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<li id="toc-On_to_Sevastopol" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_to_Sevastopol"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>On to Sevastopol</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_to_Sevastopol-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Opposing_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposing_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Opposing forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposing_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Allied_deployment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Allied_deployment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Allied deployment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Allied_deployment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_plan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_plan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Russian plan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_plan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Battle</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Battle-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Battle subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Redoubts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Redoubts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Redoubts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Redoubts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Valley" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Valley"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>South Valley</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Valley-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ryzhov's_advance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ryzhov's_advance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Ryzhov's advance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ryzhov's_advance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charge_of_the_Heavy_Brigade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charge_of_the_Heavy_Brigade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Charge of the Heavy Brigade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charge_of_the_Heavy_Brigade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Valley" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Valley"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>North Valley</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Valley-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Charge_of_the_Light_Brigade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charge_of_the_Light_Brigade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Charge of the Light Brigade</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charge_of_the_Light_Brigade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mêlée_and_retreat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mêlée_and_retreat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Mêlée and retreat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mêlée_and_retreat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Balaclava</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7" title="معركة بالاكلافا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معركة بالاكلافا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balaklava_d%C3%B6y%C3%BC%C5%9F%C3%BC" title="Balaklava döyüşü – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Balaklava döyüşü" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Балаклаўская бітва – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Балаклаўская бітва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Битка при Балаклава – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Битка при Балаклава" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Balaklava" title="Batalla de Balaklava – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Batalla de Balaklava" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitva_u_Balaklavy" title="Bitva u Balaklavy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bitva u Balaklavy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_ved_Balaklava" title="Slaget ved Balaklava – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Slaget ved Balaklava" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_bei_Balaklawa" title="Schlacht bei Balaklawa – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlacht bei Balaklawa" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Balaclava" title="Batalla de Balaclava – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla de Balaclava" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balaklava_batalo" title="Balaklava batalo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Balaklava batalo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balaklavako_gudua" title="Balaklavako gudua – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Balaklavako gudua" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_Balaklava" title="Bataille de Balaklava – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille de Balaklava" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Balaclava" title="Batalla de Balaclava – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Batalla de Balaclava" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%9C%EB%9D%BC%ED%81%B4%EB%9D%BC%EB%B0%94_%EC%A0%84%ED%88%AC" title="발라클라바 전투 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="발라클라바 전투" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalio_di_Balaklava" title="Batalio di Balaklava – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Batalio di Balaklava" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orrustan_vi%C3%B0_Balaclava" title="Orrustan við Balaclava – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Orrustan við Balaclava" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_di_Balaklava" title="Battaglia di Balaklava – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia di Balaklava" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proelium_Balaclavae" title="Proelium Balaclavae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Proelium Balaclavae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balaklavai_csata" title="Balaklavai csata – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Balaklavai csata" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%97%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2" title="ဘယ်လကလားဗာတိုက်ပွဲ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘယ်လကလားဗာတိုက်ပွဲ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_bij_Balaklava" title="Slag bij Balaklava – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slag bij Balaklava" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AF%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%81%AE%E6%88%A6%E3%81%84" title="バラクラヴァの戦い – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バラクラヴァの戦い" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitwa_pod_Ba%C5%82ak%C5%82aw%C4%85" title="Bitwa pod Bałakławą – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bitwa pod Bałakławą" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalha_de_Balaclava" title="Batalha de Balaclava – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Batalha de Balaclava" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83t%C4%83lia_de_la_Balaclava" title="Bătălia de la Balaclava – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bătălia de la Balaclava" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Балаклавское сражение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Балаклавское сражение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Balaclava" title="Battle of Balaclava – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Battle of Balaclava" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_pri_Balaklave" title="Bitka pri Balaklave – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bitka pri Balaklave" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_pri_Balaklavi" title="Bitka pri Balaklavi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bitka pri Balaklavi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Битка код Балаклаве – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Битка код Балаклаве" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitka_kod_Balaklave" title="Bitka kod Balaklave – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bitka kod Balaklave" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balaklavan_taistelu" title="Balaklavan taistelu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Balaklavan taistelu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_vid_Balaklava" title="Slaget vid Balaklava – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Slaget vid Balaklava" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balaklava_Muharebesi" title="Balaklava Muharebesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Balaklava Muharebesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Балаклавська битва – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Балаклавська битва" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%ADn_Balaclava" title="Trận Balaclava – Vietnamese" 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Balaclava&params=44_32_07_N_33_36_07_E_type:event_region:UA-43"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">44°32′07″N</span> <span class="longitude">33°36′07″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">44.53528°N 33.60194°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">44.53528; 33.60194</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1854 battle of the Crimean War</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Balaklava</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1854%E2%80%931855)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855)">Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855)</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charge_of_the_Light_Brigade.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Charge_of_the_Light_Brigade.jpg/300px-Charge_of_the_Light_Brigade.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Charge_of_the_Light_Brigade.jpg/450px-Charge_of_the_Light_Brigade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Charge_of_the_Light_Brigade.jpg/600px-Charge_of_the_Light_Brigade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="583" /></a></span><br /><i>Charge of the Light Brigade</i> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Caton_Woodville_Jr." title="Richard Caton Woodville Jr.">Richard Caton Woodville Jr.</a> (1894)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>25 October 1854<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">1854-10-25</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">near <a href="/wiki/Balaklava" title="Balaklava">Balaclava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taurida_Governorate" title="Taurida Governorate">Taurida Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Balaclava&params=44_32_07_N_33_36_07_E_type:event_region:UA-43"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">44°32′07″N</span> <span class="longitude">33°36′07″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">44.53528°N 33.60194°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">44.53528; 33.60194</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Indecisive</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span data-sort-value="United Kingdom"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></span><br /><span data-sort-value="France"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a></span><br /><span data-sort-value="Ottoman Empire"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></span><hr /> <span data-sort-value="Tunis"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Tunisian_flag_till_1831.svg/23px-Tunisian_flag_till_1831.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Tunisian_flag_till_1831.svg/35px-Tunisian_flag_till_1831.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Tunisian_flag_till_1831.svg/45px-Tunisian_flag_till_1831.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Beylik_of_Tunis" title="Beylik of Tunis">Tunis</a></span></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span data-sort-value="Russia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/FitzRoy_Somerset,_1st_Baron_Raglan" title="FitzRoy Somerset, 1st Baron Raglan">FitzRoy Somerset, 1st Baron Raglan</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire"><img alt="Second French Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Certain_Canrobert" class="mw-redirect" title="François Certain Canrobert">François Certain Canrobert</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Liprandi" title="Pavel Liprandi">Pavel Liprandi</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>28,000 <ul><li>20,000 British, 41 guns</li> <li>7, 000 French</li> <li>1,000 Turkish</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 16,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEgorshinaPetrova2023451_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEgorshinaPetrova2023451-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 25,000<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />78 guns</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 615<sup id="cite_ref-kinglake350_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kinglake350-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 850<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEgorshinaPetrova2023750_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEgorshinaPetrova2023750-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 627<sup id="cite_ref-kinglake350_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kinglake350-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Crimean_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Crimean War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Crimean_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Crimean War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Crimean_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Crimean War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Crimean_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Balkans</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Olteni%C8%9Ba" title="Battle of Oltenița">Oltenița</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cetate" title="Battle of Cetate">Cetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Calafat" title="Siege of Calafat">Calafat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Silistria" title="Siege of Silistria">Silistria</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Caucasus</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Akhaltsikhe_(1853)" title="Battle of Akhaltsikhe (1853)">Akhaltsikhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ba%C5%9Fgedikler" title="Battle of Başgedikler">Başgedikler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nigoiti" title="Battle of Nigoiti">Nigoiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Choloki" title="Battle of Choloki">Choloki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kurekdere" title="Battle of Kurekdere">Kurekdere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kars" title="Siege of Kars">Kars</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Naval Operations</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sinop" title="Battle of Sinop">Sinop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85land_War" title="Åland War">Åland War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skirmish_of_Halkokari" title="Skirmish of Halkokari">Halkokari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bomarsund" title="Battle of Bomarsund">Bomarsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Suomenlinna" title="Battle of Suomenlinna">Suomenlinna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Petropavlovsk" title="Siege of Petropavlovsk">Petropavlovsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kinburn_(1855)" title="Battle of Kinburn (1855)">Kinburn</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Crimea</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Alma" title="Battle of the Alma">Alma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1854%E2%80%931855)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855)">Sevastopol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malakoff" title="Battle of Malakoff">Malakoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Great_Redan" title="Battle of the Great Redan">Great Redan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Balaclava</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charge_of_the_Light_Brigade" title="Charge of the Light Brigade">Charge of the Light Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Thin_Red_Line_(Battle_of_Balaclava)" title="The Thin Red Line (Battle of Balaclava)">The Thin Red Line</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Inkerman" title="Battle of Inkerman">Inkerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eupatoria" title="Battle of Eupatoria">Eupatoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Taganrog" title="Siege of Taganrog">Taganrog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chernaya" title="Battle of the Chernaya">Chernaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Battle of Balaclava</b>, fought on 25 October 1854 during the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>, was part of the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1854%E2%80%9355)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1854–55)">Siege of Sevastopol (1854–55)</a>, an Allied attempt to capture the port and fortress of <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>'s principal naval base on the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>. The engagement followed the earlier Allied victory in September at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alma" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Alma">Battle of the Alma</a>, where the Russian General <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Sergeyevich_Menshikov" title="Alexander Sergeyevich Menshikov">Menshikov</a> had positioned his army in an attempt to stop the Allies progressing south towards their strategic goal.