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class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Force K</span></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Force_K" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Force_K" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--language"></span> <span>Language</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Force+K" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--star"></span> <span>Watch</span> </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Force_K&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p><b>Force K</b> was the name given to three <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> groups of ships during the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. The first Force K operated from West Africa in 1939, to intercept <a href="/wiki/Commerce_raiding" title="Commerce raiding">commerce raiders</a>. The second Force K was formed in October 1941 at Malta, to operate against convoys sailing from Italy to Libya. Axis air attacks on Malta led to Force K being reduced and on 8 April 1942, the last ship of the force was withdrawn. After a convoy was run to Malta in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Stoneage" title="Operation Stoneage">Operation Stoneage</a> (16–20 November) Force K was re-established against Axis convoys. </p><table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Force K</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Renown-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Renown-1.jpg/220px-Renown-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Renown-1.jpg/330px-Renown-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Renown-1.jpg/440px-Renown-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="503"></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/HMS_Renown_(1916)" title="HMS Renown (1916)">HMS <i>Renown</i></a> was part of the first Force K</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Active</th><td class="infobox-data">1939–1942</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Naval_Ensign_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Garrison/HQ</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Engagements</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a><br><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_River_Plate" title="Battle of the River Plate">Battle of the River Plate</a><br><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a><br><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Duisburg_Convoy" title="Battle of the Duisburg Convoy">Battle of the Duisburg Convoy</a><br><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Sirte" title="First Battle of Sirte">First Battle of Sirte</a><br><a href="/wiki/Operation_Stoneage" title="Operation Stoneage">Operation Stoneage</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Notable<br>commanders</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Gladstone_Agnew" class="mw-redirect" title="William Gladstone Agnew">William Agnew</a><br><a href="/wiki/Henry_Harwood" title="Henry Harwood">Henry Harwood</a><br><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cunningham,_1st_Viscount_Cunningham_of_Hyndhope" title="Andrew Cunningham, 1st Viscount Cunningham of Hyndhope">Andrew Cunningham</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Force_K_(1939)"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Force K (1939)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Force_K_(1941)"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Force K (1941)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Force_K_(1941)_2"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Force K (1941)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Force_K_(1942)"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Force K (1942)</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Footnotes"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Footnotes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Further_reading"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Further reading</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Force_K_(1939)"><span id="Force_K_.281939.29"></span>Force K (1939)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Force_K&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Force K (1939)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LocationSierraLeone.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/LocationSierraLeone.svg/220px-LocationSierraLeone.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 110px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/LocationSierraLeone.svg/220px-LocationSierraLeone.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="110" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/LocationSierraLeone.svg/330px-LocationSierraLeone.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/LocationSierraLeone.svg/440px-LocationSierraLeone.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Location map of Sierra Leone</div></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Admiralty_(United_Kingdom)" title="Admiralty (United Kingdom)">Admiralty</a> suspected that a German pocket battleship was at large and on 1 October 1939 it became certain that a raider was operating in the <a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="South Atlantic">South Atlantic</a> when the crew of <a href="/wiki/SS_Clement" title="SS Clement">SS <i>Clement</i></a> was landed in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> but who mistakenly named the raider as <a href="/wiki/German_cruiser_Admiral_Scheer" title="German cruiser Admiral Scheer"><i>Admiral Scheer</i></a> rather than the <a href="/wiki/Pocket_battleship" class="mw-redirect" title="Pocket battleship">pocket battleship</a> <a href="/wiki/German_cruiser_Admiral_Graf_Spee" title="German cruiser Admiral