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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Use_of_the_American_racist_model" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_of_the_American_racist_model"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Use of the American racist model </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_of_the_American_racist_model-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Response_to_World_War_I_and_Italian_Fascism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Response_to_World_War_I_and_Italian_Fascism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Response to World War I and Italian Fascism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Response_to_World_War_I_and_Italian_Fascism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ideology_and_programme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ideology_and_programme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Ideology and programme </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ideology_and_programme-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ideology and programme subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ideology_and_programme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nationalism_and_racialism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nationalism_and_racialism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Nationalism and racialism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nationalism_and_racialism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Irredentism_and_expansionism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Irredentism_and_expansionism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Irredentism and expansionism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Irredentism_and_expansionism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Racial_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racial_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Racial theories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racial_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_class" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_class"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Social class </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_class-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sex_and_gender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sex_and_gender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Sex and gender </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sex_and_gender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Opposition_to_homosexuality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Opposition_to_homosexuality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Opposition to homosexuality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Opposition_to_homosexuality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Economics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Anti-communism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-communism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.1 Anti-communism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-communism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_of_capitalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_of_capitalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.2 Views of capitalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_of_capitalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Totalitarianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Totalitarianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Totalitarianism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Totalitarianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification:_Reactionary_or_Revolutionary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification:_Reactionary_or_Revolutionary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Classification: Reactionary or Revolutionary </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification:_Reactionary_or_Revolutionary-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Classification: Reactionary or Revolutionary subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Classification:_Reactionary_or_Revolutionary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contemporary_events_and_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_events_and_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Contemporary events and views </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_events_and_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_Nazism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_Nazism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Post-war Nazism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war_Nazism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Nazism</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 121 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-121" aria-hidden="true" > 121 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasionaal-Sosialisme" title="Nasionaal-Sosialisme – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nasionaal-Sosialisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalsozialismus" title="Nationalsozialismus – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Nationalsozialismus" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9E%C4%93odlices_gem%C7%A3nscipes_r%C7%A3d" title="Þēodlices gemǣnscipes rǣd – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Þēodlices gemǣnscipes rǣd" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="نازية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نازية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazismo" title="Nazismo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Nazismo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazismu" title="Nazismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nazismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1si" title="Nási – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Nási" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasional_sosializm" title="Nasional sosializm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nasional sosializm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="نازیسم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نازیسم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%8E%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="নাৎসিবাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নাৎসিবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Нацыянал-сацыялізм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нацыянал-сацыялізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Нацыянал-сацыялізм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нацыянал-сацыялізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Националсоциализъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Националсоциализъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalsozialismus" title="Nationalsozialismus – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Nationalsozialismus" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacizam" title="Nacizam – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nacizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naziegezh" title="Naziegezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Naziegezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Нацизм – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Нацизм" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazisme" title="Nazisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nazisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacismus" title="Nacismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nacismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nats%C3%AFaeth" title="Natsïaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Natsïaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazisme" title="Nazisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nazisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalsozialismus" title="Nationalsozialismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nationalsozialismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natsionaalsotsialism" title="Natsionaalsotsialism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Natsionaalsotsialism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CE%B1%CE%B6%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Ναζισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ναζισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazismo" title="Nazismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nazismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naziismo" title="Naziismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Naziismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazionalsozialismo" title="Nazionalsozialismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nazionalsozialismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="نازیسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نازیسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasisma" title="Nasisma – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Nasisma" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazisme" title="Nazisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nazisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasjonaalsosjalisme" title="Nasjonaalsosjalisme – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Nasjonaalsosjalisme" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naits%C3%ADochas" title="Naitsíochas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Naitsíochas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A0sachd" title="Nàsachd – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Nàsachd" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazismo" title="Nazismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nazismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%9D%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A6" title="નાઝીવાદ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="નાઝીવાદ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%82%98%EC%B9%98%EC%A6%98" title="나치즘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="나치즘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AC-%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Նացիոնալ-սոցիալիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նացիոնալ-սոցիալիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="नाज़ीवाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नाज़ीवाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalsocializm" title="Nacionalsocializm – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Nacionalsocializm" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalsocijalizam" title="Nacionalsocijalizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nacionalsocijalizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazismo" title="Nazismo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nazismo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazisme" title="Nazisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nazisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazismo" title="Nazismo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Nazismo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalsocialisme" title="Nationalsocialisme – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Nationalsocialisme" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasismi" title="Nasismi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nasismi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazionalsocialismo" title="Nazionalsocialismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nazionalsocialismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="נאציזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נאציזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%9B-%C9%9Bja%C9%96%C9%9B_y%C9%94%C9%94_l%CA%8Ab%C9%A9y%C9%9B_l%C9%A9ma%C9%A3z%C9%A9y%C9%9B" title="Mɛ-ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ lʊbɩyɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Mɛ-ɛjaɖɛ yɔɔ lʊbɩyɛ lɩmaɣzɩyɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ನಾಜಿಸಮ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನಾಜಿಸಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A-%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ნაციონალ-სოციალიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნაციონალ-სოციალიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Нацизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Нацизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazieth" title="Nazieth – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Nazieth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasyonalsosyal%C3%AEzm" title="Nasyonalsosyalîzm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Nasyonalsosyalîzm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Nazism" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazismus" title="Nazismus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nazismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacion%C4%81lsoci%C4%81lisms" title="Nacionālsociālisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nacionālsociālisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalsozialismus" title="Nationalsozialismus – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Nationalsozialismus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacizmas" title="Nacizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nacizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationaolsocialisme" title="Nationaolsocialisme – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Nationaolsocialisme" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazisme" title="Nazisme – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Nazisme" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazionalsocialism" title="Nazionalsocialism – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Nazionalsocialism" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemzetiszocializmus" title="Nemzetiszocializmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nemzetiszocializmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Националсоцијализам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Националсоцијализам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazisma" title="Nazisma – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Nazisma" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82" title="നാസിസം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നാസിസം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="नाझीवाद – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नाझीवाद" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A-%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ნაციონალ-სოციალიზმი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნაციონალ-სოციალიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%87" title="نازيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نازيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazisme" title="Nazisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nazisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Нацизм – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нацизм" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC%E1%80%87%E1%80%AE%E1%81%8A_%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC%E1%80%87%E1%80%AD%E1%80%85%E1%80%99%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="နာဇီ၊ နာဇိစမက် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နာဇီ၊ နာဇိစမက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationaalsocialisme" title="Nationaalsocialisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nationaalsocialisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="नाजीवाद – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="नाजीवाद" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8A%E3%83%81%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0" title="ナチズム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ナチズム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazzismo" title="Nazzismo – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Nazzismo" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasjonalsosialisme" title="Nasjonalsosialisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nasjonalsosialisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazisme" title="Nazisme – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nazisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazisme" title="Nazisme – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nazisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natsizm" title="Natsizm – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Natsizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6" title="ਨਾਜ਼ੀਵਾਦ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਾਜ਼ੀਵਾਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazime" title="Nazime – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Nazime" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasism" title="Nasism – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Nasism" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazizm" title="Nazizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nazizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazismo" title="Nazismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nazismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nazism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naziunalsocialissem" title="Naziunalsocialissem – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Naziunalsocialissem" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Націзм – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Націзм" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Нацизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нацизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Нацизм – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Нацизм" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Nazism" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazizmi" title="Nazizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Nazizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazzismu" title="Nazzismu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Nazzismu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%BA" title="නාසි වාදය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නාසි වාදය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nazism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="نازيت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="نازيت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacizmus" title="Nacizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nacizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacionalsocializem" title="Nacionalsocializem – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nacionalsocializem" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="نازیزم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="نازیزم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Нацизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нацизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacizam" title="Nacizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nacizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazisme" title="Nazisme – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Nazisme" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansallissosialismi" title="Kansallissosialismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kansallissosialismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nazism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazismo" title="Nazismo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Nazismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="நாசிசம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நாசிசம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5" title="ระบอบนาซี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ระบอบนาซี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC" title="Нозисм – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Нозисм" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasyonal_sosyalizm" title="Nasyonal sosyalizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nasyonal sosyalizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB-%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Націонал-соціалізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Націонал-соціалізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="نازیت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نازیت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasionalsocia%C5%82ismo" title="Nasionalsociałismo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Nasionalsociałismo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%A7_ngh%C4%A9a_qu%E1%BB%91c_x%C3%A3" title="Chủ nghĩa quốc xã – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chủ nghĩa quốc xã" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netasog%C3%A4dim" title="Netasogädim – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Netasogädim" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazisse" title="Nazisse – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Nazisse" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazismo" title="Nazismo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Nazismo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E7%B2%B9%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="纳粹主义 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="纳粹主义" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="נאציזם – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="נאציזם" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%8D%E7%B2%B9" title="納粹 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="納粹" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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/></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Authoritarian ideology, originated in Germany</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"National Socialism" and "Nazi" redirect here. For the party for whom the ideology is named, see <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/National_Socialism_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="National Socialism (disambiguation)">National Socialism (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nazi_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Nazi (disambiguation)">Nazi (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For Nazism after WWII, see <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Hitlerism" redirects here. 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0; font-size:200%; font-weight:medium;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nazism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.8em 0 1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_NSDAP_(1920%E2%80%931945).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_the_NSDAP_%281920%E2%80%931945%29.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_NSDAP_%281920%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_the_NSDAP_%281920%E2%80%931945%29.svg/113px-Flag_of_the_NSDAP_%281920%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_the_NSDAP_%281920%E2%80%931945%29.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_NSDAP_%281920%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0 0.4em 0;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahnenerbe" title="Ahnenerbe">Ahnenerbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaman_League" title="Artaman League">Artaman League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Geheime Staatspolizei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Fichte-Bund" title="Deutscher Fichte-Bund">Deutscher Fichte-Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Jungvolk" title="Deutsches Jungvolk">Deutsches Jungvolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Eher_Nachfolger" title="Franz Eher Nachfolger">Franz Eher Nachfolger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_German_Girls" title="League of German Girls">League of German Girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_Todt" title="Organisation Todt">Organisation Todt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Doctors%27_League" title="National Socialist German Doctors' League">NSDÄB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Students%27_League" title="National Socialist German Students' League">NSDStB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_League_of_the_Reich_for_Physical_Exercise" title="National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise">NSRL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Flyers_Corps" title="National Socialist Flyers Corps">NSFK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Motor_Corps" title="National Socialist Motor Corps">NSKK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Women%27s_League" title="National Socialist Women's League">NSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Nazi media organizations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationalsozialistische_Monatshefte" title="Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte">Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Volk" title="Neues Volk">Neues Volk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NS-Frauen-Warte" title="NS-Frauen-Warte">NS-Frauen-Warte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Reich_(newspaper)" title="Das Reich (newspaper)">Das Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Schwarze_Korps" title="Das Schwarze Korps">Das Schwarze Korps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a> (SD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung</a> (SA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a> (SS) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS-Gefolge_(Women%27s_SS_Division)" title="SS-Gefolge (Women's SS Division)">SS Gefolge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0 0.4em 0;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_timeline_of_Nazism" title="Early timeline of Nazism">Early timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Program" title="National Socialist Program">National Socialist Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Hitler's rise to power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power#Seizure_of_control_(1931–1933)" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Machtergreifung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gleichschaltung" title="Gleichschaltung">Gleichschaltung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_rearmament" title="German rearmament">German rearmament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirchenkampf" title="Kirchenkampf">Kirchenkampf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Adolf Hitler's cult of personality">Adolf Hitler's cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act of 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives" title="Night of the Long Knives">Night of the Long Knives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_rallies" title="Nuremberg rallies">Nuremberg rallies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938%E2%80%931939_German_expedition_to_Tibet" title="1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet">1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">Denazification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Final_solution" class="mw-redirect" title="Final solution">Final solution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Concentration camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">Deportations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_Trial" title="Doctors' Trial">Doctors' Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">Ghettos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human experimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">Labour camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogroms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation#Germany" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0 0.4em 0;color: var(--color-base)">Ideology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_and_ideology#Socialism_and_communism" title="Fascism and ideology">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism#Fascism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_and_ideology#Liberalism" title="Fascism and ideology">Anti-liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Criticism" title="Pacifism">Anti-pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_and_soil" title="Blood and soil">Blood and soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolchsto%C3%9Flegende" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolchstoßlegende">Dolchstoßlegende</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">International Jewry</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Judeo-Bolshevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrerprinzip" title="Führerprinzip">Führerprinzip</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">Economic interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopolitik" title="Geopolitik">Geopolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimat" title="Heimat">Heimat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="German imperialism">Imperialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Germanic_Reich" title="Greater Germanic Reich">Greater Germanic Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heim_ins_Reich" title="Heim ins Reich">Heim ins Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Pan-Germanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_militarism" title="German militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palingenetic_ultranationalism" title="Palingenetic ultranationalism">Palingenetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_nationalism" title="Revolutionary nationalism">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Man_(utopian_concept)#Fascist" title="New Man (utopian concept)">New Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Nazism)" title="New