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<span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Scenes two and three: Flight into the Northern Mountains/In the Northern Mountains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scenes_two_and_three:_Flight_into_the_Northern_Mountains/In_the_Northern_Mountains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scene_four:_The_Story_of_the_Judge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scene_four:_The_Story_of_the_Judge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Scene four: The Story of the Judge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scene_four:_The_Story_of_the_Judge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scene_five:_The_Chalk_Circle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scene_five:_The_Chalk_Circle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Scene five: The Chalk Circle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scene_five:_The_Chalk_Circle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Variants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Setting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Setting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Setting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Setting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Professional_productions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional_productions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Professional productions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professional_productions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="دائرة الطباشير القوقازية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="دائرة الطباشير القوقازية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_kaukasische_Kreidekreis" title="Der kaukasische Kreidekreis – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Der kaukasische Kreidekreis" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_kaukasische_Kreidekreis" title="Der kaukasische Kreidekreis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Der kaukasische Kreidekreis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F_%CE%BA%CF%8D%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%BC%CE%B5_%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD_%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%89%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Ο κύκλος με την κιμωλία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ο κύκλος με την κιμωλία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_c%C3%ADrculo_de_tiza_caucasiano" title="El círculo de tiza caucasiano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="El círculo de tiza caucasiano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_ka%C5%ADkaza_kretocirklo" title="La kaŭkaza kretocirklo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="La kaŭkaza kretocirklo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaukasiar_kreazko_borobila" title="Kaukasiar kreazko borobila – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kaukasiar kreazko borobila" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%87_%DA%AF%DA%86%DB%8C_%D9%82%D9%81%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="دایره گچی قفقازی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دایره گچی قفقازی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Cercle_de_craie_caucasien" title="Le Cercle de craie caucasien – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Le Cercle de craie caucasien" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_cerchio_di_gesso_del_Caucaso" title="Il cerchio di gesso del Caucaso – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Il cerchio di gesso del Caucaso" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%92%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%96%D7%99" title="מעגל הגיר הקווקזי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מעגל הגיר הקווקזי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AA%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94" title="კავკასიური ცარცის წრე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კავკასიური ცარცის წრე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_kauk%C3%A1zusi_kr%C3%A9tak%C3%B6r" title="A kaukázusi krétakör – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A kaukázusi krétakör" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B2" title="ਕਾਕੇਸ਼ੀਅਨ ਚਾਕ ਸਰਕਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਾਕੇਸ਼ੀਅਨ ਚਾਕ ਸਰਕਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_C%C3%ADrculo_de_Giz_Caucasiano" title="O Círculo de Giz Caucasiano – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="O Círculo de Giz Caucasiano" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3" title="Кавказский меловой круг – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кавказский меловой круг" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_kaukasiska_kritcirkeln" title="Den kaukasiska kritcirkeln – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Den kaukasiska kritcirkeln" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafkas_Tebe%C5%9Fir_Dairesi" title="Kafkas Tebeşir Dairesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kafkas Tebeşir Dairesi" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Theatre play by Bertolt Brecht</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary" style="font-style: italic">The Caucasian