Graf Spee"><i>Admiral Graf Spee</i></a>. On 5 October the Admiralty formed eight groups, Forces F, G, H, I, K, L, M and N to hunt the German cruisers. Searching in the South Atlantic was conducted mostly by Forces G, H and K under the command of Admiral <a href="/wiki/George_Hamilton_D%27Oyly_Lyon" title="George Hamilton D'Oyly Lyon">George d'Oyly Lyon</a> the <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_South_Atlantic" title="Commander-in-Chief, South Atlantic">Commander-in-Chief, South Atlantic</a>. Force K was based in <a href="/wiki/Freetown" title="Freetown">Freetown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a> and consisted of the <a href="/wiki/Battlecruiser" title="Battlecruiser">battlecruiser</a> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Renown_(1916)" title="HMS Renown (1916)">HMS <i>Renown</i></a>, the <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carrier</a> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Ark_Royal_(91)" title="HMS Ark Royal (91)"><i>Ark Royal</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyers</a> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Hardy_(H87)" title="HMS Hardy (H87)"><i>Hardy</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Hostile_(H55)" title="HMS Hostile (H55)"><i>Hostile</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Hereward_(H93)" title="HMS Hereward (H93)"><i>Hereward</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Hasty_(H24)" title="HMS Hasty (H24)"><i>Hasty</i></a>. Force K was to track and destroy <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Commerce_raiding" title="Commerce raiding">commerce raiders</a> in the South Atlantic, including <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Graf Spee</i></span>. In December 1939, after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_River_Plate" title="Battle of the River Plate">Battle of the River Plate</a>, Force K was sent to the coast of <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> to prevent any sortie by <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Graf Spee</i></span>, whose captain had taken the ship into <a href="/wiki/Montevideo" title="Montevideo">Montevideo</a> harbour. After <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Graf Spee</i></span> was scuttled, Force K was disbanded and <i>Ark Royal</i> escorted the <a href="/wiki/Heavy_cruiser" title="Heavy cruiser">heavy cruiser</a> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Exeter_(68)" title="HMS Exeter (68)">HMS <i>Exeter</i></a>, which had been damaged by <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Graf Spee</i></span>, to Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoskill1957114–118_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoskill1957114%E2%80%93118-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Force_K_(1941)"><span id="Force_K_.281941.29"></span>Force K (1941)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Force_K&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Force K (1941)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>Force K was a force composed of the heavy cruisers <a href="/wiki/HMS_Norfolk_(78)" title="HMS Norfolk (78)"><i>Norfolk</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Devonshire_(39)" title="HMS Devonshire (39)"><i>Devonshire</i></a> to search for German surface raiders in the South Atlantic between January and February 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDominy1980257,_294_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDominy1980257,_294-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Force_K_(1941)_2"><span id="Force_K_.281941.29_2"></span>Force K (1941)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Force_K&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Force K (1941)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aurora_nh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Aurora_nh.jpg/220px-Aurora_nh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="591"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 124px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Aurora_nh.jpg/220px-Aurora_nh.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="124" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Aurora_nh.jpg/330px-Aurora_nh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Aurora_nh.jpg/440px-Aurora_nh.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">HMS <i>Aurora</i> in 1938</div></figcaption></figure> <p>Force K was re-created on 21 October 1941, with the <a href="/wiki/Light_cruiser" title="Light cruiser">light cruisers</a> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Aurora_(12)" title="HMS Aurora (12)">HMS <i>Aurora</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Penelope_(97)" title="HMS Penelope (97)"><i>Penelope</i></a> and the <a href="/wiki/L_and_M_class_destroyer" class="mw-redirect" title="L and M class destroyer">destroyers</a> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Lance_(G87)" title="HMS Lance (G87)"><i>Lance</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Lively_(G40)" title="HMS Lively (G40)"><i>Lively</i></a>, to operate from <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> against <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a> ships carrying supplies to the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> forces in North Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfairFlynnMolonyToomer2004283_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfairFlynnMolonyToomer2004283-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the night of <span class="nowrap">8/9 November</span> 1941, in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Duisburg_Convoy" title="Battle of the Duisburg Convoy">Battle of the Duisburg Convoy</a>, Force K sank the convoy, forcing <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Comando_Supremo" title="Comando Supremo">Comando Supremo</a></i></span>, the supreme command of the Italian armed forces, to consider <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a> "practically blockaded". Convoys to Tripoli were suspended, only Benghazi remaining in use.