Order (Nazism)">New Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussianism" title="Prussianism">Prussianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Racism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Anti-Slavic sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_race#Nazism_and_Neo-Nazism" title="Aryan race">Aryan race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryanism" title="Aryanism">Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_race" title="Master race">Master race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordicism" title="Nordicism">Nordicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassenschande" title="Rassenschande">Rassenschande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untermenschen" class="mw-redirect" title="Untermenschen">Untermenschen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_equality" title="Völkisch equality">Völkisch equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_modernism" title="Reactionary modernism">Reactionary modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism#Nazism,_eugenics,_fascism,_imperialism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_interventionism" title="Social interventionism">Social interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksgemeinschaft" title="Volksgemeinschaft">Volksgemeinschaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volk_ohne_Raum" title="Volk ohne Raum">Volk ohne Raum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksk%C3%B6rper" title="Volkskörper">Volkskörper</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0 0.4em 0;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4the_Bierbaumer" title="Käthe Bierbaumer">Bierbaumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Julius_Bloem" title="Walter Julius Bloem">Bloem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bormann" title="Martin Bormann">Bormann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Daluege" title="Kurt Daluege">Daluege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Dönitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Drexler" title="Anton Drexler">Drexler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Eichmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Esser" title="Hermann Esser">Esser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Fischer" title="Eugen Fischer">Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Frick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Heydrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Goebbels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Göring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Keller" title="Carlos Keller">Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Lammers" title="Hans Lammers">Lammers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Lutze" title="Viktor Lutze">Lutze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Mitford" title="Unity Mitford">Mitford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">von Neurath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidkun_Quisling#Head_of_the_government" title="Vidkun Quisling">Quisling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">von Ribbentrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%B6hm" title="Ernst Röhm">Röhm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Schacht#Involvement_with_the_NSDAP_(Nazi_Party)_and_government" title="Hjalmar Schacht">Schacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldur_von_Schirach" title="Baldur von Schirach">von Schirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrud_Scholtz-Klink" title="Gertrud Scholtz-Klink">Scholtz-Klink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Seldte" title="Franz Seldte">Seldte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Seyss-Inquart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Speer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Strasser" title="Gregor Strasser">Strasser (Gregor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Strasser" title="Otto Strasser">Strasser (Otto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Streicher" title="Julius Streicher">Streicher</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0 0.4em 0;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologues</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li>Pre-Machtergreifung <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Moritz_Arndt" title="Ernst Moritz Arndt">Arndt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile-Louis_Burnouf" title="Émile-Louis Burnouf">Burnouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drumont" title="Édouard Drumont">Drumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Eckart" title="Dietrich Eckart">Eckart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Fritsch" title="Theodor Fritsch">Fritsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Arthur de Gobineau">de Gobineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Grant" title="Madison Grant">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Lanz_von_Liebenfels" title="Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels">von Liebenfels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_von_List" title="Guido von List">von List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_L%C3%B6ns#Reception_in_National_Socialist_Germany" title="Hermann Löns">Löns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Lueger" title="Karl Lueger">Lueger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Marr" title="Wilhelm Marr">Marr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_and_reception_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche#Nietzsche_and_fascism" title="Influence and reception of Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a> (Contentious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ratzel#Writings" title="Friedrich Ratzel">Ratzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Riehl" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Riehl">Riehl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin#Politics_and_critique_of_political_economy" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner#Views" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Post-Machtergreifung <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Anacker" title="Heinrich Anacker">Anacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Baeumler" title="Alfred Baeumler">Baeumler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Bergmann_(philosopher)" title="Ernst Bergmann (philosopher)">Bergmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred-Ingemar_Berndt" title="Alfred-Ingemar Berndt">Berndt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Walther_Darr%C3%A9" title="Richard Walther Darré">Darré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Eggers" title="Kurt Eggers">Eggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Eichrodt" title="Walther Eichrodt">Eichrodt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Feder" title="Gottfried Feder">Feder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford#Antisemitism_and_The_Dearborn_Independent" title="Henry Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Grimm" title="Hans Grimm">Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_F._K._G%C3%BCnther" title="Hans F. K. Günther">Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Wilhelm_Hauer" title="Jakob Wilhelm Hauer">Hauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Haushofer" title="Karl Haushofer">Haushofer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger_and_Nazism" title="Martin Heidegger and Nazism">Heidegger</a> (Contentious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willibald_Hentschel" title="Willibald Hentschel">Hentschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hoche" title="Alfred Hoche">Hoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini#Ties_with_the_Axis_Powers_during_World_War_II" title="Amin al-Husseini">al-Husseini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Jung" title="Rudolf Jung">Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krannhals" title="Paul Krannhals">Krannhals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krieck" title="Ernst Krieck">Kriek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh#Antisemitism_and_views_on_race" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_M%C3%BCller" title="Ludwig Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Plenge" title="Johann Plenge">Plenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Rahn" title="Otto Rahn">Rahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoun_Saadeh" title="Antoun Saadeh">Saadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Ernst Schäfer">Schäfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Schmalenbach" title="Herman Schmalenbach">Schmalenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a> (Contentious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_von_Sebottendorf" title="Rudolf von Sebottendorf">von Sebottendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Schwarz_(philosopher)" title="Hermann Schwarz (philosopher)">Schwarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Stapel" title="Wilhelm Stapel">Stapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giselher_Wirsing" title="Giselher Wirsing">Wirsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Zimmermann" title="Ferdinand Zimmermann">Zimmermann</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0 0.4em 0;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Foundations_of_the_Nineteenth_Century" title="The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century">The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century</a> (1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">The Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Passing_of_the_Great_Race" title="The Passing of the Great Race">The Passing of the Great Race</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preussentum_und_Sozialismus" class="mw-redirect" title="Preussentum und Sozialismus">Preussentum und Sozialismus</a> (1919)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/25-point_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="25-point Program">25-point Program</a>" (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_International_Jew" title="The International Jew">The International Jew</a> (1920s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassenkunde_des_deutschen_Volkes" title="Rassenkunde des deutschen Volkes">Rassenkunde des deutschen Volkes</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Dritte_Reich" title="Das Dritte Reich">Das Dritte Reich</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_America_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="White America (book)">White America</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitlers_Zweites_Buch" title="Hitlers Zweites Buch">Hitlers Zweites Buch</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(novel)" title="Michael (novel)">Michael</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Twentieth_Century" title="The Myth of the Twentieth Century">The Myth of the Twentieth Century</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gel%C3%B6bnis_treuester_Gefolgschaft" title="Gelöbnis treuester Gefolgschaft">Gelöbnis treuester Gefolgschaft</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ich_K%C3%A4mpfe" title="Ich Kämpfe">I Fight</a> (1942)</li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0 0.4em 0;color: var(--color-base)">Religion</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariosophy" title="Ariosophy">Ariosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thule_Society" title="Thule Society">Thule Society</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Christmas in Nazi Germany">Christmas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Nazism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric Nazism">Esoteric Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Evangelical_Church" title="German Evangelical Church">German Evangelical Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Christians_(movement)" title="German Christians (movement)">Deutsche Christen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Faith_Movement" title="German Faith Movement">German Faith Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottgl%C3%A4ubig" title="Gottgläubig">Gottgläubig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirchenkampf" title="Kirchenkampf">Kirchenkampf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occultism_in_Nazism" title="Occultism in Nazism">Occultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_Christianity" title="Positive Christianity">Positive Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Religion in Nazi Germany">Religion under Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_aspects_of_Nazism" title="Religious aspects of Nazism">Religious aspects of Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Religious views of Adolf Hitler">Religious views of Adolf Hitler</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_symbolism" title="Nazi symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0 0.4em 0;color: var(--color-base)">Outside of Germany</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_the_Americas" title="Nazism in the Americas">Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Brazil" title="Nazism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Chile" title="Nazism in Chile">Chile</a></li></ul></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Nazism_in_Greece" title="Template:Nazism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Sweden" title="Nazism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Category:Nazi_parties" title="Category:Nazi parties">Parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Nazi_Party" title="American Nazi Party">American Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party" title="Arrow Cross Party">Arrow Cross Party (Hungary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_National_Movement_in_Liechtenstein" title="German National Movement in Liechtenstein">German National Movement in Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasjonal_Samling" title="Nasjonal Samling">Nasjonal Samling (Norway)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands">National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_of_Chile" title="National Socialist Movement of Chile">National Socialist Movement of Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(United_States)" title="National Socialist Movement (United States)">National Socialist Movement (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Workers%27_Party_of_Denmark" title="National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark">National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Resistance_Movement" title="Nordic Resistance Movement">Nordic Resistance Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossewabrandwag" title="Ossewabrandwag">Ossewabrandwag (South Africa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUMKA" title="SUMKA">SUMKA (Iran)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsagaan_Khas" title="Tsagaan Khas">Tsagaan Khas (Mongolia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Union_of_National_Socialists" title="World Union of National Socialists">World Union of National Socialists</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0 0.4em 0;color: var(--color-base)">Lists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Bibliography of Adolf Hitler">Bibliography of Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ideologues" title="List of Nazi ideologues">Nazi ideologues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_Party_leaders_and_officials" title="List of Nazi Party leaders and officials">NSDAP leaders and officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazis" title="List of Nazis">Nazi Party members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_last_surviving_people_suspected_of_participation_in_Nazi_war_crimes" title="List of last surviving people suspected of participation in Nazi war crimes">Last surviving war crime suspects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ideologues" title="List of Nazi ideologues">Party ideologues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speeches_given_by_Adolf_Hitler" title="List of speeches given by Adolf Hitler">Speeches given by Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SS_personnel" title="List of SS personnel">SS personnel</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0 0.4em 0;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bolshevist_League#Historical_interpretation" title="Anti-Bolshevist League">Anti-Bolshevist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Art in Nazi Germany">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_architecture" title="Nazi architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_cinema" title="Nazism and cinema">Cinema</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ats%C4%B1zism" title="Atsızism">Atsızism</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Beefsteak_Nazi" title="Beefsteak Nazi">Beefsteak Nazi</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Economy of Nazi Germany">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denordification" title="Denordification">Denordification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renordification" title="Renordification">Renordification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Glossary of Nazi Germany">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drang_nach_Osten" title="Drang nach Osten">Drang nach Osten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst-Wessel-Lied" title="Horst-Wessel-Lied">Horst-Wessel-Lied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Political views of Adolf Hitler">Political views of Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_propaganda_and_the_United_Kingdom" title="Nazi propaganda and the United Kingdom">Nazi propaganda and the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_racial_theories" title="Nazi racial theories">Racial theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorelianism" title="Sorelianism">Sorelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Women in Nazi Germany">Women</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Nazism" title="Category:Nazism">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" 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#000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Fascism" title="Category:Fascism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0; font-size:200%; font-weight:medium;"><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding: 0.8em 0 1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Eagle_with_fasces.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Eagle with fasces"><img alt="Eagle with fasces" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Eagle_with_fasces.svg/140px-Eagle_with_fasces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Eagle_with_fasces.svg/210px-Eagle_with_fasces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Eagle_with_fasces.svg/280px-Eagle_with_fasces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="914" data-file-height="435" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actual_idealism" title="Actual idealism">Actual idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism#Fascism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_nation" title="Bourgeois nation">Anti-materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Criticism" title="Pacifism">Anti-pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism#Fascist_corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_Corporation" title="Proprietary Corporation">Proprietary Corporation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_capitalism" title="Heroic capitalism">Heroic capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_realism" title="Heroic realism">Heroic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Heroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_interventionism" title="Social interventionism">Social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_rationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of rationalism">Irrationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machismo" title="Machismo">Machismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_of_masculinity_under_fascist_Italy" title="Model of masculinity under fascist Italy">Masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_syndicalism" title="National syndicalism">National syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palingenetic_ultranationalism" title="Palingenetic ultranationalism">Palingenetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Man_(utopian_concept)#Fascist" title="New Man (utopian concept)">New Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_war" title="Perpetual war">Perpetual war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_nation" title="Proletarian nation">Proletarian nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_modernism" title="Reactionary modernism">Reactionary modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism#Nazism,_eugenics,_fascism,_imperialism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spazio_vitale" title="Spazio vitale">Spazio vitale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercapitalism" title="Supercapitalism">Supercapitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_fascism" title="Definitions of fascism">Definitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_fascism" title="Economics of fascism">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_and_ideology" title="Fascism and ideology">Ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_martyrs" title="Fascist martyrs">Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements" title="List of fascist movements">Movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_mysticism" title="Fascist mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_symbolism" title="Fascist symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ali_al-Gaylani#Iran,_Italy,_Germany_and_Saudi_Arabia" title="Rashid Ali al-Gaylani">al-Gaylani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_Arcand" title="Adrien Arcand">Arcand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadao_Araki" title="Sadao Araki">Araki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_Balbo" title="Italo Balbo">Balbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_B%C3%B6sz%C3%B6rm%C3%A9ny" title="Zoltán Böszörmény">Böszörmény</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Bottai" title="Giuseppe Bottai">Bottai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Bourgin" title="Hubert Bourgin">Bourgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Blythe" title="Ernest Blythe">Blythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Bucard" title="Marcel Bucard">Bucard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_Ciano" title="Galeazzo Ciano">Ciano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu" title="Corneliu Zelea Codreanu">Codreanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Darnand" title="Joseph Darnand">Darnand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_D%C3%A9at" title="Marcel Déat">Déat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Degrelle" title="Léon Degrelle">Degrelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_D%C3%A9roul%C3%A8de" title="Paul Déroulède">Déroulède</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Doriot" title="Jacques Doriot">Doriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Per_Engdahl" title="Per Engdahl">Engdahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Federzoni" title="Luigi Federzoni">Federzoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_A._Flores" title="Luis A. Flores">Flores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid%27hat_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Mid'hat Frashëri">Frashëri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavian_Goga" title="Octavian Goga">Goga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrej_Hlinka" title="Andrej Hlinka">Hlinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hoornaert" title="Paul Hoornaert">Hoornaert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrije_Ljoti%C4%87" title="Dimitrije Ljotić">Ljotić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Man#Collaboration" title="Henri de Man">de Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorge_Gonz%C3%A1lez_von_Mar%C3%A9es" title="Jorge González von Marées">von Marées</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davud_Monshizadeh" title="Davud Monshizadeh">Monshizadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Mosley" title="Oswald Mosley">Mosley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seig%C5%8D_Nakano" title="Seigō Nakano">Nakano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoin_O%27Duffy" title="Eoin O'Duffy">O'Duffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidkun_Quisling" title="Vidkun Quisling">Quisling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ante_Paveli%C4%87" title="Ante Pavelić">Pavelić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Pavolini" title="Alessandro Pavolini">Pavolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley" title="William Dudley Pelley">Pelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Rol%C3%A3o_Preto" title="Francisco Rolão Preto">Preto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Primo_de_Rivera" title="José Antonio Primo de Rivera">Primo de Rivera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiro_Ledesma_Ramos" title="Ramiro Ledesma Ramos">Ramos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Rodzaevsky" title="Konstantin Rodzaevsky">Rodzaevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoun_Saadeh" title="Antoun Saadeh">Saadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%ADnio_Salgado" title="Plínio Salgado">Salgado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horia_Sima" title="Horia Sima">Sima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achille_Starace" title="Achille Starace">Starace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%BCdiger_Starhemberg" title="Ernst Rüdiger Starhemberg">Starhemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Strasser" title="Gregor Strasser">Strasser (Gregor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Strasser" title="Otto Strasser">Strasser (Otto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Sz%C3%A1lasi" title="Ferenc Szálasi">Szálasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jozef_Tiso" title="Jozef Tiso">Tiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alparslan_T%C3%BCrke%C5%9F" title="Alparslan Türkeş">Türkeş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xavier_Vallat" title="Xavier Vallat">Vallat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Valois" title="Georges Valois">Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joris_Van_Severen" title="Joris Van Severen">Van Severen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Wilson" title="Arnold Wilson">Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Arthuys#Fascist_leader" title="Jacques Arthuys">Arthuys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bard%C3%A8che" title="Maurice Bardèche">Bardèche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_B%C3%A9raud" title="Henri Béraud">Béraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traian_Br%C4%83ileanu" title="Traian Brăileanu">Brăileanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brasillach" title="Robert Brasillach">Brasillach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Ferdinand_C%C3%A9line#Antisemitism,_fascism_and_collaboration" title="Louis-Ferdinand Céline">Céline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Chesterton" title="A. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelfo_Civinini" title="Guelfo Civinini">Civinini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Cogni" title="Giulio Cogni">Cogni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seward_Collins" title="Seward Collins">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Corradini" title="Enrico Corradini">Corradini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichifor_Crainic" title="Nichifor Crainic">Crainic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce#Relations_with_Italian_fascism" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvator_Cupcea#Moldovan's_aide" title="Salvator Cupcea">Cupcea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriele_D%27Annunzio" title="Gabriele D'Annunzio">D'Annunzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dilling" title="Elizabeth Dilling">Dilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Drieu_La_Rochelle" title="Pierre Drieu La Rochelle">Drieu La Rochelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Giani" title="Niccolò Giani">Giani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrado_Gini#Under_fascism" title="Corrado Gini">Gini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Arthur de Gobineau">de Gobineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traian_Herseni#National_Legionary_doctrinaire" title="Traian Herseni">Herseni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikki_Kita" title="Ikki Kita">Kita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krannhals" title="Paul Krannhals">Krannhals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Vacher_de_Lapouge" title="Georges Vacher de Lapouge">de Lapouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyndham_Lewis#Political_views" title="Wyndham Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curzio_Malaparte" title="Curzio Malaparte">Malaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabin_Manuil%C4%83" title="Sabin Manuilă">Manuilă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti" title="Filippo Tommaso Marinetti">Marinetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Maxence" title="Jean-Pierre Maxence">Maxence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Mosley" title="Diana Mosley">Mosley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Ojetti#Ojetti_and_fascism" title="Ugo Ojetti">Ojetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%ABmei_%C5%8Ckawa" title="Shūmei Ōkawa">Ōkawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Oliviero_Olivetti" title="Angelo Oliviero Olivetti">Olivetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Orano" title="Paolo Orano">Orano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Panero" title="Leopoldo Panero">Panero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Panunzio" title="Sergio Panunzio">Panunzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello#Italy_under_the_Fascists" title="Luigi Pirandello">Pirandello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Pitt-Rivers" title="George Pitt-Rivers">Pitt-Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiro_Ledesma_Ramos" title="Ramiro Ledesma Ramos">Ramos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Rebatet" title="Lucien Rebatet">Rebatet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arturo_Reghini" title="Arturo Reghini">Reghini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izabela_Sadoveanu-Evan" title="Izabela Sadoveanu-Evan">Sadoveanu-Evan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Loup_(writer)" title="Saint-Loup (writer)">Saint-Loup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar#Fascism" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massimo_Scaligero" title="Massimo Scaligero">Scaligero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Schwarz_(philosopher)" title="Hermann Schwarz (philosopher)">Schwarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardengo_Soffici#Later_life" title="Ardengo Soffici">Soffici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Spirito" title="Ugo Spirito">Spirito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Streel" title="José Streel">Streel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Raven_Thomson" title="Alexander Raven Thomson">Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Ungaretti#Hermeticism_and_fascism" title="Giuseppe Ungaretti">Ungaretti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Valois" title="Georges Valois">Valois</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Il_trionfo_della_morte" title="Il trionfo della morte">Triumph of Death</a> (1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Flame_(novel)" title="The Flame (novel)">The Flame</a> (1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Will_to_Power_(manuscript)" title="The Will to Power (manuscript)">The Will to Power</a> (1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_Violence" title="Reflections on Violence">Reflections on Violence</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascio_Rivoluzionario_d%27Azione_Internazionalista#Manifesto" title="Fascio Rivoluzionario d'Azione Internazionalista">Fascio Rivoluzionario d'Azione Internazionalista</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussianism_and_Socialism" title="Prussianism and Socialism">Prussianism and Socialism</a> (1919)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_Futurism" title="Manifesto of Futurism">Futurist Manifesto</a>" (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Manifesto" title="Fascist Manifesto">Fascist Manifesto</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Dritte_Reich" title="Das Dritte Reich">Das Dritte Reich</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Fascist_Intellectuals" title="Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals">Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Second" title="Frederick the Second">Frederick the Second</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Autobiography_(Mussolini_book)" title="My Autobiography (Mussolini book)">My Autobiography</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Twentieth_Century" title="The Myth of the Twentieth Century">The Myth of the Twentieth Century</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Outlaws_(novel)" title="The Outlaws (novel)">The Outlaws</a> (1930)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Doctrine_of_Fascism" title="The Doctrine of Fascism">The Doctrine of Fascism</a>" (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-Six_Point_Program_of_the_Falange" title="Twenty-Six Point Program of the Falange">Twenty-Six Point Program of the Falange</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man,_the_Unknown" title="Man, the Unknown">Man, the Unknown</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_My_Legionaries" title="For My Legionaries">For My Legionaries</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guide_to_Kulchur" title="Guide to Kulchur">Guide to Kulchur</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilles_(novel)" title="Gilles (novel)">Gilles</a> (1939)</li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party" title="Arrow Cross Party">Arrow Cross Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackshirts" title="Blackshirts">Blackshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueshirts" title="Blueshirts">Blueshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralist_Action" title="Brazilian Integralist Action">Brazilian Integralist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_National_Party" title="British National Party">British National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Union_of_Fascists" title="British Union of Fascists">British Union of Fascists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stewards_(paramilitary_organisation)" title="Stewards (paramilitary organisation)">Stewards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Union_of_Fascists" title="Canadian Union of Fascists">Canadian Union of Fascists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_d%27Azione_Rivoluzionaria" title="Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_Italiani_di_Combattimento" title="Fasci Italiani di Combattimento">Fasci Italiani di Combattimento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatherland_Front_(Austria)" title="Fatherland Front (Austria)">Fatherland Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FE_de_las_JONS" class="mw-redirect" title="FE de las JONS">FE de las JONS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FET_y_de_las_JONS" title="FET y de las JONS">FET y de las JONS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Popular_Party" title="French Popular Party">French Popular Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurist_Political_Party" title="Futurist Political Party">Futurist Political Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_People%27s_Movement" title="Patriotic People's Movement">IKL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kataeb_Party" title="Kataeb Party">Kataeb Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokumin_D%C5%8Dmei" title="Kokumin Dōmei">Kokumin Dōmei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapua_Movement" title="Lapua Movement">Lapua Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legionary_Action&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legionary Action (page does not exist)">Legionary Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouvement_Franciste" title="Mouvement Franciste">Mouvement Franciste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasjonal_Samling" title="Nasjonal Samling">Nasjonal Samling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Christian_Party" title="National Christian Party">National Christian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">National Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Labor_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Reich Labor Service">RAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">SA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Radical_Camp" title="National Radical Camp">National Radical Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Social_Movement" title="National Social Movement">National Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Party_(UK)" title="New Party (UK)">New Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_Nazionale_Balilla" title="Opera Nazionale Balilla">Opera Nazionale Balilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_People%27s_Movement" title="Patriotic People's Movement">Patriotic People's Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratniks" title="Ratniks">Ratniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Fascist_Party" title="Republican Fascist Party">Republican Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Mexicanist_Action" title="Revolutionary Mexicanist Action">Revolutionary Mexicanist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Union_(Peru)" title="Revolutionary Union (Peru)">Revolutionary Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party" title="Rexist Party">Rexist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Fascist_Party" title="Russian Fascist Party">Russian Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America" title="Silver Legion of America">Silver Legion of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squadrismo" title="Squadrismo">Squadrismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_of_Fascist_Mysticism" title="School of Fascist Mysticism">School of Fascist Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_People%27s_Party" title="Slovak People's Party">Slovak People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taisei_Yokusankai" class="mw-redirect" title="Taisei Yokusankai">Taisei Yokusankai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dh%C5%8Dkai" title="Tōhōkai">Tōhōkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UR_Group" title="UR Group">UR Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e_Youth" title="Ustaše Youth">Ustaše Youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdinaso" title="Verdinaso">Verdinaso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Russian_Fascist_Organisation" title="All-Russian Fascist Organisation">VFO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlajka" title="Vlajka">Vlajka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_National_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Flemish National Union">VNV</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_(newspaper)" title="Action (newspaper)">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Review_(literary_journal)#Controversy_and_decline" title="The American Review (literary journal)">The American Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Angriff" title="Der Angriff">Der Angriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arriba_(newspaper)" title="Arriba (newspaper)">Arriba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blackshirt" title="The Blackshirt">The Blackshirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buna_Vestire" title="Buna Vestire">Buna Vestire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critica_fascista" title="Critica fascista">Critica fascista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashist" title="Fashist">Fashist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A2ndirea" title="Gândirea">Gândirea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gringoire_(newspaper)" title="Gringoire (newspaper)">Gringoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Popolo_d%27Italia" title="Il Popolo d'Italia">Il Popolo d'Italia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Je_suis_partout" title="Je suis partout">Je suis partout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Conquista_del_Estado" title="La Conquista del Estado">La Conquista del Estado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Pays_R%C3%A9el" title="Le Pays Réel">Le Pays Réel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Idea_Nazionale" title="L'Idea Nazionale">L'Idea Nazionale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lidel_(magazine)" title="Lidel (magazine)">Lidel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nash_Put%27_(newspaper)" title="Nash Put' (newspaper)">Nash Put'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1stup" title="Nástup">Nástup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Volk" title="Neues Volk">Neues Volk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nippon_Fujin" title="Nippon Fujin">Nippon Fujin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NS-Frauen-Warte" title="NS-Frauen-Warte">NS-Frauen-Warte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Schwarze_Korps" title="Das Schwarze Korps">Das Schwarze Korps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volk_en_Staat" title="Volk en Staat">Volk en Staat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkischer_Beobachter" title="Völkischer Beobachter">Völkischer Beobachter</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Rome" title="March on Rome">March on Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">Beer Hall Putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gentile_Reform" title="Gentile Reform">Gentile Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventine_Secession_(20th_century)" title="Aventine Secession (20th century)">Aventine Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Senussi_War" title="Second Italo-Senussi War">Second Italo-Senussi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukden_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukden Incident">Mukden Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1932_German_federal_election" title="November 1932 German federal election">German election of 1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Civil_War" title="Austrian Civil War">Austrian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhibition_of_the_Fascist_Revolution" title="Exhibition of the Fascist Revolution">Exhibition of the Fascist Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Montreux_Fascist_conference" title="1934 Montreux Fascist conference">1934 Montreux Fascist conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1935_Revolution_Day_Z%C3%B3calo_Battle" title="1935 Revolution Day Zócalo Battle">1935 Revolution Day Zócalo Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_Decree_(Spain,_1937)" title="Unification Decree (Spain, 1937)">Unification Decree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cable_Street" title="Battle of Cable Street">Battle of Cable Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo_Bridge_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Marco Polo Bridge Incident">Marco Polo Bridge Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Steel" title="Pact of Steel">Pact of Steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_March" title="Peasant March">Peasant March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Downfall in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany#Turning_point_and_collapse" title="Nazi Germany">Downfall in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">International Military Tribunal for the Far East</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_fascism" title="Arab fascism">Arab</a></li> <li>Argentine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo" title="Nacionalismo">Nacionalismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Peronism" title="Orthodox Peronism">Orthodox Peronism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrofascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrofascism">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Bandera#Views" title="Stepan Bandera">Banderism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" title="Brazilian Integralism">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_fascism" title="British fascism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fascism" title="Christian fascism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucian_fascism" title="Confucian fascism">Confucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-fascism" title="Crypto-fascism">Crypto-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofascism" title="Ecofascism">Eco-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falangism" title="Falangism">Falangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain#Francoism" title="Francoist Spain">Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="French fascism">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Popular_Party#Ideology_and_fascism_of_PPF" title="French Popular Party">Doriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Pétainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Faisceau#Valois's_version_of_fascism" title="Le Faisceau">Valoisism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party#Ideology" title="Arrow Cross Party">Hungarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilminism" title="Ilminism">Ilminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ailtir%C3%AD_na_hAis%C3%A9irghe#Ideology" title="Ailtirí na hAiséirghe">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamofascism" title="Islamofascism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intransigent_fascism" title="Intransigent fascism">Intransigent</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japanese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reform_bureaucrats" title="Reform bureaucrats">Reform bureaucratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Statism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_Restoration" title="Shōwa Restoration">Restoration</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_fascism" title="Jewish fascism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism#Ideology" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Revisionist Maximalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Nazism" title="Austrian Nazism">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Nazism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric Nazism">Esoteric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Political views of Adolf Hitler">Hitlerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Sweden#Ideology" title="Nazism in Sweden">Swedish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">Neo-</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue-and-Black_Movement#Ideology" title="Blue-and-Black Movement">Finnish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Lights_Doctrine" title="Nine Lights Doctrine">Pan-Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party#Ideology" title="Rexist Party">Rexism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania_under_Fascism" title="Kingdom of Romania under Fascism">Romanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legionarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Legionarism">Legionarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Legionary_State" title="National Legionary State">National Legionary State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Legionarism" title="Neo-Legionarism">Neo-Legionarism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Romanianism#Ideology" title="Crusade of Romanianism">Romanianism/Stelism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_syndicalism" title="Fascist syndicalism">Syndicalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party#Ideology" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Techno-fascism">Techno-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National-anarchism" title="National-anarchism">National-anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi-Maoism" title="Nazi-Maoism">Nazi-Maoism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Uruguayan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay#Marzism" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Marzism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay#Uruguayan_revisionism" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosism" title="Sosism">Sosism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e#Ideology" title="Ustaše">Ustašism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By continent</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Asia" title="Fascism in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Bulgaria" title="Fascism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Fascism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_North_America" title="Fascism in North America">North America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Canada" title="Fascism in Canada">Canada</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_South_America" title="Fascism in South America">South America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Peru" title="Fascism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #000000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis Powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparisons_between_Donald_Trump_and_fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparisons between Donald Trump and fascism">Donald Trump and fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremism_of_the_centre" title="Extremism of the centre">Extremism of the centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-scale_(personality_test)" title="F-scale (personality test)">F-scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_(insult)" title="Fascist (insult)">Fascist as an insult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_fascism" title="Feudal fascism">Feudal fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Futurism#1920s_and_1930s" title="Futurism">Futurism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Fascist_Italy" title="Glossary of Fascist Italy">Glossary of Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebensphilosophie#Connection_to_Nazism" title="Lebensphilosophie">Lebensphilosophie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterraneanism" title="Mediterraneanism">Mediterraneanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-fascism" title="Para-fascism">Para-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-fascism" title="Post-fascism">Post-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-fascism" title="Proto-fascism">Proto-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fascism" title="Red fascism">Red fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_fascism" title="Social fascism">Social fascism</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fascism_sidebar" title="Template:Fascism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fascism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Fascism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fascism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fascism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_NSDAP_(1920%E2%80%931945,_1-1).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_the_NSDAP_%281920%E2%80%931945%2C_1-1%29.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_NSDAP_%281920%E2%80%931945%2C_1-1%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_the_NSDAP_%281920%E2%80%931945%2C_1-1%29.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_NSDAP_%281920%E2%80%931945%2C_1-1%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_the_NSDAP_%281920%E2%80%931945%2C_1-1%29.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_NSDAP_%281920%E2%80%931945%2C_1-1%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Swastika#Association_with_Nazism" title="Swastika">swastika</a> incorporated as the national flag was established by the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> formally in 1935.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Antisemitism" title="Category:Antisemitism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Yellowbadge_logo.svg/100px-Yellowbadge_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Yellowbadge_logo.svg/150px-Yellowbadge_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Yellowbadge_logo.svg/200px-Yellowbadge_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="503" /></a><div class="sidebar-caption"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Part of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Jewish history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">discrimination</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism" title="History of antisemitism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism" title="Timeline of antisemitism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writers_on_antisemitism" title="List of writers on antisemitism">Reference</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base);border-top:none;">Definitions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Working_definition_of_antisemitism" title="Working definition of antisemitism">IHRA definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Declaration_on_Antisemitism" title="Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism">Jerusalem Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nexus_Task_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Nexus Task Force">Nexus Document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ds_of_antisemitism" title="Three Ds of antisemitism">Three Ds</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base);border-top:none;"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of antisemitism">Geography</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Argentina" title="Antisemitism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Australia" title="Antisemitism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Austria" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Belgium" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Canada" title="Antisemitism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_China" title="Antisemitism in China">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Chile" title="Antisemitism in Chile">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Antisemitism in Costa Rica">Costa Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Europe" title="Antisemitism in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_France" title="Antisemitism in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfus affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_France" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century France">21st-century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_Germany" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Greece" title="Antisemitism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Hungary" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_Italy" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Japan" title="Antisemitism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_New_Zealand" title="Antisemitism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Pakistan" title="Antisemitism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Racism in the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Romania" title="Antisemitism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Russia" title="Antisemitism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Antisemitism in the Russian Empire">Imperial Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin_and_antisemitism" title="Joseph Stalin and antisemitism">Stalinist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Antisemitism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_textbook_controversy" title="Saudi Arabian textbook controversy">textbook controversy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_South_Africa" title="Antisemitism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Spain" title="Antisemitism in Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matar_jud%C3%ADos" title="Matar judíos">Matar judíos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Sweden" title="Antisemitism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Turkey" title="Antisemitism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Ukraine" title="Antisemitism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Antisemitism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_UK_Conservative_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in the UK Conservative Party">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_UK_Labour_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in the UK Labour Party">Labour Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">USA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States_in_the_21st_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in the United States in the 21st century">21st century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Venezuela" title="Antisemitism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base);border-top:none;">Manifestations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universities_and_antisemitism" title="Universities and antisemitism">Academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Arab_world" title="Antisemitism in the Arab world">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_(religion)" title="Creativity (religion)">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_antisemitism" title="Economic antisemitism">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_incidents_during_the_Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%932009)" title="Antisemitic incidents during the Gaza War (2008–2009)">Gaza War ('08-'09)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_during_the_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" title="Antisemitism during the Israel–Hamas war">Israel-Hamas war ('23-'24)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish antisemitism">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_antisemitism" title="Medieval antisemitism">Medieval</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Olympic_Games" title="Antisemitism in the Olympic Games">Olympic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_antisemitism" title="Racial antisemitism">Racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Christianity" title="Antisemitism in Christianity">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Islam" title="Antisemitism in Islam">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam_and_antisemitism" title="Nation of Islam and antisemitism">Nation of Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_antisemitism" title="Secondary antisemitism">Secondary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_antisemitism" title="Zionist antisemitism">Zionist</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_trope" title="Antisemitic