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alma was the first major encounter fought in the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Peninsula">Crimean Peninsula</a> since the Allied landings at Kalamita Bay on 14 September, and was a clear battlefield success; but a tardy pursuit by the Allies failed to gain a decisive victory, allowing the <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a> to regroup, recover and prepare their defence. </p><p>The Russians split their forces. Defending within the allied siege lines was primarily the Navy manning the considerable static defenses of the city and threatening the allies from without was the mobile Army under General Menshikov. </p><p>The Allies decided against a fast assault on <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a> and instead prepared for a protracted siege. The <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">British</a>, under the command of <a href="/wiki/FitzRoy_Somerset,_1st_Baron_Raglan" title="FitzRoy Somerset, 1st Baron Raglan">Lord Raglan</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">French</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Certain_Canrobert" class="mw-redirect" title="François Certain Canrobert">Canrobert</a>, positioned their troops to the south of the port on the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Peninsula">Chersonese</a> Peninsula: the <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a> occupied the bay of <a href="/wiki/Kamiesch" title="Kamiesch">Kamiesch</a> on the west coast whilst the British moved to the southern port of <a href="/wiki/Balaklava" title="Balaklava">Balaclava</a>. However, this position committed the British to the defence of the right flank of the Allied siege operations, for which Raglan had insufficient troops. Taking advantage of this exposure, the Russian <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Liprandi" title="Pavel Liprandi">General Liprandi</a>, with some 25,000 men, prepared to attack the defences around Balaclava, hoping to disrupt the supply chain between the British base and their siege lines. </p><p>The battle began with a Russian <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> and infantry attack on the Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Redoubt" title="Redoubt">redoubts</a> that formed Balaclava's first line of defence on the Vorontsov Heights. The Ottoman forces initially resisted the Russian assaults, but lacking support they were eventually forced to retreat. When the redoubts fell, the Russian cavalry moved to engage the second defensive line in the South Valley, held by the Ottoman and the British <a href="/wiki/93rd_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="93rd Regiment of Foot">93rd Highland Regiment</a> in what came to be known as the "<a href="/wiki/The_Thin_Red_Line_(Battle_of_Balaclava)" title="The Thin Red Line (Battle of Balaclava)">Thin Red Line</a>". This line held and repelled the attack; as did General <a href="/wiki/James_Yorke_Scarlett" title="James Yorke Scarlett">James Scarlett</a>'s British Heavy Brigade which charged and defeated the greater proportion of the cavalry advance, forcing the Russians onto the defensive. However, a final Allied cavalry charge, stemming from a misinterpreted order from Raglan, led to one of the most famous and ill-fated events in British military history – the <a href="/wiki/Charge_of_the_Light_Brigade" title="Charge of the Light Brigade">Charge of the Light Brigade</a>. French troops who came to the aid of the allies tried to recapture the redoubts, however, unsuccessfully, but this showed the Russians that they would not be able to achieve at least some further success other than holding the already captured positions. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Balaclava&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_to_Sevastopol">On to Sevastopol</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Balaclava&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: On to Sevastopol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1854%E2%80%931855)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855)">Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Alma" title="Battle of the Alma">Battle of the Alma</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:March_to_Sevastopol_1854.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/March_to_Sevastopol_1854.png/250px-March_to_Sevastopol_1854.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/March_to_Sevastopol_1854.png/375px-March_to_Sevastopol_1854.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/March_to_Sevastopol_1854.png/500px-March_to_Sevastopol_1854.png 2x" data-file-width="607" data-file-height="832" /></a><figcaption>Allied 'flank march' to the <a href="/wiki/Chersonesus_Taurica" class="mw-redirect" title="Chersonesus Taurica">Chersonese Peninsula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a>, September 1854.</figcaption></figure> <p>The British and French fleets departed from the <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgarian</a> port of <a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Varna</a> on 5 September 1854, heading towards Kalamita Bay in the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Peninsula">Crimea</a>. By the 14th, the troops began to land; within four days the Allied force of 61,400 infantry, 1,200 cavalry and 137 guns, was ashore.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thirty-three miles (~53 km) to the south of the landing zone, beyond the Bulganak, <a href="/wiki/Alma_River_(Ukraine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alma River (Ukraine)">lma</a>, Katcha and Belbek rivers, lay the Russian naval base and fortress of <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a>, the key Allied objective in the Crimea. General <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Sergeyevich_Menshikov" title="Alexander Sergeyevich Menshikov">Menshikov</a>, aware of the Allied presence, prepared his troops on the banks of the River Alma in an effort to halt the Franco-British advance, but on 20 September he was soundly defeated in what was the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Alma" title="Battle of the Alma">first major battle</a> in the Crimea. News of Menshikov's defeat was met with disbelief by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Tsar Nicholas I</a> in <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg">St. Petersburg</a> – it seemed it would only be a matter of time before Sevastopol fell.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>But Allied hesitation, first from the French commander-in-chief, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Leroy_de_Saint_Arnaud" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques Leroy de Saint Arnaud">Saint-Arnaud</a>, then by <a href="/wiki/FitzRoy_Somerset,_1st_Baron_Raglan" title="FitzRoy Somerset, 1st Baron Raglan">Lord Raglan</a>, allowed the dispirited Russians to escape the battlefield in relative order,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allowing Menshikov and his army to reach Sevastopol, reorganise and rebuild their morale.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "It is frightful to think what might have happened", wrote <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Alexeyevich_Kornilov" title="Vladimir Alexeyevich Kornilov">Vice-Admiral Kornilov</a>, "had it not been for this cardinal error of the enemy's."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Allied march south finally recommenced on the morning of 23 September 1854, but there was as yet no definite plan of action;<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was not until they had passed the <a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Kacha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="River Kacha (page does not exist)">River Katcha</a> in sight of Sevastopol itself, that the Allied commanders discussed their options.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original plan had envisaged a move across the <a href="/w/index.php?title=River_Belbek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="River Belbek (page does not exist)">River Belbek</a> before attacking the north side (the Severnaya) of Sevastopol harbour, defended by the Star Fort; but recent naval intelligence had revealed that the position was much stronger than had first been realised. <a href="/wiki/John_Fox_Burgoyne" title="John Fox Burgoyne">John Burgoyne</a>, the British Army's most experienced engineer, advocated an attack on Sevastopol from the south which, from all reports, was still an imperfectly entrenched position.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was a view shared by Saint-Arnaud who, having received his own intelligence of Russian reinforcements, had refused to agree to an attack from the north. Burgoyne's proposed 'flank march' required the Allies to go round the city to the east in order to attack the harbour from the south where the defences were weakest.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raglan was inclined to agree, arguing that he had always been disposed to such an operation; he knew, too, that the problem of re-supply would be eased with the seizing of the southern ports on the Chersonese Peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 24 September, Menshikov began to move his army out of Sevastopol towards Bakchi Serai and <a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a>, leaving Admirals Kornilov and <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Nakhimov" title="Pavel Nakhimov">Nakhimov</a> to organise the 18,000-strong garrison (mainly sailors and marines) and prepare the port's defences.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By venturing into the interior of the Crimea, Menshikov would not only keep open his communications with Russia, but would also be in touch with reinforcements from <a href="/wiki/Odessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Odessa">Odessa</a> or <a href="/wiki/Kerch" title="Kerch">Kertch</a>; moreover, he would be free to operate in the field and threaten the Allied flank.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whilst Menshikov moved east, the Anglo-French-Turkish army, with the British in the <a href="/wiki/Vanguard_(military_formation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanguard (military formation)">vanguard</a>, continued its march towards the southern coast of the peninsula. The heat was oppressive, the water sparse, and <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> rife, taking a heavy toll on the men including Saint-Arnaud who was already ill with cancer. The march had been a real trial and was not without incident. At one point, on 25 September near MacKenzie's Farm, Raglan and his staff in front of the British column stumbled across the rear of the retreating Russians; with the rest of his army strung out behind in hopeless disorder, Menshikov missed a chance to inflict a major reverse on the British.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 26th, however, Raglan had reached the village of <a href="/wiki/Kadikoi" title="Kadikoi">Kadikoi</a>, and was able to look down on the narrow inlet of Balaclava. That same day Saint-Arnaud, now critically ill, surrendered his command to <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Certain_Canrobert" class="mw-redirect" title="François Certain Canrobert">General Canrobert</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Opposing_forces">Opposing forces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Balaclava&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Opposing forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Battle_at_the_Balaclava_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Battle at the Balaclava campaign">Order of Battle at the Balaclava campaign</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Allied_deployment">Allied deployment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Balaclava&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Allied deployment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The harbor at Balaclava was too small for both Allied armies to use. By rights, the French, who had claimed the honor of holding the right of the line, should have occupied Balaclava whilst the British should have moved west to the ports of Kazatch and Kamiesch. Canrobert offered the British the choice, but badly advised by <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Lyons,_1st_Baron_Lyons" title="Edmund Lyons, 1st Baron Lyons">Admiral Lyons</a>, Raglan chose Balaclava for his base, not realizing that the two western bays offered far better facilities as supply ports.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, Raglan committed the British Army to the defense of the right flank of the Allied operation and would have to ensure the security of both Anglo-French armies against the threat posed by Menshikov's forces to the east. The decision by Raglan was a bad mistake and one for which the British Army was to pay a terrible price.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cossack_Bay,_Balaclava_1855-56.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d7/Cossack_Bay%2C_Balaclava_1855-56.jpg/220px-Cossack_Bay%2C_Balaclava_1855-56.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d7/Cossack_Bay%2C_Balaclava_1855-56.jpg/330px-Cossack_Bay%2C_Balaclava_1855-56.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d7/Cossack_Bay%2C_Balaclava_1855-56.jpg/440px-Cossack_Bay%2C_Balaclava_1855-56.