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class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Cold War and final years in East Germany (1945–1956) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cold_War_and_final_years_in_East_Germany_(1945–1956)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theory_and_practice_of_theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theory_and_practice_of_theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Theory and practice of theatre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theory_and_practice_of_theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collaborators_and_associates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collaborators_and_associates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Collaborators and associates </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Collaborators_and_associates-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Collaborators and associates subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Collaborators_and_associates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_collaborators_and_associates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_collaborators_and_associates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 List of collaborators and associates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_collaborators_and_associates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Works </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Works subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Fiction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plays_and_screenplays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plays_and_screenplays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Plays and screenplays </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plays_and_screenplays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theoretical_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theoretical_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Theoretical works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theoretical_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Poetry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Primary sources </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Primary sources subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Essays,_diaries,_and_journals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Essays,_diaries,_and_journals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Essays, diaries, and journals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Essays,_diaries,_and_journals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drama,_poetry,_and_prose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drama,_poetry,_and_prose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Drama, poetry, and prose </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drama,_poetry,_and_prose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Secondary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Bertolt Brecht</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 104 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-104" aria-hidden="true" > 104 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bertolt Brecht" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Bertolt Brecht" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4%D8%AA" title="برتولت بريشت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="برتولت بريشت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Bertolt Brecht" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A9%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%BF_%D5%8A%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%AD%D5%A9" title="Պերթոլտ Պրեխթ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Պերթոլտ Պրեխթ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Bertolt Brecht" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bertolt Brecht" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Bertolt Brecht" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brext" title="Bertolt Brext – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bertolt Brext" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AA" title="برتولت برشت – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="برتولت برشت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%9F" title="বের্টল্ট ব্রেখট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বের্টল্ট ব্রেখট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bertolt Brecht" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%82" title="Бертольт Брехт – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бертольт Брехт" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%85%D1%82" title="Бертальд Брэхт – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бертальд Брэхт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4_%D0%91%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%85%D1%82" title="Бэртальд Брэхт – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бэртальд Брэхт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="बर्तोल्त ब्रेष्त – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बर्तोल्त ब्रेष्त" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%82" title="Бертолт Брехт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бертолт Брехт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bertolt Brecht" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bertolt Brecht" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bertolt Brecht" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bertolt Brecht" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bertolt Brecht" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bertolt Brecht" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bertolt Brecht" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bertolt Brecht" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%AD%CF%81%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%84_%CE%9C%CF%80%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%87%CF%84" title="Μπέρτολτ Μπρεχτ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπέρτολτ Μπρεχτ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bertolt Brecht" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bertolt Brecht" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bertolt Brecht" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AA" title="برتولت برشت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برتولت برشت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Bertolt Brecht" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bertolt Brecht" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Bertolt Brecht" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bertolt Brecht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertold_Brecht" title="Bertold Brecht – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Bertold Brecht" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bertolt Brecht" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9F_%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%96%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4" title="બર્ટોલ્ટ બ્રેખ્ત – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બર્ટોલ્ટ બ્રેખ્ત" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EB%A5%B4%ED%86%A8%ED%8A%B8_%EB%B8%8C%EB%A0%88%ED%9E%88%ED%8A%B8" title="베르톨트 브레히트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베르톨트 브레히트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A4_%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%AD%D5%BF" title="Բերտոլդ Բրեխտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բերտոլդ Բրեխտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4" title="बर्तोल्त ब्रेख्त – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बर्तोल्त ब्रेख्त" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Bertolt Brecht" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bertolt Brecht" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Bertolt Brecht" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8E_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%9F" title="বেরতেলৎ ব্রেশট – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="বেরতেলৎ ব্রেশট" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bertolt Brecht" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Bertolt Brecht" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bertolt Brecht" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bertolt Brecht" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%98_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%98" title="ברטולט ברכט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ברטולט ברכט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bertolt Brecht" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ბერტოლტ ბრეხტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბერტოლტ ბრეხტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%82_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Брехт Бертольт – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Брехт Бертольт" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bertolt Brecht" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%82" title="Бертольт Брехт – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бертольт Брехт" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%82,_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Брехт, Бертольт – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Брехт, Бертольт" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertoldus_Brecht" title="Bertoldus Brecht – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bertoldus Brecht" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolts_Brehts" title="Bertolts Brehts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bertolts Brehts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bertolt Brecht" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertold_Brecht" title="Bertold Brecht – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bertold Brecht" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Bertolt Brecht" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bertolt Brecht" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%82" title="Бертолт Брехт – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бертолт Брехт" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Bertolt Brecht" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D" title="ബെർടോൾഡ് ബ്രെഹ്ത് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബെർടോൾഡ് ബ്രെഹ്ത്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Bertolt Brecht" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ბერტოლტ ბრეხტი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბერტოლტ ბრეხტი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B4%D8%AA" title="برتولت بريشت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="برتولت بريشت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bertolt Brecht" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%AC%E3%83%92%E3%83%88" title="ベルトルト・ブレヒト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベルトルト・ブレヒト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bertolt Brecht" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bertolt Brecht" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bertolt Brecht" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brext_Bertolt" title="Brext Bertolt – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Brext Bertolt" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A4" title="ਬਰਤੋਲਤ ਬਰੈਖ਼ਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਰਤੋਲਤ ਬਰੈਖ਼ਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%D8%AA" title="برتولت بریخت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="برتولت بریخت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Bertolt Brecht" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Bertolt Brecht" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bertolt Brecht" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bertolt Brecht" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bertolt Brecht" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Bertolt Brecht" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%82,_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Брехт, Бертольт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Брехт, Бертольт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%9D%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%99%E0%B7%82%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A" title="බර්ටෝල් බ්‍රෙෂ්ට් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බර්ටෝල් බ්‍රෙෂ්ට්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bertolt Brecht" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bertolt Brecht" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bertolt Brecht" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%84%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8E%D8%B4%D8%AA" title="بێرتۆلت برێشت – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بێرتۆلت برێشت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%82_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%82" title="Бертолт Брехт – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бертолт Брехт" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bertolt Brecht" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bertolt Brecht" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bertolt Brecht" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bertolt Brecht" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D" title="பெர்தோல்ட் பிரெக்ட் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெர்தோல்ட் பிரெக்ட்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%82" title="Бертолд Брехт – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бертолд Брехт" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bertolt Brecht" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82_%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%82" title="Бертольт Брехт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бертольт Брехт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%D8%AA" title="برتولت بریخت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برتولت بریخت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bertolt Brecht" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Bertolt Brecht" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bertolt Brecht" data-language-autonym="Winaray" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">German poet, playwright, and theatre director (1898–1956)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Brecht" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Brecht_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Brecht (disambiguation)">Brecht (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Bertolt Brecht</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Bertolt-Brecht.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Brecht in 1954"><img alt="Brecht in 1954" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Bertolt-Brecht.jpg/220px-Bertolt-Brecht.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Bertolt-Brecht.jpg/330px-Bertolt-Brecht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Bertolt-Brecht.jpg/440px-Bertolt-Brecht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="875" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Brecht in 1954</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Eugen Berthold Friedrich Brecht (1898-02-10)10 February 1898 <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">14 August 1956(1956-08-14) (aged 58) <a href="/wiki/East_Berlin" title="East Berlin">East Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Playwright</li><li>theatre director</li><li>poet</li><li>screenwriter</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epic_theatre" title="Epic theatre">Epic theatre</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aristotelian_drama" title="Non-Aristotelian drama">non-Aristotelian drama</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Literary movement</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Non-Aristotelian_drama" title="Non-Aristotelian drama">Non-Aristotelian drama</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Threepenny_Opera" title="The Threepenny Opera">The Threepenny Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Galileo" title="Life of Galileo">Life of Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Courage_and_Her_Children" title="Mother Courage and Her Children">Mother Courage and Her Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Person_of_Szechwan" title="The Good Person of Szechwan">The Good Person of Szechwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Caucasian_Chalk_Circle" title="The Caucasian Chalk Circle">The Caucasian Chalk Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mr_Puntila_and_His_Man_Matti" title="Mr Puntila and His Man Matti">Mr Puntila and His Man Matti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Resistible_Rise_of_Arturo_Ui" title="The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui">The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Zoff" title="Marianne Zoff">Marianne Zoff</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1922; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1927)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Helene_Weigel" title="Helene Weigel">Helene Weigel</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1930)</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Children</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Frank Banholzer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanne_Hiob" title="Hanne Hiob">Hanne Hiob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Brecht" title="Stefan Brecht">Stefan Brecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Brecht-Schall" title="Barbara Brecht-Schall">Barbara Brecht-Schall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Brecht" title="Walter Brecht">Walter Brecht</a> (younger brother)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Unterschrift_Bertolt_Brecht_(1898%E2%80%931956).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Unterschrift_Bertolt_Brecht_%281898%E2%80%931956%29.png/150px-Unterschrift_Bertolt_Brecht_%281898%E2%80%931956%29.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Unterschrift_Bertolt_Brecht_%281898%E2%80%931956%29.png/225px-Unterschrift_Bertolt_Brecht_%281898%E2%80%931956%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Unterschrift_Bertolt_Brecht_%281898%E2%80%931956%29.png/300px-Unterschrift_Bertolt_Brecht_%281898%E2%80%931956%29.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="202" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Eugen Berthold Friedrich Brecht<a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a> (10 February 1898 – 14 August 1956), known as Bertolt Brecht and Bert Brecht, was a German <a href="/wiki/Theatre_practitioner" title="Theatre practitioner">theatre practitioner</a>, playwright, and poet. Coming of age during the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>, he had his first successes as a playwright in Munich and moved to Berlin in 1924, where he wrote <a href="/wiki/The_Threepenny_Opera" title="The Threepenny Opera">The Threepenny Opera</a> with <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Hauptmann" title="Elisabeth Hauptmann">Elisabeth Hauptmann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Weill" title="Kurt Weill">Kurt Weill</a> and began a life-long collaboration with the composer <a href="/wiki/Hanns_Eisler" title="Hanns Eisler">Hanns Eisler</a>. Immersed in <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> thought during this period, Brecht wrote didactic <a href="/wiki/Lehrst%C3%BCcke" title="Lehrstücke">Lehrstücke</a> and became a leading theoretician of <a href="/wiki/Epic_theatre" title="Epic theatre">epic theatre</a> (which he later preferred to call "dialectical theatre") and the <a href="/wiki/Verfremdungseffekt" class="mw-redirect" title="Verfremdungseffekt">Verfremdungseffekt</a>. When the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazis</a> came to power in Germany in 1933, Brecht fled his home country, initially to Scandinavia. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> he moved to <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a> where he established himself as a screenwriter, and meanwhile was being surveilled by the <a href="/wiki/FBI" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI">FBI</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillett1990312–313-4">[3]</a> In 1947, he was part of the first group of Hollywood film artists to be subpoenaed by the <a href="/wiki/House_Un-American_Activities_Committee" title="House Un-American Activities Committee">House Un-American Activities Committee</a> for alleged Communist Party affiliations.<a href="#cite_note-Today_in_history-5">[4]</a> The day after testifying, he returned to Europe, eventually settling in <a href="/wiki/East_Berlin" title="East Berlin">East Berlin</a> where he co-founded the theatre company <a href="/wiki/Berliner_Ensemble" title="Berliner Ensemble">Berliner Ensemble</a> with his wife and long-time collaborator, actress <a href="/wiki/Helene_Weigel" title="Helene Weigel">Helene Weigel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_career">Life and career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertolt_Brecht&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life and career">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bavaria_(1898–1924)">Bavaria (1898–1924)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertolt_Brecht&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Bavaria (1898–1924)">edit</a>]</div> Eugen Berthold Friedrich Brecht (as a child known as Eugen) was born on 10 February 1898 in <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a>, Germany, the son of Berthold Friedrich Brecht (1869–1939) and his wife Sophie, née Brezing (1871–1920). Brecht's mother was a devout <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a> and his father a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> (who had been persuaded to have a Protestant wedding). The modest house where he was born is today preserved as a Brecht Museum.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> His father worked for a paper mill, becoming its managing director in 1914.<a href="#cite_note-lives-8">[7]</a> At Augsburg, his maternal grandparents lived in the neighbouring house. They were <a href="/wiki/Pietists" class="mw-redirect" title="Pietists">Pietists</a> and his grandmother influenced Bertolt Brecht and his brother <a href="/wiki/Walter_Brecht" title="Walter Brecht">Walter</a> considerably during their childhood. Due to his grandmother's and his mother's influence, Brecht knew the Bible, a familiarity that would have a life-long effect on his writing. From his mother came the "dangerous image of the self-denying woman" that recurs in his drama.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> Brecht's home life was comfortably middle class, despite what his occasional attempt to claim peasant origins implied.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> At school in Augsburg he met <a href="/wiki/Caspar_Neher" title="Caspar Neher">Caspar Neher</a>, with whom he formed a life-long creative partnership. Neher designed many of the sets for Brecht's dramas and helped to forge the distinctive visual iconography of their <a href="/wiki/Epic_theatre" title="Epic theatre">epic theatre</a>. When Brecht was 16, <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> broke out. Initially enthusiastic, Brecht soon changed his mind on seeing his classmates "swallowed by the army".<a href="#cite_note-lives-8">[7]</a> Brecht was nearly expelled from school in 1915 for writing an essay in response to the line <a href="/wiki/Dulce_et_decorum_est_pro_patria_mori" title="Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori">Dulce et decorum est pro patria mori</a> from the Roman poet <a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a>, calling it Zweckpropaganda ("cheap propaganda for a specific purpose") and arguing that only an empty-headed person could be persuaded to die for their country. His expulsion was only prevented by the intervention of Romuald Sauer, a priest who also served as a substitute teacher at Brecht's school.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> On his father's recommendation, Brecht sought to avoid being conscripted into the army by exploiting a loophole which allowed for medical students to be deferred. He subsequently registered for a medical course at <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich" title="Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich">Munich University</a>, where he enrolled in 1917.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> There he studied drama with <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kutscher" title="Arthur Kutscher">Arthur Kutscher</a>, who inspired in the young Brecht an admiration for the iconoclastic dramatist and <a href="/wiki/Cabaret" title="Cabaret">cabaret</a> star <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wedekind" title="Frank Wedekind">Frank Wedekind</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> From July 1916, Brecht's newspaper articles began appearing under the new name "Bert Brecht" (his first theatre criticism for the <a href="/wiki/Der_Volkswille_(Augsburg,_1919)" title="Der Volkswille (Augsburg, 1919)">Augsburger Volkswille</a> appeared in October 1919).<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> Brecht was <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">drafted</a> into military service in the autumn of 1918, only to be posted back to Augsburg as a medical orderly in a military <a href="/wiki/Sexual_health_clinic" title="Sexual health clinic">VD clinic</a>; the war ended a month later.<a href="#cite_note-lives-8">[7]</a> In July 1919, Brecht and <a href="/wiki/Paula_Banholzer" title="Paula Banholzer">Paula Banholzer</a> (who had begun a relationship in 1917) had a son, Frank. In 1920 Brecht's mother died.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillettManheim1970vii-15">[14]</a> Frank died in 1943, fighting for Nazi Germany on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a>. Some time in either 1920 or 1921, Brecht took a small part in the political cabaret of the Munich comedian <a href="/wiki/Karl_Valentin" title="Karl Valentin">Karl Valentin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> Brecht's diaries for the next few years record numerous visits to see Valentin perform.<a href="#cite_note-McDowell2000-17">[16]</a> Brecht compared Valentin to <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a>, for his "virtually complete rejection of mimicry and cheap psychology".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillettManheim1970x-18">[17]</a> Writing in his <a href="/wiki/Messingkauf_Dialogues" title="Messingkauf Dialogues">Messingkauf Dialogues</a> years later, Brecht identified Valentin, along with Wedekind and <a href="/wiki/Georg_B%C3%BCchner" title="Georg Büchner">Büchner</a>, as his "chief influences" at that time: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">But the man he learnt most from was the clown Valentin, who performed in a beer-hall. He did short sketches in which he played refractory employees, orchestral musicians or photographers, who hated their employers and made them look ridiculous. The employer was played by his partner, Liesl Karlstadt, a popular woman comedian who used to pad herself out and speak in a deep bass voice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht196569–70-19">[18]</a></blockquote> Brecht's first full-length play, <a href="/wiki/Baal_(play)" title="Baal (play)">Baal</a> (written 1918), arose in response to an argument in one of Kutscher's drama seminars, initiating a trend that persisted throughout his career of creative activity that was generated by a desire to counter another work (both others' and his own, as his many adaptations and re-writes attest). "Anyone can be creative," he quipped, "it's rewriting other people that's a challenge."<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> Brecht completed his second major play, <a href="/wiki/Drums_in_the_Night" title="Drums in the Night">Drums in the Night</a>, in February 1919. Between November 1921 and April 1922 Brecht made acquaintance with many influential people in the Berlin cultural scene. Amongst them was the playwright <a href="/wiki/Arnolt_Bronnen" title="Arnolt Bronnen">Arnolt Bronnen</a> with whom he established a joint venture, the Arnolt Bronnen / Bertolt Brecht Company. Brecht changed the spelling of his first name to Bertolt to rhyme with Arnolt. In 1922 while still living in Munich, Brecht came to the attention of an influential Berlin critic, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Ihering" title="Herbert Ihering">Herbert Ihering</a>: "At 24 the writer Bert Brecht has changed Germany's literary complexion overnight"—he enthused in his review of Brecht's first play to be produced, Drums in the Night—"[he] has given our time a new tone, a new melody, a new vision. [...] It is a language you can feel on your tongue, in your gums, your ear, your spinal column."<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> In November it was announced that Brecht had been awarded the prestigious <a href="/wiki/Kleist_Prize" title="Kleist Prize">Kleist Prize</a> (intended for unestablished writers and probably Germany's most significant literary award, until it was abolished in 1932) for his first three plays (Baal, Drums in the Night, and <a href="/wiki/In_the_Jungle_of_Cities" title="In the Jungle of Cities">In the Jungle</a>, although at that point only Drums had been produced).<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> The citation for the award insisted that: "[Brecht's] language is vivid without being deliberately poetic, symbolical without being over literary. Brecht is a dramatist because his language is felt physically and in the round."<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> That year he married the Viennese opera singer <a href="/wiki/Marianne_Zoff" title="Marianne Zoff">Marianne Zoff</a>. Their daughter, <a href="/wiki/Hanne_Hiob" title="Hanne Hiob">Hanne Hiob</a>, born in March 1923, was a successful German actress.