trope">Antisemitic tropes</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andinia_Plan" title="Andinia Plan">Andinia Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohen_Plan" title="Cohen Plan">Cohen Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Bolshevism" title="Cultural Bolshevism">Cultural Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Marxism_conspiracy_theory" title="Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory">Cultural Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_deicide" title="Jewish deicide">Deicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_canards#Controlling_the_world_financial_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic canards">Finance control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Prophecy" title="Franklin Prophecy">Franklin Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Host_desecration#Medieval_accusations_against_Jews" title="Host desecration">Host desecration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">International Jewish conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_lobby#Viewed_as_antisemitic_and/or_pejorative" title="Jewish lobby">Jewish lobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_war_conspiracy_theory" title="Jewish war conspiracy theory">Jewish war conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judensau" title="Judensau">Judensau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Judeo-Bolshevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBydokomuna" title="Żydokomuna">Żydokomuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Masonic_conspiracy_theory" title="Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory">Judeo-Masonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_tax_conspiracy_theory" title="Kosher tax conspiracy theory">Kosher tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_canards#Controlling_the_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic canards">Media control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QAnon#Antisemitism" title="QAnon">QAnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootless_cosmopolitan" title="Rootless cosmopolitan">Rootless cosmopolitan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_plot" title="Doctors' plot">Doctors' plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sl%C3%A1nsk%C3%BD_trial" title="Slánský trial">Slánský trial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-hating_Jew" title="Self-hating Jew">Self-hating Jew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Stab-in-the-back myth">Stab-in-the-back myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_poisoning#History_of_well_poisoning_as_libel" title="Well poisoning">Well poisoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory#Neo-Nazis'_accusations_against_Jews" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Occupation_Government_conspiracy_theory" title="Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory">ZOG conspiracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Antisemitic_publications" title="Category:Antisemitic publications">Antisemitic publications</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Barnes_Review" title="The Barnes Review">The Barnes Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Critique_series" title="The Culture of Critique series">Culture of Critique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_Wars" title="Currency Wars">Currency Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dearborn_Independent" title="The Dearborn Independent">The Dearborn Independent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Cleansing_(video_game)" title="Ethnic Cleansing (video game)">Ethnic Cleansing (video game)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_France_juive" title="La France juive">La France juive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitlers_Zweites_Buch" title="Hitlers Zweites Buch">Hitlers Zweites Buch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_(Pierce_novel)" title="Hunter (Pierce novel)">Hunter (William Luther Pierce)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Hamas_charter" title="1988 Hamas charter">1988 Hamas Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_International_Jew" title="The International Jew">The International Jew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Libre_Parole" title="La Libre Parole">La Libre Parole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Light_(newspaper)" title="The Light (newspaper)">The Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Jews_and_Their_Lies" title="On the Jews and Their Lies">On the Jews and Their Lies</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Our_Race_Will_Rule_Undisputed_Over_The_World" title="Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World">Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Relationship_Between_Blacks_and_Jews" title="The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews">The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_(Mason_book)" title="Siege (Mason book)">Siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Turner_Diaries" title="The Turner Diaries">The Turner Diaries</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Antisemitism on the Internet</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki//pol/" title="/pol/">4chan (/pol/)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8chan" title="8chan">8chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Stormer" title="The Daily Stormer">The Daily Stormer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disclose.tv" title="Disclose.tv">Disclose.tv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa:_The_Last_Battle" title="Europa: The Last Battle">Europa: The Last Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goebbels_Gap" class="mw-redirect" title="Goebbels Gap">Goebbels Gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GoyimTV" class="mw-redirect" title="GoyimTV">GoyimTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groypers" title="Groypers">Groypers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jew_Watch" title="Jew Watch">Jew Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapedia" title="Metapedia">Metapedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occidental_Observer" title="Occidental Observer">The Occidental Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Ice" title="Red Ice">Red Ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renegade_Tribune" class="mw-redirect" title="Renegade Tribune">Renegade Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(blog)" title="The Right Stuff (blog)">The Right Stuff (blog)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StoneToss" title="StoneToss">StoneToss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormfront_(website)" title="Stormfront (website)">Stormfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorgram" title="Terrorgram">Terrorgram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_parentheses" title="Triple parentheses">Triple parentheses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TruNews" title="TruNews">TruNews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Unz" title="Ron Unz">The Unz Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veterans_Today" title="Veterans Today">Veterans Today</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Prominent figures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baked_Alaska_(activist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baked Alaska (activist)">Baked Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Anglin" title="Andrew Anglin">Andrew Anglin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Beam" title="Louis Beam">Louis Beam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Black_(white_supremacist)" title="Don Black (white supremacist)">Don Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_von_Brunn" class="mw-redirect" title="James von Brunn">James von Brunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Butler_(white_supremacist)" title="Richard Butler (white supremacist)">Richard Girnt Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drumont" title="Édouard Drumont">Édouard Drumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Duke" title="David Duke">David Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Andreas_Eisenmenger" title="Johann Andreas Eisenmenger">Johann Eisenmenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Farrakhan" title="Louis Farrakhan">Louis Farrakhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Fritsch" title="Theodor Fritsch">Theodor Fritsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Fuentes" title="Nick Fuentes">Nick Fuentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_J._Jones" title="Arthur J. Jones">Arthur Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lane_(white_supremacist)" title="David Lane (white supremacist)">David Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_G._Liebold" title="Ernest G. Liebold">Ernest G. Liebold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_and_antisemitism" title="Martin Luther and antisemitism">Martin Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_MacDonald_(evolutionary_psychologist)" title="Kevin MacDonald (evolutionary psychologist)">Kevin MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustace_Mullins" title="Eustace Mullins">Eustace Mullins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Luther_Pierce" title="William Luther Pierce">William Luther Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Spencer" title="Richard B. Spencer">Richard B. Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Streicher" title="Julius Streicher">Julius Streicher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Alfred_Strom" title="Kevin Alfred Strom">Kevin Alfred Strom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Wiles" title="Rick Wiles">Rick Wiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Z%C3%BCndel" title="Ernst Zündel">Ernst Zündel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu" title="Corneliu Zelea Codreanu">Corneliu Zelea Codreanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Ion Antonescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horia_Sima" title="Horia Sima">Horia Sima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Cuza" title="A. C. Cuza">A. C. Cuza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavian_Goga" title="Octavian Goga">Octavian Goga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheorghe_Buzatu" title="Gheorghe Buzatu">Gheorghe Buzatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nae_Ionescu" title="Nae Ionescu">Nae Ionescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichifor_Crainic" title="Nichifor Crainic">Nichifor Crainic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioan_Slavici" title="Ioan Slavici">Ioan Slavici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Ferenczy" title="László Ferenczy">László Ferenczy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symon_Petliura" title="Symon Petliura">Symon Petliura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Bandera" title="Stepan Bandera">Stepan Bandera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="Gamal Abdel Nasser">Gamal Abdel Nasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Rhineland massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_during_the_Black_Death" title="Persecution of Jews during the Black Death">Black Death persecutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_boycotts" title="Anti-Jewish boycotts">Boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsions_and_exoduses_of_Jews" title="Expulsions and exoduses of Jews">Expulsions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quarter_(diaspora)" title="Jewish quarter (diaspora)">Jewish quarter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_Europe" title="Jewish ghettos in Europe">Ghettos in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellah" title="Mellah">Mellah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_hat" title="Jewish hat">Jewish hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judensau" title="Judensau">Judensau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_in_Judaism" title="Martyrdom in Judaism">Martyrdom in Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_of_Settlement" title="Pale of Settlement">Pale of Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogroms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Pogroms in the Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogroms_during_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Pogroms during the Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusenik" title="Refusenik">Refuseniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge">Yellow badge</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Anti-antisemitism" title="Anti-antisemitism">Opposition</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League</a></li> <li><div style="display:inline-block; padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Campaign_Against_Antisemitism" title="Campaign Against Antisemitism">Campaign Against Antisemitism</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Security_Trust" title="Community Security Trust">Community Security Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Rights_Agency" title="Fundamental Rights Agency">Fundamental Rights Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosemitism" title="Philosemitism">Philosemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Wiesenthal_Center" title="Simon Wiesenthal Center">Simon Wiesenthal Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Roth_Institute" title="Stephen Roth Institute">Stephen Roth Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Committee_Against_Antisemitism" title="Swedish Committee Against Antisemitism">Swedish Committee Against Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Councils_for_Soviet_Jews" title="Union of Councils for Soviet Jews">Union of Councils for Soviet Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Watch" title="UN Watch">UN Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._National_Strategy_to_Counter_Antisemitism" title="U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism">U.S. National Strategy to Counter Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiener_Holocaust_Library" title="Wiener Holocaust Library">Wiener Holocaust Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_definition_of_antisemitism" title="Working definition of antisemitism">Working definition of antisemitism</a> (IHRA) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Declaration_on_Antisemitism" title="Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism">Jerusalem Declaration on Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ds_of_antisemitism" title="Three Ds of antisemitism">Three Ds of antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Antisemitism" title="Category:Antisemitism">Category</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antisemitism_sidebar" title="Template:Antisemitism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antisemitism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Antisemitism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antisemitism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antisemitism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Nazism (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈnɑːtsɪzəm, ˈnæt-/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/32\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-Nazism.wav\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-Nazism.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-Nazism.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/32/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-Nazism.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-Nazism.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q1860_(eng)-Vealhurl-Nazism.wav" title="File:LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-Nazism.wav">ⓘ</a><a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">NA(H)T-siz-əm</a>), formally National Socialism (NS; <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Nationalsozialismus, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>German: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[natsi̯oˈnaːlzotsi̯aˌlɪsmʊs]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/09\/De-at-Nationalsozialismus.ogg\/De-at-Nationalsozialismus.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-at-Nationalsozialismus.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/09/De-at-Nationalsozialismus.ogg/De-at-Nationalsozialismus.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:De-at-Nationalsozialismus.ogg" title="File:De-at-Nationalsozialismus.ogg">ⓘ</a>), is the <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">far-right</a> <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian</a> socio-political <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a> and practices associated with <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> (NSDAP) in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-Fritzsche_Eatwell_Griffin-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a> During <a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler's rise to power">Hitler's rise to power</a> in 1930s Europe, it was frequently referred to as Hitler Fascism (German: Hitlerfaschismus) and Hitlerism (German: Hitlerismus). The later related term "<a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">neo-Nazism</a>" is applied to other far-right groups with similar ideas which formed after the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> when the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Third Reich</a> collapsed. Nazism is a form of <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> with disdain for <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary system</a>. It incorporates a <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorship</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:1-3">[3]</a> fervent <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">anti-communism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Slavism">anti-Slavism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-Romani_sentiment" title="Anti-Romani sentiment">anti-Romani sentiment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">scientific racism</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nordicism" title="Nordicism">Nordicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">social Darwinism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homophobia" title="Homophobia">homophobia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">ableism</a>, and the use of <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a> into its creed. Its <a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">extreme nationalism</a> originated in <a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">pan-Germanism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ethno-nationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethno-nationalist">ethno-nationalist</a> <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch</a> movement which had been a prominent aspect of <a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">German ultranationalism</a> since the late 19th century. Nazism was strongly influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Freikorps" title="Freikorps">Freikorps</a> <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> groups that emerged after Germany's defeat in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, from which came the party's underlying "cult of violence".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003229-9">[9]</a> It subscribed to <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-scientific" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo-scientific">pseudo-scientific</a> theories of a <a href="/wiki/Racial_hierarchy" title="Racial hierarchy">racial hierarchy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Smithsonian-10">[10]</a> identifying <a href="/wiki/Volksdeutsche" title="Volksdeutsche">ethnic Germans</a> as part of what the Nazis regarded as an <a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nordic_race" title="Nordic race">Nordic</a> <a href="/wiki/Master_race" title="Master race">master race</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Baum2006_156-11">[11]</a> Nazism sought to overcome social divisions and create a homogeneous German society based on <a href="/wiki/Racial_purity" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial purity">racial purity</a> which represented a people's community (<a href="/wiki/Volksgemeinschaft#Nazi_Volksgemeinschaft" title="Volksgemeinschaft">Volksgemeinschaft</a>). The Nazis aimed to unite all Germans living in historically German territory, as well as gain additional lands for German expansion under the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a> and exclude those whom they deemed either <a href="/wiki/Community_Aliens" class="mw-redirect" title="Community Aliens">Community Aliens</a> or "inferior" races (<a href="/wiki/Untermenschen" class="mw-redirect" title="Untermenschen">Untermenschen</a>). The term "National Socialism" arose out of attempts to create a nationalist redefinition of socialism, as an alternative to both <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> international <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free-market_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market capitalism">free-market capitalism</a>. Nazism rejected the Marxist concepts of <a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">class conflict</a> and universal <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">equality</a>, opposed <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">cosmopolitan</a> <a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">internationalism</a>, and sought to convince all parts of the new German society to subordinate their personal interests to the "<a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">common good</a>", accepting political interests as the main priority of economic organisation,<a href="#cite_note-Kobrak2004-12">[12]</a> which tended to match the general outlook of <a href="/wiki/Collectivism_and_individualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivism and individualism">collectivism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">communitarianism</a> rather than economic socialism. The Nazi Party's precursor, the pan-German nationalist and antisemitic <a href="/wiki/German_Workers%27_Party" title="German Workers' Party">German Workers' Party</a> (DAP), was founded on 5 January 1919. By the early 1920s, the party was renamed the National Socialist German Workers' Party in order to appeal to left-wing workers,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> a renaming that Hitler initially objected to.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Program" title="National Socialist Program">National Socialist Program</a>, or "25 Points", was adopted in 1920 and called for a united <a href="/wiki/Greater_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Germany">Greater Germany</a> that would deny citizenship to <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> or those of Jewish descent, while also supporting land reform and the <a href="/wiki/Nationalisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalisation">nationalisation</a> of some industries. In <a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a> ("My Struggle"), published in 1925–1926, Hitler outlined the antisemitism and anti-communism at the heart of his political philosophy as well as his disdain for <a href="/wiki/Representative_democracy" title="Representative democracy">representative democracy</a>, over which he proposed the <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrerprinzip" title="Führerprinzip">Führerprinzip</a> (leader principle), and his belief in Germany's right to territorial expansion through lebensraum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw1999243–244,_248–249-15">[15]</a> Hitler's objectives involved the <a href="/wiki/Drang_nach_Osten" title="Drang nach Osten">eastward expansion</a> of German territories, German colonization of Eastern Europe, and the promotion of an alliance with <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922–1943)">Italy</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>. The Nazi Party won the greatest share of the popular vote in the two <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(Weimar_Republic)" title="Reichstag (Weimar Republic)">Reichstag</a> general elections of 1932, making them the largest party in the legislature by far, albeit still short of an outright majority (<a href="/wiki/July_1932_German_federal_election" title="July 1932 German federal election">37.3% on 31 July 1932</a> and <a href="/wiki/November_1932_German_federal_election" title="November 1932 German federal election">33.1% on 6 November 1932</a>). Because none of the parties were willing or able to put together a coalition government, Hitler was appointed <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">Chancellor of Germany</a> on 30 January 1933 by President <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a> through the support and connivance of traditional conservative nationalists who believed that they could control him and his party. With the use of emergency presidential decrees by Hindenburg and a change in the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Constitution" title="Weimar Constitution">Weimar Constitution</a> which allowed the Cabinet to rule by direct decree, bypassing both Hindenburg and the Reichstag, the Nazis soon established a <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party state</a> and began the <a href="/wiki/Gleichschaltung" title="Gleichschaltung">Gleichschaltung</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung</a> (SA) and the <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a> (SS) functioned as the paramilitary organisations of the Nazi Party. Using the SS for the task, Hitler purged the party's more socially and economically radical factions in the mid-1934 <a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives" title="Night of the Long Knives">Night of the Long Knives</a>, including the leadership of the SA. After the death of President Hindenburg on 2 August 1934, political power was concentrated in Hitler's hands and he became Germany's head of state as well as the head of the government, with the title of <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrer_und_Reichskanzler" class="mw-redirect" title="Führer und Reichskanzler">Führer und Reichskanzler</a>, meaning "leader and Chancellor of Germany" (see also <a href="/wiki/1934_German_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1934 German referendum">here</a>). From that point, Hitler was effectively the <a href="/wiki/Dictator" title="Dictator">dictator</a> of Nazi Germany—also known as the Third Reich—under which Jews, political opponents and other "undesirable" elements were <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany#Racism_and_antisemitism" title="Nazi Germany">marginalised, imprisoned or murdered</a>. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, many millions of people – including around two-thirds of the Jewish population of Europe – were eventually exterminated in a genocide which became known as <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>. Following Germany's <a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">defeat in World War II</a> and the discovery of the full extent of the Holocaust, Nazi ideology became universally disgraced. It is widely regarded as <a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">evil</a>, with only a few fringe <a href="/wiki/Racist" class="mw-redirect" title="Racist">racist</a> groups, usually referred to as neo-Nazis, describing themselves as followers of National Socialism. The use of Nazi symbols is outlawed in many European countries, including Germany and Austria. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Golden_Nazi_Party_Badge.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Golden_Nazi_Party_Badge.svg/170px-Golden_Nazi_Party_Badge.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Golden_Nazi_Party_Badge.svg/255px-Golden_Nazi_Party_Badge.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Golden_Nazi_Party_Badge.svg/340px-Golden_Nazi_Party_Badge.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1185" data-file-height="1193" /></a><figcaption>Nazi Party badge emblem</figcaption></figure> The full name of the Nazi Party was Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> for 'National Socialist German Workers' Party') and they officially used the acronym NSDAP. The term "nazi" had been in use, before the rise of the NSDAP, as a colloquial and derogatory word for a backwards farmer or <a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">peasant</a>. It characterised an awkward and clumsy person, a <a href="/wiki/Yokel" title="Yokel">yokel</a>. In this sense, the word Nazi was a <a href="/wiki/Hypocorism" title="Hypocorism">hypocorism</a> of the German male name Igna(t)z (itself a variation of the name <a href="/wiki/Ignatius" title="Ignatius">Ignatius</a>)—Igna(t)z being a common name at the time in <a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, the area from which the NSDAP emerged.<a href="#cite_note-GottliebMorgensen2007-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-HarperOED-17">[17]</a> In the 1920s, political opponents of the NSDAP in the German <a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">labour movement</a> seized on this. Using the earlier abbreviated term Sozi for Sozialist (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> for 'Socialist') as an example,<a href="#cite_note-HarperOED-17">[17]</a> they shortened the NSDAP's name, Nationalsozialistische, to the dismissive "Nazi", in order to associate them with the derogatory use of the aforementioned term.