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfairFlynnMolonyGleave2004a107_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfairFlynnMolonyGleave2004a107-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStegemann2015718_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStegemann2015718-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon afterwards, Force K was reinforced at Malta by <a href="/wiki/Force_B" title="Force B">Force B</a>, comprising the light cruisers <a href="/wiki/HMS_Ajax_(22)" title="HMS Ajax (22)">HMS <i>Ajax</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Neptune_(20)" title="HMS Neptune (20)"><i>Neptune</i></a> and the <a href="/wiki/J-,_K-_and_N-class_destroyer" title="J-, K- and N-class destroyer">destroyers</a> <a href="/wiki/HMS_Kandahar" title="HMS Kandahar">HMS <i>Kandahar</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Jaguar_(F34)" title="HMS Jaguar (F34)"><i>Jaguar</i></a>. The combined force was so effective that in November 1941, the Axis supply line suffered 60 per cent losses.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfairFlynnMolonyGleave2004a115_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfairFlynnMolonyGleave2004a115-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMS_Lance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/HMS_Lance.jpg/220px-HMS_Lance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="562"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 155px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/HMS_Lance.jpg/220px-HMS_Lance.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="155" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/HMS_Lance.jpg/330px-HMS_Lance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/HMS_Lance.jpg/440px-HMS_Lance.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">HMS <i>Lance</i> entering Grand Harbour, Malta</div></figcaption></figure> <p>On 19 December, at about the time of the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Sirte" title="First Battle of Sirte">First Battle of Sirte</a>, ships from both forces ran into an Italian <a href="/wiki/Naval_mine" title="Naval mine">minefield</a> (including German deep water mines) while pursuing an Italian convoy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiNardo200567_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiNardo200567-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Neptune</i> was sunk and <i>Aurora</i> damaged.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfairFlynnMolonyGleave2004a115_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfairFlynnMolonyGleave2004a115-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The destroyer <i>Kandahar</i> also struck a mine while attempting to assist <i>Neptune</i> and was scuttled the next day by the destroyer <i>Jaguar</i>. Following this and with a resurgence of the Axis aerial bombardment of Malta, the remaining surface ships were withdrawn, except for <i>Penelope</i>, which was too badly damaged to leave. Frequent air attacks while she remained in harbour earned <i>Penelope</i> the nickname "HMS Pepperpot"; the light cruiser sailed for Gibraltar on 8 April 1942, terminating the second Force K.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfairFlynnMolonyGleave2004a181_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfairFlynnMolonyGleave2004a181-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Force_K_(1942)"><span id="Force_K_.281942.29"></span>Force K (1942)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Force_K&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Force K (1942)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMS_Cleopatra_1945_IWM_FL_5210.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/HMS_Cleopatra_1945_IWM_FL_5210.jpg/220px-HMS_Cleopatra_1945_IWM_FL_5210.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="594"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 163px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/HMS_Cleopatra_1945_IWM_FL_5210.jpg/220px-HMS_Cleopatra_1945_IWM_FL_5210.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="163" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/HMS_Cleopatra_1945_IWM_FL_5210.jpg/330px-HMS_Cleopatra_1945_IWM_FL_5210.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/HMS_Cleopatra_1945_IWM_FL_5210.jpg/440px-HMS_Cleopatra_1945_IWM_FL_5210.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">HMS <i>Cleopatra</i> (photographed in 1945 IWM FL 5210)</div></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Operation_Stoneage" title="Operation Stoneage">Operation Stoneage</a> (16–20 November 1942), a convoy to re-victual Malta, was unloaded in record time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodman2000461PlayfairFlynnMolonyGleave2004b196–199_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodman2000461PlayfairFlynnMolonyGleave2004b196%E2%80%93199-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The supplies brought to Malta enabled the third Force K to be established on 27 November, with the cruisers <a href="/wiki/HMS_Cleopatra_(33)" title="HMS Cleopatra (33)">HMS <i>Cleopatra</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Dido_(37)" title="HMS Dido (37)"><i>Dido</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Euryalus_(42)" title="HMS Euryalus (42)"><i>Euryalus</i></a> and four ships of the 14th Destroyer Flotilla.