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="514" /></a><figcaption>Cossack Bay, Balaclava. Photo: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Fenton" title="Roger Fenton">Roger Fenton</a> c. 1855.</figcaption></figure> <p>For many, the only justification for the 'flank march' was an immediate assault upon Sevastopol. <a href="/wiki/George_Cathcart" title="George Cathcart">George Cathcart</a>, commander of the <a href="/wiki/4th_Infantry_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="4th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)">British 4th Division</a>, pleaded with Raglan for instant action.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "I am sure I could walk into it, with scarcely the loss of a man," wrote Cathcart to Raglan on 28 September from the heights above the eastern approach to the city. "We could leave our packs, and run into it even in open day … We see people walking about the streets in great consternation ..."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But caution prevailed, and plans by Burgoyne for a formal siege, backed by Canrobert, were prepared. When Raglan told Cathcart that nothing would happen until the Allied siege trains had been landed, Cathcart could not hide his irritation, "Land the siege trains! But my dear Lord Raglan, what the devil is there to knock down?"<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raglan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Raglan.jpg/170px-Raglan.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Raglan.jpg/255px-Raglan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Raglan.jpg/340px-Raglan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/FitzRoy_Somerset,_1st_Baron_Raglan" title="FitzRoy Somerset, 1st Baron Raglan">1st Baron Raglan</a>, British commander-in-chief. Photo: Roger Fenton.</figcaption></figure> <p>Having decided upon which port they would occupy the Allies set about deploying their forces on the <a href="/wiki/Chersonesus_Taurica" class="mw-redirect" title="Chersonesus Taurica">Chersonese Peninsula</a>. The peninsula is bounded to the north by Sevastopol Harbour, at the head of which the <a href="/wiki/Chernaya_River_(Ukraine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chernaya River (Ukraine)">River Chernaya</a> flows from the south-east. The eastern boundary is formed by a long <a href="/wiki/Escarpment" title="Escarpment">escarpment</a>, the Sapouné Heights, averaging 600 feet high, and pierced by two passes only: the metalled <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vorontsov_Road&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vorontsov Road (page does not exist)">Worontsov road</a>, and, at the southern end of the heights, the Col, through which ran a steeper and more difficult road leading from the west end of Sevastopol to Balaclava.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sevastopol itself was divided in two by the Dockyard Creek. Two of Canrobert's four divisions, supervised by <a href="/wiki/Elie_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Forey" class="mw-redirect" title="Elie Frédéric Forey">General Forey</a>, were allotted the western siege operations around the city, from the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> to the Dockyard Creek; the other two divisions, under <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bosquet" title="Pierre Bosquet">General Bosquet</a>, would act as a covering force along the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sapoun%C3%A9_Heights&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sapouné Heights (page does not exist)">Sapouné Heights</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To Bosquet's north lay the camp of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_1st_Division_between_1809%E2%80%931909" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the British 1st Division between 1809–1909">British 1st Division</a>, and beyond this <a href="/wiki/George_de_Lacy_Evans" title="George de Lacy Evans">De Lacy Evans</a>' <a href="/wiki/2nd_Infantry_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="2nd Infantry Division (United Kingdom)">2nd Division</a> guarding the extreme right of the Allied line with the Inkerman Heights to its front and the Chernaya Valley to its right.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The port of Balaclava lay outside the main Allied perimeter and had to be provided with a defensive system of its own.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vorontsov Road ran down from the Sapouné Heights along a ridge, running east–west, known as the Causeway Heights, dividing the plain into two sections – the North Valley and the South Valley. <a href="/wiki/Redoubt" title="Redoubt">Redoubts</a> upon the Causeway Heights offered Balaclava its first line of defense: five were built upon the heights – approximately 500 yards (~450 m) apart – and one upon what came to be known as Canrobert's Hill, slightly to the south and covering the extreme right of the British defenses (see map below). The redoubts housed a total of nine naval guns, all 12-pounders from HMS <i>Diamond</i>: three in No.1 redoubt on Canrobert's Hill; two each in redoubts 2, 3, and 4. Redoubts 5 and 6 (the two at the western end of the Causeway Heights), were still unfinished and without any guns.<sup id="cite_ref-fletcher158_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fletcher158-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These defenses were hastily constructed, but they were not small works: No.1 redoubt held a garrison of 600 Turks, whilst redoubts 2, 3, and 4 each held 300; all were accompanied by one British artillery <a href="/wiki/Non-commissioned_officer" title="Non-commissioned officer">NCO</a>. The inner line of defense of the British base was supplied by the <a href="/wiki/93rd_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="93rd Regiment of Foot">93rd Highlanders</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Artillery" title="Royal Artillery">Royal Artillery</a> field battery stationed at the village of <a href="/wiki/Kadikoi" title="Kadikoi">Kadikoi</a> to the north of Balaclava.<sup id="cite_ref-Frederick_Engels_p._523_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frederick_Engels_p._523-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were supported by <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marines" title="Royal Marines">Royal Marines</a> and artillery positioned along the heights above the port, as well as additional Ottoman troops. In addition to these defenses, Raglan could call upon the 1,500 men of <a href="/wiki/George_Bingham,_3rd_Earl_of_Lucan" title="George Bingham, 3rd Earl of Lucan">Lord Lucan</a>'s Cavalry Division camped on the western end of the South Valley, along with a troop of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Horse_Artillery" title="Royal Horse Artillery">Royal Horse Artillery</a>. The total force available for the immediate defense of the British base at Balaclava numbered around 4,500 men, supported by 26 guns.<sup id="cite_ref-fletcher158_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fletcher158-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_plan">Russian plan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Balaclava&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Russian plan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Menshikov_A_S-by_Kruger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Menshikov_A_S-by_Kruger.jpg/220px-Menshikov_A_S-by_Kruger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Menshikov_A_S-by_Kruger.jpg/330px-Menshikov_A_S-by_Kruger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Menshikov_A_S-by_Kruger.jpg/440px-Menshikov_A_S-by_Kruger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1084" data-file-height="1478" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Sergeyevich_Menshikov" title="Alexander Sergeyevich Menshikov">Alexander Menshikov</a> by Franz Kruger. Russian commander-in-chief in the Crimea.</figcaption></figure> <p>As the Allied siege guns bombarded Sevastopol the Russian reserves were moving to the Crimea. The Russians sought to relieve Sevastopol from bombardment by marching newly arrived reinforcements from the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danubian</a> front.<sup id="cite_ref-Orlando_Figes_p._241_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orlando_Figes_p._241-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This force of Russian reinforcements would strike at the allies' main port of supply—Balaclava.<sup id="cite_ref-Orlando_Figes_p._241_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orlando_Figes_p._241-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the forefront of these reinforcements was the 12th Infantry Division – part of the Russian 4th Corps – under <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Liprandi" title="Pavel Liprandi">General Pavel Liprandi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Orlando_Figes_p._241_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Orlando_Figes_p._241-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This division, consisting of the Azovsky, Dnieper, Ukraine and Odessa regiments, along with four batteries of artillery, had arrived from <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a>; by the time the division had reached the Crimea, Menshikov had decided on the plan to use them to attack the Allied rear from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chorgun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chorgun (page does not exist)">Chorgun</a>, and march on Balaclava.<sup id="cite_ref-fletcher155_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fletcher155-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The vulnerability of Balaclava was well known to both sides. Undertaking the siege operations around Sevastopol whilst securing the Allies' eastern flank was stretching the resources of Raglan's dwindling forces – British casualties at the Alma had been high, and many were still suffering from the cholera epidemic; others simply fell sick from exhaustion. With the arrival of further Russian reinforcements, Menshikov's total force in theatre (including 12 Division) numbered around 65,000.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remainder of 4th Corps – 10 and 11 Divisions – were also heading towards the Crimea, but Menshikov, under pressure from Nicholas I to strike back at the Allies, decided not to wait for these troops before beginning the attack. </p><p>The first move by the Russians came on the early morning of 18 October 1854, when Lieutenant Colonel Rakovitch moved against the village of Chorgun with three infantry battalions, 200 <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a> and four guns. From here, Liprandi, Rakovitch and Major General Semyakin were able to reconnoitre the Allied redoubts along the Causeway Heights. To the Russian commanders, and, belatedly, to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Engineers" title="Royal Engineers">Royal Engineers</a>, the redoubts were recognised to be too far forward of the inner defensive line of Balaclava to be adequately defended and supported by the British. Russian reconnaissance reports had also indicated that these outer defences were occupied by a mixture of <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisians</a>, raw recruits and <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militia</a>, and not of the same calibre of men that had defeated them on the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> at the beginning of the war. To Liprandi and his generals it seemed a swift strike against the redoubts was certain of success.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 23 October Liprandi had gathered 16,000 men, known as the 'Detachment of Chorgun', comprising 17 battalions, 30 squadrons and 64 guns. The left column, commanded by Major General Gribbe, was to advance across the <a href="/wiki/Chorna_River_(Crimea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chorna River (Crimea)">Chernaya River</a> and towards the village of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamara,_Crimea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kamara, Crimea (page does not exist)">Kamara</a>. The centre column, under Major General Semyakin, was divided into two wings: Semyakin himself, commanding the left wing, was to lead his troops south from Chorgun before moving against Canrobert's Hill and No.1 redoubt; Major General Levutsky, commanding the right wing of the centre column, was tasked to assault No.2 redoubt farther to the west. Meanwhile, the right column, under Colonel Skyuderi, was to advance across the Chernaya via the Tractir Bridge before moving south through the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fedyukhin_Heights&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fedyukhin Heights (page does not exist)">Fedyukhin Heights</a> and across the North Valley to attack No.3 redoubt. The attacks were to be supported by Lieutenant General Ryzhov's cavalry. A further force, numbering 4,500 men and 14 guns under Major General Zhabokritsky, protected Liprandi's right from Allied interference. Once the redoubts had been captured, Zhabokritsky was to occupy the Fedioukine Heights. In total (including Zhabokritsky's force and a reserve held back at the Tractir Bridge) Liprandi had at his disposal around 25,000 men and 78 guns – not enough to threaten the siege lines, but more than enough to compromise the defences at Balaclava whose loss to the Allies would be tremendous.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (See map below). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Balaclava&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_port_of_Balaklava_and_route_to_Sevastopol_1855.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Map_of_port_of_Balaklava_and_route_to_Sevastopol_1855.png/300px-Map_of_port_of_Balaklava_and_route_to_Sevastopol_1855.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Map_of_port_of_Balaklava_and_route_to_Sevastopol_1855.png/450px-Map_of_port_of_Balaklava_and_route_to_Sevastopol_1855.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Map_of_port_of_Balaklava_and_route_to_Sevastopol_1855.png/600px-Map_of_port_of_Balaklava_and_route_to_Sevastopol_1855.png 2x" data-file-width="1999" data-file-height="1547" /></a><figcaption>French military map of 1855. The village of Kamara, where the battle began, is in the south-east corner.</figcaption></figure> <p>Recent intelligence received by the British had indicated a major Russian attack was imminent. After a considerable number of false alarms the previous week, however, Raglan failed to act, believing that they were needlessly exhausting his men who were turned out on every report.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But this latest intelligence proved accurate, and early on 25 October, just before 05:00, Liprandi's troops of the 'Chorgun Detachment' left their camp and marched off in silence towards the Balaclava valleys.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The village of Kamara was the most easterly <a href="/wiki/Picket_(military)" title="Picket (military)">picket</a> for Allied soldiers, providing a useful observation point for Lucan's <a href="/wiki/Vedette_(sentry)" title="Vedette (sentry)">vedettes</a>. In the dark dawn, a squadron of Russian Cossacks, followed by a host of <a href="/wiki/Uhlans" class="mw-redirect" title="Uhlans">uhlans</a>, rode slowly towards the village. These troops were the leading elements of Gribbe's force. First to discover that the Russians had moved up under cover of dark was the duty field officer of the day, Captain Alexander Low of the <a href="/wiki/4th_Queen%27s_Own_Hussars" title="4th Queen's Own Hussars">4th Light Dragoons</a>. The picket in Kamara had not seen the advancing Cossacks (there is some suggestion that they were sleeping), and it was only through Low's timely arrival and his shouts that they managed to escape and make their way to the nearest redoubt on the Causeway Heights.