<a href="#cite_note-Lepage2009_9-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-HarperOED-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sourcebook-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-DailyTelegraph23102011-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Seebold2002-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The first use of the term "Nazi" by the National Socialists occurred in 1926 in a publication by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a> called Der Nazi-Sozi ["The Nazi-Sozi"]. In Goebbels' pamphlet, the word "Nazi" only appears when linked with the word "Sozi" as an abbreviation of "National Socialism".<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> After the NSDAP's rise to power in the 1930s, the use of the term "Nazi" by itself or in terms such as "<a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Nazi_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi regime">Nazi regime</a>", and so on was popularised by German exiles outside the country, but not in Germany. From them, the term spread into other languages and it was eventually brought back into Germany after World War II.<a href="#cite_note-Sourcebook-19">[19]</a> The NSDAP briefly adopted the designation "Nazi" in an attempt to <a href="/wiki/Reappropriate" class="mw-redirect" title="Reappropriate">reappropriate</a> the term, but it soon gave up this effort and generally avoided using the term while it was in power.<a href="#cite_note-Sourcebook-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-DailyTelegraph23102011-20">[20]</a> In each case, the authors typically referred to themselves as "National Socialists" and their movement as "National Socialism", but never as "Nazis". A compendium of Hitler's conversations from 1941 through 1944 entitled <a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_Table_Talk" title="Hitler's Table Talk">Hitler's Table Talk</a> does not contain the word "Nazi" either.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> In speeches by <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a>, he never uses the term "Nazi".<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Hitler Youth leader <a href="/wiki/Melita_Maschmann" title="Melita Maschmann">Melita Maschmann</a> wrote a book about her experience entitled Account Rendered.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> She did not refer to herself as a "Nazi", even though she was writing well after World War II. In 1933, 581 members of the National Socialist Party answered interview questions put to them by Professor <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Fred_Abel" title="Theodore Fred Abel">Theodore Abel</a> from <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>. They similarly did not refer to themselves as "Nazis".<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Position_within_the_political_spectrum">Position within the political spectrum</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WWII,_Europe,_Germany,_%22Nazi_Hierarchy,_Hitler,_Goering,_Goebbels,_Hess%22,_The_Desperate_Years_p143_-_NARA_-_196509.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/WWII%2C_Europe%2C_Germany%2C_%22Nazi_Hierarchy%2C_Hitler%2C_Goering%2C_Goebbels%2C_Hess%22%2C_The_Desperate_Years_p143_-_NARA_-_196509.jpg/280px-WWII%2C_Europe%2C_Germany%2C_%22Nazi_Hierarchy%2C_Hitler%2C_Goering%2C_Goebbels%2C_Hess%22%2C_The_Desperate_Years_p143_-_NARA_-_196509.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/WWII%2C_Europe%2C_Germany%2C_%22Nazi_Hierarchy%2C_Hitler%2C_Goering%2C_Goebbels%2C_Hess%22%2C_The_Desperate_Years_p143_-_NARA_-_196509.jpg/420px-WWII%2C_Europe%2C_Germany%2C_%22Nazi_Hierarchy%2C_Hitler%2C_Goering%2C_Goebbels%2C_Hess%22%2C_The_Desperate_Years_p143_-_NARA_-_196509.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/WWII%2C_Europe%2C_Germany%2C_%22Nazi_Hierarchy%2C_Hitler%2C_Goering%2C_Goebbels%2C_Hess%22%2C_The_Desperate_Years_p143_-_NARA_-_196509.jpg/560px-WWII%2C_Europe%2C_Germany%2C_%22Nazi_Hierarchy%2C_Hitler%2C_Goering%2C_Goebbels%2C_Hess%22%2C_The_Desperate_Years_p143_-_NARA_-_196509.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2963" data-file-height="1876" /></a><figcaption>Left to right: <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a>, Minister of Propaganda <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Rudolf Hess</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-02134,_Bad_Harzburg,_Gr%C3%BCndung_der_Harzburger_Front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-02134%2C_Bad_Harzburg%2C_Gr%C3%BCndung_der_Harzburger_Front.jpg/280px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-02134%2C_Bad_Harzburg%2C_Gr%C3%BCndung_der_Harzburger_Front.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-02134%2C_Bad_Harzburg%2C_Gr%C3%BCndung_der_Harzburger_Front.jpg/420px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-02134%2C_Bad_Harzburg%2C_Gr%C3%BCndung_der_Harzburger_Front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-02134%2C_Bad_Harzburg%2C_Gr%C3%BCndung_der_Harzburger_Front.jpg/560px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-02134%2C_Bad_Harzburg%2C_Gr%C3%BCndung_der_Harzburger_Front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2148" /></a><figcaption>Nazis alongside members of the far-right <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">monarchist</a> <a href="/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party">German National People's Party</a> (DNVP) during the brief NSDAP–DNVP alliance in the <a href="/wiki/Harzburg_Front" title="Harzburg Front">Harzburg Front</a> from 1931 to 1932</figcaption></figure> The majority of scholars identify Nazism in both theory and practice as a form of <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">far-right politics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fritzsche_Eatwell_Griffin-1">[1]</a> Far-right themes in Nazism include the argument that superior people have a right to dominate other people and purge society of supposed inferior elements.<a href="#cite_note-Oliver_H._Woshinsky_2008,_p._156-28">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> and other proponents denied that Nazism was either left-wing or right-wing: instead, they officially portrayed Nazism as a <a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">syncretic</a> movement.<a href="#cite_note-Adolf_Hitler_p._170-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rudy_Koshar_1986,_p._190-30">[30]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a>, Hitler directly attacked both left-wing and right-wing politics in Germany, saying: <blockquote>Today our left-wing politicians in particular are constantly insisting that their craven-hearted and obsequious foreign policy necessarily results from the disarmament of Germany, whereas the truth is that this is the policy of traitors ... But the politicians of the Right deserve exactly the same reproach. It was through their miserable cowardice that those ruffians of Jews who came into power in 1918 were able to rob the nation of its arms.<a href="#cite_note-Adolf_Hitler_2010,_p._287-31">[31]</a></blockquote> In a speech given in Munich on 12 April 1922, Hitler stated: <blockquote>There are only two possibilities in Germany; do not imagine that the people will forever go with the middle party, the party of compromises; one day it will turn to those who have most consistently foretold the coming ruin and have sought to dissociate themselves from it. And that party is either the Left: and then God help us! for it will lead us to complete destruction—to Bolshevism, or else it is a party of the Right which at the last, when the people is in utter despair, when it has lost all its spirit and has no longer any faith in anything, is determined for its part ruthlessly to seize the reins of power—that is the beginning of resistance of which I spoke a few minutes ago.<a href="#cite_note-holocaustreader-32">[32]</a></blockquote> Hitler at times redefined socialism. When <a href="/wiki/George_Sylvester_Viereck" title="George Sylvester Viereck">George Sylvester Viereck</a> interviewed Hitler in October 1923 and asked him why he referred to his party as 'socialists' he replied: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Socialism is the science of dealing with the common weal. Communism is not Socialism. Marxism is not Socialism. The Marxians have stolen the term and confused its meaning. I shall take Socialism away from the Socialists. Socialism is an ancient Aryan, Germanic institution. Our German ancestors held certain lands in common. They cultivated the idea of the common weal. Marxism has no right to disguise itself as socialism. Socialism, unlike Marxism, does not repudiate private property. Unlike Marxism, it involves no negation of personality, and unlike Marxism, it is patriotic.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></blockquote> In 1929, Hitler gave a speech to a group of Nazi leaders and simplified 'socialism' to mean, "Socialism! That is an unfortunate word altogether... What does socialism really mean? If people have something to eat and their pleasures, then they have their socialism."<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> When asked in an interview on 27 January 1934 whether he supported the "bourgeois right-wing", Hitler claimed that Nazism was not exclusively for any class and he indicated that it favoured neither the left nor the right, but preserved "pure" elements from both "camps" by stating: "From the camp of bourgeois tradition, it takes national resolve, and from the materialism of the Marxist dogma, living, creative Socialism."<a href="#cite_note-commentary-35">[35]</a> Historians regard the equation of Nazism as "Hitlerism" as too simplistic since the term was used prior to the rise of Hitler and the Nazis. In addition, the different ideologies incorporated into Nazism were already well established in certain parts of German society long before <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw1999135-36">[36]</a> The Nazis were strongly influenced by the post–World War I far-right in Germany, which held common beliefs such as anti-Marxism, anti-liberalism and antisemitism, along with <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>, contempt for the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles" title="Treaty of Versailles">Treaty of Versailles</a> and condemnation of the Weimar Republic for signing the armistice in November 1918 which later led it to sign the Treaty of Versailles.<a href="#cite_note-Peukert,_Detlev_1993_pp._73-74-37">[37]</a> A major inspiration for the Nazis were the far-right nationalist <a href="/wiki/Freikorps#Post–World_War_I" title="Freikorps">Freikorps</a>, paramilitary organisations that engaged in political violence after World War I.<a href="#cite_note-Peukert,_Detlev_1993_pp._73-74-37">[37]</a> Initially, the post–World War I German far-right was dominated by <a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">monarchists</a>, but the younger generation, which was associated with völkisch nationalism, was more radical and it did not express any emphasis on the restoration of the German monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-Peukert,_Detlev_1993_p._74-38">[38]</a> This younger generation desired to dismantle the Weimar Republic and create a new radical and strong state based upon a martial ruling ethic that could revive the "Spirit of 1914" which was associated with German national unity (<a href="/wiki/Volksgemeinschaft" title="Volksgemeinschaft">Volksgemeinschaft</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Peukert,_Detlev_1993_p._74-38">[38]</a> The Nazis, the far-right monarchists, the <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a> <a href="/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party">German National People's Party</a> (DNVP) and others, such as monarchist officers in the German Army and several prominent industrialists, formed an alliance in opposition to the Weimar Republic on 11 October 1931 in <a href="/wiki/Bad_Harzburg" title="Bad Harzburg">Bad Harzburg</a>, officially known as the "National Front", but commonly referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Harzburg_Front" title="Harzburg Front">Harzburg Front</a>.<a href="#cite_note-machtergreifung-39">[39]</a> The Nazis stated that the alliance was purely tactical and they continued to have differences with the DNVP. After the elections of July 1932, the alliance broke down when the DNVP lost many of its seats in the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_(Weimar_Republic)" title="Reichstag (Weimar Republic)">Reichstag</a>. The Nazis denounced them as "an insignificant heap of reactionaries".<a href="#cite_note-machtergreifung5-40">[40]</a> The DNVP responded by denouncing the Nazis for their "socialism", their street violence and the "economic experiments" that would take place if the Nazis ever rose to power.<a href="#cite_note-machtergreifung6-41">[41]</a> However, amidst an inconclusive political situation in which conservative politicians <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">Franz von Papen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurt_von_Schleicher" title="Kurt von Schleicher">Kurt von Schleicher</a> were unable to form stable governments without the Nazis, Papen proposed to President Hindenburg to appoint Hitler as Chancellor at the head of a government formed primarily of conservatives, with only three Nazi ministers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendersky1985104–106-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Hindenburg did so, and contrary to the expectations of Papen and the DNVP, Hitler was soon able to establish a Nazi one-party dictatorship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendersky1985106–107-44">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kaiser" title="Kaiser">Kaiser</a> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">Wilhelm II</a>, who was pressured to abdicate the throne and flee into exile amidst an attempted communist revolution in Germany, initially supported the Nazi Party. His four sons, including Prince <a href="/wiki/Prince_Eitel_Friedrich_of_Prussia" title="Prince Eitel Friedrich of Prussia">Eitel Friedrich</a> and Prince <a href="/wiki/Prince_Oskar_of_Prussia" title="Prince Oskar of Prussia">Oskar</a>, became members of the Nazi Party in hopes that in exchange for their support, the Nazis would permit the restoration of the monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-nicholas-45">[45]</a> Hitler dismissed the possibility of a restored monarchy, calling it "idiotic."<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Wilhelm grew to distrust Hitler and was appalled at the <a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a> of 9–10 November 1938, stating, "For the first time, I am ashamed to be a German."<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The former German emperor also denounced the Nazis as a "bunch of shirted gangsters" and "a mob ... led by a thousand liars or fanatics."<a href="#cite_note-Ken_1938-48">[48]</a> There were factions within the Nazi Party, both conservative and radical.<a href="#cite_note-Michael_Mann_2004,_p._183-49">[49]</a> The conservative Nazi <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a> urged Hitler to conciliate with <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionaries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Michael_Mann_2004,_p._183-49">[49]</a> Other prominent conservative Nazis included <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a>.<a href="#cite_note-foundations-50">[50]</a> Meanwhile, the radical Nazi Joseph Goebbels opposed capitalism, viewing it as having Jews at its core and he stressed the need for the party to emphasise both a <a href="/wiki/Proletariat" title="Proletariat">proletarian</a> and a national character. Those views were shared by <a href="/wiki/Otto_Strasser" title="Otto Strasser">Otto Strasser</a>, who later left the Nazi Party and formed the <a href="/wiki/Black_Front" title="Black Front">Black Front</a> in the belief that Hitler had allegedly betrayed the party's socialist goals by endorsing capitalism.<a href="#cite_note-Michael_Mann_2004,_p._183-49">[49]</a> When the Nazi Party emerged from obscurity to become a major political force after 1929, the conservative faction rapidly gained more influence, as wealthy donors took an interest in the Nazis as a potential bulwark against communism.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The Nazi Party had previously been financed almost entirely from membership dues, but after 1929 its leadership began actively seeking donations from German industrialists, and Hitler began holding dozens of fundraising meetings with business leaders.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> In the midst of the Great Depression, facing the possibility of economic ruin on the one hand and a <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">Communist</a> or <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democrat</a> government on the other hand, German business increasingly turned to Nazism as offering a way out of the situation, by promising a state-driven economy that would support, rather than attack, existing business interests.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> By January 1933, the Nazi Party had secured the support of important sectors of German industry, mainly among the steel and coal producers, the insurance business, and the chemical industry.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Large segments of the Nazi Party, particularly among the members of the <a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung</a> (SA), were committed to the party's official socialist, revolutionary and <a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">anti-capitalist</a> positions and expected both a social and an economic revolution when the party gained power in 1933.<a href="#cite_note-Joseph_W._Bendersky_2007,_p._96-55">[55]</a> In the period immediately before the Nazi seizure of power, there were even Social Democrats and Communists who switched sides and became known as "<a href="/wiki/Beefsteak_Nazi" title="Beefsteak Nazi">Beefsteak Nazis</a>": brown on the outside and red inside.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> The leader of the SA, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%B6hm" title="Ernst Röhm">Ernst Röhm</a>, pushed for a "second revolution" (the "first revolution" being the Nazis' seizure of power) that would enact socialist policies. Furthermore, Röhm desired that the SA absorb the much smaller German Army into its ranks under his leadership.<a href="#cite_note-Joseph_W._Bendersky_2007,_p._96-55">[55]</a> Once the Nazis achieved power, Röhm's SA was directed by Hitler to violently suppress the parties of the left, but they also began attacks against individuals deemed to be associated with conservative reaction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENyomarkay1967123–124,_130-57">[57]</a> Hitler saw Röhm's independent actions as violating and possibly threatening his leadership, as well as jeopardising the regime by alienating the conservative President <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a> and the conservative-oriented German Army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENyomarkay1967133-58">[58]</a> This resulted in Hitler purging Röhm and other radical members of the SA in 1934, in what came to be known as the <a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives" title="Night of the Long Knives">Night of the Long Knives</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENyomarkay1967133-58">[58]</a> Before he joined the Bavarian Army to fight in World War I, Hitler had lived a <a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">bohemian</a> lifestyle as a petty street watercolour artist in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> and he maintained elements of this lifestyle later on, going to bed very late and rising in the afternoon, even after he became Chancellor and then Führer.<a href="#cite_note-publishers-59">[59]</a> After the war, his battalion was absorbed by the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">Bavarian Soviet Republic</a> from 1918 to 1919, where he was elected Deputy Battalion Representative. According to historian <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Weber_(historian)" title="Thomas Weber (historian)">Thomas Weber</a>, Hitler attended the funeral of communist <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Eisner" title="Kurt Eisner">Kurt Eisner</a> (a German Jew), wearing a black mourning armband on one arm and a red communist armband on the other,<a href="#cite_note-Thomas_Weber_2011,_p._251-60">[60]</a> which he took as evidence that Hitler's political beliefs had not yet solidified.<a href="#cite_note-Thomas_Weber_2011,_p._251-60">[60]</a> In Mein Kampf, Hitler never mentioned any service with the Bavarian Soviet Republic and he stated that he became an antisemite in 1913 during his years in Vienna. This statement has been disputed by the contention that he was not an antisemite at that time,<a href="#cite_note-Jeffrey_S._Gaab_2008,_p._61-61">[61]</a> even though it is well established that he read many antisemitic tracts and journals during that time and admired <a href="/wiki/Karl_Lueger" title="Karl Lueger">Karl Lueger</a>, the antisemitic mayor of Vienna.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw199934–35,_50–52,_60–67-62">[62]</a> Hitler altered his political views in response to the signing of the Treaty of Versailles in June 1919 and it was then that he became an antisemitic, German nationalist.<a href="#cite_note-Jeffrey_S._Gaab_2008,_p._61-61">[61]</a> Hitler expressed opposition to capitalism, regarding it as having Jewish origins and accusing capitalism of holding nations ransom to the interests of a parasitic <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">cosmopolitan</a> <a href="/wiki/Rentier_capitalism" title="Rentier capitalism">rentier</a> class.<a href="#cite_note-R.J._Overy_2004._pp._399-403-63">[63]</a> He also expressed opposition to communism and egalitarian forms of socialism, arguing that inequality and hierarchy are beneficial to the nation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendersky198549-64">[64]</a> He believed that communism was invented by the Jews to weaken nations by promoting class struggle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendersky198550-65">[65]</a> After his rise to power, Hitler took a pragmatic position on economics, accepting private property and allowing capitalist private enterprises to exist so long as they adhered to the goals of the Nazi state, but not tolerating enterprises that he saw as being opposed to the national interest.<a href="#cite_note-Michael_Mann_2004,_p._183-49">[49]</a> German business leaders disliked Nazi ideology but came to support Hitler, because they saw the Nazis as a useful ally to promote their interests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2006101-66">[66]</a> Business groups made significant financial contributions to the Nazi Party both before and after the Nazi seizure of power, in the hope that a Nazi dictatorship would eliminate the organised labour movement and the left-wing parties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2006100–101-67">[67]</a> Hitler actively sought to gain the support of business leaders by arguing that private enterprise is incompatible with democracy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze200699-68">[68]</a> Although he opposed communist ideology, Hitler publicly praised the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>'s leader <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a> on numerous occasions.<a href="#cite_note-François_Furet_1999._pp._191-192-69">[69]</a> Hitler commended Stalin for seeking to purify the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> of Jewish influences, noting Stalin's purging of Jewish communists such as <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev" title="Grigory Zinoviev">Grigory Zinoviev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lev_Kamenev" title="Lev Kamenev">Lev Kamenev</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Radek" title="Karl Radek">Karl Radek</a>.<a href="#cite_note-communism-70">[70]</a> While Hitler had always intended to bring Germany into conflict with the Soviet Union so he could gain <a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a> ("living space"), he supported a temporary strategic alliance between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union to form a common anti-liberal front so they could defeat liberal democracies, particularly <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-François_Furet_1999._pp._191-192-69">[69]</a> Hitler admired the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Western_European_colonialism_and_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="Western European colonialism and colonization">colonial system</a> as living proof of Germanic superiority over "inferior" races and saw the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> as Germany's natural ally.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-britain-72">[72]</a> He wrote in Mein Kampf: "For a long time to come there will be only two Powers in Europe with which it may be possible for Germany to conclude an alliance. These Powers are Great Britain and Italy."<a href="#cite_note-britain-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Early_timeline_of_Nazism" title="Early timeline of Nazism">Early timeline of Nazism</a></div> The historical roots of Nazism are to be found in various elements of European political culture which were in circulation in the intellectual capitals of the continent, what <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Fest" title="Joachim Fest">Joachim Fest</a> called the "scrapheap of ideas" prevalent at the time.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroszat198738-74">[74]</a> In Hitler and the Collapse of the Weimar Republic, historian <a href="/wiki/Martin_Broszat" title="Martin Broszat">Martin Broszat</a> points out that <blockquote>[A]lmost all essential elements of ... Nazi ideology were to be found in the radical positions of ideological protest movements [in pre-1914 Germany]. These were: a virulent anti-Semitism, a blood-and-soil ideology, the notion of a master race, [and] the idea of territorial acquisition and settlement in the East. These ideas were embedded in a popular nationalism which was vigorously anti-modernist, anti-humanist and pseudo-religious.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroszat198738-74">[74]</a></blockquote> Brought together, the result was an anti-intellectual and politically semi-illiterate ideology lacking cohesion, a product of mass culture which allowed its followers emotional attachment and offered a simplified and easily-digestible world-view based on a political mythology for the masses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroszat198738-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Völkisch_nationalism">Völkisch nationalism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">Völkisch nationalism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/German_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="German Question">German Question</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">German nationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Pan-Germanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">Unification of Germany</a>, and <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch movement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte.jpg/170px-Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte.jpg/255px-Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte.jpg 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="336" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Johann Gottlieb Fichte</a>, considered one of the fathers of <a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">German nationalism</a></figcaption></figure> Adolf Hitler himself along with other members of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">National Socialist German Workers' Party</a> (German: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, NSDAP) in the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> (1918–1933) were greatly influenced by several 19th- and early 20th-century thinkers and proponents of philosophical, onto-epistemic, and theoretical perspectives on <a href="/wiki/Ecological_anthropology" title="Ecological anthropology">ecological anthropology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">scientific racism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holism_in_science" title="Holism in science">holistic science</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Organicism" title="Organicism">organicism</a> regarding the constitution of <a href="/wiki/Complex_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Complex systems">complex systems</a> and theorization of organic-racial societies.