor.jpg/443px-Sella_at_anchor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Sella_at_anchor.jpg/590px-Sella_at_anchor.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The destroyer Sella, one of the major Italian navy units in the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 133.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 131.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Olterra_at_Algeciras.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Auxiliary ship Olterra, outfitted as a secret base for manned torpedoes at Algeciras"><noscript><img alt="Auxiliary ship Olterra, outfitted as a secret base for manned torpedoes at Algeciras" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5e/Olterra_at_Algeciras.jpg/197px-Olterra_at_Algeciras.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="395"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 132px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5e/Olterra_at_Algeciras.jpg/197px-Olterra_at_Algeciras.jpg" data-alt="Auxiliary ship Olterra, outfitted as a secret base for manned torpedoes at Algeciras" data-width="132" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5e/Olterra_at_Algeciras.jpg/295px-Olterra_at_Algeciras.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5e/Olterra_at_Algeciras.jpg/394px-Olterra_at_Algeciras.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Italian_auxiliary_ship_Olterra" title="Italian auxiliary ship Olterra">Auxiliary ship Olterra</a>, outfitted as a secret base for <a href="/wiki/Manned_torpedo" class="mw-redirect" title="Manned torpedo">manned torpedoes</a> at <a href="/wiki/Algeciras" title="Algeciras">Algeciras</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 168px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 166px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Eugenio_Di_Savoia_aerial_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Light cruiser Eugenio di Savoia, Admiral Da Zara's flagship during the battle of Mid-June (1942)"><noscript><img alt="Light cruiser Eugenio di Savoia, Admiral Da Zara's flagship during the battle of Mid-June (1942)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5d/Eugenio_Di_Savoia_aerial_view.jpg/249px-Eugenio_Di_Savoia_aerial_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="434"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 166px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5d/Eugenio_Di_Savoia_aerial_view.jpg/249px-Eugenio_Di_Savoia_aerial_view.jpg" data-alt="Light cruiser Eugenio di Savoia, Admiral Da Zara's flagship during the battle of Mid-June (1942)" data-width="166" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5d/Eugenio_Di_Savoia_aerial_view.jpg/373px-Eugenio_Di_Savoia_aerial_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5d/Eugenio_Di_Savoia_aerial_view.jpg/498px-Eugenio_Di_Savoia_aerial_view.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Light cruiser Eugenio di Savoia, Admiral Da Zara's flagship during the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Harpoon_(1942)" title="Operation Harpoon (1942)">battle of Mid-June (1942)</a></div> </li> </ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Regia_Marina&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concessions_in_Tianjin" class="mw-redirect" title="Concessions in Tianjin">Concessions in Tianjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_battleships_of_Italy" title="List of battleships of Italy">List of battleships of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Italian_Army" title="Royal Italian Army">Royal Italian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regia_Aeronautica" title="Regia Aeronautica">Regia Aeronautica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-Belligerent_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Co-Belligerent Navy">Italian Co-Belligerent Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history of World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_of_the_Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ships of the Second World War">List of ships of the Second World War</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Regia_Marina&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Regia_Marina&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> The British Official History states "All the major operations of the Royal Navy in the Mediterranean in 1942 prior to the Anglo-American landing in November were concerned with taking convoys into Malta."<a href="#cite_note-Coggins_p._179-13">[13]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> "Consequently, the Alexandria Fleet remained for many months without any battleships, and it was forced to abandon any further open activity. In fact, Admiral Cunningham wrote that his Fleet now should have to leave it to the Royal Air Force to try if they could dispute the control of the Central Mediterranean with the enemy's fleet.(...) In fact, it opened a period of clear Italian naval supremacy in the east-central Mediterranean".<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> "Clearly this was an Axis victory and a tactical victory for the Italian Navy. Part of the convoy did get through to Malta, but the British suffered far heavier losses than did the Italians and Mussolini would later personally present medals to Da Zara and some of his men for their efforts. It would be the only squadron-sized surface naval victory of the war for Italy."<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Regia_Marina&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Citations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em ;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFToddLindberg1996" class="citation book cs1">Todd, Daniel; Lindberg, Michael (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=he5KL_tWQvMC">Navies and Shipbuilding Industries: The Strained Symbiosis</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275953102" title="Special:BookSources/9780275953102"><bdi>9780275953102</bdi></a>. Retrieved May 14, 2018 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Navies+and+Shipbuilding+Industries%3A+The+Strained+Symbiosis&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780275953102&rft.aulast=Todd&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Lindberg%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhe5KL_tWQvMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegia+Marina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTill2004" class="citation book cs1">Till, Geoffrey (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CNgIbiDghI4C&q=Seapower%3A%20A%20Guide%20for%20the%20Twenty-First%20Century%202004">Seapower: A Guide for the Twenty-First Century</a>. London: Routledge. pp. 113–120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135756789" title="Special:BookSources/9781135756789"><bdi>9781135756789</bdi></a>. Retrieved 15 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seapower%3A+A+Guide+for+the+Twenty-First+Century&rft.place=London&rft.pages=113-120&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781135756789&rft.aulast=Till&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCNgIbiDghI4C%26q%3DSeapower%253A%2520A%2520Guide%2520for%2520the%2520Twenty-First%2520Century%25202004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegia+Marina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coffey-3"><a href="#cite_ref-Coffey_3-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoffey1989" class="citation book cs1">Coffey, Joseph I. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RmttAAAAMAAJ&q=The+Atlantic+Alliance+and+the+Middle+East">The Atlantic Alliance and the Middle East</a>. United States: University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822911548" title="Special:BookSources/9780822911548"><bdi>9780822911548</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Atlantic+Alliance+and+the+Middle+East&rft.place=United+States&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780822911548&rft.aulast=Coffey&rft.aufirst=Joseph+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRmttAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DThe%2BAtlantic%2BAlliance%2Band%2Bthe%2BMiddle%2BEast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegia+Marina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1919/09/15/118159107.html?pageNumber=8">"Admiral Conz in New York--Italian Officer Arrives on Battleship Conte di Cavour"</a>. The New York Times. September 15, 1919.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Admiral+Conz+in+New+York--Italian+Officer+Arrives+on+Battleship+Conte+di+Cavour&rft.date=1919-09-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1919%2F09%2F15%2F118159107.html%3FpageNumber%3D8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegia+Marina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteiner2005" class="citation book cs1">Steiner, Zara (2005). The lights that failed: European international history, 1919–1933. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-151881-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-151881-2"><bdi>978-0-19-151881-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/86068902">86068902</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+lights+that+failed%3A+European+international+history%2C+1919%E2%80%931933&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F86068902&rft.isbn=978-0-19-151881-2&rft.aulast=Steiner&rft.aufirst=Zara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegia+Marina" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> Greene and Masignani, pp. 22–23 </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Greene and Massignani, p. 22 </li> <li id="cite_note-Mollo,_p.94-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mollo,_p.94_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mollo,_p.94_8-1">b</a> Mollo, p. 94 </li> <li id="cite_note-Piekalkiewicz,_p._82-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Piekalkiewicz,_p._82_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Piekalkiewicz,_p._82_9-1">b</a> Piekalkiewicz, p. 82 </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor_1974,_p._181.-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_1974,_p._181._10-0">^</a> Taylor 1974, p. 181. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Tobagi pp. 30–31 </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Luciano Garibaldi, Century of War (2001) </li> <li id="cite_note-Coggins_p._179-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coggins_p._179_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coggins_p._179_13-1">b</a> Coggins p. 179 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Bragadin, p. 152 </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Greene & Massignani p. 238 </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Garibaldi, Century of War (2001) p. 151 </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Borghese, p. 262 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Rohwer & Hümmelchen (1992), p. 78 </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Shah, Mian Zahir (2001). Anecdotes of the Pakistan Navy. PN Book Club Publication, pp. 3–6. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/969-8318-03-8" title="Special:BookSources/969-8318-03-8">969-8318-03-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Antony Preston, Warship 2001–2002, Conway Maritime Press, 2001, p. 81 </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Robert Gardiner, Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1922–1946, Naval Institute Press, 1980, pp. 311 & 361 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> W.M. Thornton, Submarine Insignia and Submarine Services of the World, Pen and Sword Publishing, 1996, p. 100 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Paul Kemp, Midget Submarines of the Second World War, Chatham, 1999, p. 65 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Bryan Perrett, Ian V. Hogg, Encyclopedia of the Second World War, Longman, 1989, p. 279 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J_PNAwAAQBAJ&dq=cb+transferred+Romanian+Navy&pg=PT351">Maurizio Brescia, Mussolini's Navy: A Reference Guide to the Regia Marina 1930–1945, Seaforth Publishing, 2012</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.regiamarina.net/detail_text_with_list.asp?nid=123&lid=1">Carlo Bergamini, Biography by Pier Paolo Bergamini</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Mollo, p. 100 </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Willmott, H P (2009). The Last Century of Sea Power: From Port Arthur to Chanak, 1894–1922. Indiana University Press, p. 276. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0253352142" title="Special:BookSources/0253352142">0253352142</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMollo2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Mollo" title="Andrew Mollo">Mollo, Andrew</a> (2001). The Armed Forces of World War II: Uniforms, Insignia & Organisation. Leicester: Silverdale books. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85605-603-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-85605-603-1"><bdi>1-85605-603-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armed+Forces+of+World+War+II%3A+Uniforms%2C+Insignia+%26+Organisation&rft.place=Leicester&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Silverdale+books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-85605-603-1&rft.aulast=Mollo&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegia+Marina" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Regia_Marina&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>Borghese, Junio Valerio (1952). Sea Devils, translated into English by James Cleugh, with introduction by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Institute" title="United States Naval Institute">United States Naval Institute</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-072-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-55750-072-X">1-55750-072-X</a></li> <li>Conway's All The World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905, London, Conway is Maritime Press (1979), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-133-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-85177-133-5">0-85177-133-5</a></li> <li>Coggins, Jack The Campaign for North Africa. New York, Doubleday & Company (1980) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-04351-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-04351-1">0-385-04351-1</a>.</li> <li>Garibaldi, Luciano. Century of War. Friedman/Fairfax Publishers. New York, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58663-342-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-58663-342-2">1-58663-342-2</a></li> <li>Greene, Jack & Massignani, Alessandro (1998). The Naval War in the Mediterranean, 1940–1943, Chatham Publishing, London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86176-057-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-86176-057-4">1-86176-057-4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer2012" class="citation journal cs1">Meyer, Günther (2012). "Italian Warships on the Northern Italian Lakes". Warship International. XLIX (2): 174. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374">0043-0374</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Warship+International&rft.atitle=Italian+Warships+on+the+Northern+Italian+Lakes&rft.volume=XLIX&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=174&rft.date=2012&rft.issn=0043-0374&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=G%C3%BCnther&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegia+Marina" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Mollo, Andrew. "The Armed Forces of World War II". <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-54478-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-517-54478-4">0-517-54478-4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Hara2009" class="citation book cs1">O'Hara, Vincent P. (2009). Struggle for the Middle Sea: the great navies at war in the Mediterranean theater, 1940–1945. Annapolis, Md: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-648-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59114-648-3"><bdi>978-1-59114-648-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Struggle+for+the+Middle+Sea%3A+the+great+navies+at+war+in+the+Mediterranean+theater%2C+1940%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Md&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-59114-648-3&rft.aulast=O%27Hara&rft.aufirst=Vincent+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegia+Marina" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Piekalkiewicz, Janusz. Sea War: 1939–1945. Blandford Press, London & New York, 1987, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7137-1665-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7137-1665-7">0-7137-1665-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohwerHümmelchen1992" class="citation book cs1">Rohwer, Jürgen; Hümmelchen, Gerhard (1992) [1968 (in German)]. Chronology of the war at sea, 1939–1945: the naval history of World War Two (2nd, rev. expanded ed.). Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-105-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-55750-105-X"><bdi>1-55750-105-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronology+of+the+war+at+sea%2C+1939%E2%80%931945%3A+the+naval+history+of+World+War+Two&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+MD&rft.edition=2nd%2C+rev.+expanded&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=1-55750-105-X&rft.aulast=Rohwer&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rft.au=H%C3%BCmmelchen%2C+Gerhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARegia+Marina" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor">Taylor, A.J.P.</a> and S.L. Mayer, eds. A History Of World War Two. London: Octopus Books, 1974. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7064-0399-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7064-0399-1">0-7064-0399-1</a>.</li> <li>Tobagi, Walter, The Fall of Fascism: Badoglio & C Strategists of Defeat – 1943. Milan, Italy: Fabbri Brothers, 1973.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Regia_Marina&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Regia_Marina" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Regia Marina">Regia 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src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regia_Marina&oldid=1255737216">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Regia_Marina&oldid=1255737216</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Regia_Marina&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 6 November 2024, at 11:32 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A" title="الأسطول الملكي الإيطالي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الأسطول الملكي الإيطالي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Реджа Марина – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Реджа Марина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regia_Marina" title="Regia Marina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Regia Marina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italsk%C3%A9_kr%C3%A1lovsk%C3%A9_n%C3%A1mo%C5%99nictvo" title="Italské královské námořnictvo – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Italské královské námořnictvo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regia_Marina" title="Regia Marina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Regia Marina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regia_Marina" title="Regia Marina – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Regia Marina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="نیروی دریایی سلطنتی ایتالیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیروی دریایی سلطنتی ایتالیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_royale_(Italie)" title="Marine royale (Italie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Marine royale (Italie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%ED%83%88%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84_%EC%99%95%EA%B5%AD_%ED%95%B4%EA%B5%B0" title="이탈리아 왕국 해군 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이탈리아 왕국 해군" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talijanska_kraljevska_ratna_mornarica" title="Talijanska kraljevska ratna mornarica – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Talijanska kraljevska ratna mornarica" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regia_Marina" title="Regia Marina – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Regia Marina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regia_Marina" title="Regia Marina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Regia Marina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%99" title="הצי המלכותי האיטלקי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הצי המלכותי האיטלקי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="रेजिया मरिना – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रेजिया मरिना" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regia_Marina" title="Regia Marina – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Regia Marina" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regia_Marina" title="Regia Marina – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Regia Marina" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regia_Marina" title="Regia Marina – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Regia Marina" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marinha_Real_Italiana" title="Marinha Real Italiana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Marinha Real Italiana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regia_Marina" title="Regia Marina – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Regia Marina" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Королевские военно-морские силы Италии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Королевские военно-морские силы Италии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%99%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Италијанска краљевска ратна морнарица – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Италијанска краљевска ратна морнарица" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regia_Marina" title="Regia Marina – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Regia Marina" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regia_Marina" title="Regia Marina – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Regia Marina" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2" title="เรจามารีนา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เรจามารีนา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regia_Marina" title="Regia Marina – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Regia Marina" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE-%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D0%86%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%97" title="Королівські військово-морські сили Італії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Королівські військово-морські сили Італії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E6%B5%B7%E8%BB%8D" title="義大利皇家海軍 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="義大利皇家海軍" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 6 November 2024, at 11:32 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" 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