Chalk Circle</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Written by</th><td class="infobox-data description"><a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Date premiered</th><td class="infobox-data">1948</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Place premiered</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Carleton_College" title="Carleton College">Carleton College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northfield,_Minnesota" title="Northfield, Minnesota">Northfield, Minnesota</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Original language</th><td class="infobox-data">German (premiered in English)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Subject</th><td class="infobox-data">Parenthood, property, war</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Epic_theatre" title="Epic theatre">Epic theatre</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Setting</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>The Caucasian Chalk Circle</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Der kaukasische Kreidekreis</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Stage_play" class="mw-redirect" title="Stage play">play</a> by the German <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernist</a> playwright <a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a>. An example of Brecht's <a href="/wiki/Epic_theatre" title="Epic theatre">epic theatre</a>, the play is a <a href="/wiki/Parable" title="Parable">parable</a> about a peasant girl who rescues a baby and becomes a better mother than the baby's wealthy biological parents. </p><p>The play was written in 1944 while Brecht was living in the United States. It was translated into English by Brecht's friend and admirer <a href="/wiki/Eric_Bentley" title="Eric Bentley">Eric Bentley</a> and its world premiere was a student production at <a href="/wiki/Carleton_College" title="Carleton College">Carleton College</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northfield,_Minnesota" title="Northfield, Minnesota">Northfield, Minnesota</a>, in <a href="/wiki/1948_in_literature#New_drama" title="1948 in literature">1948</a>. Its first professional production was at the <a href="/wiki/Hedgerow_Theatre" title="Hedgerow Theatre">Hedgerow Theatre</a>, Philadelphia, directed by Bentley. Its German premiere by the <a href="/wiki/Berliner_Ensemble" title="Berliner Ensemble">Berliner Ensemble</a> was on October 7, 1954, at the <a href="/wiki/Theater_am_Schiffbauerdamm" title="Theater am Schiffbauerdamm">Theater am Schiffbauerdamm</a> in Berlin.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>The Caucasian Chalk Circle</i> is one of Brecht's most celebrated works and one of the most regularly performed 'German' plays.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It reworks Brecht's earlier <a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">short story</a> "<a href="/wiki/Der_Augsburger_Kreidekreis" class="mw-redirect" title="Der Augsburger Kreidekreis">Der Augsburger Kreidekreis</a>." Both derive from the 14th-century Chinese play <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chalk_Circle" title="The Chalk Circle">The Chalk Circle</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Li_Xingdao" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Xingdao">Li Xingdao</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plot_summary">Plot summary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Caucasian_Chalk_Circle&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Plot summary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prologue">Prologue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Caucasian_Chalk_Circle&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Prologue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brecht, in his typical <a href="/wiki/Estrangement_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Estrangement effect">anti-realist</a> style, uses the device of a "<a href="/wiki/Story_within_a_story" title="Story within a story">play within a play</a>". The "frame" play is set in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> around the end of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. It shows a dispute between two <a href="/wiki/Kolkhoz" title="Kolkhoz">communes</a>, the Collective Fruit Farm Galinsk fruit growing commune and the Collective Goat Farmers, over who is to own and manage an area of farm land after the <a href="/wiki/Nazis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazis">Nazis</a> have retreated from a village and left it abandoned. A <a href="/wiki/Parable" title="Parable">parable</a> has been organised by one group, an old folk tale, to be played out to cast light on the dispute. The Singer, Arkadi Tcheidse, arrives with his band of musicians, then tells the peasants the parable, which forms the main narrative, and intertwines throughout much of the play. The Singer often takes on the thoughts of characters, enhances the more dramatic scenes with stronger narration than simple <a href="/wiki/Dialogue" title="Dialogue">dialogue</a>, and is responsible for most scene and time changes. Often the role is accompanied by several "musicians" (which incorporate music into the play itself) that help the Singer keep the play running smoothly. At the end he states that the land should go to those who will use it most productively, the fruit growers, and not those who had previous ownership. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scene_one:_The_Noble_Child">Scene one: The Noble Child</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Caucasian_Chalk_Circle&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Scene one: The Noble Child"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Singer's story begins with Governor Georgi Abashwili and his wife Natella blatantly ignoring the citizens on the way to Easter Mass. The Singer shows us the show's antagonist, Arsen Kazbeki, the Fat Prince. He sucks up to the pair and remarks how their new child Michael is "a governor from head to toe." They enter the church, leaving the peasants behind. Next to be introduced is the heroine Grusha Vashnadze, a maid to the governor's wife. Grusha, while carrying a goose for the Easter meal, meets a soldier, Simon Shashava, who reveals he has watched her bathe in the rivers. She storms off enraged. </p><p>The Singer continues the story: as the soldier contacts two architects for the Governor's new mansion, the Ironshirts, <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">gestapo</a>-esque guards, turn on him. The Fat Prince has orchestrated a <a href="/wiki/Coup" class="mw-redirect" title="Coup">coup</a> and is now in control. The Governor is quickly beheaded. Simon finds Grusha and proposes, giving her his silver cross. Grusha accepts. Simon runs off to fulfill his duty to the Governor's wife, who has been foolishly packing clothing for the "trip", caring nothing for the loss of her husband. She is carried off, away from the flaming city of Nuhka and inadvertently leaves her son, Michael, behind. Grusha is left with the boy and, after seeing the Governor's head nailed to the church door, takes him with her to the mountains. Music is often incorporated throughout much of this scene with the aid of the Singer, musicians, and possibly Grusha, as Brecht includes actual "songs" within the text. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scenes_two_and_three:_Flight_into_the_Northern_Mountains/In_the_Northern_Mountains"><span id="Scenes_two_and_three:_Flight_into_the_Northern_Mountains.2FIn_the_Northern_Mountains"></span>Scenes two and three: Flight into the Northern Mountains/In the Northern Mountains</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Caucasian_Chalk_Circle&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Scenes two and three: Flight into the Northern Mountains/In the Northern Mountains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Singer opens the scene with an air of escape. At the beginning of this act Grusha is seen trying to escape but has to stop to get milk for the baby, Michael, and is forced to buy milk expensively from an old man who claims his goats have been taken away by the soldiers. This encounter slows her and she is followed shortly by the Ironshirts. Grusha then finds a home for Michael to stay in. Abandoning him on the doorstep, he is adopted by a peasant woman. Grusha has mixed emotions about this, which change when she meets a perverted Corporal and Ironshirts who are looking for the child. He suspects something about her, and Grusha is forced to knock him out to save Michael. She wearily retreats to her brother's mountain farm. Lavrenti, Grusha's brother, fabricates a story to his jealous wife Aniko, claiming that Michael Abashwili is Grusha's child and she is on her way to find the father's farm. </p><p>Grusha catches <a href="/wiki/Scarlet_fever" title="Scarlet fever">scarlet fever</a> and lives there for quite some time. Rumours spread in the village, and Lavrenti convinces Grusha to marry a dying peasant, Jussup, in order to quell them. She reluctantly agrees. Guests arrive at the wedding–funeral, including the Singer and musicians, which act as the hired musicians for the event, and gossip endlessly. It is revealed that the Grand Duke is overthrowing the princes and the civil war has finally ended, and no one can be drafted anymore. At this, the supposedly dead villager Jussup returns to "life", and it becomes clear he was only "ill" when the possibility of being drafted was present. Grusha finds herself married. For months, Grusha's new husband tries to make her a 'real wife' by consummating the marriage, but she refuses. </p><p>Years pass, and Simon finds Grusha while washing clothes in the river. They have a sweet exchange before Simon jokingly asks if she has found another man. Grusha struggles to tell him she has unwillingly married, then Simon spots Michael. The following scene between the two is told predominantly by the Singer, who speaks for each of the two characters. However, Ironshirts arrive carrying Michael in, and ask Grusha if she is his mother, she says that she is, and Simon leaves distraught. The Governor's Wife wants the child back and Grusha must go to court back in Nukha. The Singer ends the act with questions about Grusha's future, and reveals that there is another story we must learn: the story of Azdak. If an <a href="/wiki/Intermission" title="Intermission">intermission</a> is used, this is generally where it is placed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scene_four:_The_Story_of_the_Judge">Scene four: The Story of the Judge</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Caucasian_Chalk_Circle&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Scene four: The Story of the