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Deichmann_2020-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> In particular, one of the most significant ideological influences on the Nazis was the 19th-century <a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">German nationalist</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Johann Gottlieb Fichte</a>, whose works had served as an inspiration to Hitler and other Nazi Party members, and whose ideas were implemented among the philosophical and ideological foundations of Nazi-oriented <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_nationalism" title="Völkisch nationalism">Völkisch nationalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Deichmann_2020-76">[76]</a> Fichte's works served as an inspiration to Hitler and other Nazi Party members, including <a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Eckart" title="Dietrich Eckart">Dietrich Eckart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Fanck" title="Arnold Fanck">Arnold Fanck</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Deichmann_2020-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyback2010129–130-79">[79]</a> In Speeches to the German Nation (1808), written amid the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a>'s occupation of Berlin during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, Fichte called for a German national revolution against the <a href="/wiki/French_Imperial_Army_(1804%E2%80%931815)" title="French Imperial Army (1804–1815)">French Imperial Army</a> occupiers, making passionate public speeches, arming his students for battle against the French and stressing the need for action by the German nation so it could free itself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyback2010129-80">[80]</a> Fichte's German nationalism was populist and opposed to traditional elites, spoke of the need for a "People's War" (Volkskrieg) and put forth concepts similar to those which the Nazis adopted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyback2010129-80">[80]</a> Fichte promoted German <a href="/wiki/Exceptionalism" title="Exceptionalism">exceptionalism</a> and stressed the need for the German nation to purify itself (including purging the <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German language</a> of French words, a policy that the Nazis undertook upon their rise to power).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyback2010129-80">[80]</a> Another important figure in pre-Nazi völkisch thinking was <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Riehl" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Riehl">Wilhelm Heinrich Riehl</a>, whose work—Land und Leute (Land and People, written between 1857 and 1863)—collectively tied the organic German Volk to its native landscape and nature, a pairing which stood in stark opposition to the mechanical and materialistic civilisation which was then developing as a result of <a href="/wiki/Industrialisation" title="Industrialisation">industrialisation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Geographers <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ratzel" title="Friedrich Ratzel">Friedrich Ratzel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Haushofer" title="Karl Haushofer">Karl Haushofer</a> borrowed from Riehl's work as did Nazi ideologues Alfred Rosenberg and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Schultze-Naumburg" title="Paul Schultze-Naumburg">Paul Schultze-Naumburg</a>, both of whom employed some of Riehl's philosophy in arguing that "each nation-state was an organism that required a particular living space in order to survive".<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Riehl's influence is overtly discernible in the <a href="/wiki/Blut_und_Boden" class="mw-redirect" title="Blut und Boden">Blut und Boden</a> (Blood and Soil) philosophy introduced by <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Oswald Spengler</a>, which the Nazi agriculturalist Walther Darré and other prominent Nazis adopted.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> Völkisch nationalism denounced soulless <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secularised" class="mw-redirect" title="Secularised">secularised</a> <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban</a> industrial society, while advocating a "superior" society based on ethnic German "folk" culture and German "blood".<a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia7-85">[85]</a> It denounced foreigners and foreign ideas and declared that Jews, <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemasons</a> and others were "traitors to the nation" and unworthy of inclusion.<a href="#cite_note-constructing-86">[86]</a> Völkisch nationalism saw the world in terms of <a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">natural law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">romanticism</a> and it viewed societies as organic, extolling the virtues of <a href="/wiki/Rural" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural">rural</a> life, condemning the neglect of tradition and the decay of morals, denounced the destruction of the natural environment and condemned "cosmopolitan" cultures such as Jews and Romani.<a href="#cite_note-Jonathan_Olsen_1999,_p._62-87">[87]</a> The first party that attempted to combine nationalism and socialism was the <a href="/wiki/German_Workers%27_Party_(Austria-Hungary)" title="German Workers' Party (Austria-Hungary)">(Austria-Hungary) German Workers' Party</a>, which predominantly aimed to solve the conflict between the Austrian Germans and the Czechs in the multi-ethnic <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>, then part of <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> In 1896 the German politician Friedrich Naumann formed the National-Social Association which aimed to combine German nationalism and a non-Marxist form of socialism together; the attempt turned out to be futile and the idea of linking nationalism with socialism quickly became equated with antisemites, extreme German nationalists and the völkisch movement in general.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw1999135-36">[36]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VonSchoenerer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/VonSchoenerer.jpg/170px-VonSchoenerer.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/VonSchoenerer.jpg/255px-VonSchoenerer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/VonSchoenerer.jpg/340px-VonSchoenerer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="717" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Georg_Ritter_von_Sch%C3%B6nerer" title="Georg Ritter von Schönerer">Georg Ritter von Schönerer</a>, a major exponent of Pan-Germanism in Austria</figcaption></figure> During the era of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a>, völkisch nationalism was overshadowed by both Prussian patriotism and the federalist tradition of its various component states.<a href="#cite_note-Nina_Witoszek_2002._pp._89-90-89">[89]</a> The events of World War I, including the end of the Prussian monarchy in Germany, resulted in a surge of revolutionary völkisch nationalism.<a href="#cite_note-witoszek-90">[90]</a> The Nazis supported such revolutionary völkisch nationalist policies<a href="#cite_note-Nina_Witoszek_2002._pp._89-90-89">[89]</a> and they claimed that their ideology was influenced by the leadership and policies of <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany">German Chancellor</a> <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Otto von Bismarck</a>, who was instrumental in founding the German Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerwarth2007150-91">[91]</a> The Nazis declared that they were dedicated to continuing the process of creating a unified German <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation state</a> that Bismarck had begun and desired to achieve.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerwarth2007149-92">[92]</a> While Hitler was supportive of Bismarck's creation of the German Empire, he was critical of Bismarck's moderate domestic policies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerwarth200754-93">[93]</a> On the issue of Bismarck's support of a <a href="/wiki/Kleindeutschland" class="mw-redirect" title="Kleindeutschland">Kleindeutschland</a> ("Lesser Germany", excluding Austria) versus the Pan-German <a href="/wiki/German_question#Later_influence" title="German question">Großdeutschland</a> ("Greater Germany") which the Nazis advocated, Hitler stated that Bismarck's attainment of Kleindeutschland was the "highest achievement" Bismarck could have achieved "within the limits possible at that time".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerwarth200754,_131-94">[94]</a> In Mein Kampf, Hitler presented himself as a "second Bismarck".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerwarth2007131-95">[95]</a> During his youth in Austria, Hitler was politically influenced by Austrian Pan-Germanist proponent <a href="/wiki/Georg_Ritter_von_Sch%C3%B6nerer" title="Georg Ritter von Schönerer">Georg Ritter von Schönerer</a>, who advocated radical <a href="/wiki/German_nationalism_in_Austria" title="German nationalism in Austria">German nationalism</a>, antisemitism, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">anti-Catholicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">anti-Slavic sentiment</a> and anti-Habsburg views.<a href="#cite_note-nicholls236237-96">[96]</a> From von Schönerer and his followers, Hitler adopted for the Nazi movement the Heil greeting, the Führer title and the model of absolute party leadership.<a href="#cite_note-nicholls236237-96">[96]</a> Hitler was also impressed by the <a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">populist</a> antisemitism and the anti-liberal bourgeois agitation of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Lueger" title="Karl Lueger">Karl Lueger</a>, who as the mayor of Vienna during Hitler's time in the city used a rabble-rousing style of oratory that appealed to the wider masses.<a href="#cite_note-nicholls159160-97">[97]</a> Unlike von Schönerer, Lueger was not a German nationalist and instead was a pro-Catholic Habsburg supporter and only used German nationalist notions occasionally for his own agenda.<a href="#cite_note-nicholls159160-97">[97]</a> Although Hitler praised both Lueger and Schönerer, he criticised the former for not applying a racial doctrine against the Jews and Slavs.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Racial_theories_and_antisemitism">Racial theories and antisemitism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazism and race">Nazism and race</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur_de_Gobineau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Arthur_de_Gobineau.jpg/170px-Arthur_de_Gobineau.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Arthur_de_Gobineau.jpg/255px-Arthur_de_Gobineau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Arthur_de_Gobineau.jpg/340px-Arthur_de_Gobineau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="518" data-file-height="659" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Arthur de Gobineau">Arthur de Gobineau</a>, one of the key inventors of the theory of the "<a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan race</a>"</figcaption></figure> The concept of the <a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan race</a>, which the Nazis promoted, stems from racial theories asserting that Europeans are the descendants of Indo-Iranian settlers, people of ancient <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and ancient <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-99">[99]</a> Proponents of this theory based their assertion on the fact that words in European languages and words in Indo-Iranian languages have similar pronunciations and meanings.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-99">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Johann Gottfried Herder</a> argued that the Germanic peoples held close racial connections to the ancient Indians and the ancient Persians, who he claimed were advanced peoples that possessed a great capacity for wisdom, nobility, restraint and science.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-99">[99]</a> Contemporaries of Herder used the concept of the Aryan race to draw a distinction between what they deemed to be "high and noble" Aryan culture versus that of "parasitic" Semitic culture.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-99">[99]</a> Notions of <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a> and Aryan racial superiority were combined in the 19th century, with white supremacists maintaining the belief that certain groups of <a href="/wiki/White_people" title="White people">white people</a> were members of an Aryan "master race" that is superior to other races and particularly superior to the Semitic race, which they associated with "cultural sterility".<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-99">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Arthur de Gobineau">Arthur de Gobineau</a>, a French racial theorist and aristocrat, blamed the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Ancien_r%C3%A9gime" title="Ancien régime">ancien régime</a> in France on racial degeneracy caused by <a href="/wiki/Miscegenation" title="Miscegenation">racial intermixing</a>, which he argued had destroyed the purity of the Aryan race, a term which he only reserved for Germanic people.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated8-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> Gobineau's theories, which attracted a strong following in Germany,<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated8-100">[100]</a> emphasised the existence of an irreconcilable <a href="/wiki/Polarity_in_international_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Polarity in international relations">polarity</a> between Aryan (<a href="/wiki/Germanic_culture" title="Germanic culture">Germanic</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Jewish_culture" title="Jewish culture">Jewish cultures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-99">[99]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_119-1600-06,_Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_119-1600-06%2C_Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_119-1600-06%2C_Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_119-1600-06%2C_Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_119-1600-06%2C_Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Bundesarchiv_Bild_119-1600-06%2C_Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_119-1600-06%2C_Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="367" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Houston Stewart Chamberlain</a>, whose book The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century would prove to be a seminal work in the history of German nationalism</figcaption></figure> Aryan <a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">mysticism</a> claimed that <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> originated in Aryan religious traditions, and that Jews had usurped the legend from Aryans.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated6-99">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Houston Stewart Chamberlain</a>, an English-born German proponent of racial theory, supported notions of Germanic supremacy and antisemitism in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated8-100">[100]</a> Chamberlain's work, <a href="/wiki/The_Foundations_of_the_Nineteenth_Century" title="The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century">The Foundations of the Nineteenth Century</a> (1899), praised Germanic peoples for their creativity and idealism while asserting that the Germanic spirit was threatened by a "Jewish" spirit of selfishness and <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated8-100">[100]</a> Chamberlain used his thesis to promote <a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">monarchical</a> <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservatism</a> while denouncing <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated8-100">[100]</a> The book became popular, especially in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated8-100">[100]</a> Chamberlain stressed a nation's need to maintain its racial purity in order to prevent its degeneration and argued that racial intermingling with Jews should never be permitted.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated8-100">[100]</a> In 1923, Chamberlain met Hitler, whom he admired as a leader of the rebirth of the free spirit.<a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia9-102">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/Madison_Grant" title="Madison Grant">Madison Grant</a>'s work <a href="/wiki/The_Passing_of_the_Great_Race" title="The Passing of the Great Race">The Passing of the Great Race</a> (1916) advocated <a href="/wiki/Nordicism" title="Nordicism">Nordicism</a> and proposed that a <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a> program should be implemented in order to preserve the purity of the Nordic race. After reading the book, Hitler called it "my Bible".<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> In Germany, the belief that Jews were economically exploiting Germans became prominent due to the ascendancy of many wealthy Jews into prominent positions upon the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">unification of Germany</a> in 1871.<a href="#cite_note-Brustein207-104">[104]</a> From 1871 to the early 20th century, German Jews were overrepresented in Germany's upper and middle classes while they were underrepresented in Germany's lower classes, particularly in the fields of agricultural and industrial labour.<a href="#cite_note-Brustein210-105">[105]</a> German Jewish financiers and bankers played a key role in fostering Germany's economic growth from 1871 to 1913 and they benefited enormously from this boom. In 1908, amongst the twenty-nine wealthiest German families with aggregate fortunes of up to 55 million marks at the time, five were Jewish and the <a href="/wiki/Rothschild_family" title="Rothschild family">Rothschilds</a> were the second wealthiest German family.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> The predominance of Jews in Germany's banking, commerce and industry sectors during this time period was very high, even though Jews were estimated to account for only 1% of the population of Germany.<a href="#cite_note-Brustein207-104">[104]</a> The overrepresentation of Jews in these areas fuelled resentment among non-Jewish Germans during periods of economic crisis.<a href="#cite_note-Brustein210-105">[105]</a> The 1873 stock market crash and the ensuing depression resulted in a spate of attacks on alleged Jewish economic dominance in Germany and antisemitism increased.<a href="#cite_note-Brustein210-105">[105]</a> During this time period, in the 1870s, German <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">völkisch nationalism</a> began to adopt antisemitic and racist themes and it was also adopted by a number of radical right political movements.<a href="#cite_note-witoszek10-107">[107]</a> Radical antisemitism was promoted by prominent advocates of völkisch nationalism, including <a href="/wiki/Eugen_Diederichs" title="Eugen Diederichs">Eugen Diederichs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_de_Lagarde" title="Paul de Lagarde">Paul de Lagarde</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julius_Langbehn" title="Julius Langbehn">Julius Langbehn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jonathan_Olsen_1999,_p._62-87">[87]</a> De Lagarde called the Jews a "<a href="/wiki/Bacillus" title="Bacillus">bacillus</a>, the carriers of decay ... who pollute every national culture ... and destroy all faiths with their materialistic liberalism" and he called for the extermination of the Jews.<a href="#cite_note-Jack_Fischel_1998,_p._5-108">[108]</a> Langbehn called for a war of annihilation against the Jews, and his genocidal policies were later published by the Nazis and given to soldiers on the front during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jack_Fischel_1998,_p._5-108">[108]</a> One antisemitic ideologue of the period, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Lange_(journalist)" title="Friedrich Lange (journalist)">Friedrich Lange</a>, even used the term "National Socialism" to describe his own anti-capitalist take on the völkisch nationalist template.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Johann Gottlieb Fichte accused Jews in Germany of having been and inevitably of continuing to be a "state within a state" that threatened German national unity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyback2010129-80">[80]</a> Fichte promoted two options in order to address this, his first one being the creation of a Jewish state in <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a> so the Jews could be impelled to leave Europe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyback2010130-110">[110]</a> His second option was violence against Jews and he said that the goal of the violence would be "to cut off all their heads in one night, and set new ones on their shoulders, which should not contain a single Jewish idea".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyback2010130-110">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">The Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a> (1912) is an antisemitic forgery created by the secret service of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Okhrana" title="Okhrana">Okhrana</a>. Many antisemites believed it was real and thus it became widely popular after World War I.<a href="#cite_note-stackelberg-111">[111]</a> The Protocols claimed that there was a secret international Jewish conspiracy to take over the world.<a href="#cite_note-kershaw-112">[112]</a> Hitler had been introduced to The Protocols by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Alfred Rosenberg</a> and from 1920 onwards he focused his attacks by claiming that <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> and Marxism were directly connected, that Jews and <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> were one and the same and that Marxism was a Jewish ideology-this became known as "<a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Jewish Bolshevism</a>".<a href="#cite_note-dictator-113">[113]</a> Hitler believed that The Protocols were authentic.<a href="#cite_note-dictator11-114">[114]</a> During his life in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> between 1907 and 1913, Hitler became fervently <a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">anti-Slavic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Prior to the Nazi ascension to power, Hitler often blamed moral degradation on <a href="/wiki/Rassenschande" title="Rassenschande">Rassenschande</a> ("racial defilement"), a way to assure his followers of his continuing antisemitism, which had been toned down for popular consumption.<a href="#cite_note-Koonz2005-119">[119]</a> Prior to the induction of the Nuremberg Race Laws in 1935 by the Nazis, many German nationalists such as <a href="/wiki/Roland_Freisler" title="Roland Freisler">Roland Freisler</a> strongly supported laws to ban Rassenschande between Aryans and Jews as racial treason.<a href="#cite_note-Koonz2005-119">[119]</a> Even before the laws were officially passed, the Nazis banned sexual relations and marriages between party members and Jews.<a href="#cite_note-Weikart2009-120">[120]</a> Party members found guilty of Rassenschande were severely punished; some party members were even sentenced to death.<a href="#cite_note-Gordon1984-121">[121]</a> The Nazis claimed that Bismarck was unable to complete German national unification because Jews had infiltrated the German parliament and they claimed that their abolition of parliament had ended this obstacle to unification.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerwarth2007150-91">[91]</a> Using the <a href="/wiki/Stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Stab-in-the-back myth">stab-in-the-back myth</a>, the Nazis accused Jews—and other populations who it considered non-German—of possessing extra-national loyalties, thereby exacerbating German <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> about the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_question" title="Jewish question">Judenfrage</a> (the Jewish Question), the <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">far-right</a> political <a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_canard" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitic canard">canard</a> which was popular when the ethnic völkisch movement and its politics of <a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Romantic nationalism</a> for establishing a <a href="/wiki/German_question#Later_influence" title="German question">Großdeutschland</a> was strong.<a href="#cite_note-PostWWIAntisemitism-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-JFrage-123">[123]</a> Nazism's racial policy positions may have developed from the views of important biologists of the 19th century, including French <a href="/wiki/Biologist" title="Biologist">biologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck" title="Jean-Baptiste Lamarck">Jean-Baptiste Lamarck</a>, through <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a>'s idealist version of <a href="/wiki/Lamarckism" title="Lamarckism">Lamarckism</a> and the father of <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a>, German <a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">botanist</a> <a href="/wiki/Gregor_Mendel" title="Gregor Mendel">Gregor Mendel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Peter_J._Bowler_1989._pp._304-305-124">[124]</a> Haeckel's works were later condemned by the Nazis as inappropriate for "National-Socialist formation and education in the Third Reich". This may have been because of his "<a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">monist</a>" <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheistic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialist</a> philosophy, which the Nazis disliked, along with his friendliness to Jews, opposition to militarism and support altruism, with one Nazi official calling for them to be banned.<a href="#cite_note-Robert_J._Richards_2008._pp._7-8-125">[125]</a> Unlike Darwinian theory, Lamarckian theory officially ranked races in a hierarchy of evolution from <a href="/wiki/Ape" title="Ape">apes</a> while Darwinian theory did not grade races in a hierarchy of higher or lower evolution from apes, but simply stated that all humans as a whole had progressed in their evolution from apes.<a href="#cite_note-Peter_J._Bowler_1989._pp._304-305-124">[124]</a> Many Lamarckians viewed "lower" races as having been exposed to debilitating conditions for too long for any significant "improvement" of their condition to take place in the near future.<a href="#cite_note-evolution-126">[126]</a> Haeckel used Lamarckian theory to describe the existence of interracial struggle and put races on a hierarchy of evolution, ranging from wholly human to <a href="/wiki/Untermensch" title="Untermensch">subhuman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Peter_J._Bowler_1989._pp._304-305-124">[124]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mendelian_inheritance" title="Mendelian inheritance">Mendelian inheritance</a>, or Mendelism, was supported by the Nazis, as well as by mainstream eugenicists of the time. The Mendelian theory of inheritance declared that genetic traits and attributes were passed from one generation to another.<a href="#cite_note-university14-127">[127]</a> Eugenicists used Mendelian inheritance theory to demonstrate the transfer of biological illness and impairments from parents to children, including mental disability, whereas others also used Mendelian theory to demonstrate the inheritance of social traits, with racialists claiming a racial nature behind certain general traits such as inventiveness or criminal behaviour.<a href="#cite_note-friedlander-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Use_of_the_American_racist_model">Use of the American racist model</h4></div> Hitler and other Nazi legal theorists were inspired by America's <a href="/wiki/Institutional_racism" title="Institutional racism">institutional racism</a> and saw it as the model to follow. In particular, they saw it as a model for the expansion of territory and the elimination of indigenous inhabitants therefrom, for <a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement_after_the_Reconstruction_era" title="Disfranchisement after the Reconstruction era">laws denying full citizenship for African Americans</a>, which they wanted to implement also against Jews, and for <a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924" title="Immigration Act of 1924">racist immigration laws</a> banning some races. In Mein Kampf, Hitler extolled America as the only contemporary example of a country with racist ("völkisch") citizenship statutes in the 1920s, and Nazi lawyers made use of the American models in crafting laws for Nazi Germany.<a href="#cite_note-Whitman-129">[129]</a> U.S. citizenship laws and <a href="/wiki/Anti-miscegenation_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Anti-miscegenation laws in the United States">anti-miscegenation laws</a> directly inspired the two principal <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a>—the Citizenship Law and the Blood Law.<a href="#cite_note-Whitman-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Response_to_World_War_I_and_Italian_Fascism">Response to World War I and Italian Fascism</h3></div> During World War I, German sociologist <a href="/wiki/Johann_Plenge" title="Johann Plenge">Johann Plenge</a> spoke of the rise of a "National Socialism" in Germany within what he termed the "<a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_1914" title="Spirit of 1914">ideas of 1914</a>" that were a declaration of war against the "ideas of 1789" (the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Martin_Kitchen_2006,_p._205-130">[130]</a> According to Plenge, the "ideas of 1789" which included the rights of man, democracy, individualism and liberalism were being rejected in favour of "the ideas of 1914" which included the "German values" of duty, discipline, law and order.<a href="#cite_note-Martin_Kitchen_2006,_p._205-130">[130]</a> Plenge believed that ethnic solidarity (<a href="/wiki/Volksgemeinschaft" title="Volksgemeinschaft">Volksgemeinschaft</a>) would replace class division and that "racial comrades" would unite to create a socialist society in the struggle of "proletarian" Germany against "capitalist" Britain.<a href="#cite_note-Martin_Kitchen_2006,_p._205-130">[130]</a> He believed that the "Spirit of 1914" manifested itself in the concept of the "People's League of National Socialism".<a href="#cite_note-Bernd-Rüdiger_Hüppauf_1997,_p._92-131">[131]</a> This National Socialism was a form of <a href="/wiki/State_socialism" title="State socialism">state socialism</a> that rejected the "idea of boundless freedom" and promoted an economy that would serve the whole of Germany under the leadership of the state.