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Chernaya</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="معركة تشيرنايا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معركة تشيرنايا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F" title="Битка при Чорная – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Битка при Чорная" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitva_na_%C5%99ece_%C4%8Corna" title="Bitva na řece Čorna – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bitva na řece Čorna" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_an_der_Tschernaja" title="Schlacht an der Tschernaja – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlacht an der Tschernaja" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_la_Tcherna%C3%AFa" title="Bataille de la Tchernaïa – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille de la Tchernaïa" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_della_Cernaia" title="Battaglia della Cernaia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia della Cernaia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proelium_apud_flumen_%C4%8C%C3%ABrnajam" title="Proelium apud flumen Čërnajam – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Proelium apud flumen Čërnajam" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_do_Rio_Tchernaya" title="Batalha do Rio Tchernaya – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batalha do Rio Tchernaya" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83t%C4%83lia_de_pe_r%C3%A2ul_Ciornaia" title="Bătălia de pe râul Ciornaia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bătălia de pe râul Ciornaia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A7%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="Сражение на Чёрной речке – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сражение на Чёрной речке" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%A1ornajan_taistelu" title="Tšornajan taistelu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tšornajan taistelu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ernaya_Nehri_Muharebesi" title="Çernaya Nehri Muharebesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Çernaya Nehri Muharebesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9_%D1%80%D1%96%D1%87%D1%86%D1%96" title="Битва на Чорній річці – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Битва на Чорній річці" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%ADn_s%C3%B4ng_Tcherna%C3%AFa" title="Trận sông Tchernaïa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Trận sông Tchernaïa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_the_Chernaya&params=44_33_26_N_33_38_50_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">44°33′26″N</span> <span class="longitude">33°38′50″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">44.55722°N 33.64722°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">44.55722; 33.64722</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1855 battle of the Crimean War</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Tchernaya" redirects here. For the Tchernaya River, see <a href="/wiki/Chyornaya_(Crimea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chyornaya (Crimea)">Chyornaya (Crimea)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a battle of the <a href="/wiki/American_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="American War of Independence">American War of Independence</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Black_River" title="Battle of the Black River">Battle of the Black River</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of the Chernaya</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_the_Tchernaya,_August_16th_1855.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Battle_of_the_Tchernaya%2C_August_16th_1855.PNG/300px-Battle_of_the_Tchernaya%2C_August_16th_1855.PNG" decoding="async" width="300" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Battle_of_the_Tchernaya%2C_August_16th_1855.PNG/450px-Battle_of_the_Tchernaya%2C_August_16th_1855.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/04/Battle_of_the_Tchernaya%2C_August_16th_1855.PNG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="370" /></a></span><br /><i>Battle of the Tchernaya, August 16th 1855</i><br />William Simpson, 1856</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>August 16, 1855</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Chyornaya_(Crimea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chyornaya (Crimea)">Chyornaya River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_the_Chernaya&params=44_33_26_N_33_38_50_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">44°33′26″N</span> <span class="longitude">33°38′50″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">44.55722°N 33.64722°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">44.55722; 33.64722</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Allied victory<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuy1993906_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuy1993906-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">French Empire</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">Kingdom of Sardinia</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneid201223_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneid201223-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÖnen2016111_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÖnen2016111-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Aimable_P%C3%A9lissier" title="Aimable Pélissier">Aimable Pélissier</a></b><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia"><img alt="Kingdom of Sardinia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Ferrero_La_Marmora" title="Alfonso Ferrero La Marmora">Alfonso La Màrmora</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneid201223_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneid201223-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia"><img alt="Kingdom of Sardinia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Durando" title="Giovanni Durando">Giovanni