<a href="#cite_note-lives-8">[7]</a> In 1923, Brecht wrote a scenario for what was to become a short <a href="/wiki/Slapstick" title="Slapstick">slapstick</a> film, <a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_a_Barbershop" title="Mysteries of a Barbershop">Mysteries of a Barbershop</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Erich_Engel" title="Erich Engel">Erich Engel</a> and starring Karl Valentin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDowell1977-24">[23]</a> Despite a lack of success at the time, its experimental inventiveness and the subsequent success of many of its contributors have meant that it is now considered one of the most important films in <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Germany" title="Cinema of Germany">German film history</a>.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECulbert1995[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-25">[24]</a> In May of that year, Brecht's In the Jungle premiered in Munich, also directed by Engel. Opening night proved to be a "scandal"—a phenomenon that would characterize many of his later productions during the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>—in which <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazis</a> blew whistles and threw stink bombs at the actors on the stage.<a href="#cite_note-McDowell2000-17">[16]</a> In 1924 Brecht worked with the novelist and playwright <a href="/wiki/Lion_Feuchtwanger" title="Lion Feuchtwanger">Lion Feuchtwanger</a> (whom he had met in 1919) on an adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Marlowe" title="Christopher Marlowe">Christopher Marlowe</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Edward_II_(play)" title="Edward II (play)">Edward II</a> that proved to be a milestone in Brecht's early theatrical and dramaturgical development.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson199426–27-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeech199454–55-27">[26]</a> Brecht's <a href="/wiki/The_Life_of_Edward_II_of_England" title="The Life of Edward II of England">Edward II</a> constituted his first attempt at collaborative writing and was the first of many classic texts he was to adapt. As his first solo directorial début, he later credited it as the germ of his conception of "<a href="/wiki/Epic_theatre" title="Epic theatre">epic theatre</a>".<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> That September, a job as assistant <a href="/wiki/Dramaturge" title="Dramaturge">dramaturg</a> at <a href="/wiki/Max_Reinhardt" title="Max Reinhardt">Max Reinhardt</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Theater_(Berlin)" title="Deutsches Theater (Berlin)">Deutsches Theater</a>—at the time one of the leading three or four theatres in the world—brought him to Berlin.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weimar_Republic_Berlin_(1925–1933)">Weimar Republic Berlin (1925–1933)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertolt_Brecht&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Weimar Republic Berlin (1925–1933)">edit</a>]</div> In 1923 Brecht's marriage to Zoff began to break down (though they did not divorce until 1927).<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> Brecht had become involved with both <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Hauptmann" title="Elisabeth Hauptmann">Elisabeth Hauptmann</a> and Helene Weigel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson199428-31">[30]</a> Brecht and Weigel's son, <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Brecht" title="Stefan Brecht">Stefan</a>, was born in October 1924.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> In his role as dramaturg, Brecht had much to stimulate him but little work of his own.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> Reinhardt staged <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">Shaw</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joan_(play)" title="Saint Joan (play)">Saint Joan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Goldoni" title="Carlo Goldoni">Goldoni</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Servant_of_Two_Masters" class="mw-redirect" title="Servant of Two Masters">Servant of Two Masters</a> (with the improvisational approach of the <a href="/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte" title="Commedia dell'arte">commedia dell'arte</a> in which the actors chatted with the prompter about their roles), and <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello">Pirandello</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Six_Characters_in_Search_of_an_Author" title="Six Characters in Search of an Author">Six Characters in Search of an Author</a> in his group of Berlin theatres.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillett1967145-34">[33]</a> A new version of Brecht's third play, now entitled <a href="/wiki/In_the_Jungle_of_Cities" title="In the Jungle of Cities">Jungle: Decline of a Family</a>, opened at the Deutsches Theater in October 1924, but was not a success.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillettManheim1970viii-35">[34]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="; color: #202122;background-color: #c6dbf7;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <div class="poem"> In the asphalt city I'm at home. From the very start Provided with every last sacrament: With newspapers. And tobacco. And brandy To the end mistrustful, lazy and content. </div> </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="">Bertolt Brecht, "Of Poor BB"</cite> </div> At this time Brecht revised his important "transitional poem", "Of Poor BB".<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> In 1925, his publishers provided him with Elisabeth Hauptmann as an assistant for the completion of his collection of poems, Devotions for the Home (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertolt_Brechts_Hauspostille" class="extiw" title="de:Bertolt Brechts Hauspostille">Hauspostille</a>, eventually published in January 1927). She continued to work with him after the publisher's commission ran out.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillettManheim1970viii,_x-37">[36]</a> In 1925 in <a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a> the artistic exhibition Neue Sachlichkeit ("<a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity" title="New Objectivity">New Objectivity</a>") had given its name to the new post-<a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionist</a> movement in the German arts. With little to do at the Deutsches Theater, Brecht began to develop his <a href="/wiki/Man_Equals_Man" title="Man Equals Man">Man Equals Man</a> project, which was to become the first product of "the 'Brecht collective'—that shifting group of friends and collaborators on whom he henceforward depended."<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> This collaborative approach to artistic production, together with aspects of Brecht's writing and style of theatrical production, mark Brecht's work from this period as part of the Neue Sachlichkeit movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillett1978-39">[38]</a> The collective's work "mirrored the artistic climate of the middle 1920s", <a href="/wiki/John_Willett" title="John Willett">Willett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Manheim" title="Ralph Manheim">Manheim</a> argue: <blockquote>with their attitude of Neue Sachlichkeit (or New Matter-of-Factness), their stressing of the collectivity and downplaying of the individual, and their new cult of <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> imagery and sport. Together the "collective" would go to fights, not only absorbing their terminology and ethos (which permeates Man Equals Man) but also drawing those conclusions for the theatre as a whole which Brecht set down in his theoretical essay "Emphasis on Sport" and tried to realise by means of the harsh lighting, the boxing-ring stage and other anti-illusionistic devices that henceforward appeared in his own productions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillettManheim1970viii–ix-40">[39]</a></blockquote> In 1925, Brecht saw two films that had a significant influence on him: <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Chaplin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Gold_Rush" title="The Gold Rush">The Gold Rush</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein" title="Sergei Eisenstein">Eisenstein</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Battleship_Potemkin" title="Battleship Potemkin">Battleship Potemkin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillettManheim1970xxxiii-41">[40]</a> Brecht had compared <a href="/wiki/Karl_Valentin" title="Karl Valentin">Valentin</a> to Chaplin, and the two of them provided models for Galy Gay in Man Equals Man.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchechter199468-42">[41]</a> Brecht later wrote that Chaplin "would in many ways come closer to the <a href="/wiki/Demonstration_(acting)" title="Demonstration (acting)">epic</a> than to the dramatic theatre's requirements."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht196456-43">[42]</a> They met several times during Brecht's time in the United States, and discussed Chaplin's <a href="/wiki/Monsieur_Verdoux" title="Monsieur Verdoux">Monsieur Verdoux</a> project, which it is possible Brecht influenced.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchechter199472-44">[43]</a> In 1926 a series of short stories was published under Brecht's name, though Hauptmann was closely associated with writing them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESacks1994xviii-45">[44]</a> Following the production of Man Equals Man in Darmstadt that year, Brecht began studying <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> and socialism in earnest, under the supervision of Hauptmann.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson199428–29-46">[45]</a> "When I read <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Capital</a>", a note by Brecht reveals, "I understood my plays." Marx was, it continues, "the only spectator for my plays I'd ever come across."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht196423–24-47">[46]</a> Inspired by the developments in <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>, Brecht wrote a number of <a href="/wiki/Agitprop" title="Agitprop">agitprop</a> plays, praising the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">bolshevik</a> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_collectivism" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet collectivism">collectivism</a> (replaceability of each member of the collective in Man Equals Man) and the <a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Decision_(play)" title="The Decision (play)">The Decision</a>).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25%; ; color: #202122;background-color: #c6dbf7;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> For us, man portrayed on the stage is significant as a social function. It is not his relationship to himself, nor his relationship to God, but his relationship to society which is central. Whenever he appears, his class or social stratum appears with him. His moral, spiritual or sexual conflicts are conflicts with society. </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Piscator" title="Erwin Piscator">Erwin Piscator</a>, 1929.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a></cite> </div> In 1927 Brecht became part of the "<a href="/wiki/Dramaturge" title="Dramaturge">dramaturgical</a> collective" of <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Piscator" title="Erwin Piscator">Erwin Piscator</a>'s first company, which was designed to tackle the problem of finding new plays for its "epic, political, confrontational, documentary theatre".<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> Brecht collaborated with Piscator during the period of the latter's landmark productions, <a href="/wiki/Hoppla,_We%27re_Alive!" title="Hoppla, We're Alive!">Hoppla, We're Alive!</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Toller" title="Ernst Toller">Toller</a>, Rasputin, <a href="/wiki/The_Good_Soldier_%C5%A0vejk" title="The Good Soldier Švejk">The Adventures of the Good Soldier Schweik</a>, and Konjunktur by <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9o_Lania" title="Léo Lania">Lania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillett197874-50">[49]</a> Brecht's most significant contribution was to the adaptation of the unfinished episodic comic novel Schweik, which he later described as a "montage from the novel".<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> The Piscator productions influenced Brecht's ideas about staging and design, and alerted him to the radical potentials offered to the "<a href="/wiki/Non-Aristotelian_drama" title="Non-Aristotelian drama">epic</a>" playwright by the development of stage technology (particularly projections).<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> What Brecht took from Piscator "is fairly plain, and he acknowledged it" Willett suggests: <blockquote>The emphasis on Reason and didacticism, the sense that the new subject matter demanded a <a href="/wiki/Non-Aristotelian_drama" title="Non-Aristotelian drama">new dramatic form</a>, the use of songs to <a href="/wiki/Interruptions_(epic_theatre)" title="Interruptions (epic theatre)">interrupt</a> and comment: all these are found in his notes and essays of the 1920s, and he bolstered them by citing such Piscatorial examples as the step-by-step narrative technique of Schweik and the oil interests handled in Konjunktur ('Petroleum resists the five-act form').<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a></blockquote> Brecht was struggling at the time with the question of how to dramatize the complex economic relationships of modern capitalism in his unfinished project Joe P. Fleischhacker (which Piscator's theatre announced in its programme for the 1927–28 season). It wasn't until his <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joan_of_the_Stockyards" title="Saint Joan of the Stockyards">Saint Joan of the Stockyards</a> (written between 1929 and 1931) that Brecht solved it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillett1998104–105-54">[53]</a> In 1928 he discussed with Piscator plans to stage <a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar_(play)" title="Julius Caesar (play)">Julius Caesar</a> and Brecht's own <a href="/wiki/Drums_in_the_Night" title="Drums in the Night">Drums in the Night</a>, but the productions did not materialize.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillett197876-55">[54]</a> The year 1927 also saw the first collaboration between Brecht and the young composer <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Weill" title="Kurt Weill">Kurt Weill</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> Together they began to develop Brecht's <a href="/wiki/Rise_and_Fall_of_the_City_of_Mahagonny" title="Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny">Mahagonny</a> project, along thematic lines of the biblical <a href="/wiki/Sodom_and_Gomorrah" title="Sodom and Gomorrah">Cities of the Plain</a> but rendered in terms of the <a href="/wiki/New_Objectivity" title="New Objectivity">Neue Sachlichkeit</a>'s Amerikanismus, which had informed Brecht's previous work.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> They produced <a href="/wiki/Mahagonny-Songspiel" title="Mahagonny-Songspiel">The Little Mahagonny</a> for a music festival in July, as what Weill called a "stylistic exercise" in preparation for the large-scale piece. From that point on <a href="/wiki/Caspar_Neher" title="Caspar Neher">Caspar Neher</a> became an integral part of the collaborative effort, with words, music and visuals conceived in relation to one another from the start.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> The model for their mutual articulation lay in Brecht's newly formulated principle of the "<a href="/wiki/Separation_of_the_elements" title="Separation of the elements">separation of the elements</a>", which he first outlined in "<a href="/wiki/The_Modern_Theatre_Is_the_Epic_Theatre" title="The Modern Theatre Is the Epic Theatre">The Modern Theatre Is the Epic Theatre</a>" (1930). The principle, a variety of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_montage_theory" title="Soviet montage theory">montage</a>, proposed by-passing the "great struggle for supremacy between words, music and production" as Brecht put it, by showing each as self-contained, independent works of art that <a href="/wiki/Gestus" title="Gestus">adopt attitudes</a> towards one another.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> In 1930 Brecht married Weigel; their daughter Barbara Brecht was born soon after the wedding.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> She also became an actress and would later share the <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyrights</a> of Brecht's work with her siblings. Brecht formed a writing collective which became prolific and very influential. <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Hauptmann" title="Elisabeth Hauptmann">Elisabeth Hauptmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margarete_Steffin" title="Margarete Steffin">Margarete Steffin</a>, Emil Burri, <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Berlau" title="Ruth Berlau">Ruth Berlau</a> and others worked with Brecht and produced the multiple <a href="/wiki/Lehrst%C3%BCcke" title="Lehrstücke">teaching plays</a>, which attempted to create a new <a href="/wiki/Dramaturgy" title="Dramaturgy">dramaturgy</a> for participants rather than passive audiences. These addressed themselves to the massive worker arts organisation that existed in Germany and Austria in the 1920s. So did Brecht's first great play, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joan_of_the_Stockyards" title="Saint Joan of the Stockyards">Saint Joan of the Stockyards</a>, which attempts to portray the drama in financial transactions. This collective adapted <a href="/wiki/John_Gay" title="John Gay">John Gay</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Beggar%27s_Opera" title="The Beggar's Opera">The Beggar's Opera</a>, with Brecht's lyrics set to music by <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Weill" title="Kurt Weill">Kurt Weill</a>. Retitled <a href="/wiki/The_Threepenny_Opera" title="The Threepenny Opera">The Threepenny Opera</a> (Die Dreigroschenoper) it was the biggest hit in Berlin of the 1920s and a renewing influence on the musical worldwide. One of its most famous lines underscored the hypocrisy of conventional morality imposed by the Church, working in conjunction with the established order, in the face of working-class hunger and deprivation: <table> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="margin-left: 2em;" class="poem"> Erst kommt das Fressen Dann kommt die Moral. </div> </td> <td><div style="margin-left: 1em;" class="poem"> First the grub (lit. "eating like animals, gorging") Then the morality. </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> The success of The Threepenny Opera was followed by the quickly thrown together Happy End. It was a personal and a commercial failure. At the time the book was purported to be by the mysterious Dorothy Lane (now known to be Elisabeth Hauptmann, Brecht's secretary and close collaborator). Brecht only claimed authorship of the song texts. Brecht would later use elements of Happy End as the germ for his Saint Joan of the Stockyards, a play that would never see the stage in Brecht's lifetime. Happy End's score by Weill produced many Brecht/Weill hits like "Der Bilbao-Song" and "Surabaya-Jonny". The masterpiece of the Brecht/Weill collaborations, <a href="/wiki/Rise_and_Fall_of_the_City_of_Mahagonny" title="Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny">Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny</a> (Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny), caused an uproar when it premiered in 1930 in Leipzig, with Nazis in the audience protesting. The Mahagonny opera would premier later in Berlin in 1931 as a triumphant sensation. Brecht spent the last years of the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar-era</a> (1930–1933) in Berlin working with his "collective" on the Lehrstücke. These were a group of plays driven by morals, music and Brecht's budding epic theatre. The Lehrstücke often aimed at educating workers on Socialist issues. <a href="/wiki/The_Decision_(play)" title="The Decision (play)">The Measures Taken</a> (Die Massnahme) was scored by <a href="/wiki/Hanns_Eisler" title="Hanns Eisler">Hanns Eisler</a>. In addition, Brecht worked on a script for a semi-documentary feature film about the human impact of mass unemployment, <a href="/wiki/Kuhle_Wampe" title="Kuhle Wampe">Kuhle Wampe</a> (1932), which was directed by <a href="/wiki/Slatan_Dudow" title="Slatan Dudow">Slatan Dudow</a>. This striking film is notable for its subversive humour, outstanding <a href="/wiki/Cinematography" title="Cinematography">cinematography</a> by <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Krampf" title="Günther Krampf">Günther Krampf</a>, and Hanns Eisler's dynamic musical contribution. It still provides a vivid insight into Berlin during the last years of the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="California_and_World_War_II_(1933–1945)">California and World War II (1933–1945)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertolt_Brecht&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: California and World War II (1933–1945)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="; color: #202122;background-color: #c6dbf7;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Unhappy the land where heroes are needed. </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo</a>, in Brecht's <a href="/wiki/Life_of_Galileo" title="Life of Galileo">Life of Galileo</a> (<a href="/wiki/1943_in_literature#New_drama" title="1943 in literature">1943</a>)</cite> </div> Fearing persecution, Brecht fled <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> in February 1933, just after <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a> took power. Following brief spells in Prague, Zurich and Paris, he and Weigel accepted an invitation from journalist and author <a href="/wiki/Karin_Micha%C3%ABlis" title="Karin Michaëlis">Karin Michaëlis</a> to move to Denmark. The Brechts first stayed with Michaëlis at her house on the small island of <a href="/wiki/Thur%C3%B8" title="Thurø">Thurø</a> close to the island of <a href="/wiki/Funen" title="Funen">Funen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> They later bought their own house in <a href="/wiki/Svendborg" title="Svendborg">Svendborg</a> on Funen. This Svendborg house at Skovsbo Strand 8 became the Brecht family residence for the next six years.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> They often received guests there including <a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Walter Benjamin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanns_Eisler" title="Hanns Eisler">Hanns Eisler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Berlau" title="Ruth Berlau">Ruth Berlau</a>. Brecht also travelled frequently to Copenhagen, Paris, Moscow, New York and London for various projects and collaborations. When war seemed imminent in April 1939, he moved to Stockholm, where he remained for a year.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Germany invaded Norway</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">Denmark</a>, Brecht left Sweden for Helsinki, Finland,<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> where he awaited a pending visa to the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Theatre_DB-65">[64]</a> During this time he co-wrote the play <a href="/wiki/Mr_Puntila_and_His_Man_Matti" title="Mr Puntila and His Man Matti">Mr Puntila and His Man Matti</a> (Herr Puntila und sein Knecht Matti) with <a href="/wiki/Hella_Wuolijoki" title="Hella Wuolijoki">Hella Wuolijoki</a>, with whom he lived in the Marlebäck manor house in <a href="/wiki/Iitti" title="Iitti">Iitti</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1063_26th_Street_Santa_Monica.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/1063_26th_Street_Santa_Monica.JPG/220px-1063_26th_Street_Santa_Monica.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/1063_26th_Street_Santa_Monica.JPG/330px-1063_26th_Street_Santa_Monica.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/1063_26th_Street_Santa_Monica.JPG/440px-1063_26th_Street_Santa_Monica.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Brecht's house in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Monica" class="mw-redirect" title="Santa Monica">Santa Monica</a>, 1063 26th Street (2014)</figcaption></figure> Upon receipt of the U.S. visa in May 1941, the Brecht family relocated to <a href="/wiki/Southern_California" title="Southern California">Southern California</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Theatre_DB-65">[64]</a> They rented a two-story wooden bungalow in the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> beach suburb of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Monica,_California" title="Santa Monica, California">Santa Monica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> By the late 1930s, the West Side of Los Angeles had become a thriving expatriate colony of European intellectuals and artists. Because the colony included so many writers, directors, actors, and composers from German-speaking countries, it has been referred to as "Weimar on the Pacific".<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> At the center of the émigré community was Brecht's old friend <a href="/wiki/Salka_Viertel" title="Salka Viertel">Salka Viertel</a>, whom he had known in the Berlin theatre world of the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEViertel1969100–101-68">[67]</a> From her house in Santa Monica Canyon, Viertel hosted frequent tea parties and <a href="/wiki/Salon_(gathering)" title="Salon (gathering)">salons</a> where European intellectuals could mingle with Hollywood luminaries.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> Brecht first met actor <a href="/wiki/Charles_Laughton" title="Charles Laughton">Charles Laughton</a> at a Viertel party, and it led to the two men collaborating on the English-language version of <a href="/wiki/Life_of_Galileo" title="Life of Galileo">Life of Galileo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-New_Yorker_article-70">[69]</a> Although Brecht was not enamored of life in the movie capital,<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> he worked hard to find a place for himself as a screenwriter.<a href="#cite_note-New_Yorker_article-70">[69]</a> He co-wrote the screenplay for the <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lang" title="Fritz Lang">Fritz Lang</a>-directed film <a href="/wiki/Hangmen_Also_Die!" title="Hangmen Also Die!">Hangmen Also Die!</a> (1943) which was loosely based on the 1942 assassination of <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a>, the Nazi Deputy Reich Protector of the German-occupied <a href="/wiki/Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia</a>. Heydrich had been <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a>'s right-hand man in the <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a> and a chief architect of the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>; he was known as "The Hangman of Prague" (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: der Henker von Prag).<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> For this film, Brecht's fellow expatriate, composer <a href="/wiki/Hanns_Eisler" title="Hanns Eisler">Hanns Eisler</a>, was nominated for an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Academy Award</a> in the category of <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Score" title="Academy Award for Best Original Score">Best Music Score</a>. The fact that three refugee artists from Nazi Germany – Lang, Brecht and Eisler – collaborated to make the film exemplified the influence this generation of German exiles had on American culture. Hangmen Also Die! turned out to be Brecht's only script that became a Hollywood film. The money he earned from selling the script enabled him to write <a href="/wiki/The_Visions_of_Simone_Machard" title="The Visions of Simone Machard">The Visions of Simone Machard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Schweik_in_the_Second_World_War" title="Schweik in the Second World War">Schweik in the Second World War</a> and an adaptation of <a href="/wiki/John_Webster" title="John Webster">Webster</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Duchess_of_Malfi_(Brecht)" title="The Duchess of Malfi (Brecht)">The Duchess of Malfi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Theatre_DB-65">[64]</a> During the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Reich">Third Reich</a>, Brecht was a prominent practitioner of the <a href="/wiki/Exilliteratur" title="Exilliteratur">Exilliteratur</a>. He expressed his opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">National Socialist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Fascist</a> movements in his famous plays: <a href="/wiki/Life_of_Galileo" title="Life of Galileo">Life of Galileo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mother_Courage_and_Her_Children" title="Mother Courage and Her Children">Mother Courage and Her Children</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Good_Person_of_Szechwan" title="The Good Person of Szechwan">The Good Person of Szechwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Resistible_Rise_of_Arturo_Ui" title="The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui">The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Caucasian_Chalk_Circle" title="The Caucasian Chalk Circle">The Caucasian Chalk Circle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fear_and_Misery_of_the_Third_Reich" title="Fear and Misery of the Third Reich">Fear and Misery of the Third Reich</a>, and many others. However, his refusal to speak in support of <a href="/wiki/Carola_Neher" title="Carola Neher">Carola Neher</a>, who died in the <a href="/wiki/GULAG" class="mw-redirect" title="GULAG">GULAG</a> after being arrested during <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a>, was harshly criticised by <a href="/wiki/White_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9" title="White émigré">Russian émigrés</a> living in the West.