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Behind the Cossacks and uhlans came the Dnieper Regiment along with the artillery. Immediately, Gribbe positioned his ten guns on the slopes to the west of Kamara, leaving his gunners with a clear view of No.1 redoubt on Canrobert's Hill.<sup id="cite_ref-fletcher163_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fletcher163-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In accordance with his usual practice Lucan had gone forward at daybreak to inspect the redoubts and outposts, accompanied by his staff: <a href="/wiki/Lord_George_Paget" title="Lord George Paget">Lord George Paget</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_William_Paulet" title="Lord William Paulet">Lord William Paulet</a>, and Major Thomas McMahon. As they approached Canrobert's Hill, two signal flags were observed, signifying the approach of the Russians. Paget, commanding officer of the 4th Light Dragoons (and commanding officer of the Light Brigade in Cardigan's absence), later recalled the moment when they realized something was wrong: </p> <blockquote><p>"Hello," said Lord William, "there are two flags flying; what does it mean?" "Why, that surely is the signal that the enemy is approaching," said Major McMahon. "Are you quite sure?" we replied. Hardly were the words out of McMahon's mouth, when bang went a cannon from the redoubt in question, fired on the advancing masses of the enemy.<sup id="cite_ref-fletcher163_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fletcher163-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Redoubts">Redoubts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Balaclava&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Redoubts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balaklava,_redoubt_on_Kanrober_hill.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Balaklava%2C_redoubt_on_Kanrober_hill.jpg/250px-Balaklava%2C_redoubt_on_Kanrober_hill.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Balaklava%2C_redoubt_on_Kanrober_hill.jpg/375px-Balaklava%2C_redoubt_on_Kanrober_hill.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Balaklava%2C_redoubt_on_Kanrober_hill.jpg/500px-Balaklava%2C_redoubt_on_Kanrober_hill.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1246" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>No.1 redoubt on Canrobert's hill (2020).</figcaption></figure> <p>The Ottoman guns from No.1 redoubt on Canrobert's hill fired on the Russians at around 06:00 – the Battle of Balaclava had begun.<sup id="cite_ref-fletcher163_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fletcher163-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lucan despatched Captain Charteris to inform Raglan that the redoubts were under attack. Charteris arrived at around 07:00, but those at the British headquarters had already heard the sound of the guns.<sup id="cite_ref-fletcher163_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fletcher163-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lucan himself rode quickly back towards Kadikoi to confer with <a href="/wiki/Colin_Campbell,_1st_Baron_Clyde" title="Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde">Sir Colin Campbell</a>, commander of the Balaclava defences. The two men agreed that this was not another Russian feint, but an attack in force with the intention of taking the British base. Campbell prepared his <a href="/wiki/93rd_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="93rd Regiment of Foot">93rd Highlanders</a> to meet the enemy, whilst Lucan returned to the cavalry.<sup id="cite_ref-brighton84_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brighton84-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leaving the Light Brigade where it stood, Lucan led the Heavy Brigade towards the redoubts, hoping his presence might discourage any further Russian advance on Balaclava. Realizing his show of strength had little impact, however, Lucan led the Heavies back to their original position alongside the Light Brigade. The Ottoman forces were left to face the full force of the Russian assault almost alone.<sup id="cite_ref-brighton84_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brighton84-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pavel_Liprandi.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/32/Pavel_Liprandi.png/220px-Pavel_Liprandi.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/32/Pavel_Liprandi.png/330px-Pavel_Liprandi.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/32/Pavel_Liprandi.png 2x" data-file-width="372" data-file-height="382" /></a><figcaption>General Pavel Liprandi. Commander of Russian forces at Balaclava.</figcaption></figure> <p>While Gribbe's artillery continued to shell No.1 redoubt, the Russian columns under Levutsky, Semyakin, and Skyuderi began to move into the North Valley. Although the Heavy Brigade had pulled back, the British did send forward their available artillery to assist the Ottoman forces on the Causeway Heights. Captain George Maude's troop of horse artillery, I Troop, unlimbered its four 6-pounder and two 12-pounder guns between redoubts 2 and 3,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whilst Captain Barker's battery, W Battery, of the Royal Artillery, moved out of Balaclava and took its position on Maude's left. However, the artillery duel was a very one sided affair. The heavier Russian guns (some 18-pounders), particularly No.4 battery under Lieutenant Postikov, together with the riflemen of the Ukraine regiment, took their toll on both men and ordnance.<sup id="cite_ref-fletcher165_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fletcher165-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Running short of ammunition and taking hits, Maude's troop was forced to retire (Maude himself was severely wounded). Their place taken by two guns from Barker's battery. As the British artillery fire slackened, Semyakin prepared to storm No. 1 redoubt, personally leading the assault together with three battalions of the Azovsky Regiment under Colonel Krudener. "I waved my hat on both sides," recalled Semyakin. "Everybody rushed after me and I was protected by the stern Azovs."<sup id="cite_ref-fletcher165_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fletcher165-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottoman forces on Canrobert's Hill resisted stubbornly.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the attack had begun at 06:00, it was not until 07:30 when No.1 redoubt fell.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During that time the 600 Ottoman defenders had suffered from the heavy artillery bombardment; in the ensuing fight in the redoubt and subsequent pursuit by the Cossacks, an estimated 170 Ottomans were killed. In his first report of the action for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Russell" title="William Howard Russell">William Russell</a> wrote that the Turks 'received a few shots and then bolted', but afterwards admitted that he had not been a witness to the start of the battle, confessing, 'Our treatment of the Turks was unfair ... ignorant as we were that the Turkish in No.1 redoubt lost more than a fourth of their number ere they abandoned it to the enemy'.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later Lucan and Campbell too acknowledged the firmness with which the assault on No 1 redoubt, which was not visible from their vantage point, had been resisted; it was not until this had been overwhelmed did the defenders abandon redoubts 2, 3 and 4.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the estimated 2,500 Russians who took part in the assault the Azovsky Regiment lost two officers and 149 men killed.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Bingham,_3rd_Earl_of_Lucan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/George_Bingham%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Lucan.png/220px-George_Bingham%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Lucan.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/George_Bingham%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Lucan.png/330px-George_Bingham%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Lucan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/George_Bingham%2C_3rd_Earl_of_Lucan.png 2x" data-file-width="345" data-file-height="421" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_Bingham,_3rd_Earl_of_Lucan" title="George Bingham, 3rd Earl of Lucan">3rd Earl of Lucan</a> c. 1860. Commander of the British Cavalry Division in the Crimea.</figcaption></figure> <p>The remaining redoubts were now in danger of falling into the hands of the oncoming Russians. The battalions of the Ukraine Regiment under Colonel Dudnitsky-Lishin, attacked redoubts Nos.2 and 3, while the Odessa Regiment under Skyuderi advanced on redoubt No.4. The Ottoman forces in these positions, having already watched their compatriots flee the first redoubt and realizing that the British were not coming to their aid, retreated towards Balaclava, pursued by the Cossacks who had little trouble dispatching any stray or isolated men. The few British NCOs could do nothing but <a href="/wiki/Touch_hole" title="Touch hole">spike the guns</a>, rendering them unusable.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Ottoman forces had gained some time for the Allies, but in the end the Turks were forced to abandon the redoubts.<sup id="cite_ref-Frederick_Engels_p._523_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frederick_Engels_p._523-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 08:00 the Russians had occupied redoubts 1, 2 and 3, and, considering it too close to the enemy, had razed redoubt No.4.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Valley">South Valley</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Balaclava&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: South Valley"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Canrobert had been informed of the Russian attack at about 07:30, and had immediately ridden off to join Raglan. Bosquet, having been aroused by the sound of the cannon, had ordered the 2nd Brigade of the French 1st Division (under <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Vinoy" title="Joseph Vinoy">General Vinoy</a>) to march towards Balaclava in support of the British. Additionally, the 1st Brigade under General Espinasse began to move, along with the divisional artillery and the <a href="/wiki/Chasseurs_d%27Afrique" title="Chasseurs d'Afrique">Chasseurs d'Afrique</a>. The French 3rd Division was put on alert, and the horse artillery of the reserve harnessed.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raglan had at first thought the Russian advance a feint, possibly designed to occupy him whilst the enemy stormed out of Sevastopol to attack his army overlooking the heights above the city; but now he saw that he had been wrong.<sup id="cite_ref-brighton88_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brighton88-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the first four redoubts on the Causeway Heights either captured or out of action, all that protected Balaclava were Lucan's Cavalry Division, together with the 550 men of the 93 Highlanders, Barker's W Battery, 100 invalids under Colonel Daveney, and some Ottomans, reinforced by their countrymen from the redoubts who had rallied and formed up alongside them.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was only now that Raglan ordered the British 1st Division under <a href="/wiki/Prince_George,_Duke_of_Cambridge" title="Prince George, Duke of Cambridge">the Duke of Cambridge</a>, and Cathcart's 4th Division, to move into the plain. The 1st Division got away promptly, but when Raglan's staff officer informed Cathcart that the Russians were marching on Balaclava, he at first refused to comply, complaining that his men had only just finished their shift in the trenches before Sevastopol. In the end he did move, but the delay brought his division down 40 minutes after the Duke's.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It would take a least two hours to march an infantry division down from the heights overlooking Sevastopol into the plain of Balaclava. The Russians appeared to have the intentions and the means to capture the British base in a much shorter time.<sup id="cite_ref-brighton88_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brighton88-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cardigan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Cardigan.jpg/220px-Cardigan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Cardigan.jpg/330px-Cardigan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Cardigan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="530" /></a><figcaption>Lord Cardigan. Commander of the Light Brigade.</figcaption></figure> <p>At approximately 07:45, the commander of the Light Brigade, <a href="/wiki/James_Brudenell,_7th_Earl_of_Cardigan" title="James Brudenell, 7th Earl of Cardigan">Lord Cardigan</a>, reached his cavalry, having arrived from his yacht moored in Balaclava harbour. Raglan, meanwhile, had taken up his position on the Sapouné Heights, 650 feet (~200 m) above the plain. Unwilling at this point to risk his cavalry without infantry support (as he had done throughout the whole campaign), Raglan issued his first order to the Cavalry Division at 08:00 – "Cavalry to take ground to the left of the second line of redoubts occupied by the Turks".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The order was ambiguous and misleading (there was no 'second line of redoubts' and the word 'left' is dependent on the perspective of the viewer), but on this occasion Lucan had interpreted the order correctly, and moved his cavalry to the west, placing them between No. 6 redoubt and the foot of the Sapouné Heights where they could not be seen by, or engage with, the Russians. The new position placed the Light Brigade near, but to one side, of the mouth of the North Valley; the Heavy Brigade sat on their right. However, 30 minutes after issuing his first order, Raglan now changed his mind and issued his second order at 08:30 – "Eight squadrons of heavy Dragoons to be detached towards Balaclava to support the Turks who are wavering". There was no evidence that the Turks formed up alongside the Highlanders were wavering, but Raglan thought they were, or might soon do so.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As each regiment comprised two squadrons, Lucan, with growing frustration, was required to move four of his five Heavy Brigade regiments back onto the open plain and the defensive line of Kadikoi. Although this order meant he had to divide his cavalry – thus reducing the effectiveness of each part – Lucan complied, and ordered <a href="/wiki/James_Yorke_Scarlett" title="James Yorke Scarlett">General Scarlett</a> to lead four regiments back to where they had just come from.<sup id="cite_ref-brighton91_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brighton91-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ryzhov's_advance"><span id="Ryzhov.27s_advance"></span>Ryzhov's advance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Balaclava&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ryzhov's advance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Balaclava_(map_1).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Battle_of_Balaclava_%28map_1%29.png/350px-Battle_of_Balaclava_%28map_1%29.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Battle_of_Balaclava_%28map_1%29.png/525px-Battle_of_Balaclava_%28map_1%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Battle_of_Balaclava_%28map_1%29.png/700px-Battle_of_Balaclava_%28map_1%29.png 2x" data-file-width="822" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Battle of Balaclava. Ryzhov's cavalry attacks over the Causeway Heights at approximately 09:15. Both branches of the attack happened almost simultaneously.