Durando</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneid201223_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneid201223-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Osman_Nuri_Pasha" title="Osman Nuri Pasha">Osman Nuri Pasha</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÖnen2016111_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEÖnen2016111-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Dmitrievich_Gorchakov" title="Mikhail Dmitrievich Gorchakov">Mikhail Gorchakov</a></b><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Liprandi" title="Pavel Liprandi">Pavel Liprandi</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolay_Read&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolay Read (page does not exist)">Nikolay Read</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B4,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Реад, Николай Андреевич">ru</a>]</span> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <b>36,000:</b><br />27,000 French<br />9,000 Piedmontese<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017193_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017193-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />10,000 Ottomans</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <b>60,000</b><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017193_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017193-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <b>1,800–1,900 casualties:</b>(1,700 French, 200 Sardinians<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017193_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017193-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)<br />250 killed<br />1,550 wounded<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodart1908516_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodart1908516-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <b>8,800 casualties:</b><br />3,330 killed<br />3,370 wounded<br />1,500 captured<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodart1908474_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodart1908474-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Crimean_War" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output 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class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Crimean_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Crimean War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Crimean_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Crimean War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Crimean_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Balkans</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Olteni%C8%9Ba" title="Battle of Oltenița">Oltenița</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cetate" title="Battle of Cetate">Cetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Calafat" title="Siege of Calafat">Calafat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Silistria" title="Siege of Silistria">Silistria</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Caucasus</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Akhaltsikhe_(1853)" title="Battle of Akhaltsikhe (1853)">Akhaltsikhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ba%C5%9Fgedikler" title="Battle of Başgedikler">Başgedikler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nigoiti" title="Battle of Nigoiti">Nigoiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Choloki" title="Battle of Choloki">Choloki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kurekdere" title="Battle of Kurekdere">Kurekdere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kars" title="Siege of Kars">Kars</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Naval Operations</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sinop" title="Battle of Sinop">Sinop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_War" title="Åland War">Åland War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skirmish_of_Halkokari" title="Skirmish of Halkokari">Halkokari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bomarsund" title="Battle of Bomarsund">Bomarsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Suomenlinna" title="Battle of Suomenlinna">Suomenlinna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Petropavlovsk" title="Siege of Petropavlovsk">Petropavlovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kinburn_(1855)" title="Battle of Kinburn (1855)">Kinburn</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Crimea</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Alma" title="Battle of the Alma">Alma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1854%E2%80%931855)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855)">Sevastopol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malakoff" title="Battle of Malakoff">Malakoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Great_Redan" title="Battle of the Great Redan">Great Redan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Balaclava" title="Battle of Balaclava">Balaclava</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charge_of_the_Light_Brigade" title="Charge of the Light Brigade">Charge of the Light Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Thin_Red_Line_(Battle_of_Balaclava)" title="The Thin Red Line (Battle of Balaclava)">The Thin Red Line</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Inkerman" title="Battle of Inkerman">Inkerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eupatoria" title="Battle of Eupatoria">Eupatoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Taganrog" title="Siege of Taganrog">Taganrog</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chernaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Battle of the Chernaya</b> (also <b>Tchernaïa</b>; Russian: Сражение у Черной речки, Сражение у реки Черной, literally: <b>Battle of the Black River</b>) was fought near to the <a href="/wiki/Chorna_(river)" title="Chorna (river)">Chernaya River</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> on August 16, 1855. The battle was fought between <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Piedmont-Sardinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia">Piedmontese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> troops. The Chernaya River is on the outskirts of <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a>, near the line of the allies' siege of the city. The battle ended in a Russian retreat and a victory for the French, Piedmontese, and Ottomans. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Planning">Planning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Chernaya&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Planning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The battle was planned as an offensive by the Russians with the aim of forcing the Allied forces (French, British, Piedmontese, and Ottoman<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKozelsky2019153_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKozelsky2019153-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) to retreat and abandon their <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1854%E2%80%931855)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855)">siege of Sevastopol</a>. Tsar <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Russia" title="Alexander II of Russia">Alexander II</a> had ordered his commander in chief in the Crimea, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Dmitrievich_Gorchakov" title="Mikhail Dmitrievich Gorchakov">Prince Michael Gorchakov</a> to attack the besieging forces before they were reinforced further. <br />The Russian generals prepared a massive force: a 47000-strong infantry, supported by a 10000-strong cavalry, which were organized in 6 divisions: the IV, the V, the VI, the VII, the XII, the XVII, together with another division, the II, in reserve.<br /> The Tsar hoped that by gaining a victory, he could force a more favorable resolution to the conflict. Gorchakov did not think that an attack would be successful but believed the greatest chance of success to be near the French and Piedmontese positions on the Chernaya River. The Tsar ordered the hesitating Gorchakov to hold a war council to plan the attack. The attack was planned for the morning of August 16 in the hope to surprise the French and Piedmontese as they had just celebrated the Feast day of the Emperor (France) and <a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption Day</a> (Piedmontese). The Russians hoped that because of these feasts the enemy would be tired and less attentive to the Russians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiges2010380–381_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiges2010380–381-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_battle">The battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Chernaya&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_the_Chernaya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Battle_of_the_Chernaya.jpg/305px-Battle_of_the_Chernaya.jpg" decoding="async" width="305" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Battle_of_the_Chernaya.jpg/458px-Battle_of_the_Chernaya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Battle_of_the_Chernaya.jpg/610px-Battle_of_the_Chernaya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3983" data-file-height="4505" /></a><figcaption>Battle of the Chernaya, the forces at the beginning of the battle and the Russian advance. The Russians are shown in brown, Frenchmen in red, Sardinians in blue, Turks in green, British in orange</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Artgate_Fondazione_Cariplo_-_Induno_Gerolamo,_La_battaglia_della_Cernaia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Artgate_Fondazione_Cariplo_-_Induno_Gerolamo%2C_La_battaglia_della_Cernaia.jpg/305px-Artgate_Fondazione_Cariplo_-_Induno_Gerolamo%2C_La_battaglia_della_Cernaia.jpg" decoding="async" width="305" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Artgate_Fondazione_Cariplo_-_Induno_Gerolamo%2C_La_battaglia_della_Cernaia.jpg/458px-Artgate_Fondazione_Cariplo_-_Induno_Gerolamo%2C_La_battaglia_della_Cernaia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Artgate_Fondazione_Cariplo_-_Induno_Gerolamo%2C_La_battaglia_della_Cernaia.jpg/610px-Artgate_Fondazione_Cariplo_-_Induno_Gerolamo%2C_La_battaglia_della_Cernaia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption><i>La battaglia della Cernaia</i>, <a href="/wiki/Gerolamo_Induno" title="Gerolamo Induno">Gerolamo Induno</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>58,000 Russian troops in two army <a href="/wiki/Corps" title="Corps">corps</a> under Prince Michael Gorchakov fought against 36,000 French and <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_Expeditionary_Corps_in_the_Crimean_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardinian Expeditionary Corps in the Crimean War">Sardinian troops</a> under French General <a href="/wiki/Aimable_P%C3%A9lissier" title="Aimable Pélissier">Aimable Pélissier</a> and Piedmontese General <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_Ferrero_La_Marmora" title="Alfonso Ferrero La Marmora">Alfonso Ferrero La Marmora</a>. Ottoman forces—six <a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">battalions</a> of infantry and one <a href="/wiki/Artillery_battery" title="Artillery battery">artillery battery</a>—were commanded by <a href="/w/index.php?title=W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Ko%C5%9Bcielski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Władysław Kościelski (page does not exist)">Władysław Kościelski</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Ko%C5%9Bcielski" class="extiw" title="pl:Władysław Kościelski">pl</a>]</span> [(Ottoman name "Sefer Pasha").<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the British correspondents were amazed at the courageousness and impetuosity of the Russian attack,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the assault was handicapped by poor organization and lack of experienced soldiers which, due to Sevastopol, forced their corps to consist mostly of militia. </p><p>In the cover of the morning fog, the Russians advanced towards Traktir Bridge with 47,000 infantry, 10,000 cavalry and 270 cannon under command of General <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Liprandi" title="Pavel Liprandi">Pavel Liprandi</a> on the left and General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolay_Read&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolay Read (page does not exist)">Nikolay Read</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B4,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Реад, Николай Андреевич">ru</a>]</span> on the right. The two generals had been ordered by Gorchakov not to cross the river until given explicit orders. Annoyed that things weren’t happening fast enough, Gorchakov sent a note to his generals with the words <i>"Let's start it."