Judge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The scene opens as if a different play entirely, yet set within the same war setting, is beginning. The Singer introduces another hero named Azdak. Azdak shelters a "peasant" and protects him from authorities by a demonstration of convoluted logic. He later realises that he sheltered the Grand Duke himself; since he thinks the rebellion is an uprising against the government itself, he turns himself in for his "class treason". But the rebellion isn't a populist one – in fact, the princes are trying to suppress a populist rebellion occurring as a result of their own – and Azdak renounces his revolutionary ideas to keep the Ironshirts from killing him as a radical. </p><p>The Fat Prince enters, looking to secure the Ironshirts' support in making his nephew a new judge. Azdak suggests they hold a mock trial to test him; the Fat Prince agrees. Azdak plays the accused in the trial – the Grand Duke. He makes several very successful jabs against the Princes' corruption, and amuses the Ironshirts enough that they appoint him instead of the Fat Prince's nephew: "The judge was always a chancer; now let a chancer be the judge!" </p><p>Azdak remains himself on the bench. He uses a large law book as a pillow to sit on. What follows is a series of short scenes, interspersed by the "song" of the Singer, in which he judges in favor of the poor, the oppressed, and good-hearted bandits; in one set of cases in which all the plaintiffs and the accused are corrupt, he passes a completely nonsensical set of judgments. But it doesn't last forever; the Grand Duke returns to power, the Fat Prince is beheaded, and Azdak is about to be hanged by the Grand Duke's Ironshirts when a pardon arrives appointing "a certain Azdak of Nuka" as a judge in gratitude for "saving a life essential to the realm", i.e. the Grand Duke's own. "His Honour Azdak is now His Honour Azdak;" the wife of the beheaded governor instantly dislikes him, but decides he'll be needed for the trial in which she'll recover her son from Grusha. The act closes with Azdak obsequious and afraid for his life, promising to restore Michael to the Governor's Wife, behead Grusha, and do whatever else the Governor's Wife wants: "It will all be arranged as you order, your Excellency. As you order." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scene_five:_The_Chalk_Circle">Scene five: The Chalk Circle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Caucasian_Chalk_Circle&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Scene five: The Chalk Circle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>We have returned to Grusha's story. We meet Grusha in court, supported by a former cook of the Governor and Simon Shashava, who will swear he is the father of the boy. Natella Abashvili comes in with two lawyers, who each reassure her things will be taken care of. Azdak is beaten by Ironshirts, who is told he is an enemy of the state. A rider comes in with a proclamation, stating the Grand Duke has reappointed Azdak as a judge. Azdak is cleaned up and the trial begins. The trial, however, does not begin with Grusha and the Governor's wife, but with a very elderly married couple who wishes to divorce. Azdak is unable to make a decision on this case, so he sets it aside to hear the next case on the docket. </p><p>The prosecution comes forth and liberally bribes Azdak in hopes of swinging the verdict. It is revealed that Natella only wants the child because all the estate and finances of the Governor are tied to her heir and cannot be accessed without him. Grusha's defense does not go over well, as it develops into her and Simon insulting Azdak for taking bribes. Azdak fines them for this but, after consideration, claims he can't find the true mother. He decides that he will have to devise a test. A circle of chalk is drawn, and Michael is placed in the center. The true mother, Azdak states, will be able to pull the child from the center. If they both pull, they will tear the child in half and get half each. The test begins but (akin to the <a href="/wiki/Judgment_of_Solomon" class="mw-redirect" title="Judgment of Solomon">Judgment of Solomon</a>) Grusha refuses to pull as she cannot bear to hurt Michael. Azdak gives her one more chance, but again she cannot pull Michael. During this dilemma, a poignant song is sung by the Singer as a reflection of Grusha's thoughts toward Michael. The others on stage cannot hear this, but they feel the overwhelming emotion through Grusha. Azdak declares that Grusha is the true mother, as she loves Michael too much to be able to hurt him. The Governor's wife is told that the estates shall fall to the city and be made into a garden for children called "Azdak's Garden". Simon pays Azdak his fine. Azdak tells the old couple he shall divorce them, but "accidentally" divorces Grusha and the peasant man, leaving her free to marry Simon. Everyone dances off happily as Azdak disappears. The Singer remarks upon Azdak's wisdom and notes that in the ending, everyone got what they deserved. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variants">Variants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Caucasian_Chalk_Circle&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The play is sometimes played without the prologue, and it was always played that way in the US during the <a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthy era</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> (The first US production to include the prologue was in 1965.) There is some dispute about how integral the prologue is to Brecht's conception of the play. Some claim that he regarded it as an integral part of his play, and it was present in the earliest drafts.