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfairFlynnMolonyGleave2004b205_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfairFlynnMolonyGleave2004b205-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Roskill" title="Stephen Roskill">Stephen Roskill</a>, the official historian of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>, wrote in 1962 that the arrival of Stoneage ended the two-year siege of Malta. Submarines were transferred from Magic Carpet rides (supply runs) to offensive operations and at the end of November, <a href="/wiki/821_Naval_Air_Squadron" title="821 Naval Air Squadron">821 Naval Air Squadron</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fairey_Albacore" title="Fairey Albacore">Albacores</a>) transferred to Malta as did Force K; a <a href="/wiki/Motor_Torpedo_Boat" class="mw-redirect" title="Motor Torpedo Boat">Motor Torpedo Boat</a> flotilla arrived soon afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodman2000459–461_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodman2000459%E2%80%93461-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another cruiser and destroyer force began to operate from <a href="/wiki/Annaba" title="Annaba">Bône</a> in Algeria, which, from 1 December, enabled the Navy to attack Axis convoys to Tunisia from both directions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoskill1962341–343_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoskill1962341%E2%80%93343-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2003, Richard Woodman wrote that Stoneage delivered 35,000 short tons (32,000 t) of supplies, which advanced the deadline at which Malta would be compelled to surrender for lack of supplies to mid-December. The Eighth Army had expelled the Axis forces from Egypt and Cyrenaica, having entered Benghazi on 20 November. In Tunisia, the <a href="/wiki/First_Army_(United_Kingdom)" title="First Army (United Kingdom)">First Army</a> was about 40 mi (64 km) from Bizerta, preparing for its next advance. Allied success on land made convoy operations much safer and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Portcullis" title="Operation Portcullis">Operation Portcullis</a>, the next Malta convoy, arrived safely on 5 December.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodman2000459–461_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodman2000459%E2%80%93461-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Force_K&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Force_B" title="Force B">Force B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_H" title="Force H">Force H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_Z" title="Force Z">Force Z</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Convoys" class="mw-redirect" title="Malta Convoys">Malta Convoys</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Force_K&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Footnotes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoskill1957114–118-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoskill1957114%E2%80%93118_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoskill1957">Roskill 1957</a>, pp. 114–118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithDominy1980257,_294-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithDominy1980257,_294_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmithDominy1980">Smith & Dominy 1980</a>, pp. 257, 294.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfairFlynnMolonyToomer2004283-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfairFlynnMolonyToomer2004283_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlayfairFlynnMolonyToomer2004">Playfair et al. 2004</a>, p. 283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfairFlynnMolonyGleave2004a107-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfairFlynnMolonyGleave2004a107_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlayfairFlynnMolonyGleave2004a">Playfair et al. 2004a</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStegemann2015718-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStegemann2015718_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStegemann2015">Stegemann 2015</a>, p. 718.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfairFlynnMolonyGleave2004a115-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfairFlynnMolonyGleave2004a115_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfairFlynnMolonyGleave2004a115_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlayfairFlynnMolonyGleave2004a">Playfair et al. 2004a</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiNardo200567-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDiNardo200567_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDiNardo2005">DiNardo 2005</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfairFlynnMolonyGleave2004a181-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfairFlynnMolonyGleave2004a181_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlayfairFlynnMolonyGleave2004a">Playfair et al. 2004a</a>, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodman2000461PlayfairFlynnMolonyGleave2004b196–199-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodman2000461PlayfairFlynnMolonyGleave2004b196%E2%80%93199_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoodman2000">Woodman 2000</a>, p. 461; <a href="#CITEREFPlayfairFlynnMolonyGleave2004b">Playfair et al. 2004b</a>, pp. 196–199.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlayfairFlynnMolonyGleave2004b205-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlayfairFlynnMolonyGleave2004b205_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPlayfairFlynnMolonyGleave2004b">Playfair et al. 2004b</a>, p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoodman2000459–461-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodman2000459%E2%80%93461_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWoodman2000459%E2%80%93461_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWoodman2000">Woodman 2000</a>, pp. 459–461.