</i> By this, Gorchakov only meant that the Russians should start to deploy their forces. His generals interpreted his words as his order to attack and they acted accordingly, although reserve forces were still en route to the battlefield.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiges2010381–382_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiges2010381–382-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traktir_Bridge_after_the_Battle_of_Tchernaya,_1855,_%27The_Officers%27_Portfolio_of_the_Striking_Reminiscences_of_the_War,_from_Drawings,_Photographs,_and_Notes,_Taken_on_the_Spot.%27_(1856)._NAM_1005006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Traktir_Bridge_after_the_Battle_of_Tchernaya%2C_1855%2C_%27The_Officers%27_Portfolio_of_the_Striking_Reminiscences_of_the_War%2C_from_Drawings%2C_Photographs%2C_and_Notes%2C_Taken_on_the_Spot.%27_%281856%29._NAM_1005006.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Traktir_Bridge_after_the_Battle_of_Tchernaya%2C_1855%2C_%27The_Officers%27_Portfolio_of_the_Striking_Reminiscences_of_the_War%2C_from_Drawings%2C_Photographs%2C_and_Notes%2C_Taken_on_the_Spot.%27_%281856%29._NAM_1005006.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Traktir_Bridge_after_the_Battle_of_Tchernaya%2C_1855%2C_%27The_Officers%27_Portfolio_of_the_Striking_Reminiscences_of_the_War%2C_from_Drawings%2C_Photographs%2C_and_Notes%2C_Taken_on_the_Spot.%27_%281856%29._NAM_1005006.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="642" /></a><figcaption>Traktir Bridge after the Battle.</figcaption></figure> <p>The attacking Russians immediately met stiff resistance from the French and Sardinians. Read's forces crossed the river near the Traktir Bridge but without cavalry and artillery support, they were easily stopped by the French on the Fedyukhin Heights (Федюхины высоты). Read then ordered his reserve formation, the 5th Infantry Division, to attack the Heights but instead of launching a coordinated assault, he fed them piecemeal into the fray. Going in regiment by regiment, the assaulting reserve troops accomplished nothing. Seeing this, Gorchakov ordered Read to deploy the entire division against the French. This forced the French back up the hill but the Russians could not capture the Heights. In the following retreat General Read was killed. Upon the death of Read, Gorchakov took personal command of the right and ordered 8 battalions of Liprandi's left wing to reinforce the right wing. These forces came under fire from the Sardinians and were driven back. At 10 o’clock in the morning, Gorchakov concluded that the situation was hopeless and ordered a general retreat.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiges2010382–383_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiges2010382–383-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bravery of Sardinian troops and the French soldiers of the 50th, 82nd, 95th, 97th of the line; the 19th Foot Chasseurs; and the 2nd and 3rd <a href="/wiki/Zouave" title="Zouave">Zouaves</a> was especially noted. The Sardinian troops' valiant effort at the battle was a contributing factor to their inclusion at the negotiation tables at the end of the war; it was there that the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia" title="Kingdom of Sardinia">Kingdom of Sardinia</a> began looking for the aid of other European nations towards the <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Unification of Italy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tolstoy">Tolstoy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Chernaya&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tolstoy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Russian Count <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a> was a participant in the Battle of the Chernaya River. He witnessed as the Russians crossed the river and started up the hillside in the morning sunlight. Tolstoy saw Russian soldiers being killed in clusters as shells exploded around them. Before the morning was over, the Russians were forced to retreat. They left thousands of their dead comrades behind. Tolstoy was depressed and angered by the slaughter. He believed much of it was due to incompetent generals and staff. Tolstoy vented his anger by composing a <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/ru:%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_4_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_1855_%D0%B3._(%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9)" class="extiw" title="s:ru:Песня про сражение на реке Черной 4 августа 1855 г. (Толстой)">satiric stanza</a>, an approximate translation of which reads: </p><p><i>The toppest brass</i><br /> <i>Sat down to meet</i><br /> <i>And pondered long;</i><br /> <i>Topographers</i><br /> <i>Lined paper black</i><br /> <i>But all forgot</i><br /> <i>The deep ravine</i><br /> <i>They had to cross!</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETroyat2001125_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETroyat2001125-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br />This humorous song soon gained widespread popularity among the Russian soldiers, and is the only piece of verse Tolstoy is known to have written. The stanza from Tolstoy's song "Гладко вписано в бумаге, Да забыли про овраги" ("It was smoothly written into the papers / But it was forgotten about the ravines") entered as a <a href="/wiki/Catchphrase" title="Catchphrase">catch phrase</a>, in a slightly modified form "Гладко было на бумаге..." ("It was smooth on the paper, ...").