<a href="#cite_note-Bernd-Rüdiger_Hüppauf_1997,_p._92-131">[131]</a> This National Socialism was opposed to capitalism due to the components that were against "the national interest" of Germany, but insisted that National Socialism would strive for greater efficiency in the economy.<a href="#cite_note-Bernd-Rüdiger_Hüppauf_1997,_p._92-131">[131]</a> Plenge advocated an authoritarian, rational ruling elite to develop National Socialism through a hierarchical <a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">technocratic</a> state,<a href="#cite_note-Thomas_Rohkrämer_2007,_p._130-132">[132]</a> and his ideas were part of the basis of Nazism.<a href="#cite_note-Martin_Kitchen_2006,_p._205-130">[130]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R06610,_Oswald_Spengler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R06610%2C_Oswald_Spengler.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R06610%2C_Oswald_Spengler.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R06610%2C_Oswald_Spengler.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R06610%2C_Oswald_Spengler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R06610%2C_Oswald_Spengler.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-R06610%2C_Oswald_Spengler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Oswald Spengler</a>, a philosopher of history</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Oswald Spengler</a>, a German cultural philosopher, was a major influence on Nazism, although after 1933 he became alienated from Nazism and was later condemned by the Nazis for criticising Adolf Hitler.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated16-133">[133]</a> Spengler's conception of national socialism and a number of his political views were shared by the Nazis and the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolutionary_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Revolutionary movement">Conservative Revolutionary movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7-134">[134]</a> Spengler's views were also popular amongst <a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian Fascists</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>.<a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia15-135">[135]</a> Spengler's book <a href="/wiki/The_Decline_of_the_West" title="The Decline of the West">The Decline of the West</a> (1918), written during the final months of World War I, addressed the supposed <a href="/wiki/Decadence" title="Decadence">decadence</a> of modern European civilisation, which he claimed was caused by atomising and irreligious individualisation and <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">cosmopolitanism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated16-133">[133]</a> Spengler's major thesis was that a law of historical development of cultures existed involving a cycle of birth, maturity, ageing and death when it reaches its final form of civilisation.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated16-133">[133]</a> Upon reaching the point of civilisation, a culture will lose its creative capacity and succumb to <a href="/wiki/Decadence" title="Decadence">decadence</a> until the emergence of "<a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">barbarians</a>" creates a new epoch.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated16-133">[133]</a> Spengler considered the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> as having succumbed to decadence of intellect, money, cosmopolitan urban life, irreligious life, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Atomization" class="extiw" title="wikt:Atomization">atomised</a> <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualisation</a> and believed that it was at the end of its biological and "spiritual" fertility.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated16-133">[133]</a> He believed that the "young" German nation as an imperial power would inherit the legacy of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a>, lead a restoration of value in "<a href="/wiki/Bloodline" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloodline">blood</a>" and instinct, while the ideals of rationalism would be revealed as absurd.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated16-133">[133]</a> Spengler's notions of "Prussian socialism" as described in his book <a href="/wiki/Preussentum_und_Sozialismus" class="mw-redirect" title="Preussentum und Sozialismus">Preussentum und Sozialismus</a> ("Prussiandom and Socialism", 1919), influenced Nazism and the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolutionary_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservative Revolutionary movement">Conservative Revolutionary movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7-134">[134]</a> Spengler wrote: "The meaning of socialism is that life is controlled not by the opposition between rich and poor, but by the rank that achievement and talent bestow. That is our freedom, freedom from the economic despotism of the individual".<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7-134">[134]</a> Spengler adopted the anti-English ideas addressed by Plenge and Sombart during World War I that condemned <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Liberalism in the United Kingdom">English liberalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">English parliamentarianism</a> while advocating a national socialism that was free from <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> and that would connect the individual to the state through <a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">corporatist</a> organisation.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated16-133">[133]</a> Spengler claimed that socialistic Prussian characteristics existed across Germany, including creativity, discipline, concern for the greater good, productivity and self-sacrifice.<a href="#cite_note-university17-136">[136]</a> He prescribed war as a necessity by saying: "War is the eternal form of higher human existence and states exist for war: they are the expression of the will to war".<a href="#cite_note-university18-137">[137]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1971-091-20,_Kapp-Putsch,_Marine-Brigade_Erhardt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1971-091-20%2C_Kapp-Putsch%2C_Marine-Brigade_Erhardt.jpg/280px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1971-091-20%2C_Kapp-Putsch%2C_Marine-Brigade_Erhardt.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1971-091-20%2C_Kapp-Putsch%2C_Marine-Brigade_Erhardt.jpg/420px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1971-091-20%2C_Kapp-Putsch%2C_Marine-Brigade_Erhardt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1971-091-20%2C_Kapp-Putsch%2C_Marine-Brigade_Erhardt.jpg/560px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1971-091-20%2C_Kapp-Putsch%2C_Marine-Brigade_Erhardt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="539" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Marinebrigade_Erhardt" class="mw-redirect" title="Marinebrigade Erhardt">Marinebrigade Erhardt</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Kapp_Putsch" title="Kapp Putsch">Kapp Putsch</a> in Berlin, 1920<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> (The Marinebrigade Erhardt used the <a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">swastika</a> as its symbol, as seen on their helmets and on the truck, which inspired the Nazi Party to adopt it as the movement's symbol.)</figcaption></figure> Spengler's definition of socialism did not advocate a change to property relations.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated7-134">[134]</a> He denounced Marxism for seeking to train the proletariat to "expropriate the expropriator", the capitalist and then to let them live a life of leisure on this expropriation.<a href="#cite_note-H._Stuart_Hughes_1992,_p._108-139">[139]</a> He claimed that "Marxism is the capitalism of the working class" and not true socialism.<a href="#cite_note-H._Stuart_Hughes_1992,_p._108-139">[139]</a> According to Spengler, true socialism would be in the form of corporatism, stating that "local corporate bodies organised according to the importance of each occupation to the people as a whole; higher representation in stages up to a supreme council of the state; mandates revocable at any time; no organised parties, no professional politicians, no periodic elections".<a href="#cite_note-transaction-140">[140]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Das_Dritte_Reich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Das_Dritte_Reich.jpg/170px-Das_Dritte_Reich.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Das_Dritte_Reich.jpg/255px-Das_Dritte_Reich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Das_Dritte_Reich.jpg/340px-Das_Dritte_Reich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="366" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>The book <a href="/wiki/Das_Dritte_Reich" title="Das Dritte Reich">Das Dritte Reich</a> (1923), translated as "The Third Reich", by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Moeller_van_den_Bruck" title="Arthur Moeller van den Bruck">Arthur Moeller van den Bruck</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Stapel" title="Wilhelm Stapel">Wilhelm Stapel</a>, an antisemitic German intellectual, used Spengler's thesis on the cultural confrontation between Jews as whom Spengler described as a <a href="/wiki/Magi" title="Magi">Magian</a> people versus <a href="/wiki/Europeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Europeans">Europeans</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Faust" title="Faust">Faustian</a> people.<a href="#cite_note-MordecaiKaplan-141">[141]</a> Stapel described Jews as a landless nomadic people in pursuit of an international culture whereby they can integrate into Western civilisation.<a href="#cite_note-MordecaiKaplan-141">[141]</a> As such, Stapel claims that Jews have been attracted to "international" versions of socialism, pacifism or capitalism because as a landless people the Jews have transgressed various national cultural boundaries.<a href="#cite_note-MordecaiKaplan-141">[141]</a> For all of Spengler's influence on the movement, he was opposed to its antisemitism. He wrote in his personal papers "[H]ow much envy of the capability of other people in view of one's lack of it lies hidden in anti-Semitism!" as well as "[W]hen one would rather destroy business and scholarship than see Jews in them, one is an ideologue, i.e., a danger for the nation. Idiotic."<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Moeller_van_den_Bruck" title="Arthur Moeller van den Bruck">Arthur Moeller van den Bruck</a> was initially the dominant figure of the Conservative Revolutionaries influenced Nazism.<a href="#cite_note-university19-143">[143]</a> He rejected <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a> conservatism while proposing a new state that he coined the "Third Reich", which would unite all classes under <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a> rule.<a href="#cite_note-macmillan-144">[144]</a> Van den Bruck advocated a combination of the nationalism of the right and the socialism of the left.<a href="#cite_note-millennial-145">[145]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> was a major influence on Nazism. The seizure of power by Italian Fascist leader Benito Mussolini in the <a href="/wiki/March_on_Rome" title="March on Rome">March on Rome</a> in 1922 drew admiration by Hitler, who less than a month later had begun to model himself and the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> upon Mussolini and the Fascists.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw1999182-146">[146]</a> Hitler presented the Nazis as a form of German fascism.<a href="#cite_note-Fulda,_Bernhard_2009,_p._65-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-Carlsten,_F._L._1982,_p._80-148">[148]</a> In November 1923, the Nazis attempted a "March on Berlin" modelled after the March on Rome, which resulted in the failed <a href="/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">Beer Hall Putsch</a> in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dissolution-149">[149]</a> Hitler spoke of Nazism being indebted to the success of Fascism's rise to power in Italy.<a href="#cite_note-Hugh_R._Trevor-Roper_2008._p10-150">[150]</a> In a private conversation in 1941, Hitler said that "the brown shirt would probably not have existed without the black shirt", the "brown shirt" referring to the <a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Nazi militia</a> and the "black shirt" referring to the <a href="/wiki/Blackshirts" title="Blackshirts">Fascist militia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hugh_R._Trevor-Roper_2008._p10-150">[150]</a> He also said in regards to the 1920s: "If Mussolini had been outdistanced by Marxism, I don't know whether we could have succeeded in holding out. At that period National Socialism was a very fragile growth".<a href="#cite_note-Hugh_R._Trevor-Roper_2008._p10-150">[150]</a> Other Nazis—especially those at the time associated with the party's more radical wing such as <a href="/wiki/Gregor_Strasser" title="Gregor Strasser">Gregor Strasser</a>, Joseph Goebbels and Heinrich Himmler—rejected <a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian Fascism</a>, accusing it of being too conservative or capitalist.<a href="#cite_note-university21-151">[151]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Alfred Rosenberg</a> condemned Italian Fascism for being racially confused and having influences from <a href="/wiki/Philo-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Philo-Semitism">philosemitism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-stanley-152">[152]</a> Strasser criticised the policy of <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrerprinzip" title="Führerprinzip">Führerprinzip</a> as being created by Mussolini and considered its presence in Nazism as a foreign imported idea.<a href="#cite_note-Stanley_G._Payne_1995,_p._464-153">[153]</a> Throughout the relationship between Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy, a number of lower-ranking Nazis scornfully viewed fascism as a conservative movement that lacked a full revolutionary potential.<a href="#cite_note-Stanley_G._Payne_1995,_p._464-153">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideology_and_programme">Ideology and programme</h2></div> In his book The Hitler State (Der Staat Hitlers), historian <a href="/wiki/Martin_Broszat" title="Martin Broszat">Martin Broszat</a> writes: <blockquote>...National Socialism was not primarily an ideological and programmatic, but a <a href="/wiki/Charismatic_authority" title="Charismatic authority">charismatic movement</a>, whose ideology was incorporated in the Führer, Hitler, and which would have lost all its power to integrate without him. ... [T]he abstract, utopian and vague National Socialistic ideology only achieved what reality and certainty it had through the medium of Hitler.</blockquote> Thus, any explication of the ideology of Nazism must be descriptive, as it was not generated primarily from first principles, but was the result of numerous factors, including Hitler's strongly-held personal views, some parts of the <a href="/wiki/25-point_plan" class="mw-redirect" title="25-point plan">25-point plan</a>, the general goals of the <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkische" class="mw-redirect" title="Völkische">völkische</a> and nationalist movements, and the conflicts between Nazi Party functionaries who battled "to win [Hitler] over to their respective interpretations of [National Socialism]." Once the Party had been purged of divergent influences such as <a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a>, Hitler was accepted by the Party's leadership as the "supreme authority to rule on ideological matters".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroszat198129-154">[154]</a> Nazi ideology was based on a bio-geo-political "<a href="/wiki/Weltanschauung" class="mw-redirect" title="Weltanschauung">Weltanschauung</a>" (worldview), advocating territorial expansionism to cultivate what it viewed as a "purified and homogeneous <a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan population</a>." Nazi regime's policies were shaped by the integration of <a href="/wiki/Biopolitics" title="Biopolitics">biopolitics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">geopolitics</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Hitlerian" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitlerian">Hitlerian</a> worldview, amalgamating spatial theory, practice, and imagination with biopolitics. In Hitlerism, the concepts of space and <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">race</a> were not separate but existed in tension, forming a distinct bio-geo-political framework at the core of the Nazi project. This ideology viewed German territorial conquests and extermination of those ethnic groups it dehumanised as "<a href="/wiki/Untermensch" title="Untermensch">untermensch</a>" as part of a biopolitical process to establish an ideal German community.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nationalism_and_racialism">Nationalism and racialism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazism and race">Nazism and race</a> and <a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Racial policy of Nazi Germany</a></div> Nazism emphasised German nationalism, including both <a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">irredentism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Expansionism" title="Expansionism">expansionism</a>. Nazism held racial theories based upon a belief in the existence of an Aryan master race that was superior to all other races. The Nazis emphasised the existence of racial conflict between the Aryan race and others—particularly Jews, whom the Nazis viewed as a mixed race that had infiltrated multiple societies and was responsible for exploitation and repression of the Aryan race. The Nazis also categorised <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a> as <a href="/wiki/Untermensch" title="Untermensch">Untermensch</a> (sub-human).<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Wolfgang Bialas argues that the Nazis' sense of morality could be described as a form of procedural <a href="/wiki/Virtue_ethics" title="Virtue ethics">virtue ethics</a>, as it demanded <a href="/wiki/Unconditional_obedience" class="mw-redirect" title="Unconditional obedience">unconditional obedience</a> to absolute virtues with the attitude of social engineering and replaced common sense intuitions with an ideological catalogue of virtues and commands. The ideal Nazi new man was to be race-conscious and an ideologically dedicated warrior who would commit actions for the sake of the German race while at the same time convinced he was doing the right thing and acting morally. The Nazis believed an individual could only develop their capabilities and individual characteristics within the framework of the individual's racial membership; the race one belonged to determined whether or not one was worthy of moral care. The Christian concept of <a href="/wiki/Self-denial" title="Self-denial">self-denial</a> was to be replaced with the idea of self-assertion towards those deemed inferior. Natural selection and the struggle for existence were declared by the Nazis to be the most divine laws; peoples and individuals deemed inferior were said to be incapable of surviving without those deemed superior, yet by doing so they imposed a burden on the superior. Natural selection was deemed to favour the strong over the weak and the Nazis deemed that protecting those declared inferior was preventing nature from taking its course; those incapable of asserting themselves were viewed as doomed to annihilation, with the right to life being granted only to those who could survive on their own.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Irredentism_and_expansionism">Irredentism and expansionism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_R_49_Bild-0131,_Aussiedlung_von_Polen_im_Wartheland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Bundesarchiv_R_49_Bild-0131%2C_Aussiedlung_von_Polen_im_Wartheland.jpg/280px-Bundesarchiv_R_49_Bild-0131%2C_Aussiedlung_von_Polen_im_Wartheland.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Bundesarchiv_R_49_Bild-0131%2C_Aussiedlung_von_Polen_im_Wartheland.jpg/420px-Bundesarchiv_R_49_Bild-0131%2C_Aussiedlung_von_Polen_im_Wartheland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Bundesarchiv_R_49_Bild-0131%2C_Aussiedlung_von_Polen_im_Wartheland.jpg/560px-Bundesarchiv_R_49_Bild-0131%2C_Aussiedlung_von_Polen_im_Wartheland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="549" /></a><figcaption>Beginning of Lebensraum, the <a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Poles_by_Nazi_Germany" title="Expulsion of Poles by Nazi Germany">Nazi German expulsion of Poles</a> from <a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Wartheland" title="Reichsgau Wartheland">central Poland</a>, 1939</figcaption></figure> At the core of the Nazi ideology was the bio-geo-political project to acquire <a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a> ("living space") through territorial conquests.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> The German Nazi Party supported German irredentist claims to Austria, <a href="/wiki/Alsace-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a>, the region of <a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenland</a>, and the territory known since 1919 as the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Corridor" title="Polish Corridor">Polish Corridor</a>. A major policy of the German Nazi Party was Lebensraum for the German nation based on claims that Germany after World War I was facing an overpopulation crisis and that expansion was needed to end the country's overpopulation within existing confined territory, and provide resources necessary to its people's well-being.<a href="#cite_note-Stephen_J._Lee_1945,_p._237-160">[160]</a> Since the 1920s, the Nazi Party publicly promoted the expansion of Germany into territories held by the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-Peter_D._Stachura_P._31-161">[161]</a> In Mein Kampf, Hitler stated that Lebensraum would be acquired in Eastern Europe, especially Russia.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> In his early years as the Nazi leader, Hitler had claimed that he would be willing to accept friendly relations with Russia on the tactical condition that Russia agree to return to the borders established by the German–Russian peace agreement of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a> signed by <a href="/wiki/Grigori_Sokolnikov" class="mw-redirect" title="Grigori Sokolnikov">Grigori Sokolnikov</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federated_Socialist_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic">Russian Soviet Republic</a> in 1918 which gave large territories held by Russia to German control in exchange for peace.<a href="#cite_note-Peter_D._Stachura_P._31-161">[161]</a> In 1921, Hitler had commended the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk as opening the possibility for restoration of relations between Germany and Russia by saying: <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trial_of_the_Nazis_of_the_Klaip%C4%97da_Region_%E2%80%93_priest_Theodor_Freiherr_von_Sass,_veterinarian_Ernst_Neumann,_and_others_in_Kaunas,_1935.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Trial_of_the_Nazis_of_the_Klaip%C4%97da_Region_%E2%80%93_priest_Theodor_Freiherr_von_Sass%2C_veterinarian_Ernst_Neumann%2C_and_others_in_Kaunas%2C_1935.jpg/220px-Trial_of_the_Nazis_of_the_Klaip%C4%97da_Region_%E2%80%93_priest_Theodor_Freiherr_von_Sass%2C_veterinarian_Ernst_Neumann%2C_and_others_in_Kaunas%2C_1935.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Trial_of_the_Nazis_of_the_Klaip%C4%97da_Region_%E2%80%93_priest_Theodor_Freiherr_von_Sass%2C_veterinarian_Ernst_Neumann%2C_and_others_in_Kaunas%2C_1935.jpg/330px-Trial_of_the_Nazis_of_the_Klaip%C4%97da_Region_%E2%80%93_priest_Theodor_Freiherr_von_Sass%2C_veterinarian_Ernst_Neumann%2C_and_others_in_Kaunas%2C_1935.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Trial_of_the_Nazis_of_the_Klaip%C4%97da_Region_%E2%80%93_priest_Theodor_Freiherr_von_Sass%2C_veterinarian_Ernst_Neumann%2C_and_others_in_Kaunas%2C_1935.jpg/440px-Trial_of_the_Nazis_of_the_Klaip%C4%97da_Region_%E2%80%93_priest_Theodor_Freiherr_von_Sass%2C_veterinarian_Ernst_Neumann%2C_and_others_in_Kaunas%2C_1935.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1102" data-file-height="668" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Neumann_and_Sass" title="Trial of Neumann and Sass">first trial of the Nazis in Europe</a>, which took place in <a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a> in 1935. The accused claimed that the <a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da_Region" title="Klaipėda Region">Klaipėda Region</a> should be part of Germany, not <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, and spread propaganda, prepared for an armed uprising.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Through the peace with Russia the sustenance of Germany as well as the provision of work were to have been secured by the acquisition of land and soil, by access to raw materials, and by friendly relations between the two lands.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Adolf Hitler<a href="#cite_note-Peter_D._Stachura_P._31-161">[161]</a></cite></div></blockquote> From 1921 to 1922, Hitler evoked rhetoric of both the achievement of Lebensraum involving the acceptance of a territorially reduced Russia as well as supporting <a href="/wiki/Russian_nationalism" title="Russian nationalism">Russian nationalists</a> in overthrowing the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> and establishing a new <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White Russian</a> government.<a href="#cite_note-Peter_D._Stachura_P._31-161">[161]</a> Hitler's attitudes changed by the end of 1922, in which he then supported an alliance of Germany with Britain to destroy Russia.<a href="#cite_note-Peter_D._Stachura_P._31-161">[161]</a> Hitler later declared how far he intended to expand Germany into Russia: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Asia, what a disquieting reservoir of men! The safety of Europe will not be assured until we have driven Asia back behind the Urals. No organized Russian state must be allowed to exist west of that line.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Adolf Hitler<a href="#cite_note-André_Mineau_2004,_p._36-164">[164]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="">Hitler's doctrine of Lebensraum</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "For the future of the German nation the 1914 frontiers are of no significance. They did not serve to protect us in the past, nor do they offer any guarantee for our defence in the future. With these frontiers the <a href="/wiki/German_people" class="mw-redirect" title="German people">German people</a> cannot maintain themselves as a compact unit, nor can they be assured of their maintenance. ... Against all this we, National Socialists, must stick firmly to the aim that we have set for our foreign policy; namely, that the German people must be assured the territorial area which is necessary for it to exist on this earth. ... The right to territory may become a duty when a great nation seems destined to go under unless its territory be extended. And that is particularly true when the nation in question is not some little group of negro people but the Germanic mother of all the life which has given cultural shape to the modern world." </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">— <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, — ("<a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a>", Volume 2, Chapter 14: "Germany's policy in Eastern Europe")<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a></cite> </div> Policy for Lebensraum planned mass expansion of Germany's borders to eastwards of the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-André_Mineau_2004,_p._36-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> Hitler planned for the "surplus" Russian population living west of the Urals to be deported to the east of the Urals.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> Historian Adam Tooze explains that Hitler believed that lebensraum was vital to securing American-style consumer affluence for the German people. In this light, Tooze argues that the view that the regime faced a "<a href="/wiki/Guns_versus_butter_model" title="Guns versus butter model">guns or butter</a>" contrast is mistaken. While it is true that resources were diverted from civilian consumption to military production, Tooze explains that at a strategic level "guns were ultimately viewed as a means to obtaining more butter".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2008161–162-168">[168]</a> While the Nazi pre-occupation with agrarian living and food production are often seen as a sign of their backwardness, Tooze explains this was in fact a major driving issue in European society for at least the last two centuries. The issue of how European societies should respond to the new <a href="/wiki/World_economy" title="World economy">global economy</a> in food was one of the major issues facing Europe in the early 20th century. Agrarian life in Europe (except perhaps with the exception of Britain) was incredibly common—in the early 1930s, over 9 million Germans (almost a third of the work force) were still working in agriculture and many people not working in agriculture still had small allotments or otherwise grew their own food. Tooze estimates that just over half the German population in the 1930s was living in towns and villages with populations under 20,000 people. Many people in cities still had memories of rural-urban migration—Tooze thus explains that the Nazis obsessions with agrarianism were not an atavistic gloss on a modern industrial nation but a consequence of the fact that Nazism (as both an ideology and as a movement) was the product of a society still in economic transition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2008166–167-169">[169]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_topography_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Europe_topography_map.png/280px-Europe_topography_map.