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others claim that it was only included in later drafts.<sup id="cite_ref-Penguin_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Penguin-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there is agreement that he originally intended to set it in the 1930s, but later updated it. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Caucasian_Chalk_Circle&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Brecht wrote a number of 'songs' as part of the piece, and one of its main characters is called the <i>Singer</i>. In 1944 the production was scored by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dessau" title="Paul Dessau">Paul Dessau</a>. Though there is no officially published score, the show is generally played with original music and songs performed by the cast. Many composers have created unique original scores for <i>The Caucasian Chalk Circle</i>. One score performed regularly is by American composer <a href="/wiki/Mark_Nichols_(composer)" title="Mark Nichols (composer)">Mark Nichols</a>, who based his music on traditional Georgian folk harmonies in <a href="/wiki/Polyphony" title="Polyphony">polyphony</a>. Georgian composer Giya Kancheli made an iconic score for the production of Rustaveli Theatre in Tbilisi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Setting">Setting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Caucasian_Chalk_Circle&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Setting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The setting of the play is clearly <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> in the Caucasus, although it is described as "<a href="/wiki/Name_of_Georgia_(country)" class="mw-redirect" title="Name of Georgia (country)">Grusinia</a>" (one of the Russian names for the country) in the main play. Most of the characters have Georgian names, and <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tiflis</a> and the poet <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Mayakovsky" title="Vladimir Mayakovsky">Mayakovsky</a>, who was born and raised in Georgia, are mentioned in the prologue.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However the city where much of the action takes place, <a href="/wiki/Shaki,_Azerbaijan" title="Shaki, Azerbaijan">Nuka</a>, is in modern <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, although it was under Georgian rule for a time <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">in the Middle Ages</a>. </p><p>Brecht did not necessarily intend his play to be a realistic portrayal of either contemporary or medieval Georgia. Even in the Soviet Union, some people found it more German than Russian or Georgian, and pointed out that it did not accurately portray the decision-making procedures in <a href="/wiki/Soviet_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet agriculture">Soviet agriculture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Penguin_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Penguin-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Professional_productions">Professional productions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Caucasian_Chalk_Circle&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Professional productions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In 2015, a translation of the play into English by <a href="/wiki/Alistair_Beaton" title="Alistair Beaton">Alistair Beaton</a> was staged by the <a href="/wiki/Lyceum_Theatre,_Edinburgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyceum Theatre, Edinburgh">Royal Lyceum Theatre Company, Edinburgh</a>, directed by Mark Thomson.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Caucasian_Chalk_Circle&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSquiers2014" class="citation book cs1">Squiers, Anthony (2014). <i>An Introduction to the Social and Political Philosophy of Bertolt Brecht: Revolution and Aesthetics</i>. Amsterdam: Rodopi. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789042038998" title="Special:BookSources/9789042038998"><bdi>9789042038998</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+Social+and+Political+Philosophy+of+Bertolt+Brecht%3A+Revolution+and+Aesthetics&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9789042038998&rft.aulast=Squiers&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Caucasian+Chalk+Circle" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Introduction to Methuen student edition</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Penguin-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Introduction to Penguin Modern Classics version</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mayakovsky and Brecht himself were both accused of "formalism" in the Soviet Union at times.