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETroyat2001158_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETroyat2001158-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Chernaya&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The battle was a disaster for the Russians. Even with numerical superiority, the Russians had managed to lose the battle and suffer almost five times as many casualties as the Allies. Tsar Alexander had hoped for a Russian victory so that he could negotiate a peace with favorable terms. That hope was now lost. As a result of the slaughter that took place at the battle, the Russian soldiers had lost their trust in the Russian commanders and it was now only a question of time before the Russian army would be forced to surrender Sevastopol.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiges2010384–385_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiges2010384–385-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyle2000409_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyle2000409-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Chernaya&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchneid201223-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneid201223_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneid201223_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchneid201223_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchneid2012">Schneid (2012)</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEÖnen2016111-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÖnen2016111_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEÖnen2016111_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFÖnen2016">Önen 2016</a>, p. 111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDupuy1993906-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDupuy1993906_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDupuy1993">Dupuy (1993)</a>, p. 906.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017193-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017193_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017193_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter2017193_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClodfelter2017">Clodfelter 2017</a>, p. 193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodart1908516-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodart1908516_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBodart1908">Bodart 1908</a>, p. 516.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBodart1908474-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBodart1908474_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBodart1908">Bodart 1908</a>, p. 474.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKozelsky2019153-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKozelsky2019153_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKozelsky2019">Kozelsky (2019)</a>, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiges2010380–381-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiges2010380–381_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFiges2010">Figes (2010)</a>, pp. 380–381.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRussell1858">Russell 1858</a>, p. 412</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRussell1858">Russell 1858</a>, p. 404: "The rush of the Russians was splendid."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiges2010381–382-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiges2010381–382_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFiges2010">Figes (2010)</a>, pp. 381–382.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiges2010382–383-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiges2010382–383_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFiges2010">Figes (2010)</a>, pp. 382–383.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETroyat2001125-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETroyat2001125_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTroyat2001">Troyat (2001)</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETroyat2001158-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETroyat2001158_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTroyat2001">Troyat (2001)</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiges2010384–385-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiges2010384–385_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFiges2010">Figes (2010)</a>, pp. 384–385.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoyle2000409-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoyle2000409_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRoyle2000">Royle (2000)</a>, p. 409.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Chernaya&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBodart1908" class="citation book cs1">Bodart, Gaston (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_A0kNAAAAYAAJ"><i>Militär-historisches Kriegs-Lexikon (1618-1905)</i></a>. Wien und Leipzig, C. W. Stern.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Milit%C3%A4r-historisches+Kriegs-Lexikon+%281618-1905%29&rft.pub=Wien+und+Leipzig%2C+C.+W.+Stern&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Bodart&rft.aufirst=Gaston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_A0kNAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Chernaya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClodfelter2017" class="citation book cs1">Clodfelter, M. (2017). <i>Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492-2015</i> (4th ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7470-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7470-7"><bdi>978-0-7864-7470-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+and+Armed+Conflicts%3A+A+Statistical+Encyclopedia+of+Casualty+and+Other+Figures%2C+1492-2015&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-7470-7&rft.aulast=Clodfelter&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Chernaya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDupuy1993" class="citation book cs1">Dupuy, Trevor N.; Dupuy, R. Ernest (1993). <i>The Harper's Encyclopedia of Military History</i>. HarperCollins.