</figcaption></figure> <p>Liprandi now brought forward Ryzhov's cavalry to press home his advantage. Ryzhov's force consisted of eight squadrons of the 11th Kiev Hussars, six of the 12th Ingermanland Hussars, three of the 53rd Don Cossack Regiment, and the 1st Ural Cossacks, totalling between 2,000 and 3,000 men (sources vary), and 16 guns.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russian cavalry crossed in a south-westerly direction across the Chernaya river and, at about 09:00, streamed into the North Valley. When level with the empty No.4 redoubt, Ryzhov wheeled to the left, crested the Causeway Heights, and came to a halt; before him, he could see the Heavy Brigade moving east across his front, while away to the south he could discern the Highlanders and Turks immediately to the north of Kadikoi. Ryzhov detached 400 men of the Ingermanland Hussars to turn and head straight for the Allied infantry position. <a href="/wiki/Colin_Campbell,_1st_Baron_Clyde" title="Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde">Sir Colin Campbell</a>, commander of the Highland Brigade and thus the 93rd Highlanders, brought his men forward from behind the hillock that had sheltered them from the Russian artillery. With only Balaclava and the Black Sea to their backs, he rode quickly along the line expressing his determination to resist – "Men, remember there is no retreat from here. You must die where you stand."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Campbell's aide, John Scott, replied "Aye Sir Colin. Needs be we'll do that." Campbell had such a poor opinion of the Russian cavalry that he did not bother telling his men to form square; instead, he lined them up in the normal two-deep firing line.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raglan on the Sapouné Heights had a grandstand view, as did William Russell, who wrote furiously in his notebook: </p> <blockquote><p>The Russians dash at the Highlanders. The ground flies beneath their horses' feet; gathering speed at every stride, they dash on towards that thin red streak topped with a line of steel.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Gibb_-_The_Thin_Red_Line.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Robert_Gibb_-_The_Thin_Red_Line.jpg/220px-Robert_Gibb_-_The_Thin_Red_Line.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Robert_Gibb_-_The_Thin_Red_Line.jpg/330px-Robert_Gibb_-_The_Thin_Red_Line.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Robert_Gibb_-_The_Thin_Red_Line.jpg/440px-Robert_Gibb_-_The_Thin_Red_Line.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="992" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Thin_Red_Line_(painting)" title="The Thin Red Line (painting)">The Thin Red Line</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gibb_(painter)" title="Robert Gibb (painter)">Robert Gibb</a>. <a href="/wiki/Colin_Campbell,_1st_Baron_Clyde" title="Colin Campbell, 1st Baron Clyde">Campbell</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sutherland_Highlanders" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutherland Highlanders">93rd Highlanders</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Thin_Red_Line_(Battle_of_Balaclava)" title="The Thin Red Line (Battle of Balaclava)">repel the Russian cavalry.</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The British delivered their first volley at long range and failed to fell a single Russian.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A second volley thundered, supported by fire from guns of Barker's battery and those of the Marines. This caused the Russians to swerve to their left, which Campbell took as an attempt to turn his right. He sternly checked an inclination to charge with the bayonet, and instead threw forward the 93rd's right-hand, grenadier company, under Captain Ross.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This delivered a third volley which decided the issue. Barely five minutes after it had begun the Ingermanland Hussars were in retreat, and heading towards the Causeway Heights: the Russian commander of the brigade had reasoned that such a small, unsquared line of British infantry could not hope to hold out a cavalry charge, therefore there must be a larger force behind them.<sup id="cite_ref-fletcher170_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fletcher170-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not until later accounts that Russell's 'thin red streak' became the famous '<a href="/wiki/The_Thin_Red_Line_(1854_battle)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Thin Red Line (1854 battle)">Thin Red Line</a>'.<sup id="cite_ref-brighton91_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brighton91-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, the main part of Ryzhov's cavalry remained static on the southern slopes of the Causeway Heights, some 800 yards (~730 m) from Scarlett's Heavy Brigade still moving south-east in the South Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-fletcher170_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fletcher170-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eight squadrons of the Heavy Brigade consisted of two each from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Scots_Greys" title="Royal Scots Greys">Scots Greys</a>, the <a href="/wiki/6th_(Inniskilling)_Dragoons" title="6th (Inniskilling) Dragoons">6th Dragoons</a>, <a href="/wiki/4th_Royal_Irish_Dragoon_Guards" title="4th Royal Irish Dragoon Guards">4th Dragoon Guards</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/5th_Dragoon_Guards" title="5th Dragoon Guards">5th Dragoon Guards</a>; the brigade's remaining two squadrons from the <a href="/wiki/1st_The_Royal_Dragoons" title="1st The Royal Dragoons">1st Royal Dragoons</a> were left in their original position to the west of No.6 redoubt. Although outnumbering the British by two or three to one and having the advantage of the high ground, the Russians seemed shaken by the unexpected presence of Scarlett's cavalry.<sup id="cite_ref-brighton93_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brighton93-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scarlett, notoriously short-sighted, remained unaware that the Russians were there. However, once he had negotiated a vineyard and the sprawling tented camp of the Light Brigade, he was notified by his <a href="/wiki/Aide-de-camp" title="Aide-de-camp">ADC</a>, Lieutenant Elliot, of the proximity of the Russian cavalry on their left flank.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scarlett gave the order 'Left wheel into line' which turned the two advanced regiments into line to face the enemy; these were shortly followed by the other two regiments forming a second line. Had the Russians charged at this moment they would have caught Scarlett's men completely disorganised, yet Ryzhov let the chance slip.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lucan, who had also seen the Russians, rode across with his staff from the Light Brigade to join the Heavies. So impatient was he to attack that he ordered his duty trumpeter, Trumpet Major Joy, to sound the charge – but nothing happened. An attempt to attack before his men were in perfect alignment was contrary to every precept that the officers had learnt back in England, and it was only when the dressing had been completed to his satisfaction did Scarlett order <i>his</i> trumpeter, Trumpet Major Monks, to sound the charge.<sup id="cite_ref-brighton93_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brighton93-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Heavy Brigade began to move against the Russian cavalrymen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Charge_of_the_Heavy_Brigade">Charge of the Heavy Brigade</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Balaclava&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Charge of the Heavy Brigade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The charge of the Heavy Brigade was anything but a charge – the brigade had launched uphill from a standing start, and the short distance between the two combatants had hardly allowed their horses to reach the trot. Moreover, the Russians were at last moving to meet them. Scarlett was first into Ryzhov's cavalry, closely followed by his staff, and, initially, just three squadrons – two of the Scots Greys on the left, and one of the 6th (Inniskilling) Dragoons on the right, totalling 300 men.<sup id="cite_ref-pemberton90_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pemberton90-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first to feel the force of the British attack were the Ingermanland Hussars, under the command of Major General Khaletsky. Staff-captain Arbuzov later described how they " … had to fight with the regiment of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>'s Dragoon Guards in their red coats … Neither we nor the English wanted to yield."<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A British Dragoon later described the action from his own perspective – "They were so superior in numbers, they outflanked us, and we were in the middle of them … I hope God will forgive me, for I felt more like a devil than a man."<sup id="cite_ref-pemberton90_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pemberton90-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cavalryatbalaklava2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Cavalryatbalaklava2.jpg/220px-Cavalryatbalaklava2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Cavalryatbalaklava2.jpg/330px-Cavalryatbalaklava2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Cavalryatbalaklava2.jpg/440px-Cavalryatbalaklava2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3704" data-file-height="2752" /></a><figcaption>The 6th (Inniskilling) Dragoons and 5th Dragoon Guards engage the Russians in the Charge of the Heavy Brigade.</figcaption></figure> <p>Shortly, the second squadron of the Inniskillings attacked the left flank of the Russians, followed by the 5th Dragoon Guards who crashed into the Russians as they folded around the rear of the Scots Greys. Beyond them the 4th Dragoon Guards, in one unbroken line and to cries of <i><a href="/wiki/Faugh_A_Ballagh" title="Faugh A Ballagh">Faugh A Ballagh</a></i>, attacked the right rear of the Russian cavalry; the force of their impact was such that they were able to hack their way from one flank to the other with the loss of only one man.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally came the Royal Dragoons who, ignoring their orders to remain behind, attacked on their own initiative, striking the right front of the Russians.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ryzhov had been caught flat-footed, allowing Scarlett's cavalry to push ahead, heaving and hacking at their opponents from all sides before gaining the ascendancy. "At length they turned and well they might," wrote Lieutenant Godman. "We pursued about 300 yards, and then called off with much difficulty, the gunners opened on them, and gave them a fine peppering."<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These guns were from C Troop, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Horse_Artillery" title="Royal Horse Artillery">Royal Horse Artillery</a> under Captain Brandling, whose 9-pounders dissuaded Ryzhov's cavalry from reforming and charging again. The Russians retreated in the direction of the Causeway Heights before halting at the east end of the North Valley. </p><p>The Charge of the Heavy Brigade had lasted no more than 10 minutes. Ryzhov's cavalry suffered 40–50 killed and over 200 wounded; the British lost 10 killed and 98 wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scarlett's attack had been a remarkable success, yet it could have been a greater victory. When the Heavies attacked, the Earl of Cardigan's Light Brigade was less than 500 yards (~450 m) from Ryzhov's cavalry. The spectators on the Sapouné Heights, and the officers and men in the Light Brigade watching the Russians retreat in disorder, expected Cardigan to lead a pursuit and finish them off. Captain <a href="/wiki/William_Morris_(soldier)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Morris (soldier)">William Morris</a> of the 17th Lancers urged his commander on, but Cardigan claimed he could not advance given the orders he had received from Lucan to remain in his position 'and to defend it against any attack'.<sup id="cite_ref-royle270_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-royle270-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lucan later gave a different version from Cardigan's. He confirmed he had ordered Cardigan to defend his position, but maintained that his parting orders made it quite clear that he had permission to take advantage of so obvious an opportunity.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whatever the differences the Light Brigade had done nothing but look on. When Morris rode back to his regiment after confronting Cardigan, he could not hide his frustration – "My God, my God, what a chance we are losing."<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Valley">North Valley</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Balaclava&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: North Valley"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It was approaching 09:30, and the first part of the battle was over. So far Liprandi had enjoyed mixed fortunes: although his cavalry had been repelled by Campbell's 'Thin Red Line' and Scarlett's Heavies, his troops under Gribbe, Semyakin, Levutsky, and Skyuderi were still in possession of redoubts Nos. 1–3, and had destroyed redoubt No.4. In all, the Russians had 11 infantry battalions and 32 guns on the Causeway Heights, while to the north, on the Fedioukine Heights, Zhabokritsky had positioned eight battalions, four squadrons, and 14 guns (some sources state 10 guns).<sup id="cite_ref-royle270_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-royle270-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In front of Ryzhov's cavalry – drawn up across the eastern end of the North Valley – Liprandi placed the eight guns of the 3rd Don Cossack Battery, commanded by Prince Obolensky. These guns, 6- and 9-pounders, served by 200 men, stared straight down the North Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Liprandi now also had at his disposal six squadrons of Lancers divided into two bodies: three squadrons on the Fedioukine Heights; three others in a ravine on the side of the Causeway Heights.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Raglan was anxious to exploit Scarlett's success and drive the Russians off the Causeway Heights, but Cathcart's and Cambridge's infantry divisions had still not arrived; every minute that passed gave the Russians more time to prepare their defences for the expected British counter-attack. The British commander believed that the enemy had retreated in such disorder that a show of force by his cavalry – in advance of the infantry's arrival – would be enough to persuade the Russians to abandon the Causeway Heights. At 10:00, therefore, he gave his third order of the day to the Cavalry Division: <i>Cavalry to advance and take advantage of any opportunity to recover the Heights. They will be supported by infantry which have been ordered. Advance on two fronts.</i><sup id="cite_ref-brighton100_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brighton100-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raglan wished his cavalry to advance immediately, but the ambiguity of the order had again resulted in a misunderstanding. Lucan had assumed he was first to wait for the infantry before moving forward. Accordingly, he ordered the Light Brigade into the North Valley, while the Heavy Brigade held the entrance of the South Valley, perhaps in response to the order 'Advance on two fronts'.