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Caucasian Chalk Circle</i> theatre programme, Royal Lyceum Theatre Company, Edinburgh, 2015</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Caucasian_Chalk_Circle&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ibdb.com/broadway-show/2452"><i>The Caucasian Chalk Circle</i></a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Broadway_Database" title="Internet Broadway Database">Internet Broadway Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.TheReallyBig.com/marks.htm#ccc">Songs from Chalk Circle by Mark Nichols</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nXM1idXQOGsC&dq=caucasian%20chalk%20circle&pg=PR2"><i>The Caucasian Chalk Circle</i></a>, Heinemann edition, 1960, in Google Books. (Some pages are not part of this book preview.)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.litcharts.com/lit/the-caucasian-chalk-circle/characters/grusha-vashnadze">Analysis of Grusha Vashnadze</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bertolt_Brecht" title="Bertolt Brecht">Bertolt Brecht</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dramatic<br />works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Baal_(play)" title="Baal (play)">Baal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_the_Night" title="Drums in the Night">Drums in the Night</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Respectable_Wedding" title="A Respectable Wedding">A Wedding</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Driving_Out_a_Devil" title="Driving Out a Devil">Driving Out a Devil</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mysteries_of_a_Barbershop" title="Mysteries of a Barbershop">Mysteries of a Barbershop</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_the_Jungle_of_Cities" title="In the Jungle of Cities">In the Jungle of Cities</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Life_of_Edward_II_of_England" title="The Life of Edward II of England">Edward II</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man_Equals_Man" title="Man Equals Man">Man Equals Man</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Downfall_of_the_Egotist_Johann_Fatzer" title="Downfall of the Egotist Johann Fatzer">Downfall of the Egotist Johann Fatzer</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Elephant_Calf" title="The Elephant Calf">The Elephant Calf</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahagonny-Songspiel" title="Mahagonny-Songspiel">Little Mahagonny</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Threepenny_Opera" title="The Threepenny Opera">The Threepenny Opera</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Flight_Across_the_Ocean" title="The Flight Across the Ocean">The Flight Across the Ocean</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Baden-Baden_Lesson_on_Consent" title="The Baden-Baden Lesson on Consent">The Baden-Baden Lesson on Consent</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Happy_End_(musical)" title="Happy End (musical)">Happy End</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rise_and_Fall_of_the_City_of_Mahagonny" title="Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny">Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Der_Jasager" title="Der Jasager">Der Jasager</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Der_Neinsager" title="Der Neinsager">Der Neinsager</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Decision_(play)" title="The Decision (play)">The Decision</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joan_of_the_Stockyards" title="Saint Joan of the Stockyards">Saint Joan of the Stockyards</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Exception_and_the_Rule" title="The Exception and the Rule">The Exception and the Rule</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mother_(Brecht_play)" title="The Mother (Brecht play)">The Mother</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kuhle_Wampe" title="Kuhle Wampe">Kuhle Wampe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Seven_Deadly_Sins_(ballet_chant%C3%A9)" title="The Seven Deadly Sins (ballet chanté)">The Seven Deadly Sins</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Round_Heads_and_Pointed_Heads" title="Round Heads and Pointed Heads">Round Heads and Pointed Heads</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Horatians_and_the_Curiatians" title="The Horatians and the Curiatians">The Horatians and the Curiatians</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fear_and_Misery_of_the_Third_Reich" title="Fear and Misery of the Third Reich">Fear and Misery of the Third Reich</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Se%C3%B1ora_Carrar%27s_Rifles" title="Señora Carrar's Rifles">Señora Carrar's Rifles</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Galileo" title="Life of Galileo">Life of Galileo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/How_Much_Is_Your_Iron%3F" title="How Much Is Your Iron?">How Much Is Your Iron?</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dansen" title="Dansen">Dansen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mother_Courage_and_Her_Children" title="Mother Courage and Her Children">Mother Courage and Her Children</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Trial_of_Lucullus" title="The Trial of Lucullus">The Trial of Lucullus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mr_Puntila_and_His_Man_Matti" title="Mr Puntila and His Man Matti">Mr Puntila and His Man Matti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Person_of_Szechwan" title="The Good Person of Szechwan">The Good Person of Szechwan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Resistible_Rise_of_Arturo_Ui" title="The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui">The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hangmen_Also_Die!" title="Hangmen Also Die!">Hangmen Also Die!