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold_War_and_final_years_in_East_Germany_(1945–1956)">Cold War and final years in East Germany (1945–1956)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertolt_Brecht&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cold War and final years in East Germany (1945–1956)">edit</a>]</div> At the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Second_Red_Scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Red Scare">Second Red Scare</a>" in the U.S., Brecht was <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_blacklist" title="Hollywood blacklist">blacklisted</a> by movie studio bosses and investigated by the <a href="/wiki/House_Un-American_Activities_Committee" title="House Un-American Activities Committee">House Un-American Activities Committee</a> (HUAC).<a href="#cite_note-HUAC2-74">[73]</a> Along with more than 40 other Hollywood writers, directors, actors and producers, he was subpoenaed in September 1947 by the HUAC. Although he was one of the 19 "unfriendly" witnesses who had declared ahead of time they would not cooperate with the House investigation, Brecht eventually decided to go before the committee and answer questions.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> He later explained he was following the advice of attorneys and did not want to delay his planned trip to Europe. On 30 October 1947, Brecht testified to the HUAC that he had never been a member of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party">Communist Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-HUAC2-74">[73]</a> He made wry jokes throughout the proceedings, punctuating his inability to speak English well with continuous references to the translators present, who transformed his German statements into English ones unintelligible to himself. HUAC vice-chairman <a href="/wiki/Karl_Mundt" title="Karl Mundt">Karl Mundt</a> thanked Brecht for his cooperation.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> The remaining unfriendly witnesses who appeared before the HUAC at that time, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_blacklist#Hollywood_Ten_and_beyond" title="Hollywood blacklist">Hollywood Ten</a>, declined on <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a> grounds to answer about their Communist Party affiliations and were cited for contempt. Brecht's decision to be a "cooperative" witness—albeit in an evasive way and providing no useful information—led to criticism of him, including accusations of betrayal. The day after his testimony, Brecht fled to Europe and never returned to the U.S. He lived in <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zurich</a>, Switzerland for a year. In February 1948 in the Swiss town of <a href="/wiki/Chur" title="Chur">Chur</a>, Brecht staged an adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a>' <a href="/wiki/Antigone_(Sophocles)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antigone (Sophocles)">Antigone</a>, based on a translation by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin" title="Friedrich Hölderlin">Hölderlin</a>. The play was published under the title Antigonemodell 1948, accompanied by an essay on the importance of creating a "<a href="/wiki/Non-Aristotelian_drama" title="Non-Aristotelian drama">non-Aristotelian</a>" form of theatre. In 1949 he moved to <a href="/wiki/East_Berlin" title="East Berlin">East Berlin</a> and established his theatre company there, the <a href="/wiki/Berliner_Ensemble" title="Berliner Ensemble">Berliner Ensemble</a>. He retained <a href="/wiki/Austrian_nationality_law" title="Austrian nationality law">Austrian nationality</a> which was granted in 1950, and his overseas bank accounts from which he received valuable hard currency remittances. The copyrights on his writings were held by a Swiss company.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-24300-0049,_Bertolt_Brecht_und_Helene_Weigel_am_1._Mai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-24300-0049%2C_Bertolt_Brecht_und_Helene_Weigel_am_1._Mai.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-24300-0049%2C_Bertolt_Brecht_und_Helene_Weigel_am_1._Mai.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-24300-0049%2C_Bertolt_Brecht_und_Helene_Weigel_am_1._Mai.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-24300-0049%2C_Bertolt_Brecht_und_Helene_Weigel_am_1._Mai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-24300-0049%2C_Bertolt_Brecht_und_Helene_Weigel_am_1._Mai.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-24300-0049%2C_Bertolt_Brecht_und_Helene_Weigel_am_1._Mai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="507" data-file-height="798" /></a><figcaption>Brecht and Weigel on the roof of the <a href="/wiki/Berliner_Ensemble" title="Berliner Ensemble">Berliner Ensemble</a> during the <a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">International Workers' Day</a> demonstrations in 1954</figcaption></figure> Though he was never a member of the Communist Party, Brecht had been schooled in <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> by the dissident communist <a href="/wiki/Karl_Korsch" title="Karl Korsch">Karl Korsch</a>. Korsch's version of the <a href="/wiki/Dialectic#Marxist_dialectic" title="Dialectic">Marxist dialectic</a> influenced Brecht greatly, both his aesthetic theory and theatrical practice. Brecht received the <a href="/wiki/Stalin_Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin Peace Prize">Stalin Peace Prize</a> in 1954.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> His proximity to Marxist thought made him controversial in Austria, where his plays were <a href="/wiki/Brecht_boycott_in_Vienna" title="Brecht boycott in Vienna">boycotted</a> by directors and not performed for more than ten years. Brecht wrote very few plays in his final years in East Berlin, none of them as famous as his previous works. He dedicated himself to directing plays and developing the talents of the next generation of young directors and dramaturgs, such as Manfred Wekwerth, <a href="/wiki/Benno_Besson" title="Benno Besson">Benno Besson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Weber_(theatre_director)" title="Carl Weber (theatre director)">Carl Weber</a>. At this time he wrote some of his most celebrated poems, including the <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckower_Elegien" class="extiw" title="de:Buckower Elegien">Buckow Elegies</a>. At first, Brecht apparently supported the measures taken by the East German government against the <a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">East German uprising of 1953</a>, which included the use of Soviet military force. In a letter from the day of the uprising to <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Unity_Party_of_Germany" title="Socialist Unity Party of Germany">SED</a> First Secretary <a href="/wiki/Walter_Ulbricht" title="Walter Ulbricht">Walter Ulbricht</a>, Brecht wrote: "History will pay its respects to the revolutionary impatience of the Socialist Unity Party of Germany. The great discussion [exchange] with the masses about the speed of socialist construction will lead to a viewing and safeguarding of the socialist achievements. At this moment I must assure you of my allegiance to the Socialist Unity Party of Germany."<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> Brecht's subsequent commentary on those events, however, offered a very different assessment. In one of the poems in the Elegies, "<a href="/wiki/Die_L%C3%B6sung" title="Die Lösung">Die Lösung</a>" (The Solution), a disillusioned Brecht would write a few months later: <blockquote><div class="poem"> After the uprising of the <a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">17th of June</a> The Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Schriftstellerverband" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutscher Schriftstellerverband">Writers Union</a> Had leaflets distributed in the <a href="/wiki/Stalinallee" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalinallee">Stalinallee</a> Stating that the people Had forfeited the confidence of the government And could win it back only By increased work quotas. Would it not be easier In that case for the government To dissolve the people And elect another?<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> </div></blockquote>Brecht's involvement in <a href="/wiki/Agitprop" title="Agitprop">agitprop</a> and his lack of clear condemnation of purges resulted in criticism from many contemporaries who became disillusioned with communism earlier. <a href="/wiki/Fritz_J._Raddatz" title="Fritz J. Raddatz">Fritz Raddatz</a>, who knew Brecht for a long time, described his friend's attitude as "broken", "escaping the problem of Stalinism", ignoring his friends being murdered in the USSR, and keeping silent during <a href="/wiki/Show_trials_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Show trials in the Soviet Union">show trials</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Sl%C3%A1nsk%C3%BD_trial" title="Slánský trial">Slánský trial</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> After Khrushchev's "<a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">Secret Speech</a>"—the report read on the 20th Congress of the CPSU, which brought the crimes of Stalinism to the public—Brecht wrote poems critical of Stalin and his cult, unpublished during Brecht's lifetime. In the best-known of them, "The Tsar Spoke to Them" (Der Zar hat mit ihnen gesprochen),<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-st-83">[82]</a> Brecht mocked the epithets applied to Stalin as "the honoured murderer of the people"<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> and compared his state terror policies with the ones of the Russian Tsar <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II" title="Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a>, famous for violent suppression of a peaceful demonstration on "<a href="/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1905)" title="Bloody Sunday (1905)">Bloody Sunday</a>" and later protests which resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1905" title="Russian Revolution of 1905">Russian Revolution of 1905</a>.<a href="#cite_note-st-83">[82]</a> <blockquote><div class="poem"> the sun of the peoples burned its worshippers. ... when young he was conscientious when old he was cruel young he was not god who becomes god becomes dumb.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> </div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Death">Death</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertolt_Brecht&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brechtgrave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Brechtgrave.jpg/220px-Brechtgrave.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Brechtgrave.jpg/330px-Brechtgrave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Brechtgrave.jpg/440px-Brechtgrave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="412" /></a><figcaption>Graves of Helene Weigel and Bertolt Brecht in the <a href="/wiki/Dorotheenstadt_Cemetery" title="Dorotheenstadt Cemetery">Dorotheenstadt Cemetery</a></figcaption></figure> Brecht died on 14 August 1956<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> of a heart attack at the age of 58. He is buried in the <a href="/wiki/Dorotheenstadt_Cemetery" title="Dorotheenstadt Cemetery">Dorotheenstadt Cemetery</a> on <a href="/wiki/Chausseestra%C3%9Fe" title="Chausseestraße">Chausseestraße</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mitte" title="Mitte">Mitte</a> neighbourhood of Berlin, overlooked by the residence he shared with Helene Weigel. According to Stephen Parker, who reviewed Brecht's writings and unpublished medical records, Brecht contracted <a href="/wiki/Rheumatic_fever" title="Rheumatic fever">rheumatic fever</a> as a child, which led to an <a href="/wiki/Enlarged_heart" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlarged heart">enlarged heart</a>, followed by life-long chronic heart failure and <a href="/wiki/Sydenham%27s_chorea" title="Sydenham's chorea">Sydenham's chorea</a>. A report of a <a href="/wiki/Radiograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiograph">radiograph</a> taken of Brecht in 1951 describes a badly diseased heart, enlarged to the left with a protruding <a href="/wiki/Aortic_knob" class="mw-redirect" title="Aortic knob">aortic knob</a> and with seriously impaired pumping. Brecht's colleagues characterized him as being very nervous, and sometimes shaking his head or moving his hands erratically. This can be reasonably attributed to Sydenham's chorea, which is also associated with <a href="/wiki/Emotional_lability" title="Emotional lability">emotional lability</a>, personality changes, <a href="/wiki/Obsessive-compulsive" class="mw-redirect" title="Obsessive-compulsive">obsessive-compulsive</a> behavior, and <a href="/wiki/Hyperactivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyperactivity">hyperactivity</a>, which matched Brecht's behavior. "What is remarkable," wrote Parker, "is his capacity to turn abject physical weakness into peerless artistic strength, <a href="/wiki/Arrhythmia" title="Arrhythmia">arrhythmia</a> into the rhythms of poetry, chorea into the choreography of drama."<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theory_and_practice_of_theatre">Theory and practice of theatre</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertolt_Brecht&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Theory and practice of theatre">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cremer_Brecht.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Cremer_Brecht.jpg/220px-Cremer_Brecht.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Cremer_Brecht.jpg/330px-Cremer_Brecht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/Cremer_Brecht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Brecht outside the Berliner Ensemble's theatre in Berlin</figcaption></figure> Brecht developed the combined theory and practice of his "<a href="/wiki/Epic_theatre" title="Epic theatre">Epic theatre</a>" by synthesizing and extending the experiments of <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Piscator" title="Erwin Piscator">Erwin Piscator</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_Meyerhold" title="Vsevolod Meyerhold">Vsevolod Meyerhold</a> to explore the theatre as a <a href="/wiki/Political_drama" title="Political drama">forum for political ideas</a> and the creation of a critical aesthetics of <a href="/wiki/Dialectical_materialism" title="Dialectical materialism">dialectical materialism</a>. Epic Theatre proposed that a play should not cause the spectator to identify emotionally with the characters or action before him or her, but should instead provoke rational self-reflection and a critical view of the action on the stage. Brecht thought that the experience of a <a href="/wiki/Climax_(narrative)" title="Climax (narrative)">climactic</a> <a href="/wiki/Catharsis" title="Catharsis">catharsis</a> of emotion left an audience complacent. Instead, he wanted his audiences to adopt a critical perspective in order to recognize social injustice and exploitation and to be moved to go forth from the theatre and effect change in the world outside.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> For this purpose, Brecht employed the use of techniques that remind the spectator that the play is a <a href="/wiki/Metatheatre" title="Metatheatre">representation of reality</a> and not reality itself. By highlighting the constructed nature of the theatrical event, Brecht hoped to communicate that the audience's reality was equally constructed, and as such, was changeable. Brecht's <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernist</a> concern with drama-as-a-<a href="/wiki/Medium_specificity" title="Medium specificity">medium</a> led to his refinement of the "<a href="/wiki/Non-Aristotelian_drama" title="Non-Aristotelian drama">epic form</a>" of the drama. This dramatic form is related to similar modernist innovations in other <a href="/wiki/The_arts" title="The arts">arts</a>, including the strategy of divergent chapters in <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_(novel)" title="Ulysses (novel)">Ulysses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein" title="Sergei Eisenstein">Sergei Eisenstein</a>'s evolution of a <a href="/wiki/Constructivism_(art)" title="Constructivism (art)">constructivist</a> "<a href="/wiki/Soviet_montage_theory" title="Soviet montage theory">montage</a>" in the cinema, and <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Picasso</a>'s introduction of <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">cubist</a> "collage" in the visual arts.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> One of Brecht's most important principles was what he called the <a href="/wiki/Verfremdungseffekt" class="mw-redirect" title="Verfremdungseffekt">Verfremdungseffekt</a> (translated as "defamiliarization effect", "distancing effect", or "estrangement effect", and often mistranslated as "alienation effect").<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> This involved, Brecht wrote, "stripping the event of its self-evident, familiar, obvious quality and creating a sense of astonishment and curiosity about them".<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> To this end, Brecht employed techniques such as the actor's direct address to the audience, harsh and bright stage lighting, the use of songs to <a href="/wiki/Interruptions_(epic_theatre)" title="Interruptions (epic theatre)">interrupt</a> the action, explanatory placards, the transposition of text to the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">third person</a> or <a href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">past tense</a> in rehearsals, and speaking the stage directions out loud.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1964138-92">[91]</a> In contrast to many other <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> approaches, however, Brecht had no desire to <a href="/wiki/Anti-art" title="Anti-art">destroy art</a> as an institution; rather, he hoped to "<a href="/wiki/Refunctioning" title="Refunctioning">re-function</a>" the theatre to a new social use. In this regard he was a vital participant in the <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetic</a> debates of his era—particularly over the "<a href="/wiki/High_culture" title="High culture">high art</a>/popular culture" dichotomy—vying with the likes of <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">György Lukács</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Bloch" title="Ernst Bloch">Ernst Bloch</a>, and developing a close friendship with <a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Walter Benjamin</a>. Brechtian theatre articulated popular themes and forms with avant-garde formal experimentation to create a modernist realism that stood in sharp contrast both to its <a href="/wiki/Realism_(theatre)" title="Realism (theatre)">psychological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialist_realism" title="Socialist realism">socialist</a> varieties. "Brecht's work is the most important and original in European drama since <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Ibsen" title="Henrik Ibsen">Ibsen</a> and <a href="/wiki/August_Strindberg" title="August Strindberg">Strindberg</a>," <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Williams" title="Raymond Williams">Raymond Williams</a> argues,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1993277-93">[92]</a> while <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_B%C3%BCrger_(Literaturwissenschaftler)" class="extiw" title="de:Peter Bürger (Literaturwissenschaftler)">Peter Bürger</a> dubs him "the most important <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialist</a> writer of our time."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBürger198488-94">[93]</a> Brecht was also influenced by Chinese theatre, and used its aesthetic as an argument for Verfremdungseffekt. Brecht believed, "Traditional Chinese acting also knows the alienation [sic] effect, and applies it most subtly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht196491-95">[94]</a> The [Chinese] performer portrays incidents of utmost passion, but without his delivery becoming heated."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht196492-96">[95]</a> Brecht attended a Chinese opera performance and was introduced to the famous Chinese opera performer <a href="/wiki/Mei_Lanfang" title="Mei Lanfang">Mei Lanfang</a> in 1935.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> However, Brecht was sure to distinguish between Epic and Chinese theatre. He recognized that the Chinese style was not a "transportable piece of technique",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht196495-98">[97]</a> and that epic theatre sought to historicize and address social and political issues.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht196496-99">[98]</a> Brecht used his poetry to criticize European culture, including <a href="/wiki/Nazis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazis">Nazis</a>, and the German <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a>. Brecht's poetry is marked by the effects of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First</a> and <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World Wars</a>. Throughout his theatric production, poems are incorporated into his plays with music. In 1951, Brecht issued a recantation of his apparent suppression of poetry in his plays with a note titled On Poetry and Virtuosity. He writes: <blockquote>We shall not need to speak of a play's poetry ... something that seemed relatively unimportant in the immediate past. It seemed not only unimportant, but misleading, and the reason was not that the poetic element had been sufficiently developed and observed, but that reality had been tampered with in its name ... we had to speak of a truth as distinct from poetry ... we have given up examining works of art from their poetic or artistic aspect, and got satisfaction from theatrical works that have no sort of poetic appeal ... Such works and performances may have some effect, but it can hardly be a profound one, not even politically. For it is a peculiarity of the theatrical medium that it communicates awarenesses and impulses in the form of pleasure: the depth of the pleasure and the impulse will correspond to the depth of the pleasure. </blockquote> Brecht's most influential poetry is featured in his Manual of Piety (Devotions), establishing him as a noted poet. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertolt_Brecht&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> Brecht's widow, the actress <a href="/wiki/Helene_Weigel" title="Helene Weigel">Helene Weigel</a>, continued to manage the Berliner Ensemble until her death in 1971. The theatre company was primarily devoted to performing Brecht's plays. His plays were a focus of the <a href="/wiki/Schauspiel_Frankfurt" title="Schauspiel Frankfurt">Schauspiel Frankfurt</a> when <a href="/wiki/Harry_Buckwitz" title="Harry Buckwitz">Harry Buckwitz</a> was general manager, including the world premiere of <a href="/wiki/The_Visions_of_Simone_Machard" title="The Visions of Simone Machard">Die Gesichte der Simone Machard</a> in 1957.<a href="#cite_note-Jacobi-100">[99]</a> Brecht's son, <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Brecht" title="Stefan Brecht">Stefan Brecht</a>, became a poet and theatre critic interested in New York's <a href="/wiki/Experimental_theatre" title="Experimental theatre">avant-garde theatre</a>. Besides being a prominent dramatist and poet, Bertolt Brecht has also been cited by scholars for making significant original contributions to social and political philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> The aesthetic theories of Brecht had a major influence on radical cinema in the 1960s and 1970s. <a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard" title="Jean-Luc Godard">Jean-Luc Godard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kluge" title="Alexander Kluge">Alexandre Kluge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Werner_Fassbinder" title="Rainer Werner Fassbinder">Rainer Werner Fassbinder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagisa_%C5%8Cshima" title="Nagisa Ōshima">Nagisa Ōshima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Straub%E2%80%93Huillet" title="Straub–Huillet">Jean-Marie Straub and Danielle Huillet</a> are often cited as the principal exponents of "Brechtian cinema".<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> Brecht's collaborations with Kurt Weill influenced the evolution of <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock</a>. The "<a href="/wiki/Alabama_Song" title="Alabama Song">Alabama Song</a>" for example, originally published as a poem in Brecht's Hauspostille (1927) and set to music by Weill in Mahagonny, was recorded by <a href="/wiki/The_Doors" title="The Doors">The Doors</a> on their self-titled debut album, as well as by <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a> and various other bands and soloists since the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> In his memoir, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a> wrote about the huge impact that "<a href="/wiki/Pirate_Jenny" title="Pirate Jenny">Pirate Jenny</a>" from The Threepenny Opera had on him. He first heard the song in a New York theatrical show that featured compositions by Brecht and Weill. At the time, Dylan was performing folk music and had barely ventured into songwriting. But the "outrageous power" of "Pirate Jenny" was an epiphany which prompted him to start experimenting with the storytelling possibilities of song.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collaborators_and_associates">Collaborators and associates</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertolt_Brecht&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Collaborators and associates">edit</a>]</div> Collective and collaborative working methods were inherent to Brecht's approach, as <a href="/wiki/Fredric_Jameson" title="Fredric Jameson">Fredric Jameson</a> (among others) stresses. Jameson describes the creator of the work not as Brecht the individual, but rather as 'Brecht': a collective subject that "certainly seemed to have a distinctive style (the one we now call 'Brechtian') but was no longer personal in the bourgeois or <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualistic</a> sense." During the course of his career, Brecht sustained many long-lasting creative relationships with other writers, composers, <a href="/wiki/Scenographer" title="Scenographer">scenographers</a>, directors, <a href="/wiki/Dramaturg" class="mw-redirect" title="Dramaturg">dramaturgs</a> and actors; the list includes: <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Hauptmann" title="Elisabeth Hauptmann">Elisabeth Hauptmann</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helene_Weigel" title="Helene Weigel">Helene Weigel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margarete_Steffin" title="Margarete Steffin">Margarete Steffin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Berlau" title="Ruth Berlau">Ruth Berlau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slatan_Dudow" title="Slatan Dudow">Slatan Dudow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Weill" title="Kurt Weill">Kurt Weill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanns_Eisler" title="Hanns Eisler">Hanns Eisler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dessau" title="Paul Dessau">Paul Dessau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caspar_Neher" title="Caspar Neher">Caspar Neher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teo_Otto" title="Teo Otto">Teo Otto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Appen" title="Karl von Appen">Karl von Appen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Busch_(actor)" title="Ernst Busch (actor)">Ernst Busch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lotte_Lenya" title="Lotte Lenya">Lotte Lenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lorre" title="Peter Lorre">Peter Lorre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Therese_Giehse" title="Therese Giehse">Therese Giehse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angelika_Hurwicz" title="Angelika Hurwicz">Angelika Hurwicz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carola_Neher" title="Carola Neher">Carola Neher</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Laughton" title="Charles Laughton">Charles Laughton</a>. This is "theatre as collective experiment [...] as something radically different from theatre as expression or as experience."