<sup id="cite_ref-brighton100_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brighton100-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lucan believed he had complied with the order as far as he could until the infantry arrived, but Raglan looked on with growing impatience at his immobile cavalry. It was at this moment when a staff officer (identity unknown) shouted out that the Russians in the redoubts on the Causeway Heights were dragging away the captured British guns.<sup id="cite_ref-brighton103_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brighton103-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British infantry divisions were now only minutes away, but only the cavalry could move fast enough and prevent the loss of the guns. With growing impatience Raglan dictated to General <a href="/wiki/Richard_Airey,_1st_Baron_Airey" title="Richard Airey, 1st Baron Airey">Richard Airey</a> the fourth and final order to Lord Lucan. This order was to be understood in conjunction with the third as an instruction to do immediately what had been previously ordered: </p> <blockquote><p>10:45. Lord Raglan wishes the cavalry to advance rapidly to the front – follow the enemy and try to prevent the enemy carrying away the guns – Troop Horse Artillery may accompany – French cavalry is on your left. R Airey. Immediate.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Having read the order scribbled down by Airey, Raglan summoned Captain <a href="/wiki/Louis_Nolan" title="Louis Nolan">Louis Nolan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/15th_The_King%27s_Hussars" title="15th The King's Hussars">15th The King's Hussars</a>, Airey's hot-tempered aide-de-camp, to deliver it to Lucan. As he turned his horse to head directly down the escarpment, Raglan called after him, "Tell Lord Lucan the cavalry is to attack immediately." These words sealed the fate of the Light Brigade.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Charge_of_the_Light_Brigade">Charge of the Light Brigade</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Balaclava&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Charge of the Light Brigade"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Charge_of_the_Light_Brigade" title="Charge of the Light Brigade">Charge of the Light Brigade</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Balaclava_(map_2).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Battle_of_Balaclava_%28map_2%29.png/350px-Battle_of_Balaclava_%28map_2%29.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Battle_of_Balaclava_%28map_2%29.png/525px-Battle_of_Balaclava_%28map_2%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Battle_of_Balaclava_%28map_2%29.png/700px-Battle_of_Balaclava_%28map_2%29.png 2x" data-file-width="822" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Battle of Balaclava: The Charge of the Light Brigade</figcaption></figure> <p>Lucan was puzzled by Raglan's imprecise order.<sup id="cite_ref-Frederick_Engels_p._524_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frederick_Engels_p._524-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was no mention of heights – it referred instead to the front – and gone were all references to infantry. He was to try to 'prevent the enemy carrying away the guns' but from his position he could not see any guns being carried away. When Lucan questioned the order an excited Nolan told him he was to attack immediately. </p> <dl><dd>"Attack, sir!"</dd> <dd>"Attack what? What guns, sir?"</dd> <dd>"There, my Lord, is your enemy!" said Nolan indignantly, vaguely waving his arm eastwards. "There are your guns!"<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Nolan's gesture was imprecise, and pointed not to the redoubts and the captured British guns but, it seemed – at least to Lucan and his staff officers present – to the Russian battery guarding Ryzhov's cavalry at the end of the valley. Seeing Lucan's confusion, Nolan could have explained what Raglan intended, perhaps making the link – if he himself knew of the connection – between the third and fourth order; however, taken aback by Nolan's insolence, Lucan refused further discussion, and rode over to Cardigan standing in front of his brigade. Both cavalry commanders knew the dangers of attacking down the valley. When Cardigan learned what was expected of his brigade, he questioned the sanity of the order as conveyed to him by Lucan: "… allow me to point out to you that the Russians have a battery in the valley in our front, and batteries and riflemen on each flank."<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"I know it," said Lucan. "But Lord Raglan will have it. We have no choice but to obey."<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cornet_Wilkin_11th_Hussars.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Cornet_Wilkin_11th_Hussars.jpg/200px-Cornet_Wilkin_11th_Hussars.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Cornet_Wilkin_11th_Hussars.jpg/300px-Cornet_Wilkin_11th_Hussars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Cornet_Wilkin_11th_Hussars.jpg/400px-Cornet_Wilkin_11th_Hussars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2892" data-file-height="3232" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cornet_(military_rank)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornet (military rank)">Cornet</a> assistant Surgeon Henry Wilkin, <a href="/wiki/11th_Hussars" title="11th Hussars">11th Hussars</a>. He survived the Charge of the Light Brigade. Photo: Roger Fenton.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Light Brigade had formed up in two lines. The <a href="/wiki/13th_Hussars" title="13th Hussars">13th Light Dragoons</a>, the <a href="/wiki/17th_Lancers" title="17th Lancers">17th Lancers</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/11th_Hussars" title="11th Hussars">11th Hussars</a>, formed the first line (the latter regiment was soon moved behind the Lancers to reduce the width of the front). Paget commanded the second line formed by the <a href="/wiki/4th_Queen%27s_Own_Hussars" title="4th Queen's Own Hussars">4th Light Dragoons</a> and the <a href="/wiki/8th_King%27s_Royal_Irish_Hussars" title="8th King's Royal Irish Hussars">8th Hussars</a>. Once the brigade had moved off, Lucan would follow with the Heavy Brigade in support.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At 11:10 the Light Brigade began their advance towards the Russians guns over a mile (~ 2 km) away.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the first line was clear of the second, the order was given to 'Trot'. Initially there was nothing to indicate that Cardigan was not going to conform to Raglan's intentions, and it was only after he had travelled some 200 yards (~180 m) that the enormity of the misconstrued order became apparent to the spectators on the Sapouné Heights. Instead of inclining to the right towards the redoubts on the Causeway Heights and the captured British guns, the Light Brigade continued towards Obolensky's battery at the end of the valley<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it was too late to do anything. Nolan was the first to be killed when he dashed forward ahead of Cardigan, either in an effort to force the pace, or, suddenly realising the terrible mistake that was being made (and his part in it), in an attempt to change the direction of the brigade towards Raglan's intended objective.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whatever the reason, Nolan was hit by a splinter from a shell fired from one of the guns positioned on the Fedioukine Heights. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chasseurs_d%27Afrique_at_the_battle_of_Balaklava.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chasseurs_d%27Afrique_at_the_battle_of_Balaklava.jpg/220px-Chasseurs_d%27Afrique_at_the_battle_of_Balaklava.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chasseurs_d%27Afrique_at_the_battle_of_Balaklava.jpg/330px-Chasseurs_d%27Afrique_at_the_battle_of_Balaklava.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Chasseurs_d%27Afrique_at_the_battle_of_Balaklava.jpg/440px-Chasseurs_d%27Afrique_at_the_battle_of_Balaklava.jpg 2x" data-file-width="758" data-file-height="571" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chasseurs_d%27Afrique" title="Chasseurs d'Afrique">Chasseurs d'Afrique</a>, led by General <a href="/wiki/Armand-Octave-Marie_d%E2%80%99Allonville" class="mw-redirect" title="Armand-Octave-Marie d’Allonville">d'Allonville</a>, clearing the Fedyukhin Heights</figcaption></figure> <p>When the proper interval between themselves and the Lights had developed, Lucan led the Heavy Brigade forward. The Heavies were also hit—Lucan himself was slightly wounded, and his horse hit twice – but these men would have suffered more casualties had it not been for the charge of the 150 men of the Chasseurs d'Afrique.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French cavalry had formed up to the left of the British position. When they had seen the Light Brigade cut up, Major Abdelal led an attack up the Fedioukine Heights to charge the flank of the Russian battery, forcing them to drag away their guns. Yet it was now that Lucan – concluding that the Light Brigade would be wiped out before they reached the Russians at the end of the valley<sup id="cite_ref-Frederick_Engels_p._524_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frederick_Engels_p._524-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – ordered the Heavy Brigade to halt their advance and retire, leaving Cardigan's men without support. Turning to Lord Paulet, he justified his action and his desire to preserve at least half of his cavalry division, "They have sacrificed the Light Brigade; they shall not have the Heavy, if I can help it."<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At 11:15, the eight Russian guns on the Causeway Heights opened up on the Light Brigade, whose front line was now more than halfway down the valley; for the next 400 yards (~365 m) the men also came under fire from the guns to their front. At a distance of 250 yards (~ 230 m) from Obolensky's battery, Cardigan ordered his bugler to sound the 'Gallop'. "And so we went through this scene of carnage," reported Paget, "wondering each moment which would be our last … It required a deal of closing in, by this time, to fill up the vacant gaps."<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cardigan now ordered the 'Charge'. Some amongst the gun crews now doubted they could stop the advance – they could now see the lowered lances of the 17th Lancers. Having fired their last shot of canister some of the Russian artillerymen turned to run; others, knowing the consequences of turning their backs on cavalry, drew their swords.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mêlée_and_retreat"><span id="M.C3.AAl.C3.A9e_and_retreat"></span>Mêlée and retreat</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Balaclava&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mêlée and retreat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Into_the_Valley_of_Death.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/47/Into_the_Valley_of_Death.jpg/220px-Into_the_Valley_of_Death.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/47/Into_the_Valley_of_Death.jpg/330px-Into_the_Valley_of_Death.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/47/Into_the_Valley_of_Death.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="255" /></a><figcaption><i>Into the Valley of Death</i> by <a href="/wiki/John_Charlton_(artist)" title="John Charlton (artist)">John Charlton</a>. The 17th Lancers ('the Death or Glory Boys') reach the Russian guns.</figcaption></figure> <p>At 11:17, half of the original 250 men of the 17th and 13th reached Obolensky's battery. Some of the survivors fought with the Russians and tried to capture their guns; others reformed into small groups and prepared to charge the Russian cavalry standing 100 yards (~90 m) to the rear. Ryzhov had expected to mop up any Light Brigade survivors but his hussars and Cossacks, unnerved by the British horsemen, panicked and wheeled to escape. "Some of the men fired on their own comrades to clear a passage for themselves," wrote Lieutenant Kubitovich. "Our hussars were pressed as far as the Chernaya river where there was only one bridge by which they could escape."<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 11th Hussars now joined the mêlée. Colonel Douglass, with 80 survivors, charged and pushed other Russian cavalry back to the Chernaya. Paget's 4th Light Dragoons were next to reach the line of cannon, engaging in some 'fierce hand-to-hand encounters' with the surviving gunners, before he too led his regiment after the fleeing Russians. Last to reach the objective were Colonel Shewell and the 8th Hussars. The regiment missed the battery altogether, except for a few on the extreme left who went amongst the remaining artillerymen stubbornly resisting; but the bulk of the regiment halted behind the guns and formed up in line.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_of_the_Light_Brigade.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Relief_of_the_Light_Brigade.png/220px-Relief_of_the_Light_Brigade.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Relief_of_the_Light_Brigade.png/330px-Relief_of_the_Light_Brigade.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Relief_of_the_Light_Brigade.png/440px-Relief_of_the_Light_Brigade.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1056" /></a><figcaption><i>The Relief of the Light Brigade</i> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Caton_Woodville" title="Richard Caton Woodville">Richard Caton Woodville</a>. The 11th Hussars reach the Russian guns.</figcaption></figure> <p>All the survivors of the Light Brigade were now behind the Russian guns in the valley, yet the turning point of the action was the realisation that Lucan and the Heavy Brigade were not following in support.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Russian officers, noticing how vastly superior their numbers were, managed to halt their retreat near the Chernaya, and edge forward their men. The Russian lancer regiments waiting on heights were now ordered down into the valley to form a line behind the British (the 13th, 17th, and 8th on the right of the valley, the 11th and 4th on the left) and block their route of escape. Those watching with Raglan thought the Light Brigade completely lost, but unexpectedly the two groups of survivors managed to break through the Russian trap. Still far from the British line, however, they once again came under fire from the guns and marksmen on the Causeway Heights. "The truth must be told," recorded Lieutenant Koribut Kubitovich, "that this fire hit us just as it did the enemy," but admitted that, "The English fought with astounding bravery, and when we approached their dismounted and wounded men, even these refused to surrender and continued to fight till the ground was soaked with their blood."<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the survivors were back at the British lines by 12:00; the whole affair had lasted no more than 20 minutes. For those that returned there was a mixture of elation and anger, and questions as to what had happened to the Heavy Brigade. "And who I ask is answerable for all this?" wrote Troop Sergeant Major George Smith of the 11th Hussars. "… it was not unlike leaving the forlorn hope, after storming a town, to fight their own way out again instead of pushing on the supports. We cut their army completely in two, taking their principal battery, driving their cavalry far to the rear. What more could 670 men do?"<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But as they thought over what had occurred, the recriminations between Raglan, Lucan, and Cardigan had already begun.