</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Visions_of_Simone_Machard" title="The Visions of Simone Machard">The Visions of Simone Machard</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Duchess_of_Malfi_(Brecht)" title="The Duchess of Malfi (Brecht)">The Duchess of Malfi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schweik_in_the_Second_World_War" title="Schweik in the Second World War">Schweyk in the Second World War</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Caucasian Chalk Circle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antigone_(Brecht_play)" title="Antigone (Brecht play)">Antigone</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Days_of_the_Commune" title="The Days of the Commune">The Days of the Commune</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Tutor_(Brecht)" title="The Tutor (Brecht)">The Tutor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Die_Verurteilung_des_Lukullus" title="Die Verurteilung des Lukullus">Die Verurteilung des Lukullus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Report_from_Herrnburg" title="Report from Herrnburg">Report from Herrnburg</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coriolanus_(Brecht)" title="Coriolanus (Brecht)">Coriolanus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Trial_of_Joan_of_Arc_at_Rouen,_1431" title="The Trial of Joan of Arc at Rouen, 1431">The Trial of Joan of Arc at Rouen, 1431</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Turandot_(Brecht)" title="Turandot (Brecht)">Turandot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Don_Juan_(Brecht)" title="Don Juan (Brecht)">Don Juan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trumpets_and_Drums" title="Trumpets and Drums">Trumpets and Drums</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poems, songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Reminiscence_of_Marie_A." title="Reminiscence of Marie A.">Reminiscence of Marie A.</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Alabama_Song" title="Alabama Song">Alabama Song</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Pirate_Jenny" title="Pirate Jenny">Pirate Jenny</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/What_Keeps_Mankind_Alive%3F" title="What Keeps Mankind Alive?">What Keeps Mankind Alive?</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Solidarit%C3%A4tslied" title="Solidaritätslied">Solidaritätslied</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Einheitsfrontlied" title="Einheitsfrontlied">Einheitsfrontlied</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Kinderhymne" title="Kinderhymne">Kinderhymne</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Die_L%C3%B6sung" title="Die Lösung">Die Lösung</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories and<br />techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epic_theatre" title="Epic theatre">Epic theatre</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lehrst%C3%BCcke" title="Lehrstücke">Lehrstücke</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aristotelian_drama" title="Non-Aristotelian drama">Non-Aristotelian drama</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complex_seeing" title="Complex seeing">Complex seeing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distancing_effect" title="Distancing effect">Defamiliarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonstration_(acting)" title="Demonstration (acting)">Demonstration</a></li> <li><i> <a href="/wiki/Fabel" title="Fabel">Fabel</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gestus" title="Gestus">Gestus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicization" title="Historicization">Historicization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interruptions_(epic_theatre)" title="Interruptions (epic theatre)">Interruptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Not_/_But" title="Not / But">Not / But</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refunctioning" title="Refunctioning">Refunctioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_the_elements" title="Separation of the elements">Separation of the elements</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Messingkauf_Dialogues" title="Messingkauf Dialogues">Messingkauf Dialogues</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Modern_Theatre_Is_the_Epic_Theatre" title="The Modern Theatre Is the Epic Theatre">The Modern Theatre Is the Epic Theatre</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Short_Organum_for_the_Theatre" title="A Short Organum for the Theatre">A Short Organum for the Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_scene" title="Street scene">Street scene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Bertolt_Brecht" title="Category:Bertolt Brecht">Category</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4099141-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1899510">Spain</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Der kaukasische Kreidekreis"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/work/676940c9-ad8e-417d-b6b3-759dbb0e1b34">MusicBrainz work</a></span></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div 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