<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_collaborators_and_associates">List of collaborators and associates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertolt_Brecht&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: List of collaborators and associates">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 11em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karl_von_Appen" title="Karl von Appen">Karl von Appen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Walter Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Bentley" title="Eric Bentley">Eric Bentley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Berghaus" title="Ruth Berghaus">Ruth Berghaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Berlau" title="Ruth Berlau">Ruth Berlau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berliner_Ensemble" title="Berliner Ensemble">Berliner Ensemble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benno_Besson" title="Benno Besson">Benno Besson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnolt_Bronnen" title="Arnolt Bronnen">Arnolt Bronnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Burri" title="Emil Burri">Emil Burri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Busch_(actor)" title="Ernst Busch (actor)">Ernst Busch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dessau" title="Paul Dessau">Paul Dessau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slatan_Dudow" title="Slatan Dudow">Slatan Dudow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanns_Eisler" title="Hanns Eisler">Hanns Eisler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Engel" title="Erich Engel">Erich Engel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Faber" title="Erwin Faber">Erwin Faber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Feuchtwanger" title="Lion Feuchtwanger">Lion Feuchtwanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therese_Giehse" title="Therese Giehse">Therese Giehse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Granach" title="Alexander Granach">Alexander Granach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Hauptmann" title="Elisabeth Hauptmann">Elisabeth Hauptmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Heartfield" title="John Heartfield">John Heartfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hindemith" title="Paul Hindemith">Paul Hindemith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oskar_Homolka" class="mw-redirect" title="Oskar Homolka">Oskar Homolka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelika_Hurwicz" title="Angelika Hurwicz">Angelika Hurwicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Ihering" title="Herbert Ihering">Herbert Ihering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Kortner" title="Fritz Kortner">Fritz Kortner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lang" title="Fritz Lang">Fritz Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Langhoff" title="Wolfgang Langhoff">Wolfgang Langhoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Laughton" title="Charles Laughton">Charles Laughton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotte_Lenya" title="Lotte Lenya">Lotte Lenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theo_Lingen" title="Theo Lingen">Theo Lingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Lorre" title="Peter Lorre">Peter Lorre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Losey" title="Joseph Losey">Joseph Losey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Manheim" title="Ralph Manheim">Ralph Manheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carola_Neher" title="Carola Neher">Carola Neher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspar_Neher" title="Caspar Neher">Caspar Neher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teo_Otto" title="Teo Otto">Teo Otto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._W._Pabst" title="G. W. Pabst">G. W. Pabst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Piscator" title="Erwin Piscator">Erwin Piscator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margarete_Steffin" title="Margarete Steffin">Margarete Steffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salka_Viertel" title="Salka Viertel">Salka Viertel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Weber_(theatre_director)" title="Carl Weber (theatre director)">Carl Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helene_Weigel" title="Helene Weigel">Helene Weigel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Weill" title="Kurt Weill">Kurt Weill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Willett" title="John Willett">John Willett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hella_Wuolijoki" title="Hella Wuolijoki">Hella Wuolijoki</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertolt_Brecht&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Works">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiction">Fiction</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertolt_Brecht&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Fiction">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Stories of Mr. Keuner (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichten_vom_Herrn_Keuner" class="extiw" title="de:Geschichten vom Herrn Keuner">Geschichten vom Herrn Keuner</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threepenny_Novel" title="Threepenny Novel">Threepenny Novel</a> (Dreigroschenroman, 1934)</li> <li>The Business Affairs of Mr. Julius Caesar (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Gesch%C3%A4fte_des_Herrn_Julius_Caesar" class="extiw" title="de:Die Geschäfte des Herrn Julius Caesar">Die Geschäfte des Herrn Julius Caesar</a>, 1937–39, unfinished, published 1957)</li> <li>"The Job", alternate title "By The Sweat of Thy Brow Shalt Thou Fail to Earn Thy Bread"<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plays_and_screenplays">Plays and screenplays</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertolt_Brecht&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Plays and screenplays">edit</a>]</div> Entries show: English-language translation of title (German-language title) [year written] / [year first produced]<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baal_(play)" title="Baal (play)">Baal</a> 1918/1923</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_the_Night" title="Drums in the Night">Drums in the Night</a> (Trommeln in der Nacht) 1918–20/1922</li> <li>The Beggar (Der Bettler oder Der tote Hund) 1919/?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Respectable_Wedding" title="A Respectable Wedding">A Respectable Wedding</a> (Die Kleinbürgerhochzeit) 1919/1926</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_Out_a_Devil" title="Driving Out a Devil">Driving Out a Devil</a> (Er treibt einen Teufel aus) 1919/?</li> <li>Light in the Darkness (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lux_in_Tenebris_(Brecht)" class="extiw" title="de:Lux in Tenebris (Brecht)">Lux in Tenebris</a>) 1919/?</li> <li>The Catch (Der Fischzug) 1919?/?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_a_Barbershop" title="Mysteries of a Barbershop">Mysteries of a Barbershop</a> (Mysterien eines Friseursalons) (screenplay) 1923</li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_the_Jungle_of_Cities" title="In the Jungle of Cities">In the Jungle of Cities</a> (Im Dickicht der Städte) 1921–24/1923</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Life_of_Edward_II_of_England" title="The Life of Edward II of England">The Life of Edward II of England</a> (Leben Eduards des Zweiten von England) 1924/1924</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downfall_of_the_Egotist_Johann_Fatzer" title="Downfall of the Egotist Johann Fatzer">Downfall of the Egotist Johann Fatzer</a> (Der Untergang des Egoisten Johnann Fatzer) (fragments) 1926–30/1974</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_Equals_Man" title="Man Equals Man">Man Equals Man</a> also A Man's A Man (Mann ist Mann) 1924–26/1926</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Elephant_Calf" title="The Elephant Calf">The Elephant Calf</a> (Das Elefantenkalb) 1924–26/1926</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahagonny-Songspiel" title="Mahagonny-Songspiel">Little Mahagonny</a> (Mahagonny-Songspiel) 1927/1927</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Threepenny_Opera" title="The Threepenny Opera">The Threepenny Opera</a> (Die Dreigroschenoper) 1928/1928</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Flight_Across_the_Ocean" title="The Flight Across the Ocean">The Flight Across the Ocean</a> (Der Ozeanflug); originally Lindbergh's Flight (Lindberghflug) 1928–29/1929</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Baden-Baden_Lesson_on_Consent" title="The Baden-Baden Lesson on Consent">The Baden-Baden Lesson on Consent</a> (Badener Lehrstück vom Einverständnis) 1929/1929</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happy_End_(musical)" title="Happy End (musical)">Happy End</a> (Happy End) 1929/1929</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_and_Fall_of_the_City_of_Mahagonny" title="Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny">The Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny</a> (Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny) 1927–29/1930</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Jasager" title="Der Jasager">He Said Yes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Der_Neinsager" title="Der Neinsager">He Said No</a> (Der Jasager; Der Neinsager) 1929–30/1930–?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Decision_(play)" title="The Decision (play)">The Decision</a>/The Measures Taken (Die Maßnahme) 1930/1930</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joan_of_the_Stockyards" title="Saint Joan of the Stockyards">Saint Joan of the Stockyards</a> (Die heilige Johanna der Schlachthöfe) 1929–31/1959</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Exception_and_the_Rule" title="The Exception and the Rule">The Exception and the Rule</a> (Die Ausnahme und die Regel) 1930/1938</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mother_(Brecht_play)" title="The Mother (Brecht play)">The Mother</a> (Die Mutter) 1930–31/1932</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuhle_Wampe" title="Kuhle Wampe">Kuhle Wampe</a> (screenplay, with Ernst Ottwalt) 1931/1932</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Seven_Deadly_Sins_(ballet_chant%C3%A9)" title="The Seven Deadly Sins (ballet chanté)">The Seven Deadly Sins</a> (Die sieben Todsünden der Kleinbürger) 1933/1933</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_Heads_and_Pointed_Heads" title="Round Heads and Pointed Heads">Round Heads and Pointed Heads</a> (Die Rundköpfe und die Spitzköpfe) 1931–34/1936</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Horatians_and_the_Curiatians" title="The Horatians and the Curiatians">The Horatians and the Curiatians</a> (Die Horatier und die Kuriatier) 1933–34/1958</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_and_Misery_of_the_Third_Reich" title="Fear and Misery of the Third Reich">Fear and Misery of the Third Reich</a> (Furcht und Elend des Dritten Reiches) 1935–38/1938</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%B1ora_Carrar%27s_Rifles" title="Señora Carrar's Rifles">Señora Carrar's Rifles</a> (Die Gewehre der Frau Carrar) 1937/1937</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Galileo" title="Life of Galileo">Life of Galileo</a> (Leben des Galilei) 1937–39/1943</li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_Much_Is_Your_Iron%3F" title="How Much Is Your Iron?">How Much Is Your Iron?</a> (Was kostet das Eisen?) 1939/1939</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dansen" title="Dansen">Dansen</a> (Dansen) 1939/?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Courage_and_Her_Children" title="Mother Courage and Her Children">Mother Courage and Her Children</a> (Mutter Courage und ihre Kinder) 1938–39/1941</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trial_of_Lucullus" title="The Trial of Lucullus">The Trial of Lucullus</a> (Das Verhör des Lukullus) 1938–39/1940</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Judith_of_Shimoda" title="The Judith of Shimoda">The Judith of Shimoda</a> (Die Judith von Shimoda) 1940</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mr_Puntila_and_His_Man_Matti" title="Mr Puntila and His Man Matti">Mr Puntila and His Man Matti</a> (Herr Puntila und sein Knecht Matti) 1940/1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Person_of_Szechwan" title="The Good Person of Szechwan">The Good Person of Szechwan</a> (Der gute Mensch von Sezuan) 1939–42/1943</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Resistible_Rise_of_Arturo_Ui" title="The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui">The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui</a> (Der aufhaltsame Aufstieg des Arturo Ui) 1941/1958</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangmen_Also_Die!" title="Hangmen Also Die!">Hangmen Also Die!</a> (credited as Bert Brecht) (screenplay) 1942/1943</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Visions_of_Simone_Machard" title="The Visions of Simone Machard">The Visions of Simone Machard</a> (Die Gesichte der Simone Machard) 1942–43/1957</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Duchess_of_Malfi_(Brecht)" title="The Duchess of Malfi (Brecht)">The Duchess of Malfi</a> 1943/1943</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schweik_in_the_Second_World_War" title="Schweik in the Second World War">Schweik in the Second World War</a> (Schweyk im Zweiten Weltkrieg) 1941–43/1957</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Caucasian_Chalk_Circle" title="The Caucasian Chalk Circle">The Caucasian Chalk Circle</a> (Der kaukasische Kreidekreis) 1943–45/1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigone_(Brecht_play)" title="Antigone (Brecht play)">Antigone</a> (Die Antigone des Sophokles) 1947/1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Days_of_the_Commune" title="The Days of the Commune">The Days of the Commune</a> (Die Tage der Commune) 1948–49/1956</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tutor_(Brecht)" title="The Tutor (Brecht)">The Tutor</a> (Der Hofmeister) 1950/1950</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Verurteilung_des_Lukullus" title="Die Verurteilung des Lukullus">The Condemnation of Lucullus</a> (Die Verurteilung des Lukullus) 1938–39/1951</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Report_from_Herrnburg" title="Report from Herrnburg">Report from Herrnburg</a> (Herrnburger Bericht) 1951/1951</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriolanus_(Brecht)" title="Coriolanus (Brecht)">Coriolanus</a> (Coriolan) 1951–53/1962</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trial_of_Joan_of_Arc_at_Rouen,_1431" title="The Trial of Joan of Arc at Rouen, 1431">The Trial of Joan of Arc at Rouen, 1431</a> (Der Prozess der Jeanne D'Arc zu Rouen, 1431) 1952/1952</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turandot_(Brecht)" title="Turandot (Brecht)">Turandot</a> (Turandot oder Der Kongreß der Weißwäscher) 1953–54/1969</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Juan_(Brecht)" title="Don Juan (Brecht)">Don Juan</a> (Don Juan) 1952/1954</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpets_and_Drums" title="Trumpets and Drums">Trumpets and Drums</a> (Pauken und Trompeten) 1955/1955</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theoretical_works">Theoretical works</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertolt_Brecht&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Theoretical works">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Modern_Theatre_Is_the_Epic_Theatre" title="The Modern Theatre Is the Epic Theatre">The Modern Theatre Is the Epic Theatre</a> (1930)</li> <li>The Threepenny Lawsuit (Der Dreigroschenprozess) (written 1931; published 1932)</li> <li>The Book of Changes (fragment also known as Me-Ti; written 1935–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Street_Scene" class="mw-redirect" title="The Street Scene">The Street Scene</a> (written 1938; published 1950)</li> <li>The Popular and the Realistic (written 1938; published 1958)</li> <li>Short Description of a New Technique of Acting which Produces an Alienation Effect (written 1940; published 1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Short_Organum_for_the_Theatre" title="A Short Organum for the Theatre">A Short Organum for the Theatre</a> ("Kleines Organon für das Theater", written 1948; published 1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messingkauf_Dialogues" title="Messingkauf Dialogues">The Messingkauf Dialogues</a> (Dialoge aus dem Messingkauf, published 1963)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetry">Poetry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertolt_Brecht&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Poetry">edit</a>]</div> Brecht wrote hundreds of poems throughout his life.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> He began writing poetry as a young boy, and his first poems were published in 1914. His poetry was influenced by folk-ballads, French chansons, and the poetry of <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rimbaud" title="Arthur Rimbaud">Rimbaud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Villon" title="François Villon">Villon</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The last collection of new poetry by Brecht published in his lifetime was the 1939 <a href="/wiki/Svendborger_Gedichte" title="Svendborger Gedichte">Svendborger Gedichte</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> Some of Brecht's poems <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li>1940</li> <li>A Bad Time for Poetry</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Song" title="Alabama Song">Alabama Song</a></li> <li>Children's Crusade</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinderhymne" title="Kinderhymne">Kinderhymne</a> (Children's Hymn)</li> <li>Contemplating Hell</li> <li>From a German War Primer</li> <li>Germany</li> <li>Honoured Murderer of the People</li> <li>How Fortunate the Man with None</li> <li>Hymn to Communism</li> <li>I Never Loved You More</li> <li>I Want to Go with the One I Love</li> <li>I'm Not Saying Anything Against Alexander</li> <li>In Praise of Communism</li> <li>In Praise of Doubt</li> <li>In Praise of Illegal Work</li> <li>In Praise of Learning</li> <li>In Praise of Study</li> <li>In Praise of the Work of the Party</li> <li>Legend of the Origin of the Book <a href="/wiki/Tao_Te_Ching" title="Tao Te Ching">Tao-Te-Ching</a> on <a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Lao-Tsu's</a> Road into Exile</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mack_the_Knife" title="Mack the Knife">Mack the Knife</a></li> <li>Mary</li> <li>My Young Son Asks Me</li> <li>Not What Was Meant</li> <li>O Germany, Pale Mother!</li> <li>On Reading a Recent Greek Poet</li> <li>On the Critical Attitude</li> <li>Parting</li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fragen_eines_lesenden_Arbeiters" class="extiw" title="de:Fragen eines lesenden Arbeiters">Fragen eines lesenden Arbeiters</a> (Questions from a Worker Who Reads)</li> <li>Radio Poem</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reminiscence_of_Marie_A." title="Reminiscence of Marie A.">Reminiscence of Marie A.</a></li> <li>Send Me a Leaf</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarit%C3%A4tslied" title="Solidaritätslied">Solidaritätslied</a> (Solidarity Song)</li> <li>Die Bücherverbrennung (The Book Burning, about the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_book_burnings" title="Nazi book burnings">Nazi book burnings</a>)</li> <li>The Exile of the Poets</li> <li>The Invincible Inscription</li> <li>The Mask of Evil</li> <li>The Sixteen-Year-Old Seamstress Emma Ries before the Magistrate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_L%C3%B6sung" title="Die Lösung">Die Lösung</a> (The Solution)</li> <li>To Be Read in the Morning and at Night</li> <li>To Posterity</li> <li>To the Students and Workers of the Peasants' Faculty</li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_die_Nachgeborenen" class="extiw" title="de:An die Nachgeborenen">An die Nachgeborenen</a> (To Those Born After)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einheitsfrontlied" title="Einheitsfrontlied">Einheitsfrontlied</a> (United Front Song)</li> <li>War Has Been Given a Bad Name</li> <li>What Has Happened?</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertolt_Brecht&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bertolt-Brecht-Literaturpreis" title="Bertolt-Brecht-Literaturpreis">Bertolt-Brecht-Literaturpreis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brecht_Forum" title="Brecht Forum">Brecht Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_refugees" title="List of refugees">List of refugees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimar_culture" title="Weimar culture">Weimar culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Marxism" title="Western Marxism">Western Marxism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertolt_Brecht&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/brɛxt/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">BREKHT</a>;<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>German: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈbɛʁtɔlt ˈbʁɛçt]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/91\/De-Bertolt_Brecht.ogg\/De-Bertolt_Brecht.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Bertolt Brecht.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/91/De-Bertolt_Brecht.ogg/De-Bertolt_Brecht.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:De-Bertolt_Brecht.ogg" title="File:De-Bertolt Brecht.ogg">ⓘ</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertolt_Brecht&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/Brecht">"Brecht"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary.com" title="Dictionary.com">Dictionary.com Unabridged</a> (Online). n.d.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brecht&rft.btitle=Dictionary.com+Unabridged&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2FBrecht&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/Brecht,+Bertolt">"Brecht, Bertolt"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brecht%2C+Bertolt&rft.btitle=Lexico+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2FBrecht%2C%2BBertolt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillett1990312–313-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillett1990312–313_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWillett1990">Willett 1990</a>, pp. 312–313. </li> <li id="cite_note-Today_in_history-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Today_in_history_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://todayinclh.com/?event=famed-playwright-brecht-testifies-before-huac">"October 30, 1947 - Famed Playwright Brecht Testifies Before HUAC – Immediately Leaves the U.S."</a> Today in Civil Liberties History. Retrieved 13 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=October+30%2C+1947+-+Famed+Playwright+Brecht+Testifies+Before+HUAC+%E2%80%93+Immediately+Leaves+the+U.S.&rft.pub=Today+in+Civil+Liberties+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftodayinclh.com%2F%3Fevent%3Dfamed-playwright-brecht-testifies-before-huac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> The introduction of this article draws on the following sources: <a href="#CITEREFBanham1998">Banham (1998</a>, p. 129); <a href="#CITEREFBürger1984">Bürger (1984</a>, pp. 87–92); <a href="#CITEREFJameson1998">Jameson (1998</a>, pp. 43–58); <a href="#CITEREFKolocotroniGoldmanTaxidou1998">Kolocotroni, Goldman & Taxidou (1998</a>, pp. 465–466); <a href="#CITEREFWilliams1993">Williams (1993</a>, pp. 277–290); <a href="#CITEREFWright1989">Wright (1989</a>, pp. 68–89, 113–137). </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adk.de/de/archiv/gedenkstaetten/gedenkstaetten-brecht-weigel.htm">"Brecht-Weigel-Gedenkstätte-Chausseestraße 125-10115"</a>. Berlin-Akademie der Künste – Akademie der Künste – Berlin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brecht-Weigel-Gedenkst%C3%A4tte-Chausseestra%C3%9Fe+125-10115&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adk.de%2Fde%2Farchiv%2Fgedenkstaetten%2Fgedenkstaetten-brecht-weigel.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lives-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lives_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lives_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lives_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lives_8-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomson1994">Thomson 1994</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomson1994">Thomson 1994</a>, pp. 22–23 See also <a href="#CITEREFSmith1991">Smith 1991</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> See Brecht's poem "Of Poor B.B." (first version, 1922), in <a href="#CITEREFBrecht2000">Brecht 2000</a>, pp. 107–108. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHässlervon_Heusinger1989" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hässler, Hans-Jürgen; von Heusinger, Christian, eds. (1989). Kultur gegen Krieg, Wissenschaft für den Frieden [Culture against War, Science for Peace] (in German). Würzburg, Germany: <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigshausen_%26_Neumann" title="Königshausen & Neumann">Königshausen & Neumann</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-88479-401-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-88479-401-2"><bdi>978-3-88479-401-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kultur+gegen+Krieg%2C+Wissenschaft+f%C3%BCr+den+Frieden&rft.place=W%C3%BCrzburg%2C+Germany&rft.pub=K%C3%B6nigshausen+%26+Neumann&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-3-88479-401-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomson1994">Thomson 1994</a>, p. 24 and <a href="#CITEREFSacks1994">Sacks 1994</a>, p. xvii. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomson1994">Thomson 1994</a>, p. 24. In his <a href="/wiki/Messingkauf_Dialogues" title="Messingkauf Dialogues">Messingkauf Dialogues</a>, Brecht cites Wedekind, along with <a href="/wiki/Georg_B%C3%BCchner" title="Georg Büchner">Büchner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Valentin" title="Karl Valentin">Valentin</a>, as his "chief influences" in his early years: "he", Brecht writes of himself in the third person, "also saw the writer Wedekind performing his own works in a style which he had developed in cabaret. Wedekind had worked as a <a href="/wiki/Ballad" title="Ballad">ballad</a> singer; he accompanied himself on the lute." (<a href="#CITEREFBrecht1965">Brecht 1965</a>, p. 69). <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kutscher" title="Arthur Kutscher">Kutscher</a> was "bitterly critical" of Brecht's own early dramatic writings (Willet and Manheim 1970, vii). </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomson1994">Thomson 1994</a>, p. 24 and <a href="#CITEREFWillett1967">Willett 1967</a>, p. 17 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillettManheim1970vii-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillettManheim1970vii_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWillettManheim1970">Willett & Manheim 1970</a>, p. vii. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSacks1994">Sacks 1994</a>, p. xx and <a href="#CITEREFMcDowell1977">McDowell 1977</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-McDowell2000-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McDowell2000_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-McDowell2000_17-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcDowell2000">McDowell 2000</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillettManheim1970x-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillettManheim1970x_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWillettManheim1970">Willett & Manheim 1970</a>, p. x. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht196569–70-19"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht196569–70_19-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrecht1965">Brecht 1965</a>, pp. 69–70. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Quoted in <a href="#CITEREFThomson1994">Thomson 1994</a>, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Herbert Ihering's review for <a href="/wiki/Drums_in_the_Night" title="Drums in the Night">Drums in the Night</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Berliner_B%C3%B6rsen-Courier" title="Berliner Börsen-Courier">Berliner Börsen-Courier</a> on 5 October 1922. Quoted in <a href="#CITEREFWillettManheim1970">Willett & Manheim 1970</a>, pp. viii–ix. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> See <a href="#CITEREFThomsonSacks1994">Thomson & Sacks 1994</a>, p. 50 and <a href="#CITEREFWillettManheim1970">Willett & Manheim 1970</a>, pp. viii–ix. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> Herbert Ihering, quoted in <a href="#CITEREFWillettManheim1970">Willett & Manheim 1970</a>, p. ix. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDowell1977-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDowell1977_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcDowell1977">McDowell 1977</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECulbert1995[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECulbert1995[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_May_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(May_2022)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCulbert1995">Culbert 1995</a>, p. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson199426–27-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson199426–27_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomson1994">Thomson 1994</a>, p. 26–27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeech199454–55-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeech199454–55_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeech1994">Meech 1994</a>, pp. 54–55. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeech1994">Meech 1994</a>, pp. 54–55 and <a href="#CITEREFBenjamin1983">Benjamin 1983</a>, p. 115. See the article on <a href="/wiki/The_Life_of_Edward_II_of_England" title="The Life of Edward II of England">Edward II</a> for details of Brecht's germinal 'epic' ideas and techniques in this production. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Brecht was recommended for the job by <a href="/wiki/Erich_Engel" title="Erich Engel">Erich Engel</a>; <a href="/wiki/Carl_Zuckmayer" title="Carl Zuckmayer">Carl Zuckmayer</a> was to join Brecht in the position. See <a href="#CITEREFSacks1994">Sacks 1994</a>, p. xviii, <a href="#CITEREFWillett1967">Willett 1967</a>, p. 145, and <a href="#CITEREFWillettManheim1970">Willett & Manheim 1970</a>, p. vii. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEwen1967">Ewen 1967</a>, p. 159 and <a href="#CITEREFVölker1976">Völker 1976</a>, p. 65 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson199428-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson199428_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomson1994">Thomson 1994</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHayman1983">Hayman 1983</a>, p. 104 and <a href="#CITEREFVölker1976">Völker 1976</a>, p. 108 </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> According to Willett, Brecht was disgruntled with the <a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Theater_(Berlin)" title="Deutsches Theater (Berlin)">Deutsches Theater</a> at not being given a Shakespeare production to direct. At the end of the 1924–1925 season, both his and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Zuckmayer" title="Carl Zuckmayer">Carl Zuckmayer</a>'s (his fellow dramaturg) contracts were not renewed. (<a href="#CITEREFWillett1967">Willett 1967</a>, p. 145). Zuckmayer relates how: "Brecht seldom turned up there; with his flapping leather jacket he looked like a cross between a lorry driver and a Jesuit seminarist. Roughly speaking, what he wanted was to take over complete control; the season's programme must be regulated entirely according to his theories, and the stage be rechristened 'epic smoke theatre', it being his view that people might actually be disposed to think if they were allowed to smoke at the same time. As this was refused him he confined himself to coming and drawing his pay." (Quoted by <a href="#CITEREFWillett1967">Willett 1967</a>, p. 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillett1967145-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillett1967145_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWillett1967">Willett 1967</a>, p. 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillettManheim1970viii-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillettManheim1970viii_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWillettManheim1970">Willett & Manheim 1970</a>, p. viii. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Willett and Manheim point to the significance of this poem as a marker of the shift in Brecht's work towards "a much more urban, industrialized flavour" (<a href="#CITEREFWillettManheim1970">Willett & Manheim 1970</a>, p. viii). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillettManheim1970viii,_x-37"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillettManheim1970viii,_x_37-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWillettManheim1970">Willett & Manheim 1970</a>, pp. viii, x. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWillettManheim1970">Willett & Manheim 1970</a>, p. viii; Joel Schechter writes: "The subjugation of an individual to that of a collective was endorsed by the affirmations of comedy, and by the decision of the coauthors of <a href="/wiki/Man_Equals_Man" title="Man Equals Man">Man is Man</a> (<a href="/wiki/Emil_Burri" title="Emil Burri">Emil Burri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slatan_Dudow" title="Slatan Dudow">Slatan Dudow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caspar_Neher" title="Caspar Neher">Caspar Neher</a>, Bernhard Reich, <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Hauptmann" title="Elisabeth Hauptmann">Elisabeth Hauptmann</a>) to call themselves 'The Brecht Collective'."<a href="#CITEREFSchechter1994">Schechter 1994</a>, p. 74 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillett1978-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillett1978_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWillett1978">Willett 1978</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillettManheim1970viii–ix-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillettManheim1970viii–ix_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWillettManheim1970">Willett & Manheim 1970</a>, pp. viii–ix. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillettManheim1970xxxiii-41"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillettManheim1970xxxiii_41-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWillettManheim1970">Willett & Manheim 1970</a>, p. xxxiii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchechter199468-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchechter199468_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchechter1994">Schechter 1994</a>, p. 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht196456-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht196456_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrecht1964">Brecht 1964</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchechter199472-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchechter199472_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchechter1994">Schechter 1994</a>, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESacks1994xviii-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESacks1994xviii_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSacks1994">Sacks 1994</a>, p. xviii. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThomson199428–29-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThomson199428–29_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThomson1994">Thomson 1994</a>, pp. 28–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht196423–24-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht196423–24_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrecht1964">Brecht 1964</a>, pp. 23–24. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Piscator" title="Erwin Piscator">Erwin Piscator</a>, "Basic Principles of a Sociological Drama" in <a href="#CITEREFKolocotroniGoldmanTaxidou1998">Kolocotroni, Goldman & Taxidou 1998</a>, p. 243. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWillett1998">Willett 1998</a>, p. 103 and <a href="#CITEREFWillett1978">Willett 1978</a>, p. 72. In his book The Political Theatre, Piscator wrote: "Perhaps my whole style of directing is a direct result of the total lack of suitable plays. It would certainly not have taken so dominant form if adequate plays had been on hand when I started" (1929, 185). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillett197874-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillett197874_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWillett1978">Willett 1978</a>, p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> See Brecht's Journal entry for 24 June 1943. Brecht claimed to have written the adaptation (in his Journal entry), but Piscator contested that; the manuscript bears the names "Brecht, [Felix] Gasbarra, <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Piscator" title="Erwin Piscator">Piscator</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Grosz" title="George Grosz">G. Grosz</a>" in Brecht's handwriting (<a href="#CITEREFWillett1978">Willett 1978</a>, p. 110). See also <a href="#CITEREFWillett1978">Willett 1978</a>, pp. 90–95. Brecht wrote a sequel to the novel in 1943, <a href="/wiki/Schweik_in_the_Second_World_War" title="Schweik in the Second World War">Schweik in the Second World War</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWillett1998">Willett 1998</a>, p. 104. In relation to his innovations in the use of theatre technology, Piscator wrote: "technical innovations were never an end in themselves for me. Any means I have used or am currently in the process of using were designed to elevate the events on the stage onto a <a href="/wiki/Historicization" title="Historicization">historical plane</a> and not just to enlarge the technical range of the stage machinery. My technical devices had been developed to cover up the deficiencies of the dramatists' products" ("Basic Principles of a Sociological Drama" [1929]; in <a href="#CITEREFKolocotroniGoldmanTaxidou1998">Kolocotroni, Goldman & Taxidou 1998</a>, p. 243). </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWillett1978">Willett 1978</a>, pp. 109–110. The similarities between Brecht's and Piscator's theoretical formulations from the time indicate that the two agreed on fundamentals; compare Piscator's summation of the achievements of his first company (1929), which follows, with Brecht's <a href="/wiki/The_Modern_Theatre_Is_the_Epic_Theatre" title="The Modern Theatre Is the Epic Theatre">Mahagonny Notes</a> (1930): "In lieu of private themes we had generalisation, in lieu of what was special the typical, in lieu of accident causality. Decorativeness gave way to constructedness, Reason was put on a par with Emotion, while sensuality was replaced by didacticism and fantasy by documentary reality." From a speech given by Piscator on 25 March 1929, and reproduced in Schriften 2 p. 50; quoted by <a href="#CITEREFWillett1978">Willett 1978</a>, p. 107. See also <a href="#CITEREFWillett1998">Willett 1998</a>, pp. 104–105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillett1998104–105-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillett1998104–105_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWillett1998">Willett 1998</a>, pp. 104–105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillett197876-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWillett197876_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWillett1978">Willett 1978</a>, p. 76. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> The two first met in March 1927, after Weill had written a critical introduction to the broadcast on Berlin Radio of an adaptation of Brecht's <a href="/wiki/Man_Equals_Man" title="Man Equals Man">Man Equals Man</a>. When they met, Brecht was 29 years old and Weill was 27. Brecht had experience of writing songs and had performed his own with tunes he had composed; at the time he was also married to an opera singer (Zoff). Weill had collaborated with <a href="/wiki/Georg_Kaiser" title="Georg Kaiser">Georg Kaiser</a>, one of the few <a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionist</a> playwrights that Brecht admired; he was married to the actress <a href="/wiki/Lotte_Lenya" title="Lotte Lenya">Lotte Lenya</a> (<a href="#CITEREFWillettManheim1970">Willett & Manheim 1970</a>, p. xv). </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Willet and Manheim (1979, xv–xviii). In Munich in 1924 Brecht had begun referring to some of the stranger aspects of life in post-<a href="/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">putsch</a> Bavaria under the codename "Mahagonny". The Amerikanismus imagery appears in his first three "Mahagonny Songs", with their Wild West references. With that, however, the project stalled for two and a half years. With Hauptmann, who wrote the two English-language "Mahagonny Songs", Brecht had begun work on an opera to be called Sodom and Gomorrah or The Man from Manhattan and a radio play called The Flood or 'The Collapse of Miami, the Paradise City', both of which came to underlie the new scheme with Weill. See <a href="#CITEREFWillettManheim1970">Willett & Manheim 1970</a>, pp. xv–xvi. The influence of Amerikanismus is most clearly discernible in Brecht's <a href="/wiki/In_the_Jungle_of_Cities" title="In the Jungle of Cities">In the Jungle of Cities</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> In this respect, the creative process for <a href="/wiki/Mahagonny" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahagonny">Mahagonny</a> was quite different from <a href="/wiki/The_Threepenny_Opera" title="The Threepenny Opera">The Threepenny Opera</a>, with the former being durchkomponiert or set to music right through, whereas on the latter Weill was brought at a late stage to set the songs. See <a href="#CITEREFWillettManheim1970">Willett & Manheim 1970</a>, p. xv. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWillettManheim1970">Willett & Manheim 1970</a>, p. xvii and <a href="#CITEREFBrecht1964">Brecht 1964</a>, pp. 37–38. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120217020432/http://movies.nytimes.com/person/642308/Barbara-Brecht-Schall">"Barbara Brecht-Schall – About This Person"</a>. Movies & TV Dept. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://movies.nytimes.com/person/642308/Barbara-Brecht-Schall">the original</a> on 17 February 2012. Retrieved 26 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Barbara+Brecht-Schall+%E2%80%93+About+This+Person&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmovies.nytimes.com%2Fperson%2F642308%2FBarbara-Brecht-Schall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRolf2016" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rolf, Czeskleba-Dupont (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rucforsk.ruc.dk/ws/portalfiles/portal/56942535/RCD_Om_KarinM_og_BertB_Lithaus_9_11_08ff.pdf">"Har Brecht lært noget af Karin Michaëlis?"</a> (PDF). Karin Michaëlis: Skriftens vagabond (in Danish) – via <a href="/wiki/Roskilde_University" title="Roskilde University">Roskilde University</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Karin+Micha%C3%ABlis%3A+Skriftens+vagabond&rft.atitle=Har+Brecht+l%C3%A6rt+noget+af+Karin+Micha%C3%ABlis%3F&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Rolf&rft.aufirst=Czeskleba-Dupont&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frucforsk.ruc.dk%2Fws%2Fportalfiles%2Fportal%2F56942535%2FRCD_Om_KarinM_og_BertB_Lithaus_9_11_08ff.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://svendborgbibliotek.dk/page/brechts-hus">"Brechts Hus"</a>. Svendborg Library. 18 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brechts+Hus&rft.pub=Svendborg+Library&rft.date=2014-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsvendborgbibliotek.dk%2Fpage%2Fbrechts-hus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeaven" class="citation web cs1">Neaven, Maeve. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bravenewclassics.info/index.php/project/bertold-brecht/">"Bertolt Brecht"</a>. Brave New Classics.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bertolt+Brecht&rft.pub=Brave+New+Classics&rft.aulast=Neaven&rft.aufirst=Maeve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bravenewclassics.info%2Findex.php%2Fproject%2Fbertold-brecht%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hs.fi/kaupunki/art-2000004648415.html">"Bertolt Brecht asui maanpakolaisvuosinaan Kuhankeittäjän korttelissa"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Helsingin_Sanomat" title="Helsingin Sanomat">Helsingin Sanomat</a>. 26 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Helsingin+Sanomat&rft.atitle=Bertolt+Brecht+asui+maanpakolaisvuosinaan+Kuhankeitt%C3%A4j%C3%A4n+korttelissa&rft.date=2009-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hs.fi%2Fkaupunki%2Fart-2000004648415.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Theatre_DB-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Theatre_DB_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Theatre_DB_65-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Theatre_DB_65-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20160430032810/http://www.theatredatabase.com/20th_century/bertolt_brecht_001.html">"Bertolt Brecht (1898–1956)"</a>. Theatre Database. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theatredatabase.com/20th_century/bertolt_brecht_001.html">the original</a> on 30 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bertolt+Brecht+%281898%E2%80%931956%29&rft.pub=Theatre+Database&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatredatabase.com%2F20th_century%2Fbertolt_brecht_001.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViertel1969" class="citation book cs1">Viertel, Salka (1969). The Kindness of Strangers (1st ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. p. 258. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/003076470X" title="Special:BookSources/003076470X"><bdi>003076470X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kindness+of+Strangers&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=258&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Holt%2C+Rinehart+and+Winston&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=003076470X&rft.aulast=Viertel&rft.aufirst=Salka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBahr2008" class="citation book cs1">Bahr, Ehrhard (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rf-vLZJ2YwkC">Weimar on the Pacific: German Exile Culture in Los Angeles and the Crisis of Modernism</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25795-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25795-5"><bdi>978-0-520-25795-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Weimar+on+the+Pacific%3A+German+Exile+Culture+in+Los+Angeles+and+the+Crisis+of+Modernism&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-520-25795-5&rft.aulast=Bahr&rft.aufirst=Ehrhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drf-vLZJ2YwkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEViertel1969100–101-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEViertel1969100–101_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFViertel1969">Viertel 1969</a>, pp. 100–101. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklin2020" class="citation magazine cs1">Franklin, Ruth (January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://harpers.org/archive/2020/01/salka-viertel-the-kindness-of-strangers-donna-rifkind-the-sun-and-her-stars/">"Salka the Salonnière"</a>. Harper's Magazine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harper%27s+Magazine&rft.atitle=Salka+the+Salonni%C3%A8re&rft.date=2020-01&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fharpers.org%2Farchive%2F2020%2F01%2Fsalka-viertel-the-kindness-of-strangers-donna-rifkind-the-sun-and-her-stars%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-New_Yorker_article-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-New_Yorker_article_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-New_Yorker_article_70-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2020" class="citation magazine cs1">Ross, Alex (9 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/03/09/the-haunted-california-idyll-of-german-writers-in-exile">"Exodus: The Haunted Idyll of Exiled German Novelists in Wartime Los Angeles"</a>. The New Yorker. pp. 38–43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Exodus%3A+The+Haunted+Idyll+of+Exiled+German+Novelists+in+Wartime+Los+Angeles&rft.pages=38-43&rft.date=2020-03-09&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fmagazine%2F2020%2F03%2F09%2Fthe-haunted-california-idyll-of-german-writers-in-exile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The Collected Poems of Bertolt Brecht. Translated by Constantine, David; Kuhn, Tom. New York: Liveright Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0871407672" title="Special:BookSources/978-0871407672"><bdi>978-0871407672</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Collected+Poems+of+Bertolt+Brecht&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Liveright+Publishing&rft.isbn=978-0871407672&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"> In "Hollywood Elegies" (1942), he wrote, "The town of Hollywood has taught me this / Paradise and hell / Can be one city". </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/77293/hangmen-also-die#notes">"Hangmen Also Die! - Notes"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Turner_Classic_Movies" title="Turner Classic Movies">TCM</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hangmen+Also+Die%21+-+Notes&rft.pub=TCM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcm.com%2Ftcmdb%2Ftitle%2F77293%2Fhangmen-also-die%23notes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Held" class="extiw" title="de:Walter Held">Walter Held</a>: "Stalins deutsche Opfer und die Volksfront", in the underground magazine Unser Wort, Nr. 4/5, October 1938, pp. 7 ff.; <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Rohrwasser" class="extiw" title="de:Michael Rohrwasser">Michael Rohrwasser</a>, Der Stalinismus und die Renegaten. Die Literatur der Exkommunisten, Stuttgart 1991, p. 163 </li> <li id="cite_note-HUAC2-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HUAC2_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HUAC2_74-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Brecht_HUAC_hearing_(1947-10-30).ogg" title="File:Brecht HUAC hearing (1947-10-30).ogg">Brecht HUAC hearing</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNavasky1980" class="citation book cs1">Navasky, Victor S. (1980). Naming Names. New York: Viking. pp. 79–80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0670503932" title="Special:BookSources/0670503932"><bdi>0670503932</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Naming+Names&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=79-80&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0670503932&rft.aulast=Navasky&rft.aufirst=Victor+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2012" class="citation web cs1">Jones, Josh (12 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openculture.com/2012/11/bertolt_brecht_testifies_before_the_house_un-american_activities_committee_1947.html">"Bertolt Brecht Testifies Before the House Un-American Activities Committee (1947)"</a>. Open Culture.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bertolt+Brecht+Testifies+Before+the+House+Un-American+Activities+Committee+%281947%29&rft.pub=Open+Culture&rft.date=2012-11-12&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.openculture.com%2F2012%2F11%2Fbertolt_brecht_testifies_before_the_house_un-american_activities_committee_1947.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGradeSaver" class="citation web cs1">GradeSaver. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gradesaver.com/classicnotes/authors/about_bertolt_brecht.html">"Bertolt Brecht Biography – List of Works, Study Guides & Essays"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bertolt+Brecht+Biography+%E2%80%93+List+of+Works%2C+Study+Guides+%26+Essays&rft.au=GradeSaver&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gradesaver.com%2Fclassicnotes%2Fauthors%2Fabout_bertolt_brecht.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=888&dat=19541221&id=2Y4zAAAAIBAJ&pg=3712,12840">"St. Petersburg Times"</a>. 21 December 1954.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=St.+Petersburg+Times&rft.date=1954-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D888%26dat%3D19541221%26id%3D2Y4zAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D3712%2C12840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Letter published in <a href="/wiki/Neues_Deutschland" title="Neues Deutschland">Neues Deutschland</a>, 21 June 1953. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrecht2000">Brecht 2000</a>, p. 440. The poem was first printed in the West-German newspaper <a href="/wiki/Die_Welt" title="Die Welt">Die Welt</a> in 1959 and subsequently in the <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckower_Elegien" class="extiw" title="de:Buckower Elegien">Buckow Elegies</a> in the West in 1964. It was first published in the GDR in 1969 after Helene Weigel had insisted on its inclusion in a collected edition of Brecht's works. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRöhl2018" class="citation book cs1">Röhl, Bettina (2018). So macht Kommunismus Spaß: Ulrike Meinhof, Klaus Rainer Röhl und die Akte Konkret. Wilhelm Heyne Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-453-60450-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-453-60450-6"><bdi>978-3-453-60450-6</bdi></a>. <q>They were all "broken", and by this I mean they avoided the problem of Stalinism, ran from it. Never mentioned their murdered friends and comrades, mostly in the USSR. Never engaged politically during Slansky Trial in Prague. "Broken" means they experienced the lie. I accuse them of keeping silent about the crimes of Stalin's regime. They put aside the whole complex of guilt that came with communism, real communism, or Stalinism to be precise. If that was not enough, they also wrote panegyrics praising Stalin, and they did that when they already knew about all these murders and atrocities.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=So+macht+Kommunismus+Spa%C3%9F%3A+Ulrike+Meinhof%2C+Klaus+Rainer+R%C3%B6hl+und+die+Akte+Konkret&rft.pub=Wilhelm+Heyne+Verlag&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-453-60450-6&rft.aulast=R%C3%B6hl&rft.aufirst=Bettina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brechtguide.library.wisc.edu/catalog/04473">"The Tsar spoke to them ... – Brecht's Works in English: A Bibliography"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Tsar+spoke+to+them+...+%E2%80%93+Brecht%27s+Works+in+English%3A+A+Bibliography&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrechtguide.library.wisc.edu%2Fcatalog%2F04473&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-st-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-st_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-st_83-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://publikationen.uni-tuebingen.de/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10900/46670/pdf/Mueller_Brecht_und_Stalin.pdf">https://publikationen.uni-tuebingen.de/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10900/46670/pdf/Mueller_Brecht_und_Stalin.pdf</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Bare_URLs" title="Wikipedia:Bare URLs">bare URL PDF</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fJYhfirnsM4C">Brecht's Poetry of Political Exile</a>. Cambridge University Press. 2 November 2000. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78215-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78215-9"><bdi>978-0-521-78215-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brecht%27s+Poetry+of+Political+Exile&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000-11-02&rft.isbn=978-0-521-78215-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfJYhfirnsM4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pyL05LZg0TwC">Bentley on Brecht</a>. Northwestern University Press. 6 March 2008. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-2393-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8101-2393-9"><bdi>978-0-8101-2393-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bentley+on+Brecht&rft.pub=Northwestern+University+Press&rft.date=2008-03-06&rft.isbn=978-0-8101-2393-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpyL05LZg0TwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/78614">Bertolt Brecht</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker2011" class="citation journal cs1">Parker, Stephen (2 April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2811%2960453-4/fulltext#">"Diagnosing Bertolt Brecht"</a>. Lancet. 377 (9772): 1146–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2811%2960453-4">10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60453-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21465701">21465701</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40879512">40879512</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=Diagnosing+Bertolt+Brecht.&rft.volume=377&rft.issue=9772&rft.pages=1146-7&rft.date=2011-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A40879512%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21465701&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2811%2960453-4&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelancet.com%2Fjournals%2Flancet%2Farticle%2FPIIS0140-6736%252811%252960453-4%2Ffulltext%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSquiers2015" class="citation journal cs1">Squiers, Anthony (2015). "A Critical Response to Heidi M. Silcox's "What's Wrong with Alienation?"". Philosophy and Literature. 39: 243–247. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fphl.2015.0016">10.1353/phl.2015.0016</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146205099">146205099</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophy+and+Literature&rft.atitle=A+Critical+Response+to+Heidi+M.+Silcox%27s+%22What%27s+Wrong+with+Alienation%3F%22&rft.volume=39&rft.pages=243-247&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fphl.2015.0016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146205099%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Squiers&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> On these relationships, see "autonomization" in <a href="#CITEREFJameson1998">Jameson (1998</a>, pp. 43–58) and "non-organic work of art" in <a href="#CITEREFBürger1984">Bürger (1984</a>, pp. 87–92). Willett observes: "With Brecht the same <a href="/wiki/Soviet_montage_theory" title="Soviet montage theory">montage</a> technique spread to the drama, where the old <a href="/wiki/Procrustes" title="Procrustes">Procrustean</a> plot yielded to a more "<a href="/wiki/Non-Aristotelian_drama" title="Non-Aristotelian drama">epic</a>" form of narrative better able to cope with wide-ranging modern socio-economic themes. That, at least, was how Brecht theoretically justified his choice of form, and from about 1929 on he began to interpret its penchant for "<a href="/wiki/Contradiction" title="Contradiction">contradictions</a>", much as had <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Eisenstein" title="Sergei Eisenstein">Sergei Eisenstein</a>, in terms of the <a href="/wiki/Dialectic" title="Dialectic">dialectic</a>. It is fairly clear that in Brecht's case the practice came before the theory, for his actual composition of a play, with its switching around of scenes and characters, even the physical cutting up and sticking together of the typescript, shows that montage was the structural technique most natural to him. Like <a href="/wiki/Jaroslav_Ha%C5%A1ek" title="Jaroslav Hašek">Jaroslav Hašek</a> and Joyce he had not learnt this scissors-and-paste method from the Soviet cinema but picked it out of the air" (<a href="#CITEREFWillett1978">Willett 1978</a>, p. 110). </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrooker1994">Brooker 1994</a>, p. 193. Brooker writes that "the term 'alienation' is an inadequate and even misleading translation of Brecht's Verfremdung. The terms 'de-familiarisation' or 'estrangement', when understood as more than purely formal devices, give a more accurate sense of Brecht's intentions. A better term still would be 'de-<a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation" title="Marx's theory of alienation">alienation</a>'". </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Brecht, quoted by <a href="#CITEREFBrooker1994">Brooker 1994</a>, p. 191. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht1964138-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht1964138_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrecht1964">Brecht 1964</a>, p. 138. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams1993277-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams1993277_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWilliams1993">Williams 1993</a>, p. 277. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBürger198488-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBürger198488_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBürger1984">Bürger 1984</a>, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht196491-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht196491_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrecht1964">Brecht 1964</a>, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht196492-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht196492_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrecht1964">Brecht 1964</a>, p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHsia1983" class="citation journal cs1">Hsia, Adrian (Summer 1983). "Bertolt Brecht in China and His Impact on Chinese Drama". <a href="/wiki/Comparative_Literature_Studies" title="Comparative Literature Studies">Comparative Literature Studies</a>. 20 (2): 231–245. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40246399">40246399</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Literature+Studies&rft.atitle=Bertolt+Brecht+in+China+and+His+Impact+on+Chinese+Drama&rft.ssn=summer&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=231-245&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40246399%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hsia&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht196495-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht196495_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrecht1964">Brecht 1964</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrecht196496-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrecht196496_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrecht1964">Brecht 1964</a>, p. 96. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jacobi-100"><a href="#cite_ref-Jacobi_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobi1957" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jacobi, Johannes (14 March 1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zeit.de/1957/11/reich-und-reich-gesellt-sich-gern/komplettansicht">"Zur Brecht-Uraufführung in Frankfurt: "Die Gesichte der Simone Machard""</a>. <a href="/wiki/Die_Zeit" title="Die Zeit">Die Zeit</a> (in German). Hamburg. Retrieved 16 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Zeit&rft.atitle=Zur+Brecht-Urauff%C3%BChrung+in+Frankfurt%3A+%22Die+Gesichte+der+Simone+Machard%22&rft.date=1957-03-14&rft.aulast=Jacobi&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zeit.de%2F1957%2F11%2Freich-und-reich-gesellt-sich-gern%2Fkomplettansicht&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSquiers2014" class="citation book cs1">Squiers, Anthony (2014). An Introduction to the Social and Political Philosophy of Bertolt Brecht. Amsterdam: Rodopi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-3899-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-3899-8"><bdi>978-90-420-3899-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Social+and+Political+Philosophy+of+Bertolt+Brecht&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-90-420-3899-8&rft.aulast=Squiers&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurim1998" class="citation book cs1">Turim, Maureen (1998). The Films of Oshima Nagisa: Images of a Japanese Iconoclast. University of California Press. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520206663" title="Special:BookSources/9780520206663"><bdi>9780520206663</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Films+of+Oshima+Nagisa%3A+Images+of+a+Japanese+Iconoclast&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780520206663&rft.aulast=Turim&rft.aufirst=Maureen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://genius.com/The-doors-alabama-song-whisky-bar-lyrics">"The Doors - Alabama Song (Whisky Bar) | Genius Lyrics"</a>. Genius.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Doors+-+Alabama+Song+%28Whisky+Bar%29+%26%23124%3B+Genius+Lyrics&rft.pub=Genius.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgenius.com%2FThe-doors-alabama-song-whisky-bar-lyrics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDylan2004" class="citation book cs1">Dylan, Bob (2004). Chronicles: Volume One. Simon & Schuster. pp. 272–276. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-2815-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-2815-4"><bdi>0-7432-2815-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronicles%3A+Volume+One&rft.pages=272-276&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7432-2815-4&rft.aulast=Dylan&rft.aufirst=Bob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJameson1998">Jameson (1998</a>, pp. 10–11). See also the discussions of Brecht's collaborative relationships in the essays collected in <a href="#CITEREFThomsonSacks1994">Thomson & Sacks 1994</a>. John Fuegi's take on Brecht's collaborations, detailed in Brecht & Co. (New York: Grove, 1994; also known as The Life and Lies of Bertolt Brecht) and summarized in his contribution to <a href="#CITEREFThomsonSacks1994">Thomson & Sacks 1994</a>, pp. 104–116, offers a particularly negative perspective; Jameson comments "his book will remain a fundamental document for future students of the ideological confusions of Western intellectuals during the immediate post-Cold War years" <a href="#CITEREFJameson1998">Jameson 1998</a>, p. 31; Olga Taxidou offers a critical account of Fuegi's project from a feminist perspective in <a href="#CITEREFTaxidou1995">Taxidou 1995</a>, pp. 381–384. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertolt1983" class="citation book cs1">Bertolt, Brecht (1983). Willet, John; Manheim, Ralph (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/embed/shortstories19210000brec">Short stories, 1921-1946</a>. London; New York: Methuen. p. 121.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Short+stories%2C+1921-1946&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Bertolt&rft.aufirst=Brecht&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fembed%2Fshortstories19210000brec&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHellmanBakerBertoltWolf" class="citation book cs1">Hellman, Lillian; Baker, Josephine; Bertolt, Brecht; Wolf, Christina; Kafka, Franz; Pynchon, Thomas. Miller, John; Smith, Tim (eds.). Berlin: Tales of the City. Chronicle Books. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Berlin%3A+Tales+of+the+City&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Chronicle+Books&rft.aulast=Hellman&rft.aufirst=Lillian&rft.au=Baker%2C+Josephine&rft.au=Bertolt%2C+Brecht&rft.au=Wolf%2C+Christina&rft.au=Kafka%2C+Franz&rft.au=Pynchon%2C+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> The translations of the titles are based on the standard of the Brecht Collected Plays series (see bibliography, primary sources). Chronology provided through consultation with <a href="#CITEREFSacks1994">Sacks 1994</a> and <a href="#CITEREFWillett1967">Willett 1967</a>, preferring the former with any conflicts. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Note: Several of Brecht's poems were set by his collaborator <a href="/wiki/Hanns_Eisler" title="Hanns Eisler">Hanns Eisler</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Sinfonie" title="Deutsche Sinfonie">Deutsche Sinfonie</a>, begun in 1935, but not premiered until 1959 (three years after Brecht's death). </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Bertolt Brecht, Poems 1913–1956, ed. by <a href="/wiki/John_Willett" title="John Willett">John Willett</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Manheim" title="Ralph Manheim">Ralph Manheim</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Erich_Fried" title="Erich Fried">Erich Fried</a> (London: Eyre Methuen, 1976), p. 507. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertolt_Brecht&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Primary sources">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Essays,_diaries,_and_journals">Essays, diaries, and journals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertolt_Brecht&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Essays, diaries, and journals">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFBrecht1964">Brecht, Bertolt. 1964. Brecht on Theatre: The Development of an Aesthetic. Ed. and trans. <a href="/wiki/John_Willett" title="John Willett">John Willett</a>. British edition. London: <a href="/wiki/Methuen_Publishing" title="Methuen Publishing">Methuen</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-413-38800-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-413-38800-X">0-413-38800-X</a>. USA edition. New York: <a href="/wiki/Hill_and_Wang" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill and Wang">Hill and Wang</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8090-3100-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8090-3100-0">0-8090-3100-0</a>.</cite></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrecht1965" class="citation book cs1">Brecht, Bertolt (1965). <a href="/wiki/Messingkauf_Dialogues" title="Messingkauf Dialogues">Messingkauf Dialogues</a>. Translated by John Willett. London: Methuen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-413-38890-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-413-38890-5"><bdi>0-413-38890-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Messingkauf+Dialogues&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1965&rft.isbn=0-413-38890-5&rft.aulast=Brecht&rft.aufirst=Bertolt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillett1990" class="citation book cs1">Willett, John, ed. (1990). Letters 1913–1956. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Manheim" title="Ralph Manheim">Ralph Manheim</a>. London: Methuen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-413-51050-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-413-51050-6"><bdi>0-413-51050-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Letters+1913%E2%80%931956&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-413-51050-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drama,_poetry,_and_prose">Drama, poetry, and prose</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertolt_Brecht&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Drama, poetry, and prose">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Seven Plays by Bertolt Brecht, 1961. Ed. Eric Bentley. New York: <a href="/wiki/Grove_Press" title="Grove Press">Grove Press</a>. In the Swamp, A Man's A Man, Saint Joan of the Stockyards, Mother Courage, Galileo, The Good Woman of Setzuan, The Caucasian Chalk Circle. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/294759">294759</a></li> <li>Brecht, Bertolt. 1994a. Collected Plays: One. Ed. John Willett and Ralph Manheim. Bertolt Brecht: Plays, Poetry, Prose. London: Methuen. Baal, Drums in the Night, In the Jungle of Cities, The Life of Edward II in England, and Five One-Act Plays. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-413-68570-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-413-68570-5">0-413-68570-5</a>.</li> <li>1994b. Collected Plays: Two. Ed. John Willett and Ralph Manheim. London: Methuen. Man Equals Man, the Elephant Calf, The Threepenny Opera, The Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny, and The Seven Deadly Sins. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-413-68560-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-413-68560-8">0-413-68560-8</a>.</li> <li>1997. Collected Plays: Three. Ed. John Willett. London: Methuen. St Joan of the Stockyards, the Mother, and Six Lehrstöcke (Lindbergh's Flight, The Baden-Baden Lesson on Consent, He Said Yes / He Said No, The Decision, The Exception and the Rule, and The Horatians and the Curiatians) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-413-70460-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-413-70460-2">0-413-70460-2</a>.</li> <li>2003b. Collected Plays: Four. Ed. Tom Kuhn and John Willett. London: Methuen. Round heads and pointed heads, Dansen, How much is your iron?, The trial of Lucullus, Fear and misery of the Third Reich, and Señora Carrar's rifles <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-413-70470-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-413-70470-X">0-413-70470-X</a>.</li> <li>1995. Collected Plays: Five. Ed. John Willett and Ralph Manheim. London: Methuen. Life of Galileo and Mother Courage and Her Children <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-413-69970-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-413-69970-6">0-413-69970-6</a>.</li> <li>1994c. Collected Plays: Six. Ed. John Willett and Ralph Manheim. London: Methuen. The Good Person of Szechwan, The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui, and Mr Puntila and His Man Matti <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-413-68580-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-413-68580-2">0-413-68580-2</a>.</li> <li>1994d. Collected Plays: Seven. Ed. John Willett and Ralph Manheim. London: Methuen. The Visions of Simone Machard, Schweyk in the Second World War, The Caucasian Chalk Circle, and The Duchess of Malfi <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-413-68590-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-413-68590-X">0-413-68590-X</a>.</li> <li>2004. Collected Plays: Eight. Ed. Tom Kuhn and David Constantine. London: Methuen. The Antigone of Sophocles, The Days of the Commune, and Turandot or the Whitewasher's Congress <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-413-77352-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-413-77352-3">0-413-77352-3</a>.</li> <li>1972. Collected Plays: Nine. Ed. John Willett and Ralph Manheim. New York: Vintage. The Tutor; Coriolanus; The Trial of Joan of Arc at Rouen, 1431; Don Juan; and Trumpets and Drums <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-71819-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-71819-4">0-394-71819-4</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrecht2000" class="citation book cs1">John Willett; Ralph Manheim, eds. (2000). Poems: 1913–1956. London: Methuen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-413-15210-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-413-15210-3"><bdi>0-413-15210-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poems%3A+1913%E2%80%931956&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-413-15210-3&rft.aulast=Brecht&rft.aufirst=Bertolt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"></li> <li>2019. The Collected Poems of Bertolt Brecht. Ed. Tom Kuhn and David Constantine. New York: <a href="/wiki/Liveright_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Liveright Publishing">Liveright Publishing</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780871407672" title="Special:BookSources/9780871407672">9780871407672</a></li> <li>1983. Short Stories: 1921–1946. Ed. John Willett and Ralph Manheim. Trans. <a href="/wiki/Yvonne_Kapp" title="Yvonne Kapp">Yvonne Kapp</a>, Hugh Rorrison and Antony Tatlow. London and New York: Methuen. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-413-52890-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-413-52890-1">0-413-52890-1</a>.</li> <li>2001. Stories of Mr. Keuner. Trans. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Chalmers" title="Martin Chalmers">Martin Chalmers</a>. San Francisco: City Lights. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87286-383-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-87286-383-2">0-87286-383-2</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_sources">Secondary sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertolt_Brecht&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Secondary sources">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanham1998" class="citation book cs1">Banham, Martin, ed. (1998). "Brecht, Bertolt". The Cambridge Guide to Theatre. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43437-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43437-8"><bdi>0-521-43437-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brecht%2C+Bertolt&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Guide+to+Theatre&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-521-43437-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenjamin1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin, Walter</a> (1983). Understanding Brecht. Translated by Anna Bostock. London and New York: Verso. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-902308-99-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-902308-99-8"><bdi>0-902308-99-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Brecht&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-902308-99-8&rft.aulast=Benjamin&rft.aufirst=Walter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Brooker, Peter. "Key Words in Brecht's Theory and Practice of Theatre". In <a href="#CITEREFThomsonSacks1994">Thomson & Sacks (1994)</a>, pp. 185–200.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBürger1984" class="citation book cs1">Bürger, Peter (1984). Theory of the Avant-Garde. Theory and History of Literature Ser. 4. Translated by Michael Shaw. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-1068-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-1068-1"><bdi>0-8166-1068-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theory+of+the+Avant-Garde&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.series=Theory+and+History+of+Literature+Ser.+4&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-8166-1068-1&rft.aulast=B%C3%BCrger&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCulbert1995" class="citation journal cs1">Culbert, David (March 1995). "Joseph Goebbels and his diaries". <a href="/wiki/Historical_Journal_of_Film,_Radio_and_Television" title="Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television">Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television</a> (review). 15 (1): 143–149. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01439689500260091">10.1080/01439689500260091</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Journal+of+Film%2C+Radio+and+Television&rft.atitle=Joseph+Goebbels+and+his+diaries&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=143-149&rft.date=1995-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01439689500260091&rft.aulast=Culbert&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEwen1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederic_Ewen" title="Frederic Ewen">Ewen, Frederic</a> (1967). Bertolt Brecht: His Life, His Art and His Times (Citadel Press Book ed.). New York: Carol Publishing Group.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bertolt+Brecht%3A+His+Life%2C+His+Art+and+His+Times&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=Citadel+Press+Book&rft.pub=Carol+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Ewen&rft.aufirst=Frederic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayman1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hayman" title="Ronald Hayman">Hayman, Ronald</a> (1983). Brecht: A Biography. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-78206-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-297-78206-1"><bdi>0-297-78206-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brecht%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-297-78206-1&rft.aulast=Hayman&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJameson1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fredric_Jameson" title="Fredric Jameson">Jameson, Fredric</a> (1998). Brecht and Method. London and New York: Verso. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85984-809-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-85984-809-5"><bdi>1-85984-809-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brecht+and+Method&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1-85984-809-5&rft.aulast=Jameson&rft.aufirst=Fredric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolocotroniGoldmanTaxidou1998" class="citation book cs1">Kolocotroni, Vassiliki; Goldman, Jane; Taxidou, Olga, eds. (1998). Modernism: An Anthology of Sources and Documents. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7486-0973-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7486-0973-3"><bdi>0-7486-0973-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modernism%3A+An+Anthology+of+Sources+and+Documents&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-7486-0973-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDowell1977" class="citation journal cs1">McDowell, W. Stuart (Winter 1977). "A Brecht-Valentin Production: Mysteries of a Barbershop". <a href="/wiki/Performing_Arts_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Performing Arts Journal">Performing Arts Journal</a>. 1 (3): 2–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3245245">10.2307/3245245</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3245245">3245245</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:193991810">193991810</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Performing+Arts+Journal&rft.atitle=A+Brecht-Valentin+Production%3A+Mysteries+of+a+Barbershop&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=2-14&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A193991810%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3245245%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3245245&rft.aulast=McDowell&rft.aufirst=W.+Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDowell2000" class="citation book cs1">McDowell, W. Stuart (2000). "Acting Brecht: The Munich Years". In Carol Martin; Henry Bial (eds.). The Brecht Sourcebook. Worlds of Performance. London and New York: Routledge. pp. 71–83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-20043-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-20043-1"><bdi>0-415-20043-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Acting+Brecht%3A+The+Munich+Years&rft.btitle=The+Brecht+Sourcebook&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.series=Worlds+of+Performance&rft.pages=71-83&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-415-20043-1&rft.aulast=McDowell&rft.aufirst=W.+Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Meech, Tony. "Brecht's Early Plays". In <a href="#CITEREFThomsonSacks1994">Thomson & Sacks (1994)</a>, pp. 43–55.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Sacks, Glendyr. "A Brecht Calendar". In <a href="#CITEREFThomsonSacks1994">Thomson & Sacks (1994)</a>, pp. xvii–xxvii.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Schechter, Joel. "Brecht's Clowns: Man is Man and After". In <a href="#CITEREFThomsonSacks1994">Thomson & Sacks (1994)</a>, pp. 68–78.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1991" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Iris (1991). "Brecht and the Mothers of Epic Theater". <a href="/wiki/Theatre_Journal" title="Theatre Journal">Theatre Journal</a>. 43 (43): 491–505. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3207978">10.2307/3207978</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1808%2F16482">1808/16482</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3207978">3207978</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theatre+Journal&rft.atitle=Brecht+and+the+Mothers+of+Epic+Theater&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=43&rft.pages=491-505&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1808%2F16482&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3207978%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3207978&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Iris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaxidou1995" class="citation journal cs1">Taxidou, Olga (November 1995). "Crude Thinking: John Fuegi and Recent Brecht Criticism". <a href="/wiki/New_Theatre_Quarterly" title="New Theatre Quarterly">New Theatre Quarterly</a>. XI (44): 381–384. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0266464X00009350">10.1017/S0266464X00009350</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191590706">191590706</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Theatre+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Crude+Thinking%3A+John+Fuegi+and+Recent+Brecht+Criticism&rft.volume=XI&rft.issue=44&rft.pages=381-384&rft.date=1995-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0266464X00009350&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191590706%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Taxidou&rft.aufirst=Olga&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Thomson, Peter. "Brecht's Lives". In <a href="#CITEREFThomsonSacks1994">Thomson & Sacks (1994)</a>, pp. 22–39.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomsonSacks1994" class="citation book cs1">Thomson, Peter; Sacks, Glendyr, eds. (1994). The Cambridge Companion to Brecht. Cambridge Companions to Literature. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-41446-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-41446-6"><bdi>0-521-41446-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Brecht&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Cambridge+Companions+to+Literature&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-521-41446-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVölker1976" class="citation book cs1">Völker, Klaus (1976). Brecht: A Biography. Translated by John Nowell. New York: Seabury Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brecht%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Seabury+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=V%C3%B6lker&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"> Translation of <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus_V%C3%B6lker" class="extiw" title="de:Klaus Völker">Klaus Völker</a>: Bertolt Brecht, Eine Biographie. Munich and Vienna: Carl Hanser Verlag. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8164-9344-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8164-9344-8">0-8164-9344-8</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillett1967" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Willett" title="John Willett">Willett, John</a> (1967). The Theatre of Bertolt Brecht: A Study from Eight Aspects (3rd revised ed.). London: Methuen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-413-34360-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-413-34360-X"><bdi>0-413-34360-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theatre+of+Bertolt+Brecht%3A+A+Study+from+Eight+Aspects&rft.place=London&rft.edition=3rd+revised&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=0-413-34360-X&rft.aulast=Willett&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillett1978" class="citation book cs1">Willett, John (1978). Art and Politics in the Weimar Period: The New Sobriety 1917–1933. New York: Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80724-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-80724-6"><bdi>0-306-80724-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+and+Politics+in+the+Weimar+Period%3A+The+New+Sobriety+1917%E2%80%931933&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-306-80724-6&rft.aulast=Willett&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillett1998" class="citation book cs1">Willett, John (1998). Brecht in Context: Comparative Approaches (revised ed.). London: Methuen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-413-72310-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-413-72310-0"><bdi>0-413-72310-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brecht+in+Context%3A+Comparative+Approaches&rft.place=London&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-413-72310-0&rft.aulast=Willett&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillettManheim1970" class="citation book cs1">Willett, John; <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Manheim" title="Ralph Manheim">Manheim, Ralph</a>, eds. (1970). "Introduction". Collected Plays: 'One' by Bertolt Brecht. Bertolt Brecht: Plays, Poetry and Prose. London: Methuen. pp. vii–xvii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-416-03280-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-416-03280-X"><bdi>0-416-03280-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Collected+Plays%3A+%27One%27+by+Bertolt+Brecht&rft.place=London&rft.series=Bertolt+Brecht%3A+Plays%2C+Poetry+and+Prose&rft.pages=vii-xvii&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-416-03280-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Williams" title="Raymond Williams">Williams, Raymond</a> (1993). Drama from Ibsen to Brecht. London: Hogarth. pp. 277–290. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7012-0793-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7012-0793-0"><bdi>0-7012-0793-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drama+from+Ibsen+to+Brecht&rft.place=London&rft.pages=277-290&rft.pub=Hogarth&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-7012-0793-0&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1989" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Elizabeth (1989). Postmodern Brecht: A Re-Presentation. London and New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-02330-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-02330-0"><bdi>0-415-02330-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Postmodern+Brecht%3A+A+Re-Presentation&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-415-02330-0&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertolt_Brecht&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 45em;"> <ul><li>[Anon.] 1952. "Brecht Directs". In Directors on Directing: A Source Book to the Modern Theater. Ed. Toby Cole and <a href="/wiki/Helen_Krich_Chinoy" title="Helen Krich Chinoy">Helen Krich Chinoy</a>. Rev. ed. Boston, MA: Allyn & Bacon, 1963. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-323300-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-323300-1">0-02-323300-1</a>. 291- [Account of Brecht in rehearsal from anonymous colleague published in Theaterarbeit]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Danielle_Bleitrach" title="Danielle Bleitrach">Bleitrach, Danielle</a>; Gehrke, Richard (2015). Bertolt Brecht et Fritz Lang : le nazisme n'a jamais été éradiqué. LettMotif. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-3671-6122-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-3671-6122-8"><bdi>978-2-3671-6122-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bertolt+Brecht+et+Fritz+Lang+%3A+le+nazisme+n%27a+jamais+%C3%A9t%C3%A9+%C3%A9radiqu%C3%A9&rft.pub=LettMotif&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-2-3671-6122-8&rft.aulast=Bleitrach&rft.aufirst=Danielle&rft.au=Gehrke%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Davies, Steffan; Ernest Schonfield (2009). Davies, Steffan; Schonfield, Ernest (eds.). Alfred Döblin: Paradigms of Modernism. Berlin and New York: Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-021769-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-021769-8"><bdi>978-3-11-021769-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alfred+D%C3%B6blin%3A+Paradigms+of+Modernism&rft.place=Berlin+and+New+York&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-11-021769-8&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Steffan&rft.au=Ernest+Schonfield&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Demčišák, Ján. 2012. "Queer Reading von Brechts Frühwerk". Marburg: Tectum Verlag. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8288-2995-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8288-2995-4">978-3-8288-2995-4</a>.</li> <li>Demetz, Peter, ed. 1962. "From the Testimony of Berthold Brecht: Hearings of the House Committee on Un-American Activities, 30 October 1947". Brecht: A Collection of Critical Essays. Twentieth Century Views Ser. Eaglewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-081760-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-081760-0">0-13-081760-0</a>. 30–42.</li> <li>Diamond, Elin. 1997. Unmaking Mimesis: Essays on Feminism and Theater. London and New York: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-01229-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-01229-5">0-415-01229-5</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Eagleton" title="Terry Eagleton">Eagleton, Terry</a>. 1985. "Brecht and Rhetoric". New Literary History 16.3 (Spring). 633–638.</li> <li>Eaton, Katherine B. "Brecht's Contacts with the Theater of Meyerhold". in Comparative Drama 11.1 (Spring 1977) 3–21. Reprinted in 1984. Drama in the Twentieth Century ed. C. Davidson. New York: AMS Press, 1984. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-404-61581-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-404-61581-3">0-404-61581-3</a>. 203–221. 1979. "Die Pionierin und Feld-Herren vorm Kreidekreis. Bemerkungen zu Brecht und Tretjakow". in Brecht-Jahrbuch 1979. Ed. J. Fuegi, R. Grimm, J. Hermand. Suhrkamp, 1979. 1985 19–29. The Theater of Meyerhold and Brecht. Connecticut and New York: Greenwood Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-24590-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-24590-8">0-313-24590-8</a>.</li> <li>Eddershaw, Margaret. 1982. "Acting Methods: Brecht and Stanislavski". In Brecht in Perspective. Ed. Graham Bartram and Anthony Waine. London: Longman. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-49205-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-49205-X">0-582-49205-X</a>. 128–144.</li> <li>Esslin, Martin. 1960. Brecht: The Man and His Work. New York: Doubleday. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-00754-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-00754-5">0-393-00754-5</a>, first published in 1959 as Brecht: A Choice of Evils. London: Eyre & Spottiswoode.</li> <li>Fuegi, John. 1994. "The Zelda Syndrome: Brecht and Elisabeth Hauptmann". In Thomson and Sacks (1994, 104–116).</li> <li>Fuegi, John. 2002. Brecht and Company: Sex, Politics, and the Making of the Modern Drama. New York: Grove. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8021-3910-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8021-3910-8">0-8021-3910-8</a>.</li> <li>Giles, Steve. 1998. "Marxist Aesthetics and Cultural Modernity in Der Dreigroschenprozeß". Bertolt Brecht: Centenary Essays. Ed. Steve Giles and Rodney Livingstone. German Monitor 41. Amsterdam and Atlanta, Georgia: Rodopi. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-420-0309-X" title="Special:BookSources/90-420-0309-X">90-420-0309-X</a>. 49–61.</li> <li>Giles, Steve. 1997. Bertolt Brecht and Critical Theory: Marxism, Modernity and the Threepenny Lawsuit. Bern: Lang. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-906757-20-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-906757-20-X">3-906757-20-X</a>.</li> <li>Glahn, Philip, 2014. Bertolt Brecht. London: Reaktion Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978%2B1%2B78023%2B262%2B1" title="Special:BookSources/978+1+78023+262+1">978 1 78023 262 1</a>.</li> <li>Jacobs, Nicholas and Prudence Ohlsen, eds. 1977. Bertolt Brecht in Britain. London: IRAT Services Ltd and TQ Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-904844-11-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-904844-11-0">0-904844-11-0</a>.</li> <li>Katz, Pamela. 2015. The Partnership: Brecht, Weill, Three Women, and Germany on the Brink. New York: Nan A. Talese/Doubleday. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-53491-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-53491-8">978-0-385-53491-8</a>.</li> <li>Krause, Duane. 1995. "An Epic System". In Acting (Re)considered: Theories and Practices. Ed. Phillip B. Zarrilli. 1st ed. Worlds of Performance Ser. London: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-09859-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-09859-9">0-415-09859-9</a>. 262–274.</li> <li>Leach, Robert. 1994. "Mother Courage and Her Children". In <a href="#CITEREFThomsonSacks1994">Thomson & Sacks 1994</a>, pp. 128–138.</li> <li>Giuseppe Leone, "Bertolt Brecht, ripropose l'eterno conflitto dell'intellettuale fra libertà di ricerca e condizionamenti del potere", su "Ricorditi...di me" in "Lecco 2000", Lecco, June 1998.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Lyon, James K. (1983). Bertolt Brecht in America. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691013947" title="Special:BookSources/9780691013947"><bdi>9780691013947</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bertolt+Brecht+in+America&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780691013947&rft.aulast=Lyon&rft.aufirst=James+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"></li> <li>McBride, Patrizia. "De-Moralizing Politics: Brecht's Early Aesthetics." Deutsche Vierteljahrsschrift für Literaturwissenschaft und Geistesgeschichte 82.1 (2008): 85–111.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milfull" title="John Milfull">Milfull, John</a>. 1974. From Baal to Keuner. The "Second Optimism" of Bertolt Brecht, Bern and Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.</li> <li>Mitter, Schomit. 1992. "To Be And Not To Be: Bertolt Brecht and Peter Brook". Systems of Rehearsal: Stanislavsky, Brecht, Grotowski and Brook. London: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-06784-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-06784-7">0-415-06784-7</a>. 42–77.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiner_M%C3%BCller" title="Heiner Müller">Müller, Heiner</a>. 1990. Germania. Trans. Bernard Schütze and Caroline Schütze. Ed. Sylvère Lotringer. Semiotext(e) Foreign Agents Ser. New York: Semiotext(e). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-936756-63-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-936756-63-2">0-936756-63-2</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Needle" title="Jan Needle">Needle, Jan</a> and Peter Thomson. 1981. Brecht. Chicago: University of Chicago Press; Oxford: Basil Blackwell. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-57022-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-57022-3">0-226-57022-3</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._W._Pabst" title="G. W. Pabst">Pabst, G. W.</a> 1984. The Threepenny Opera. Classic Film Scripts Series. London: Lorrimer. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85647-006-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-85647-006-6">0-85647-006-6</a>.</li> <li>Parker, Stephen. 2014. Bertolt Brecht: A Literary Life. London: Methuen Drama. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-5562-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-5562-2">978-1-4081-5562-2</a>.</li> <li>Reinelt, Janelle. 1990. "Rethinking Brecht: Deconstruction, Feminism, and the Politics of Form". The Brecht Yearbook 15. Ed. Marc Silberman et al. Madison, Wisconsin: The International Brecht Society, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Press" title="University of Wisconsin Press">University of Wisconsin Press</a>. 99–107.</li> <li>Reinelt, Janelle. 1994. "A Feminist Reconsideration of the Brecht/Lukács Debate". Women & Performance: A Journal of Feminist Theory 7.1 (issue 13). 122–139.</li> <li>Rouse, John. 1995. "Brecht and the Contradictory Actor". In Acting (Re)considered: A Theoretical and Practical Guide. Ed. Phillip B. Zarrilli. 2nd ed. Worlds of Performance Series. London: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-26300-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-26300-X">0-415-26300-X</a>. 248–259.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Silberman, Marc, ed. (2000). Brecht on Film and Radio. Translated by Marc Silberman. London: Methuen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-6987-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-6987-2"><bdi>978-1-4081-6987-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brecht+on+Film+and+Radio&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-4081-6987-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Silberman, Marc, ed. (2003). Brecht on Art and Politics. Translated by Marc Silberman. London: Methuen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-413-75890-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-413-75890-7"><bdi>0-413-75890-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brecht+on+Art+and+Politics&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-413-75890-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sternberg,_Fritz" class="mw-redirect" title="Sternberg, Fritz">Sternberg, Fritz</a>. 1963. Der Dichter und die Ratio: Erinnerungen an Bertolt Brecht. Göttingen: Sachse & Pohl.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_Szondi" title="Péter Szondi">Szondi, Péter</a>. 1965. Theory of the Modern Drama. Ed. and trans. Michael Hays. Theory and History of Literature Series. 29. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-1285-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8166-1285-4">0-8166-1285-4</a>.</li> <li>Taxidou, Olga. 2007. Modernism and Performance: Jarry to Brecht. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4039-4101-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-4039-4101-7">1-4039-4101-7</a>.</li> <li>Thomson, Peter. 2000. "Brecht and Actor Training: On Whose Behalf Do We Act?" In Twentieth Century Actor Training. Ed. Alison Hodge. London and New York: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-19452-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-19452-0">0-415-19452-0</a>. 98–112.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Weber_(theatre_director)" title="Carl Weber (theatre director)">Weber, Carl</a>. 1984. "The Actor and Brecht, or: The Truth Is Concrete: Some Notes on Directing Brecht with American Actors". The Brecht Yearbook 13: 63–74.</li> <li>Weber, Carl. 1994. "Brecht and the Berliner Ensemble – the Making of a Model". In Thomson and Sacks (1994, 167–184).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Willett" title="John Willett">Willett, John</a>, ed. (1993). Journals 1934–1955. Translated by Hugh Rorrison. London and New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-91282-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-91282-2"><bdi>0-415-91282-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journals+1934%E2%80%931955&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-415-91282-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABertolt+Brecht" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Witt, Hubert, ed. 1975. Brecht As They Knew Him. Trans. John Peet. London: Lawrence and Wishart; New York: International Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85315-285-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-85315-285-3">0-85315-285-3</a>.</li> <li>Wizisla, Erdmut. 2009. Walter Benjamin and Bertolt Brecht: The Story of a Friendship. Translated by Christine Shuttleworth. London / New Haven: Libris / Yale University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-870352-78-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-870352-78-9">978-1-870352-78-9</a> Contains a complete translation of the newly discovered minutes of the meetings around the putative journal Krise und Kritik (1931).</li> <li>Womack, Peter (1979), "Brecht: The Search for an Audience", in Bold, Christine (ed.), <a href="/wiki/Cencrastus" title="Cencrastus">Cencrastus</a>, no. 1, Autumn 1979, pp. 24–28, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0264-0856">0264-0856</a></li> <li>Youngkin, Stephen D. 2005. The Lost One: A Life of Peter Lorre. University Press of Kentucky. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8131-2360-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8131-2360-7">0-8131-2360-7</a>. Contains a detailed discussion of the personal and professional friendship between Brecht and film actor <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lorre" title="Peter Lorre">Peter Lorre</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertolt_Brecht&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-External_links plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-external_links" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's use of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a> may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines. 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href="http://www.iobdb.com/CreditableEntity/1548">Bertolt Brecht</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Off-Broadway_Database" title="Internet Off-Broadway Database">Internet Off-Broadway Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Brecht%2C%20Bertolt%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Bertolt%20Brecht%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Brecht%2C%20Bertolt%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Bertolt%20Brecht%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Brecht%2C%20B%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Bertolt%20Brecht%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Brecht%2C%20Bertolt%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Bertolt%20Brecht%22%29%20OR%20%28%221898-1956%22%20AND%20Brecht%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Bertolt Brecht</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brechtguide.library.wisc.edu/">"Brecht's Works in English: A Bibliography"</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Madison" title="University of Wisconsin–Madison">University of Wisconsin–Madison</a> Libraries</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.library.wisc.edu/digital/ABrechtYearbook">"The Brecht Yearbook"</a>, University of Wisconsin–Madison Libraries</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.library.wisc.edu/digital/AM3HLL3GNJRCAF8S">"Communications from the International Brecht Society (1971–2014)"</a>, University of Wisconsin–Madison Libraries</li> <li><a href="https://hdl.handle.net/1903.1/7849" class="extiw" title="hdl:1903.1/7849">International Brecht Society records</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland_Libraries" title="University of Maryland Libraries">University of Maryland Libraries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vault.fbi.gov/Bertolt%20Brecht%20/">FBI files on Bertolt Brecht</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080907042404/http://mobydicks.com/lecture/Brechthall/messages/70.html">A history of Mack the Knife by Joseph Mach at Brechthall</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/002421">Newspaper clippings about Bertolt Brecht</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bertolt Brecht</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dramatic works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baal_(play)" title="Baal (play)">Baal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_the_Night" title="Drums in the Night">Drums in the Night</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Respectable_Wedding" title="A Respectable Wedding">A Wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_Out_a_Devil" title="Driving Out a Devil">Driving Out a Devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_a_Barbershop" title="Mysteries of a Barbershop">Mysteries of a Barbershop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_the_Jungle_of_Cities" title="In the Jungle of Cities">In the Jungle of Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Life_of_Edward_II_of_England" title="The Life of Edward II of England">Edward II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_Equals_Man" title="Man Equals Man">Man Equals Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downfall_of_the_Egotist_Johann_Fatzer" title="Downfall of the Egotist Johann Fatzer">Downfall of the Egotist Johann Fatzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Elephant_Calf" title="The Elephant Calf">The Elephant Calf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahagonny-Songspiel" title="Mahagonny-Songspiel">Little Mahagonny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Threepenny_Opera" title="The Threepenny Opera">The Threepenny Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Flight_Across_the_Ocean" title="The Flight Across the Ocean">The Flight Across the Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Baden-Baden_Lesson_on_Consent" title="The Baden-Baden Lesson on Consent">The Baden-Baden Lesson on Consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Happy_End_(musical)" title="Happy End (musical)">Happy End</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_and_Fall_of_the_City_of_Mahagonny" title="Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny">Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Jasager" title="Der Jasager">Der Jasager</a> / <a href="/wiki/Der_Neinsager" title="Der Neinsager">Der Neinsager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Decision_(play)" title="The Decision (play)">The Decision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joan_of_the_Stockyards" title="Saint Joan of the Stockyards">Saint Joan of the Stockyards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Exception_and_the_Rule" title="The Exception and the Rule">The Exception and the Rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mother_(Brecht_play)" title="The Mother (Brecht play)">The Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuhle_Wampe" title="Kuhle Wampe">Kuhle Wampe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Seven_Deadly_Sins_(ballet_chant%C3%A9)" title="The Seven Deadly Sins (ballet chanté)">The Seven Deadly Sins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_Heads_and_Pointed_Heads" title="Round Heads and Pointed Heads">Round Heads and Pointed Heads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Horatians_and_the_Curiatians" title="The Horatians and the Curiatians">The Horatians and the Curiatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_and_Misery_of_the_Third_Reich" title="Fear and Misery of the Third Reich">Fear and Misery of the Third Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%B1ora_Carrar%27s_Rifles" title="Señora Carrar's Rifles">Señora Carrar's Rifles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Galileo" title="Life of Galileo">Life of Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/How_Much_Is_Your_Iron%3F" title="How Much Is Your Iron?">How Much Is Your Iron?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dansen" title="Dansen">Dansen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Courage_and_Her_Children" title="Mother Courage and Her Children">Mother Courage and Her Children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trial_of_Lucullus" title="The Trial of Lucullus">The Trial of Lucullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mr_Puntila_and_His_Man_Matti" title="Mr Puntila and His Man Matti">Mr Puntila and His Man Matti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Person_of_Szechwan" title="The Good Person of Szechwan">The Good Person of Szechwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Resistible_Rise_of_Arturo_Ui" title="The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui">The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangmen_Also_Die!" title="Hangmen Also Die!">Hangmen Also Die!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Visions_of_Simone_Machard" title="The Visions of Simone Machard">The Visions of Simone Machard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Duchess_of_Malfi_(Brecht)" title="The Duchess of Malfi (Brecht)">The Duchess of Malfi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schweik_in_the_Second_World_War" title="Schweik in the Second World War">Schweyk in the Second World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Caucasian_Chalk_Circle" title="The Caucasian Chalk Circle">The Caucasian Chalk Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigone_(Brecht_play)" title="Antigone (Brecht play)">Antigone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Days_of_the_Commune" title="The Days of the Commune">The Days of the Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tutor_(Brecht)" title="The Tutor (Brecht)">The Tutor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Verurteilung_des_Lukullus" title="Die Verurteilung des Lukullus">Die Verurteilung des Lukullus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Report_from_Herrnburg" title="Report from Herrnburg">Report from Herrnburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriolanus_(Brecht)" title="Coriolanus (Brecht)">Coriolanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trial_of_Joan_of_Arc_at_Rouen,_1431" title="The Trial of Joan of Arc at Rouen, 1431">The Trial of Joan of Arc at Rouen, 1431</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turandot_(Brecht)" title="Turandot (Brecht)">Turandot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Juan_(Brecht)" title="Don Juan (Brecht)">Don Juan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpets_and_Drums" title="Trumpets and Drums">Trumpets and Drums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poems, songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Reminiscence_of_Marie_A." title="Reminiscence of Marie A.">Reminiscence of Marie A.</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Alabama_Song" title="Alabama Song">Alabama Song</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Pirate_Jenny" title="Pirate Jenny">Pirate Jenny</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/What_Keeps_Mankind_Alive%3F" title="What Keeps Mankind Alive?">What Keeps Mankind Alive?</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Solidarit%C3%A4tslied" title="Solidaritätslied">Solidaritätslied</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Einheitsfrontlied" title="Einheitsfrontlied">Einheitsfrontlied</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Kinderhymne" title="Kinderhymne">Kinderhymne</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Die_L%C3%B6sung" title="Die Lösung">Die Lösung</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories and techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epic_theatre" title="Epic theatre">Epic theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehrst%C3%BCcke" title="Lehrstücke">Lehrstücke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aristotelian_drama" title="Non-Aristotelian drama">Non-Aristotelian drama</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complex_seeing" title="Complex seeing">Complex seeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distancing_effect" title="Distancing effect">Defamiliarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonstration_(acting)" title="Demonstration (acting)">Demonstration</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Fabel" title="Fabel">Fabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestus" title="Gestus">Gestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicization" title="Historicization">Historicization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interruptions_(epic_theatre)" title="Interruptions (epic theatre)">Interruptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Not_/_But" title="Not / But">Not / But</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refunctioning" title="Refunctioning">Refunctioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_the_elements" title="Separation of the elements">Separation of the elements</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Messingkauf_Dialogues" title="Messingkauf Dialogues">Messingkauf Dialogues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Modern_Theatre_Is_the_Epic_Theatre" title="The Modern Theatre Is the Epic Theatre">The Modern Theatre Is the Epic Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Short_Organum_for_the_Theatre" title="A Short Organum for the Theatre">A Short Organum for the Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_scene" title="Street scene">Street scene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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#D7F1D7;;width:1%">1969–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Ebb" title="Fred Ebb">Fred Ebb</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Sondheim" title="Stephen Sondheim">Stephen Sondheim</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bertolt Brecht</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Sondheim" title="Stephen Sondheim">Stephen Sondheim</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Guare" title="John Guare">John Guare</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Sondheim" title="Stephen Sondheim">Stephen Sondheim</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Carmines" title="Al Carmines">Al Carmines</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Smalls" title="Charlie Smalls">Charlie Smalls</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Kleban" title="Edward Kleban">Edward Kleban</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Charnin" title="Martin Charnin">Martin Charnin</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Hall" title="Carol Hall">Carol Hall</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Sondheim" title="Stephen Sondheim">Stephen Sondheim</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Rice" title="Tim Rice">Tim Rice</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Sondheim" title="Stephen Sondheim">Stephen Sondheim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maury_Yeston" title="Maury Yeston">Maury Yeston</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Ashman" title="Howard Ashman">Howard Ashman</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Sondheim" title="Stephen Sondheim">Stephen Sondheim</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Miller" title="Roger Miller">Roger Miller</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Sondheim" title="Stephen Sondheim">Stephen Sondheim</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Zippel" title="David Zippel">David Zippel</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Finn" title="William Finn">William Finn</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Birkenhead" title="Susan Birkenhead">Susan Birkenhead</a> (1992)</li> <li>Denis Markell and Douglas Bernstein (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Sondheim" title="Stephen Sondheim">Stephen Sondheim</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Larson" title="Jonathan Larson">Jonathan Larson</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Alessandrini" title="Gerard Alessandrini">Gerard Alessandrini</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Ahrens" title="Lynn Ahrens">Lynn Ahrens</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Alessandrini" title="Gerard Alessandrini">Gerard Alessandrini</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Sondheim" title="Stephen Sondheim">Stephen Sondheim</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #D7F1D7;;width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Brooks" title="Mel Brooks">Mel Brooks</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Robert_Brown" title="Jason Robert Brown">Jason Robert Brown</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Wittman" title="Scott Wittman">Scott Wittman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marc_Shaiman" title="Marc Shaiman">Marc Shaiman</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Schwartz" title="Stephen Schwartz">Stephen Schwartz</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Idle" title="Eric Idle">Eric Idle</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Lambert" title="Lisa Lambert">Lisa Lambert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greg_Morrison" title="Greg Morrison">Greg Morrison</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Sater" title="Steven Sater">Steven Sater</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stew_(musician)" title="Stew (musician)">Stew</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Sondheim" title="Stephen Sondheim">Stephen Sondheim</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Kander" title="John Kander">John Kander</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fred_Ebb" title="Fred Ebb">Fred Ebb</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trey_Parker" title="Trey Parker">Trey Parker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lopez" title="Robert Lopez">Robert Lopez</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Matt_Stone" title="Matt Stone">Matt Stone</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_Hansard" title="Glen Hansard">Glen Hansard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mark%C3%A9ta_Irglov%C3%A1" title="Markéta Irglová">Markéta Irglová</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Minchin" title="Tim Minchin">Tim Minchin</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_L._Freedman" title="Robert L. Freedman">Robert L. Freedman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steven_Lutvak" title="Steven