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Russian casualties were 33 killed and wounded (3rd Don Battery)<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Balaclava&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_1854-1856_2009_G1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/British_1854-1856_2009_G1.jpg/220px-British_1854-1856_2009_G1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/British_1854-1856_2009_G1.jpg/330px-British_1854-1856_2009_G1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/British_1854-1856_2009_G1.jpg/440px-British_1854-1856_2009_G1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Memorial of the Battle of Balaclava near Sevastopol, Balaclava way</figcaption></figure> <p>The loss of the Light Brigade had been such a traumatic event that the allies were incapable of further action that day.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the 697 men known to have ridden in the charge (sources vary slightly),<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 271 became casualties: 110 killed (roughly a sixth), 129 wounded, plus another 32 wounded and taken prisoner. Additionally, 375 horses were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Raglan could not now risk using his infantry divisions in any attempt to move Liprandi's forces from the Causeway Heights. Even if the redoubts were retaken, they would have to be defended by men whose priority was the siege of Sevastopol, and he dared not expose his supply base at Balaclava to further Russian attacks. The British 1st and 4th Infantry Divisions, therefore, returned to the plateau, the former without its Highland regiments who were ordered to remain in the valley under Campbell's command.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To the Russians the Battle of Balaclava was a victory and proved a welcome boost in morale—they had captured the Allied redoubts (from which seven guns were removed and taken to Sevastopol as trophies), and had gained control of the Worontsov Road.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The loss of the outer ring of defences severely restricted Allied movements and confined them to a narrow area between Balaclava and Sevastopol. Nearly all officers received awards. General Semyakin received the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._George" title="Order of St. George">Order of St. George</a> of the 3rd degree. Gribbe and Levutsky became cavaliers of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Stanislaus_(Imperial_House_of_Romanov)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Saint Stanislaus (Imperial House of Romanov)">Order of St Stanislav</a> of the 1st degree, and Colonel Krudener was promoted to Major General. General Liprandi was awarded a <a href="/wiki/Golden_Weapon_%22For_Bravery%22" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Weapon "For Bravery"">golden sabre</a> encrusted with diamonds, and inscribed 'For Bravery'.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Semyakin wrote home with news of the action at Balaclava, and what he considered a great success – "Many Turks and English were killed by our Russian bayonets, and many English were pierced with lances of our Uhlans and Cossacks, and by sabres of our Hussars … God grant that the heart of the Tsar rejoices."<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar sentiments persisted throughout the army, partial successes during the battle restored the ability of the Sevastopol garrison to fight.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEgorshinaPetrova2023451_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEgorshinaPetrova2023451-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All three armies would soon be reinforced: the British <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_War_and_the_Colonies" title="Secretary of State for War and the Colonies">Secretary of State for War and the Colonies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Pelham-Clinton,_5th_Duke_of_Newcastle-under-Lyne" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Pelham-Clinton, 5th Duke of Newcastle-under-Lyne">The Duke of Newcastle</a>, promised Raglan that the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="3rd Regiment of Foot">3rd</a>, <a href="/wiki/62nd_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="62nd Regiment of Foot">62nd</a>, and <a href="/wiki/90th_Regiment_of_Foot" class="mw-redirect" title="90th Regiment of Foot">90th Regiments</a> would be despatched to the Crimea with a third battery train; Canrobert, meanwhile, was promised an additional three divisions of infantry from France. The Russians were also receiving reinforcements with the arrival of 10 and 11 Divisions which finally arrived at the beginning of November. These troops brought the strength of Menshikov's field army to some 107,000 men, but the Russian commander was under severe pressure from St Petersburg to attack the Allied lines and break the siege of Sevastopol.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The failure of the British and French to beat the Russians at Balaclava immediately set the stage for a much bloodier battle.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For weeks it had been known that the Russians would soon begin a full-scale attack on the besiegers. As a preliminary Menshikov launched a reconnaissance in force on the extreme right of the Allied line (against the British 2nd Division) on the Inkerman Heights overlooking the Chernaya river. The attack on 26 October (the battle became known as 'Little Inkerman') proved a successful action for the British, but the Russians had gleaned all they needed to know about the position. Using this intelligence, Menshikov launched his main attack on the same position one week later on 5 November in what came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Inkerman" title="Battle of Inkerman">Battle of Inkerman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Balaclava&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a>'s poem <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_of_the_Light_Brigade" title="The Last of the Light Brigade">The Last of the Light Brigade</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Tennyson,_1st_Baron_Tennyson" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfred Tennyson, 1st Baron Tennyson">Alfred Tennyson</a>'s poems <i><a href="/wiki/The_Charge_of_the_Light_Brigade_(poem)" title="The Charge of the Light Brigade (poem)">The Charge of the Light Brigade</a></i> and <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Charge_of_the_Heavy_Brigade" class="extiw" title="s:The Charge of the Heavy Brigade"><i>The Charge of the Heavy Brigade</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Charge_of_the_Light_Brigade_(1936_film)" title="The Charge of the Light Brigade (1936 film)">The Charge of the Light Brigade</a></i> 1936 film</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Charge_of_the_Light_Brigade_(1968_film)" title="The Charge of the Light Brigade (1968 film)">The Charge of the Light Brigade</a></i> 1968 film</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_MacDonald_Fraser" title="George MacDonald Fraser">George MacDonald Fraser</a>'s 1973 novel, <i><a href="/wiki/Flashman_at_the_Charge" title="Flashman at the Charge">Flashman at the Charge</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearls_Before_Swine_(band)" title="Pearls Before Swine (band)">Pearls Before Swine</a>'s album <a href="/wiki/Balaklava_(album)" title="Balaklava (album)">Balaklava</a> was inspired by the Battle of Balaclava, and the <a href="/wiki/Charge_of_the_Light_Brigade" title="Charge of the Light Brigade">Charge of the Light Brigade</a> in particular.</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Trooper" title="The Trooper">The Trooper</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Iron_Maiden" title="Iron Maiden">Iron Maiden</a></li> <li>The song "Thin Red Line" from Canadian pop group <a href="/wiki/Glass_Tiger" title="Glass Tiger">Glass Tiger</a>'s album of the same name.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Balaclava&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Crimean_War_Victoria_Cross_recipients" title="List of Crimean War Victoria Cross recipients">List of Crimean War Victoria Cross recipients</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Balaclava&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Balaclava&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEgorshinaPetrova2023451-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEgorshinaPetrova2023451_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEgorshinaPetrova2023451_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEgorshinaPetrova2023">Egorshina & Petrova 2023</a>, p. 451.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fletcher & Ishchenko: <i>The Crimean War: A Clash of Empires</i>, 159–160</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kinglake350-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kinglake350_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kinglake350_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kinglake: <i>The Invasion of the Crimea</i>, V, p. 350. These figures are taken from Kinglake. Sources vary slightly as to the number killed, wounded, or taken prisoner.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEgorshinaPetrova2023750-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEgorshinaPetrova2023750_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEgorshinaPetrova2023">Egorshina & Petrova 2023</a>, p. 750.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frederick Engels, "The News from Crimea" contained in the <i>Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 13</i>, p. 478.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fletcher & Ishchenko: <i>The Crimean War: A Clash of Empires</i>, p. 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Royle, 2007, 233</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hibbert: <i>The Destruction of Lord Raglan</i>, pp. 120–21. "Saint-Arnaud had refused to support an immediate pursuit, insisting his troops needed time to rest and recover. Wanting to preserve the <i><a href="/wiki/Entente_cordiale" class="mw-redirect" title="Entente cordiale">entente cordiale</a></i> and lacking sufficient troops, Raglan realised he could not advance without the French. On the 22nd, however, it was Raglan who demurred, stressing the need to bury the dead and embark the wounded."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frederick Engels, "The Campaign in the Crimea" contained in the <i>Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 13</i>, p. 513.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Royle, 2007, p. 236</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frederick Engels, "The Campaign in the Crimea", contained in the <i>Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 13</i>, p. 513.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Royle, 2007, p. 241</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hibbert: <i>The Destruction of Lord Raglan</i>, p. 125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blake: <i>The Crimean War</i>, pp. 64–65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Royle, 2007, p. 242. "The French were also concerned that the guns of the Star Fort covered the mouth of the River Belbec, the obvious landing place for siege guns and supplies."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fletcher & Ishchenko: <i>The Crimean War: A Clash of Empires</i>, p. 129. Royle states 25 September.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blake: <i>The Crimean War</i>, p. 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fletcher & Ishchenko: <i>The Crimean War: A Clash of Empires</i>, p. 131. "Mackenzie's Farm was once the home of a <a href="/wiki/Thomas_MacKenzie_(Russian_admiral)" title="Thomas MacKenzie (Russian admiral)">Scottish admiral</a> who had supervised the construction of the naval defence of Sebastopol at the end of the 18th century."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Royle, 2007, p. 243. Aboard the <i>Berthellot</i> en route to <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, St. Arnaud died of <a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">heart failure</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blake: <i>The Crimean War</i>, 66. Pemberton states Canrobert courteously left the decision of choice of the port to Raglan; Fletcher and Ishchenko describe Canrobert as wily and shrewd, and someone who knew that Balaclava was unfavorable as a base.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blake: <i>The Crimean War</i>, 66. By taking Balaclava as a base the British faced more difficult problems than their Allies. The distance from Balaclava to their own siege lines on the right of the French was almost 6 miles (~9.5 km) which proved even more problematic as the winter set in.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pemberton, 1962. p. 74</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kinglake: <i>The Invasion of the Crimea</i>, III, 238–89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kinglake: <i>The Invasion of the Crimea</i>, III, 252</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Blake: <i>The Crimean War</i>, 68</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Sapouné Heights along with the Vorontsov Road can be seen on the map XXIX of Orlando Figes, <i>The Crimean War: A History</i> (Picador Publishing: New York, 2010).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fletcher & Ishchenko: <i>The Crimean War: A Clash of Empires</i>, 137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pemberton, 1962. p. 76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fletcher158-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fletcher158_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fletcher158_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fletcher & Ishchenko: <i>The Crimean War: A Clash of Empires</i>, 158</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frederick_Engels_p._523-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frederick_Engels_p._523_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frederick_Engels_p._523_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Frederick Engels, "The War in the East" contained in the <i>Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 13</i>, p. 523.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Orlando_Figes_p._241-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Orlando_Figes_p._241_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orlando_Figes_p._241_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Orlando_Figes_p._241_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Orlando Figes, <i>The Crimean War: A History</i>, p. 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fletcher155-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fletcher155_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fletcher & Ishchenko: <i>The Crimean War: A Clash of Empires</i>, 155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fletcher & Ishchenko: <i>The Crimean War: A Clash of Empires</i>, 158. The reinforcements consisted of the Butyr Regiment, a rifle battalion, six reserve battalions of the Minsk and Volynsky regiments, a battalion of Black Sea Cossack infantry, plus a further battery of artillery.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fletcher & Ishchenko: <i>The Crimean War: A Clash of Empires</i>, 159</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fletcher & Ishchenko: <i>The Crimean War: A Clash of Empires</i>, 158–60. Brighton states a higher number: 25,000 infantry, 3,400 cavalry and 2,300 artillerymen.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brighton, 2005. , 75–77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fletcher & Ishchenko: <i>The Crimean War: A Clash of Empires</i>, 162. The precise objective of the Russian attack has always been disputed – it is unclear whether Menshikov’s target was Balaclava, or the area around Kadikoi in order to cut off the British army besieging Sevastopol from its supply base (Brighton 75).