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Harper%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Military+History&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Dupuy&rft.aufirst=Trevor+N.&rft.au=Dupuy%2C+R.+Ernest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Chernaya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiges2010" class="citation book cs1">Figes, Orlando (2010). <i>Crimea. The Last Crusade</i>. London: Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9704-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9704-0"><bdi>978-0-7139-9704-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crimea.+The+Last+Crusade&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7139-9704-0&rft.aulast=Figes&rft.aufirst=Orlando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Chernaya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKozelsky2019" class="citation book cs1">Kozelsky, Mara (2019). <i>Crimea in war and transformation</i>. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190644710" title="Special:BookSources/9780190644710"><bdi>9780190644710</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crimea+in+war+and+transformation&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9780190644710&rft.aulast=Kozelsky&rft.aufirst=Mara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Chernaya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÖnen2016" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Önen, Saliha (September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acikerisim.nevsehir.edu.tr/bitstream/handle/20.500.11787/217/saliha_onen_tez.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y"><i>Cerİde-İ Havadİs Gazetesİ’nİn Gözünden 1853-1856 Kirim Savaşi</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (M. A. thesis) (in Turkish). <a href="/wiki/Nev%C5%9Fehir" title="Nevşehir">Nevşehir</a>: History Department, Institute of Social Sciences, <a href="/wiki/Nev%C5%9Fehir_Hac%C4%B1_Bekta%C5%9F_Veli_University" title="Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University">Nevşehir Hacı Bektaş Veli University</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Cer%C4%B0de-%C4%B0+Havad%C4%B0s+Gazetes%C4%B0%E2%80%99n%C4%B0n+G%C3%B6z%C3%BCnden+1853-1856+Kirim+Sava%C5%9Fi&rft.degree=M.+A.&rft.inst=History+Department%2C+Institute+of+Social+Sciences%2C+Nev%C5%9Fehir+Hac%C4%B1+Bekta%C5%9F+Veli+University&rft.date=2016-09&rft.aulast=%C3%96nen&rft.aufirst=Saliha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facikerisim.nevsehir.edu.tr%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F20.500.11787%2F217%2Fsaliha_onen_tez.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Chernaya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaugh2004" class="citation book cs1">Raugh, Harold E. (2004). <i>The Victorians at war, 1815-1914: An Encyclopedia of British Military History</i>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-925-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-925-6"><bdi>978-1-57607-925-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Victorians+at+war%2C+1815-1914%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+British+Military+History&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-925-6&rft.aulast=Raugh&rft.aufirst=Harold+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Chernaya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoyle2000" class="citation book cs1">Royle, Trevor (2000). <i>Crimea: The Great Crimean War 1854-1856</i>. New York: St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-23079-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-23079-6"><bdi>0-312-23079-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crimea%3A+The+Great+Crimean+War+1854-1856&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-312-23079-6&rft.aulast=Royle&rft.aufirst=Trevor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Chernaya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell1858" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Russell" title="William Howard Russell">Russell, William Howard</a> (1858). <i>The British Expedition to the Crimea</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/474917219">474917219</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Expedition+to+the+Crimea&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1858&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F474917219&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=William+Howard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Chernaya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneid2012" class="citation book cs1">Schneid, Frederick C. (2012). <i>The Second War of Italian Unification 1859-61</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-787-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-787-2"><bdi>978-1-84908-787-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+War+of+Italian+Unification+1859-61&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84908-787-2&rft.aulast=Schneid&rft.aufirst=Frederick+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Chernaya" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTroyat2001" class="citation book cs1">Troyat, Henri (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45195641"><i>Tolstoy</i></a> (1st Grove Press ed.). New York: Grove Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8021-3768-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8021-3768-7"><bdi>0-8021-3768-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45195641">45195641</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tolstoy&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st+Grove+Press&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F45195641&rft.isbn=0-8021-3768-7&rft.aulast=Troyat&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F45195641&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+the+Chernaya" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Chernaya&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Category:Battle_of_the_Chernaya" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Category:Battle of the Chernaya">Category:Battle of the Chernaya</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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