Lutvak">Steven Lutvak</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin-Manuel_Miranda" title="Lin-Manuel Miranda">Lin-Manuel Miranda</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasek_and_Paul" title="Pasek and Paul">Benj Pasek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Justin_Paul" title="Justin Paul">Justin Paul</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Yazbek" title="David Yazbek">David Yazbek</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kellogg_(writer)" title="Peter Kellogg (writer)">Peter Kellogg</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Yazbek" title="David Yazbek">David Yazbek</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_R._Jackson" title="Michael R. Jackson">Michael R. Jackson</a> (2020)</li> <li>No Award (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toby_Marlow" title="Toby Marlow">Toby Marlow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Moss" title="Lucy Moss">Lucy Moss</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Wittman" title="Scott Wittman">Scott Wittman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marc_Shaiman" title="Marc Shaiman">Marc Shaiman</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Yazbek" title="David Yazbek">David Yazbek</a> and Erik Della Penna (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="German-language_literature" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:German_literature" title="Template:German literature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:German_literature" title="Template talk:German literature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:German_literature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:German literature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="German-language_literature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/German_literature" title="German literature">German-language literature</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany" title="History of Germany">History of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Austria" title="History of Austria">History of Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Switzerland" title="History of Switzerland">History of Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liechtenstein" title="History of Liechtenstein">History of Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_High_German_literature" title="Old High German literature">Old High German literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German_literature" title="Middle High German literature">Middle High German literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_New_High_German_literature" title="Early New High German literature">Early New High German literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturm_und_Drang" title="Sturm und Drang">Sturm und Drang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimar_Classicism" title="Weimar Classicism">Weimar Classicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_realism" title="Literary realism">Literary realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weimar_culture" title="Weimar culture">Weimar culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exilliteratur" title="Exilliteratur">Exilliteratur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_literature" title="Austrian literature">Austrian literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_literature" title="Swiss literature">Swiss literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_studies" title="German studies">German studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related categories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Austrian_writers" title="Category:Austrian writers">Austrian writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:German_writers" title="Category:German writers">German writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liechtenstein_writers" title="Category:Liechtenstein writers">Liechtenstein writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Swiss_writers_in_German" title="Category:Swiss writers in German">Swiss writers in German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Translators_of_William_Shakespeare" title="Category:Translators of William Shakespeare">Category:Translators of William Shakespeare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Reformation_literature" title="Template:Reformation literature">Reformation era literature</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minnesang" title="Minnesang">Minnesang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_courtly_romance" title="German courtly romance">Courtly romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_von_K%C3%BCrenberg" title="Der von Kürenberg">Der von Kürenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietmar_von_Aist" title="Dietmar von Aist">Dietmar von Aist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinmar_von_Hagenau" title="Reinmar von Hagenau">Reinmar von Hagenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartmann_von_Aue" title="Hartmann von Aue">Hartmann von Aue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_von_der_Vogelweide" title="Walther von der Vogelweide">Walther von der Vogelweide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfram_von_Eschenbach" title="Wolfram von Eschenbach">Wolfram von Eschenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_von_Johansdorf" title="Albrecht von Johansdorf">Albrecht von Johansdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Morungen" title="Heinrich von Morungen">Heinrich von Morungen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_von_Strassburg" title="Gottfried von Strassburg">Gottfried von Strassburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Bern" title="Dietrich von Bern">Dietrich von Bern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nibelungenlied" title="Nibelungenlied">Nibelungenlied</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Dach" title="Simon Dach">Simon Dach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Fleming_(poet)" title="Paul Fleming (poet)">Paul Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Folz" title="Hans Folz">Hans Folz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Jakob_Christoffel_von_Grimmelshausen" title="Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen">Hans Jakob Christoffel von Grimmelshausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Gryphius" title="Andreas Gryphius">Andreas Gryphius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Hoffmann_von_Hoffmannswaldau" title="Christian Hoffmann von Hoffmannswaldau">Christian Hoffmann von Hoffmannswaldau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Michael_Moscherosch" title="Johann Michael Moscherosch">Johann Michael Moscherosch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Opitz" title="Martin Opitz">Martin Opitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Sachs" title="Hans Sachs">Hans Sachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelus_Silesius" title="Angelus Silesius">Angelus Silesius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Ulrich,_Duke_of_Brunswick" title="Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick">Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wickram" title="Georg Wickram">Georg Wickram</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barthold_Heinrich_Brockes" title="Barthold Heinrich Brockes">Barthold Heinrich Brockes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_F%C3%BCrchtegott_Gellert" title="Christian Fürchtegott Gellert">Christian Gellert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Christoph_Gottsched" title="Johann Christoph Gottsched">Johann Christoph Gottsched</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Christian_G%C3%BCnther" title="Johann Christian Günther">Johann Christian Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin" title="Friedrich Hölderlin">Friedrich Hölderlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gottlieb_Klopstock" title="Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock">Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Michael_Reinhold_Lenz" title="Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz">Jakob Michael Reinhold Lenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Gotthold Ephraim Lessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a> (Friedrich von Hardenberg)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Paul" title="Jean Paul">Jean Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller" title="Friedrich Schiller">Friedrich Schiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Schnabel" title="Johann Gottfried Schnabel">Johann Gottfried Schnabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christoph_Martin_Wieland" title="Christoph Martin Wieland">Christoph Martin Wieland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bettina_von_Arnim" title="Bettina von Arnim">Bettina von Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achim_von_Arnim" title="Achim von Arnim">Achim von Arnim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_Brentano" title="Clemens Brentano">Clemens Brentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_B%C3%BCchner" title="Georg Büchner">Georg Büchner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelbert_von_Chamisso" title="Adelbert von Chamisso">Adelbert von Chamisso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annette_von_Droste-H%C3%BClshoff" title="Annette von Droste-Hülshoff">Annette von Droste-Hülshoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_von_Ebner-Eschenbach" title="Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach">Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Freiherr_von_Eichendorff" title="Joseph Freiherr von Eichendorff">Joseph von Eichendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Fontane" title="Theodor Fontane">Theodor Fontane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustav_Freytag" title="Gustav Freytag">Gustav Freytag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremias_Gotthelf" title="Jeremias Gotthelf">Jeremias Gotthelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Grillparzer" title="Franz Grillparzer">Franz Grillparzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Grimm" title="Jacob Grimm">Jacob Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Grimm" title="Wilhelm Grimm">Wilhelm Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhart_Hauptmann" title="Gerhart Hauptmann">Gerhart Hauptmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Friedrich_Hebbel" title="Christian Friedrich Hebbel">Christian Friedrich Hebbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Peter_Hebel" title="Johann Peter Hebel">Johann Peter Hebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heinrich Heine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Herwegh" title="Georg Herwegh">Georg Herwegh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Heyse" title="Paul Heyse">Paul Heyse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._T._A._Hoffmann" title="E. T. A. Hoffmann">E. T. A. Hoffmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_H%C3%B6lderlin" title="Friedrich Hölderlin">Friedrich Hölderlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Keller" title="Gottfried Keller">Gottfried Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Kleist" title="Heinrich von Kleist">Heinrich von Kleist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaus_Lenau" title="Nikolaus Lenau">Nikolaus Lenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_May" title="Karl May">Karl May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Ferdinand_Meyer" title="Conrad Ferdinand Meyer">Conrad Ferdinand Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_M%C3%B6rike" title="Eduard Mörike">Eduard Mörike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Nestroy" title="Johann Nestroy">Johann Nestroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Raabe" title="Wilhelm Raabe">Wilhelm Raabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adalbert_Stifter" title="Adalbert Stifter">Adalbert Stifter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Storm" title="Theodor Storm">Theodor Storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Tieck" title="Ludwig Tieck">Ludwig Tieck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Uhland" title="Ludwig Uhland">Ludwig Uhland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/May_Ayim" title="May Ayim">May Ayim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingeborg_Bachmann" title="Ingeborg Bachmann">Ingeborg Bachmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Bahr" title="Hermann Bahr">Hermann Bahr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicki_Baum" title="Vicki Baum">Vicki Baum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_R._Becher" title="Johannes R. Becher">Johannes R. Becher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Benn" title="Gottfried Benn">Gottfried Benn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bernhard" title="Thomas Bernhard">Thomas Bernhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_B%C3%B6ll" title="Heinrich Böll">Heinrich Böll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brasch" title="Thomas Brasch">Thomas Brasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volker_Braun" title="Volker Braun">Volker Braun</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bertolt Brecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Dieter_Brinkmann" title="Rolf Dieter Brinkmann">Rolf Dieter Brinkmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Broch" title="Hermann Broch">Hermann Broch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnolt_Bronnen" title="Arnolt Bronnen">Arnolt Bronnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Burger" title="Hermann Burger">Hermann Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Canetti" title="Elias Canetti">Elias Canetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Celan" title="Paul Celan">Paul Celan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_D%C3%B6blin" title="Alfred Döblin">Alfred Döblin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimito_von_Doderer" title="Heimito von Doderer">Heimito von Doderer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_D%C3%BCrrenmatt" title="Friedrich Dürrenmatt">Friedrich Dürrenmatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Feuchtwanger" title="Lion Feuchtwanger">Lion Feuchtwanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marieluise_Flei%C3%9Fer" title="Marieluise Fleißer">Marieluise Fleißer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fried" title="Erich Fried">Erich Fried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Frisch" title="Max Frisch">Max Frisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_George" title="Stefan George">Stefan George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass" title="Günter Grass">Günter Grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Handke" title="Peter Handke">Peter Handke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlen_Haushofer" title="Marlen Haushofer">Marlen Haushofer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hermann Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Heym" title="Georg Heym">Georg Heym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_von_Hofmannsthal" title="Hugo von Hofmannsthal">Hugo von Hofmannsthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96d%C3%B6n_von_Horv%C3%A1th" title="Ödön von Horváth">Ödön von Horváth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricarda_Huch" title="Ricarda Huch">Ricarda Huch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Huchel" title="Peter Huchel">Peter Huchel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Jandl" title="Ernst Jandl">Ernst Jandl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uwe_Johnson" title="Uwe Johnson">Uwe Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_J%C3%BCnger" title="Ernst Jünger">Ernst Jünger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Kafka" title="Franz Kafka">Franz Kafka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_K%C3%A4stner" title="Erich Kästner">Erich Kästner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Kesten" title="Hermann Kesten">Hermann Kesten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irmgard_Keun" title="Irmgard Keun">Irmgard Keun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Kirsch" title="Sarah Kirsch">Sarah Kirsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Kisch" title="Egon Kisch">Egon Erwin Kisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Kracauer" title="Siegfried Kracauer">Siegfried Kracauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kraus_(writer)" title="Karl Kraus (writer)">Karl Kraus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Else_Lasker-Sch%C3%BCler" title="Else Lasker-Schüler">Else Lasker-Schüler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurd_Lasswitz" title="Kurd Lasswitz">Kurd Laßwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gert_Ledig" title="Gert Ledig">Gert Ledig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Lenz" title="Siegfried Lenz">Siegfried Lenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Mann" title="Heinrich Mann">Heinrich Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Mann" title="Klaus Mann">Klaus Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friederike_Mayr%C3%B6cker" title="Friederike Mayröcker">Friederike Mayröcker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Morgenstern" title="Christian Morgenstern">Christian Morgenstern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_M%C3%BChsam" title="Erich Mühsam">Erich Mühsam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiner_M%C3%BCller" title="Heiner Müller">Heiner Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Muschg" title="Adolf Muschg">Adolf Muschg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Musil" title="Robert Musil">Robert Musil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Maria_Remarque" title="Erich Maria Remarque">Erich Maria Remarque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Maria_Rilke" title="Rainer Maria Rilke">Rainer Maria Rilke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Roth" title="Joseph Roth">Joseph Roth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelly_Sachs" title="Nelly Sachs">Nelly Sachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Salomon" title="Ernst von Salomon">Ernst von Salomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Scheerbart" title="Paul Scheerbart">Paul Scheerbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schnitzler" title="Arthur Schnitzler">Arthur Schnitzler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helga_Schubert" title="Helga Schubert">Helga Schubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schwitters" title="Kurt Schwitters">Kurt Schwitters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._G._Sebald" title="W. G. Sebald">W. G. Sebald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Seghers" title="Anna Seghers">Anna Seghers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berta_von_Suttner" class="mw-redirect" title="Berta von Suttner">Berta von Suttner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Toller" title="Ernst Toller">Ernst Toller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Trakl" title="Georg Trakl">Georg Trakl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Tucholsky" title="Kurt Tucholsky">Kurt Tucholsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Walser" title="Robert Walser">Robert Walser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Weinheber" title="Josef Weinheber">Josef Weinheber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Weiss" title="Peter Weiss">Peter Weiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Werfel" title="Franz Werfel">Franz Werfel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christa_Wolf" title="Christa Wolf">Christa Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Angst" class="mw-redirect" title="Fritz Angst">Fritz Zorn (Fritz Angst)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Zweig" title="Stefan Zweig">Stefan Zweig</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contemporary writers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zsuzsa_B%C3%A1nk" title="Zsuzsa Bánk">Zsuzsa Bánk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brussig" title="Thomas Brussig">Thomas Brussig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny_Erpenbeck" title="Jenny Erpenbeck">Jenny Erpenbeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainald_Goetz" title="Rainald Goetz">Rainald Goetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durs_Gr%C3%BCnbein" title="Durs Grünbein">Durs Grünbein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Handke" title="Peter Handke">Peter Handke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Hermann" title="Judith Hermann">Judith Hermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elfriede_Jelinek" title="Elfriede Jelinek">Elfriede Jelinek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Jirgl" title="Reinhard Jirgl">Reinhard Jirgl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wladimir_Kaminer" title="Wladimir Kaminer">Wladimir Kaminer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kehlmann" title="Daniel Kehlmann">Daniel Kehlmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Kinsky" title="Esther Kinsky">Esther Kinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kluge" title="Alexander Kluge">Alexander Kluge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_K%C3%B6hler" title="Barbara Köhler">Barbara Köhler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Kracht" title="Christian Kracht">Christian Kracht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monika_Maron" title="Monika Maron">Monika Maron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_Meyer" title="Clemens Meyer">Clemens Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ter%C3%A9zia_Mora" title="Terézia Mora">Terézia Mora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herta_M%C3%BCller" title="Herta Müller">Herta Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharon_Dodua_Otoo" title="Sharon Dodua Otoo">Sharon Dodua Otoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emine_Sevgi_%C3%96zdamar" title="Emine Sevgi Özdamar">Emine Sevgi Özdamar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teresa_Pr%C3%A4auer" title="Teresa Präauer">Teresa Präauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julya_Rabinowich" title="Julya Rabinowich">Julya Rabinowich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafik_Schami" title="Rafik Schami">Rafik Schami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingo_Schulze" title="Ingo Schulze">Ingo Schulze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutz_Seiler" title="Lutz Seiler">Lutz Seiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_J._Setz" title="Clemens J. Setz">Clemens J. Setz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botho_Strauss" title="Botho Strauss">Botho Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoko_Tawada" title="Yoko Tawada">Yoko Tawada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uwe_Timm" title="Uwe Timm">Uwe Timm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilija_Trojanow" title="Ilija Trojanow">Ilija Trojanow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_Wagner_(poet)" title="Jan Wagner (poet)">Jan Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Walser" title="Martin Walser">Martin Walser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Wawerzinek" title="Peter Wawerzinek">Peter Wawerzinek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_Wondratschek" title="Wolf Wondratschek">Wolf Wondratschek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feridun_Zaimo%C4%9Flu" title="Feridun Zaimoğlu">Feridun Zaimoğlu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juli_Zeh" title="Juli Zeh">Juli Zeh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">German-language Nobel laureates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Theodor Mommsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Christoph_Eucken" title="Rudolf Christoph Eucken">Rudolf Christoph Eucken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Heyse" title="Paul Heyse">Paul Heyse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerhart_Hauptmann" title="Gerhart Hauptmann">Gerhart Hauptmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Spitteler" title="Carl Spitteler">Carl Spitteler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Hesse" title="Hermann Hesse">Hermann Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelly_Sachs" title="Nelly Sachs">Nelly Sachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_B%C3%B6ll" title="Heinrich Böll">Heinrich Böll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Canetti" title="Elias Canetti">Elias Canetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass" title="Günter Grass">Günter Grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elfriede_Jelinek" title="Elfriede Jelinek">Elfriede Jelinek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herta_M%C3%BCller" title="Herta Müller">Herta Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Handke" title="Peter Handke">Peter Handke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">German-language literary awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Festival_of_German-Language_Literature" title="Festival of German-Language Literature">Ingeborg Bachmann Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_B%C3%BCchner_Prize" title="Georg Büchner Prize">Georg Büchner Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud_Prize" title="Sigmund Freud Prize">Sigmund Freud Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelbert_von_Chamisso_Prize" title="Adelbert von Chamisso Prize">Adelbert von Chamisso Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Fallada_Prize" title="Hans Fallada Prize">Hans Fallada Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goethe_Prize" title="Goethe Prize">Goethe Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine_Prize" title="Heinrich Heine Prize">Heinrich Heine Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleist_Prize" title="Kleist Prize">Kleist Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leipzig_Book_Fair_Prize" title="Leipzig Book Fair Prize">Leipzig Book Fair Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelly_Sachs_Prize" title="Nelly Sachs Prize">Nelly Sachs Prize</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bertolt_Brecht&#039;s_and_Kurt_Weill&#039;s_The_Threepenny_Opera_(1928)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:The_Threepenny_Opera" title="Template:The Threepenny Opera"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:The_Threepenny_Opera" title="Template talk:The Threepenny Opera"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Threepenny_Opera" title="Special:EditPage/Template:The Threepenny Opera"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bertolt_Brecht&#039;s_and_Kurt_Weill&#039;s_The_Threepenny_Opera_(1928)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bertolt Brecht</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Weill" title="Kurt Weill">Kurt Weill</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Threepenny_Opera" title="The Threepenny Opera">The Threepenny Opera</a> (1928)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Source</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Gay" title="John Gay">John Gay</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Beggar%27s_Opera" title="The Beggar's Opera">The Beggar's Opera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Threepenny_Opera_(1931_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Threepenny Opera (1931 film)">The Threepenny Opera</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mack_the_Knife_(1989_film)" title="Mack the Knife (1989 film)">Mack the Knife</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Mack_the_Knife" title="Mack the Knife">Mack the Knife</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Pirate_Jenny" title="Pirate Jenny">Pirate Jenny</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/What_Keeps_Mankind_Alive%3F" title="What Keeps Mankind Alive?">What Keeps Mankind Alive?</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Threepenny_Novel" title="Threepenny Novel">Threepenny Novel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38757#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38757#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38757#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000368636577">ISNI</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000368636593">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121178009">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/2467372">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/31391/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvXhXJ8P7dxdqCpMRfjG3">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118514768">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00463235?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500220023">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/95fb3a0c-fc74-4f51-acba-bbe5b3a78e32">MusicBrainz</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adk.de/de/akademie/mitglieder/?we_objectID=50023">ADK</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bmlo.de/b0893">BMLO</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/795713">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118514768.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118514768">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028208617">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/011636">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tls.theaterwissenschaft.ch/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht">Theaterlexikon</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w67082kg">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/43474">RISM</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bertolt_Brecht&oldid=1259272182">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bertolt_Brecht&oldid=1259272182</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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