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brighton: <i>Hell Riders: The Truth about the Charge of the Light Brigade</i>, 82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fletcher163-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fletcher163_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fletcher163_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fletcher163_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fletcher163_39-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fletcher & Ishchenko: <i>The Crimean War: A Clash of Empires</i>, 163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brighton84-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brighton84_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brighton84_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brighton, 2005. , 84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pemberton states Maude's guns were placed between redoubts 2 and 3; Fletcher & Ishchenko states they were placed between 1 and 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fletcher165-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fletcher165_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fletcher165_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fletcher: <i>The Crimean War: A Clash of Empires</i>, 165. The Russian 18-pounders had a range of 1,800 yards (~1,645 m); the three 12-pounders in the redoubt had a maximum range of just 1,200 yards (~1,000 m).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pemberton, 1962. p. 81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brighton, 2005. , 85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brighton, 2005. , 86</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kinglake (1868) IV:105–13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fletcher & Ishchenko: <i>The Crimean War: A Clash of Empires</i>, 166</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pemberton, 1962. p. 82</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fletcher & Ishchenko: <i>The Crimean War: A Clash of Empires</i>, 167</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bazancourt: <i>The Crimean Expedition, to the Capture of Sebastopol</i>, II, 26–27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brighton88-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brighton88_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brighton88_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brighton, 2005. , 88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fletcher & Ishchenko: <i>The Crimean War: A Clash of Empires</i>, 167. The invalids comprised 40 convalescent Guardsmen hurried up from Balaclava, and 60 others from various regiments (Pemberton 85).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pemberton, 1962. p. 83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brighton, 2005. , 89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brighton, 2005. , 90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brighton91-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brighton91_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brighton91_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brighton, 2005. , 91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fletcher & Ishchenko: <i>The Crimean War: A Clash of Empires</i>, 168. Some estimates put the number as high as 3,500.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greenwood, ch. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brighton, 2005. , 91. Some accounts have it that a number of the Turks fled at this point towards Balaclava. Many other Turks, however, stayed put (Fletcher & Ishchenko 169).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Royle, 2007, 268. Russell continues, 'The Turks fire a volley at 800 yards, and run. The Russians come within 600 yards, down goes that line of steel in front, and out rings a thundering volley of Minié musketry. The distance is too great, the Russians are not checked, but still onwards with the whole force of horse and man … but ere they come within 150 yards, another deadly volley flashed from the level rifle … they wheel about, open files right and left, and fly back faster than they came.'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Warner: <i>The Crimean War: A Reappraisal</i>, 63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pemberton, 1962. p. 87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fletcher170-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fletcher170_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fletcher170_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fletcher & Ishchenko: <i>The Crimean War: A Clash of Empires</i>, 170. Sources vary at the Russian casualty rate. Robert Portal of the Light Brigade put it at 50. Munro, the 93rd's surgeon put it at 'not more than 12' (Pemberton 86).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brighton93-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brighton93_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brighton93_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brighton, 2005. , 93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brighton, 2005. , 92–93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fletcher & Ishchenko: <i>The Crimean War: A Clash of Empires</i>, 171</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pemberton90-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pemberton90_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pemberton90_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pemberton, 1962. p. 90</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fletcher & Ishchenko: <i>The Crimean War: A Clash of Empires</i>, 173</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pemberton, 1962. p. 92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fletcher & Ishchenko: <i>The Crimean War: A Clash of Empires</i>, 172</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brighton, 2005. , 95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fletcher & Ishchenko: <i>The Crimean War: A Clash of Empires</i>, 174–75. The casualties were low for two reasons. First, the congestion made it difficult to swing a sword; second, on neither side were their sabres sharp, and on the thick overcoats worn by the Russians the British swords 'jumped off like India-rubber'.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-royle270-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-royle270_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-royle270_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Royle, 2007, 270</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hibbert: <i>The Destruction of Lord Raglan</i>, 174</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pemberton, 1962. p. 95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fletcher & Ishchenko: <i>The Crimean War: A Clash of Empires</i>, 177</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kinglake: <i>The Invasion of the Crimea</i>, V, 194–95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brighton100-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brighton100_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brighton100_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brighton, 2005. , 100. Royle puts the time of the order at 10:15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brighton103-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-brighton103_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brighton, 2005. , 103. It is not certain that the Russians were in fact carrying away the guns. From Raglan's position, even through a telescope, it was unlikely that anything more specific than movement of horse teams could have been seen.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brighton, 2005. , 103</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Royle, 2007, 273</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frederick_Engels_p._524-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frederick_Engels_p._524_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frederick_Engels_p._524_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Frederick Engels, "The War in the East" contained in the <i>Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 13</i>, p. 524.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kinglake: <i>The Invasion of the Crimea</i>, V, 202–03</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hibbert, <i>The Destruction of Lord Raglan</i>, 144</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kinglake: <i>The Invasion of the Crimea</i>, V, 211</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hibbert: <i>The Destruction of Lord Raglan</i>, 177</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brighton, 2005. , 112–13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pemberton, 1962. p. 104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brighton, 2005. , 117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brighton, 2005. , 123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brighton, 2005. , 124</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brighton, 2005. , 134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brighton, 2005. , 137–38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brighton, 2005, 152</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brighton, 2005, 158–59</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brighton, 2005, 160</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brighton, 2005, 179</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brighton, 2005, 187</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hibbert: <i>The Destruction of Lord Raglan</i>, 183–84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Russian Wikipedia on The Charge of the Light Brigade</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Royle, 2007, 277</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This figure is taken from Brighton and represents the minimum number of officers and men who are <i>known</i> to have charged – the actual figure may have been slightly higher. Kinglake puts the number at 673. Many sources (e.g.: Blake, Hibbert, Pemberton) follow Kinglake.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brighton, 2005. , 293–94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pemberton, 1962. p. 121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brighton, 2005. , 297</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fletcher & Ishchenko: <i>The Crimean War: A Clash of Empires</i>, 184–85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fletcher & Ishchenko: <i>The Crimean War: A Clash of Empires</i>, 184</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Royle, 2007, 280–81. Hibbert puts the Russian strength at 120,000 men.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frederick Engels, "The War in the East" contained in the <i>Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels</i>: Volume 13, p. 527.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hibbert: <i>The Destruction of Lord Raglan</i>, 202</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Balaclava&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <dl><dt>Primary sources</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baron_de_C%C3%A9sar_Bazancourt" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron de César Bazancourt">Bazancourt, the Baron de</a> (1856). <i>The Crimean Expedition, to the Capture of Sebastopol 2 vols.</i> London.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_William_Kinglake" title="Alexander William Kinglake">Kinglake, A. W</a> (1863–87). <i>The Invasion of the Crimea, 8 vols.</i> Edinburgh</li></ul> <dl><dt>Secondary sources</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Val_Ffrench_Blake" class="mw-redirect" title="Val Ffrench Blake">Blake, R.L.V ffrench</a> (1973). <i>The Crimean War</i>. Sphere Books.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Brighton" title="Terry Brighton">Brighton, Terry</a> (2005). <i>Hell Riders: The Truth about the Charge of the Light Brigade</i>. Penguin Books. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-101831-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-101831-7">978-0-14-101831-7</a></li> <li>Figes, Orlando (2010). <i>The Crimean War: A History</i>. Picador Publishing.</li> <li>Fletcher, Ian & Ishchenko, Natalia (2004). <i>The Crimean War: A Clash of Empires</i>. Spellmount Limited. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86227-238-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-86227-238-7">1-86227-238-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwood2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Greenwood" title="Adrian Greenwood">Greenwood, Adrian</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehistorypress.co.uk/index.php/victoria-s-scottish-lion-26465.html"><i>Victoria's Scottish Lion: The Life of Colin Campbell, Lord Clyde</i></a>. UK: History Press. p. 496. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-75095-685-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-75095-685-7"><bdi>978-0-75095-685-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160221172547/http://www.thehistorypress.co.uk/index.php/victoria-s-scottish-lion-26465.html/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victoria%27s+Scottish+Lion%3A+The+Life+of+Colin+Campbell%2C+Lord+Clyde&rft.place=UK&rft.pages=496&rft.pub=History+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-75095-685-7&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehistorypress.co.uk%2Findex.php%2Fvictoria-s-scottish-lion-26465.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Balaclava" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hibbert" title="Christopher Hibbert">Hibbert, Christopher</a> (1963). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Destruction_of_Lord_Raglan" title="The Destruction of Lord Raglan">The Destruction of Lord Raglan: A tragedy of the Crimean War 1854–55</a></i>. Pelican Books</li> <li>Pemberton, W. Baring (1962). <i>Battles of the Crimean War</i>. Pan Books Ltd. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-330-02181-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-330-02181-8">0-330-02181-8</a></li> <li>Royle, Trevor (2007). <i>Crimea: The Great Crimean War 1854–1856</i>. Abacus. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-349-11284-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-349-11284-8">978-0-349-11284-8</a></li> <li>Warner, Philip (2001). <i>The Crimean War: A Reappraisal</i>. Wordsworth Editions. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84022-247-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-84022-247-6">1-84022-247-6</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEgorshinaPetrova2023" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Egorshina, O.; Petrova, A. (2023). "Восточная война 1853-1856" [The Eastern War of 1853-1856]. <bdi lang="ru">История русской армии</bdi> [<i>The history of the Russian Army</i>] (in Russian). Moscow: Edition of the Russian Imperial Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-699-42397-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-699-42397-2"><bdi>978-5-699-42397-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0+1853-1856&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=Edition+of+the+Russian+Imperial+Library&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-5-699-42397-2&rft.aulast=Egorshina&rft.aufirst=O.&rft.au=Petrova%2C+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Balaclava" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span 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<i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Balaklava" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Balaklava">Balaklava</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q464512#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q464512#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q464512#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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