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoskill1962341–343-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoskill1962341%E2%80%93343_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoskill1962">Roskill 1962</a>, pp. 341–343.</span> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Force_K&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDiNardo2005" class="citation book cs1">DiNardo, R. L. (2005). <i>Germany and the Axis Powers from Coalition to Collapse</i>. Lawrence, KS: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kansas" title="University Press of Kansas">University Press of Kansas</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1412-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1412-7"><bdi>978-0-7006-1412-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany+and+the+Axis+Powers+from+Coalition+to+Collapse&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+KS&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-1412-7&rft.aulast=DiNardo&rft.aufirst=R.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForce+K" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlayfairFlynnMolonyToomer2004" class="citation book cs1">Playfair, I. S. O.; Flynn, F. C.; Molony, C. J. C. & Toomer, S. E. (2004) [1956]. <a href="/wiki/I._S._O._Playfair" title="I. S. O. Playfair">Butler, J. R. M.</a> (ed.). <i>The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Germans come to the help of their Ally (1941)</i>. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. II (repr. Naval & Military Press ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/HMSO" class="mw-redirect" title="HMSO">HMSO</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84574-066-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-84574-066-1"><bdi>1-84574-066-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mediterranean+and+Middle+East%3A+The+Germans+come+to+the+help+of+their+Ally+%281941%29&rft.place=London&rft.series=History+of+the+Second+World+War%2C+United+Kingdom+Military+Series&rft.edition=repr.+Naval+%26+Military+Press&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-84574-066-1&rft.aulast=Playfair&rft.aufirst=I.+S.+O.&rft.au=Flynn%2C+F.+C.&rft.au=Molony%2C+C.+J.+C.&rft.au=Toomer%2C+S.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForce+K" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlayfairFlynnMolonyGleave2004a" class="citation book cs1">Playfair, I. S. O.; Flynn, F. C.; Molony, C. J. C. & Gleave, T. P. (2004a) [1960]. Butler, J. R. M. (ed.). <i>The Mediterranean and Middle East: British Fortunes reach their Lowest Ebb (September 1941 to September 1942)</i>. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. III (pbk. repr. Naval & Military Press ed.). HMSO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84574-067-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-84574-067-X"><bdi>1-84574-067-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mediterranean+and+Middle+East%3A+British+Fortunes+reach+their+Lowest+Ebb+%28September+1941+to+September+1942%29&rft.series=History+of+the+Second+World+War+United+Kingdom+Military+Series&rft.edition=pbk.+repr.+Naval+%26+Military+Press&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-84574-067-X&rft.aulast=Playfair&rft.aufirst=I.+S.+O.&rft.au=Flynn%2C+F.+C.&rft.au=Molony%2C+C.+J.+C.&rft.au=Gleave%2C+T.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForce+K" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlayfairFlynnMolonyGleave2004b" class="citation book cs1">Playfair, I. S. O.; Flynn, F. C.; Molony, C. J. C. & Gleave, T. P. (2004b) [1966]. Butler, J. R. M. (ed.). <i>The Mediterranean and Middle East: The Destruction of the Axis Forces in Africa</i>. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. IV. Uckfield: Naval & Military Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84574-068-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-84574-068-8"><bdi>1-84574-068-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mediterranean+and+Middle+East%3A+The+Destruction+of+the+Axis+Forces+in+Africa&rft.place=Uckfield&rft.series=History+of+the+Second+World+War+United+Kingdom+Military+Series&rft.pub=Naval+%26+Military+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-84574-068-8&rft.aulast=Playfair&rft.aufirst=I.+S.+O.&rft.au=Flynn%2C+F.+C.&rft.au=Molony%2C+C.+J.+C.&rft.au=Gleave%2C+T.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForce+K" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoskill1957" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Roskill" title="Stephen Roskill">Roskill, S. W.</a> (1957) [1954]. <a href="/wiki/James_Ramsay_Montagu_Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="James Ramsay Montagu Butler">Butler, J. R. M.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-RN-I/index.html"><i>The War at Sea 1939–1945: The Defensive</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Second_World_War" title="History of the Second World War">History of the Second World War</a> United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. I (4th impr. ed.). London: HMSO. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/881709135">881709135</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+at+Sea+1939%E2%80%931945%3A+The+Defensive&rft.place=London&rft.series=History+of+the+Second+World+War+United+Kingdom+Military+Series&rft.edition=4th+impr.&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=1957&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F881709135&rft.aulast=Roskill&rft.aufirst=S.+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUN%2FUK%2FUK-RN-I%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForce+K" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoskill1962" class="citation book cs1">Roskill, S. W. (1962) [1956]. Butler, J. R. M. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/UK/UK-RN-II/index.html"><i>The War at Sea 1939–1945: The Period of Balance</i></a>. History of the Second World War United Kingdom Military Series. Vol. II (3rd impression ed.). London: <a href="/wiki/HMSO" class="mw-redirect" title="HMSO">HMSO</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/174453986">174453986</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+at+Sea+1939%E2%80%931945%3A+The+Period+of+Balance&rft.place=London&rft.series=History+of+the+Second+World+War+United+Kingdom+Military+Series&rft.edition=3rd+impression&rft.pub=HMSO&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F174453986&rft.aulast=Roskill&rft.aufirst=S.+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUN%2FUK%2FUK-RN-II%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForce+K" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithDominy1980" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Peter C.; Dominy, John R. (1980). <i>Cruisers In Action 1939-1945</i>. London: William Kimber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0718302184" title="Special:BookSources/0718302184"><bdi>0718302184</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cruisers+In+Action+1939-1945&rft.place=London&rft.pub=William+Kimber&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0718302184&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Peter+C.&rft.au=Dominy%2C+John+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForce+K" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStegemann2015" class="citation book cs1">Stegemann, B.; et al. (2015) [1995]. "Part I Chapter 3: The Strategic Dilemma of the summer and Autumn of 1940: An Alternative or Interim Strategy c. The Offensive against Sidi Barrani". In Falla, P. S. (ed.). <i>The Mediterranean, South-East Europe and North Africa, 1939–1941: From Italy's Declaration of non-Belligerence to the Entry of the United States into the War</i>. <a href="/wiki/Germany_and_the_Second_World_War" title="Germany and the Second World War">Germany and the Second World War</a>. Vol. III. Translated by McMurry, D. S.; Osers, E.; Willmot, L. (2nd pbk. trans. Oxford University Press, Oxford ed.). Freiburg im Breisgau: Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873832-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-873832-9"><bdi>978-0-19-873832-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+I+Chapter+3%3A+The+Strategic+Dilemma+of+the+summer+and+Autumn+of+1940%3A+An+Alternative+or+Interim+Strategy+c.+The+Offensive+against+Sidi+Barrani&rft.btitle=The+Mediterranean%2C+South-East+Europe+and+North+Africa%2C+1939%E2%80%931941%3A+From+Italy%27s+Declaration+of+non-Belligerence+to+the+Entry+of+the+United+States+into+the+War&rft.place=Freiburg+im+Breisgau&rft.series=Germany+and+the+Second+World+War&rft.edition=2nd+pbk.+trans.+Oxford+University+Press%2C+Oxford&rft.pub=Milit%C3%A4rgeschichtliches+Forschungsamt&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-19-873832-9&rft.aulast=Stegemann&rft.aufirst=B.&rft.au=Schreiber%2C+G.&rft.au=Vogel%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForce+K" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodman2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Woodman" title="Richard Woodman">Woodman, Richard</a> (2000). <i>Malta Convoys 1940–1943</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/John_Murray_(publishing_house)" title="John Murray (publishing house)">John Murray</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7195-6408-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7195-6408-5"><bdi>0-7195-6408-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Malta+Convoys+1940%E2%80%931943&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-7195-6408-5&rft.aulast=Woodman&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForce+K" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Force_K&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaruana2006" class="citation journal cs1">Caruana, Joseph (2006). "The Demise of Force "K"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>Warship International</i>. <b>XLIII</b> (1): 99–111. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-0374">0043-0374</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Warship+International&rft.atitle=The+Demise+of+Force+%22K%22&rft.volume=XLIII&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=99-111&rft.date=2006&rft.issn=0043-0374&rft.aulast=Caruana&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForce+K" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGroves1993" class="citation book cs1">Groves, Eric (1993). <i>Sea Battles in Close-Up</i>. Vol. II. London: Ian Allan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7110-2118-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7110-2118-X"><bdi>0-7110-2118-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sea+Battles+in+Close-Up&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Ian+Allan&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-7110-2118-X&rft.aulast=Groves&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForce+K" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithWalker1974" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Peter C; Walker, Edwin (1974). <i>The Battles of the Malta Striking Forces</i>. Sea battles in close-up. London: Ian Allan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7110-0528-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7110-0528-1"><bdi>0-7110-0528-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battles+of+the+Malta+Striking+Forces&rft.place=London&rft.series=Sea+battles+in+close-up&rft.pub=Ian+Allan&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-7110-0528-1&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Peter+C&rft.au=Walker%2C+Edwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AForce+K" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Force_K&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button 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