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Europe_topography_map.png/420px-Europe_topography_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Europe_topography_map.png/560px-Europe_topography_map.png 2x" data-file-width="1473" data-file-height="1198" /></a><figcaption>Topographical map of Europe: the Nazi Party declared support for <a href="/wiki/Drang_nach_Osten" title="Drang nach Osten">Drang nach Osten</a> (expansion of Germany east to the Ural Mountains), that is shown on the upper right side of the map as a brown diagonal line.</figcaption></figure> The Nazis obsession with food production was a consequence of the First World War. While Europe was able to avert famine with international imports, blockades brought the issue of <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food security</a> back into European politics, the <a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Germany_(1914%E2%80%931919)" title="Blockade of Germany (1914–1919)">Allied blockade of Germany</a> in and after World War I did not cause an outright famine but chronic malnutrition did kill an estimated 600,000 people in Germany and Austria. The economic crises of the interwar period meant that most Germans had memories of acute hunger. Thus Tooze concludes that the Nazis obsession with acquiring land was not a case of "turning back the clock" but more a refusal to accept that the result of the distribution of land, resources and population, which had resulted from the imperialist wars of the 18th and 19th centuries, should be accepted as final. While the victors of the First World War had either suitable agricultural land to population ratios or large empires (or both), allowing them to declare the issue of living space closed, the Nazis, knowing Germany lacked either of these, refused to accept that Germany's place in the world was to be a medium-sized workshop dependent upon imported food.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2008167–168-170">[170]</a> According to Goebbels, the conquest of Lebensraum was intended as an initial step<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> towards the final goal of Nazi ideology, which was the establishment of complete German global hegemony.<a href="#cite_note-Weinberg-172">[172]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Rudolf Hess</a> relayed to <a href="/wiki/Walter_Hewel" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Hewel">Walter Hewel</a> Hitler's belief that <a href="/wiki/World_peace" title="World peace">world peace</a> could only be acquired "when one power, the <a href="/wiki/Racial_supremacism" class="mw-redirect" title="Racial supremacism">racially best one</a>, has attained uncontested supremacy". When this control would be achieved, this power could then set up for itself a world police and assure itself "the necessary living space. [...] The lower races will have to restrict themselves accordingly".<a href="#cite_note-Weinberg-172">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Racial_theories">Racial theories</h4></div> In its <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">racial categorisation</a>, Nazism viewed what it called the Aryan race as the <a href="/wiki/Master_race" title="Master race">master race</a> of the world—a race that was superior to all other races.<a href="#cite_note-George_Lachmann_Mosse_p79-173">[173]</a> It viewed Aryans as being in racial conflict with a mixed race people, the Jews, whom the Nazis identified as a dangerous enemy of the Aryans. It also viewed a number of other peoples as dangerous to the well-being of the Aryan race. In order to preserve the perceived racial purity of the Aryan race, a set of race laws was introduced in 1935 which came to be known as the Nuremberg Laws. At first these laws only prevented sexual relations and marriages between Germans and Jews, but they were later extended to the "<a href="/wiki/Romani_people" title="Romani people">Gypsies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_people" title="Black people">Negroes</a>, and their bastard offspring", who were described by the Nazis as people of "alien blood".<a href="#cite_note-RGallately-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burleigh1991-175">[175]</a> Such relations between Aryans (cf. <a href="/wiki/Aryan_certificate" title="Aryan certificate">Aryan certificate</a>) and non-Aryans were now punishable under the race laws as <a href="/wiki/Rassenschande" title="Rassenschande">Rassenschande</a> or "race defilement".<a href="#cite_note-RGallately-174">[174]</a> After the war began, the race defilement law was extended to include all foreigners (non-Germans).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajer2003180-176">[176]</a> At the bottom of the racial scale of non-Aryans were Jews, Romanis, Slavs<a href="#cite_note-Mineau,_André_2004_p._180-177">[177]</a> and blacks.<a href="#cite_note-Simone_Gigliotti_2005._Pp._14-178">[178]</a> To maintain the "purity and strength" of the Aryan race, the Nazis eventually sought to <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">exterminate</a> Jews, Romani, Slavs and the <a href="/wiki/Physical_disability" title="Physical disability">physically</a> and <a href="/wiki/Developmental_disability" title="Developmental disability">mentally disabled</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mineau,_André_2004_p._180-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-Simone_Gigliotti_2005,_p._14-179">[179]</a> Other groups deemed "<a href="/wiki/Social_degeneration" title="Social degeneration">degenerate</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/Asociality" title="Asociality">asocial</a>" who were not targeted for extermination, but were subjected to <a href="/wiki/Social_exclusion" title="Social exclusion">exclusionary treatment</a> by the Nazi state, included <a href="/wiki/Homosexuality" title="Homosexuality">homosexuals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_people_in_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Black people in Nazi Germany">blacks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a> and political opponents.<a href="#cite_note-Simone_Gigliotti_2005,_p._14-179">[179]</a> One of Hitler's ambitions at the start of the war was to <a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">exterminate, expel or enslave</a> most or all Slavs from <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> in order to acquire <a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">living space</a> for German settlers.<a href="#cite_note-google-180">[180]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-16748,_Ausstellung_%22Wunder_des_Lebens%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-16748%2C_Ausstellung_%22Wunder_des_Lebens%22.jpg/280px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-16748%2C_Ausstellung_%22Wunder_des_Lebens%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-16748%2C_Ausstellung_%22Wunder_des_Lebens%22.jpg/420px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-16748%2C_Ausstellung_%22Wunder_des_Lebens%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-16748%2C_Ausstellung_%22Wunder_des_Lebens%22.jpg/560px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-16748%2C_Ausstellung_%22Wunder_des_Lebens%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="552" /></a><figcaption>A "poster information" from the exhibition "Miracle of Life" in Berlin in 1935</figcaption></figure> A Nazi-era school textbook for German students entitled Heredity and Racial Biology for Students written by Jakob Graf described to students the Nazi conception of the Aryan race in a section titled "The Aryan: The Creative Force in Human History".<a href="#cite_note-George_Lachmann_Mosse_p79-173">[173]</a> Graf claimed that the original Aryans developed from Nordic peoples who invaded <a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient India</a> and launched the initial development of Aryan culture there that later spread to <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Persia">ancient Persia</a> and he claimed that the Aryan presence in Persia was what was responsible for its development into an empire.<a href="#cite_note-George_Lachmann_Mosse_p79-173">[173]</a> He claimed that <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greek culture</a> was developed by Nordic peoples due to paintings of the time which showed Greeks who were tall, light-skinned, light-eyed, blond-haired people.<a href="#cite_note-George_Lachmann_Mosse_p79-173">[173]</a> He said that the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> was developed by the <a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italics</a> who were related to the <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> who were also a Nordic people.<a href="#cite_note-George_Lachmann_Mosse_p79-173">[173]</a> He believed that the vanishing of the Nordic component of the populations in Ancient Greece and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> led to their downfall.<a href="#cite_note-George_Lachmann_Mosse_p79-173">[173]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> was claimed to have developed in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> because of the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a> that brought new Nordic blood to the Empire's lands, such as the presence of Nordic blood in the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> (referred to as Longobards in the book); that remnants of the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> were responsible for the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a>; and that the heritage of the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a> in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> was what was responsible for its rise as a major power.<a href="#cite_note-George_Lachmann_Mosse_p79-173">[173]</a> He claimed that the rise of the Russian Empire was due to its leadership by people of <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Norman</a> descent.<a href="#cite_note-George_Lachmann_Mosse_p79-173">[173]</a> He described the rise of Anglo-Saxon societies in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> as being the result of the Nordic heritage of <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-George_Lachmann_Mosse_p79-173">[173]</a> He concluded these points by saying: "Everywhere Nordic creative power has built mighty empires with high-minded ideas, and to this very day <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Aryan languages</a> and cultural values are spread over a large part of the world, though the creative Nordic blood has long since vanished in many places".<a href="#cite_note-George_Lachmann_Mosse_p79-173">[173]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buchenwald_Corpses_60623.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buchenwald_Corpses_60623.jpg/280px-Buchenwald_Corpses_60623.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buchenwald_Corpses_60623.jpg/420px-Buchenwald_Corpses_60623.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Buchenwald_Corpses_60623.jpg/560px-Buchenwald_Corpses_60623.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="944" /></a><figcaption>A wagon piled high with corpses outside the crematorium in <a href="/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp" title="Buchenwald concentration camp">Buchenwald concentration camp</a></figcaption></figure> In Nazi Germany, the idea of creating a master race resulted in efforts to "purify" the Deutsche Volk through <a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">eugenics</a> and its culmination was the <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Compulsory sterilisation">compulsory sterilisation</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Involuntary_euthanasia" title="Involuntary euthanasia">involuntary euthanasia</a> of physically or mentally disabled people. After World War II, the euthanasia programme was named <a href="/wiki/Action_T4" class="mw-redirect" title="Action T4">Action T4</a>.<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> The ideological justification for <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">euthanasia</a> was Hitler's view of <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a> (11th century – 195 BC) as the original völkisch state and he praised Sparta's dispassionate destruction of congenitally deformed infants in order to maintain racial purity.<a href="#cite_note-pathological-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-Social_Darwinism_in_European_and_American_Thought,_1860–1945:_nature_as_model_and_nature_as_threat-183">[183]</a> Some non-Aryans enlisted in Nazi organisations like the Hitler Youth and the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a>, including Germans of African descent<a href="#cite_note-experiences-184">[184]</a> and Jewish descent.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> The Nazis began to implement "racial hygiene" policies as soon as they came to power. The July 1933 "<a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Prevention_of_Hereditarily_Diseased_Offspring" title="Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring">Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring</a>" prescribed <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization" title="Compulsory sterilization">compulsory sterilisation</a> for people with a range of conditions which were thought to be hereditary, such as <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epilepsy" title="Epilepsy">epilepsy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Huntington%27s_chorea" class="mw-redirect" title="Huntington's chorea">Huntington's chorea</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Intellectual_disability" title="Intellectual disability">imbecility</a>". Sterilization was also mandated for chronic <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcoholism</a> and other forms of <a href="/wiki/Deviance_(sociology)" title="Deviance (sociology)">social deviance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005507-186">[186]</a> An estimated 360,000 people were sterilised under this law between 1933 and 1939. Although some Nazis suggested that the programme should be extended to people with physical disabilities, such ideas had to be expressed carefully, given the fact that some Nazis had physical disabilities, one example being one of the most powerful figures of the regime, Joseph Goebbels, who had a deformed right leg.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> Nazi racial theorist <a href="/wiki/Hans_F._K._G%C3%BCnther" title="Hans F. K. Günther">Hans F. K. Günther</a> argued that European peoples were divided into five races: <a href="/wiki/Nordic_race" title="Nordic race">Nordic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_race" title="Mediterranean race">Mediterranean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dinaric_race" title="Dinaric race">Dinaric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alpine_race" title="Alpine race">Alpine</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Baltic_race" title="East Baltic race">East Baltic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Baum2006_156-11">[11]</a> Günther applied a <a href="/wiki/Nordicism" title="Nordicism">Nordicist</a> conception in order to justify his belief that Nordics were the highest in the racial hierarchy.<a href="#cite_note-Baum2006_156-11">[11]</a> In his book <a href="/wiki/Rassenkunde_des_deutschen_Volkes" title="Rassenkunde des deutschen Volkes">Rassenkunde des deutschen Volkes</a> (1922) ("Racial Science of the German People"), Günther recognised Germans as being composed of all five races, but emphasised the strong Nordic heritage among them.<a href="#cite_note-Maxwell150-188">[188]</a> Hitler read Rassenkunde des deutschen Volkes, which influenced his racial policy.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> Gunther believed that Slavs belonged to an "Eastern race" and he warned against Germans mixing with them.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> The Nazis described Jews as being a racially mixed group of primarily <a href="/wiki/Armenoid_race" title="Armenoid race">Near Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabid_race" title="Arabid race">Oriental</a> racial types.<a href="#cite_note-Weinreich111-191">[191]</a> Because such racial groups were concentrated outside Europe, the Nazis claimed that Jews were "racially alien" to all European peoples and that they did not have deep racial roots in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-Weinreich111-191">[191]</a> Günther emphasised Jews' Near Eastern racial heritage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinweis200828-192">[192]</a> Günther identified the mass conversion of the <a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a> to <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> in the 8th century as creating the two major branches of the Jewish people: those of primarily Near Eastern racial heritage became the <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi Jews</a> (that he called Eastern Jews) while those of primarily Oriental racial heritage became the <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardi Jews</a> (that he called Southern Jews).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinweis200831–32-193">[193]</a> Günther claimed that the Near Eastern type was composed of commercially spirited and artful traders, and that the type held strong <a href="/wiki/Psychological_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological manipulation">psychological manipulation</a> skills which aided them in trade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinweis200828-192">[192]</a> He claimed that the Near Eastern race had been "bred not so much for the conquest and exploitation of nature as it had been for the conquest and exploitation of people".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinweis200828-192">[192]</a> Günther believed that European peoples had a racially motivated aversion to peoples of Near Eastern racial origin and their traits, and as evidence of this he showed multiple examples of depictions of satanic figures with Near Eastern physiognomies in European art.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinweis200829-194">[194]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Der_Untermensch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Der_Untermensch.jpg/220px-Der_Untermensch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Der_Untermensch.jpg/330px-Der_Untermensch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Der_Untermensch.jpg/440px-Der_Untermensch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="996" data-file-height="1370" /></a><figcaption>Cover of the racist booklet "Der Untermensch" published by <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a> in 1942. 4 million copies of the brochure were printed by Nazi Germany and distributed across occupied territories. The pamphlet depicted the <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavic</a> and Jewish inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> as primitive people.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a></figcaption></figure> Hitler's conception of the Aryan <a href="/wiki/Herrenvolk" class="mw-redirect" title="Herrenvolk">Herrenvolk</a> ("Aryan master race") excluded the vast majority of Slavs from Central and Eastern Europe (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_ethnic_Poles" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi crimes against ethnic Poles">Poles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Ukrainians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarusians" title="Belarusians">Belarusians</a>, etc.). They were regarded as a race of men not inclined to a higher form of <a href="/wiki/Civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilisation">civilisation</a>, which was under an instinctive force that reverted them back to nature. The Nazis also regarded the Slavs as having dangerous Jewish and Asiatic, meaning <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongol</a>, influences.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> Because of this, the Nazis declared Slavs to be Untermenschen ("subhumans").<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> Nazi anthropologists attempted to scientifically prove the historical admixture of the Slavs who lived further East and leading Nazi racial theorist <a href="/wiki/Hans_F._K._G%C3%BCnther" title="Hans F. K. Günther">Hans Günther</a> regarded the Slavs as being primarily Nordic centuries ago but he believed that they had mixed with non-Nordic types over time.<a href="#cite_note-Wendt2010-198">[198]</a> Exceptions were made for a small percentage of Slavs who the Nazis saw as descended from German settlers and therefore fit to be Germanised and considered part of the Aryan master race.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> Hitler described Slavs as "a mass of born slaves who feel the need for a master".<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> Himmler classified <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a> as "bestial untermenschen" and Jews as the "decisive leader of the Untermenschen".<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> These ideas were fervently advocated through <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Nazi propaganda</a>, which had a massive impact on the indoctrination of the German population. "Der Untermenschen", a racist brochure published by the SS in 1942, has been regarded as one of the most infamous pieces of <a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment#Nazi_Germany" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Nazi anti-Slavic propaganda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> The Nazi notion of Slavs as inferior served as a legitimisation of their desire to create Lebensraum for Germans and other Germanic people in eastern Europe, where millions of Germans and other Germanic settlers would be moved into once those territories were conquered, while the original Slavic inhabitants were to be annihilated, removed or enslaved.<a href="#cite_note-Bendersky-204">[204]</a> Nazi Germany's policy changed towards Slavs in response to military manpower shortages, forcing it to allow Slavs to serve in its armed forces within the occupied territories in spite of the fact that they were considered "subhuman".<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> Hitler declared that racial conflict against Jews was necessary in order to save Germany from suffering under them and he dismissed concerns that the conflict with them was inhumane and unjust: <blockquote>We may be inhumane, but if we rescue Germany we have achieved the greatest deed in the world. We may work injustice, but if we rescue Germany then we have removed the greatest injustice in the world. We may be immoral, but if our people is rescued we have opened the way for morality.<a href="#cite_note-koenigsberg-206">[206]</a></blockquote> Nazi propagandist Joseph Goebbels frequently employed antisemitic rhetoric to underline this view: "The Jew is the enemy and the destroyer of the purity of blood, the conscious destroyer of our race."<a href="#cite_note-thosedamnednazis-207">[207]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_class">Social class</h3></div> National Socialist politics was based on competition and struggle as its organising principle, and the Nazis believed that "human life consisted of eternal struggle and competition and derived its meaning from struggle and competition."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason19936-208">[208]</a> The Nazis saw this eternal struggle in military terms, and advocated a society organised like an army in order to achieve success. They promoted the idea of a national-racial "people's community" (<a href="/wiki/Volksgemeinschaft" title="Volksgemeinschaft">Volksgemeinschaft</a>) in order to accomplish "the efficient prosecution of the struggle against other peoples and states."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason19937-209">[209]</a> Like an army, the Volksgemeinschaft was meant to consist of a hierarchy of ranks or classes of people, some commanding and others obeying, all working together for a common goal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason19937-209">[209]</a> This concept was rooted in the writings of 19th century völkisch authors who glorified medieval German society, viewing it as a "community rooted in the land and bound together by custom and tradition," in which there was neither class conflict nor selfish individualism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendersky198540-210">[210]</a> The Nazis concept of the volksgemeinschaft appealed to many, as it was seen as it seemed at once to affirm a commitment to a new type of society for the modern age yet also offer protection from the tensions and insecurities of modernisation. It would balance individual achievement with group solidarity and cooperation with competition. Stripped of its ideological overtones, the Nazi vision of modernisation without internal conflict and a political community that offered both security and opportunity was so potent a vision of the future that many Germans were willing to overlook its racist and anti-Semitic essence.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> Nazism rejected the Marxist concept of <a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">class conflict</a>, and it praised both German capitalists and German workers as essential to the Volksgemeinschaft. In the Volksgemeinschaft, social classes would continue to exist, but there would be no class conflict between them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendersky198548-212">[212]</a> Hitler said that "the capitalists have worked their way to the top through their capacity, and as the basis of this selection, which again only proves their higher race, they have a right to lead."<a href="#cite_note-Nicholls_245-213">[213]</a> German business leaders co-operated with the Nazis during their rise to power and received substantial benefits from the Nazi state after it was established, including high profits and state-sanctioned monopolies and cartels.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> Large celebrations and symbolism were used extensively to encourage those engaged in physical labour on behalf of Germany, with leading National Socialists often praising the "honour of labour", which fostered a sense of community (Gemeinschaft) for the German people and promoted solidarity towards the Nazi cause.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> To win workers away from Marxism, <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Nazi propaganda</a> sometimes presented its expansionist foreign policy goals as a "class struggle between nations."<a href="#cite_note-Nicholls_245-213">[213]</a> Bonfires were made of school children's differently coloured caps as symbolic of the unity of different social classes.<a href="#cite_note-Grunberger46-216">[216]</a> In 1922, Hitler disparaged other nationalist and <a href="/wiki/Racialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Racialist">racialist</a> political parties as disconnected from the mass populace, especially lower and working-class young people: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The racialists were not capable of drawing the practical conclusions from correct theoretical judgements, especially in the Jewish Question. In this way, the German racialist movement developed a similar pattern to that of the 1880s and 1890s. As in those days, its leadership gradually fell into the hands of highly honourable, but fantastically naïve men of learning, professors, district counsellors, schoolmasters, and lawyers—in short a bourgeois, idealistic, and refined class. It lacked the warm breath of the nation's youthful vigour.<a href="#cite_note-burleigh-217">[217]</a></blockquote> Nevertheless, the Nazi Party's voter base consisted mainly of farmers and the middle class, including groups such as Weimar government officials, school teachers, doctors, clerks, self-employed businessmen, salesmen, retired officers, engineers, and students.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason199348–50-218">[218]</a> Their demands included lower taxes, higher prices for food, restrictions on department stores and consumer co-operatives, and reductions in social services and wages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason199349-219">[219]</a> The need to maintain the support of these groups made it difficult for the Nazis to appeal to the working class, since the working class often had opposite demands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason199349-219">[219]</a> From 1928 onward, the Nazi Party's growth into a large national political movement was dependent on middle class support, and on the public perception that it "promised to side with the middle classes and to confront the economic and political power of the working class."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason199344-220">[220]</a> The financial collapse of the <a href="/wiki/White-collar_worker" title="White-collar worker">white collar</a> middle-class of the 1920s figures much in their strong support of Nazism.<a href="#cite_note-Burleigh,_2000,_p._77-221">[221]</a> Although the Nazis continued to make appeals to "the German worker", historian Timothy Mason concludes that "Hitler had nothing but slogans to offer the working class."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason199348-222">[222]</a> Historians Conan Fischer and Detlef Mühlberger argue that while the Nazis were primarily rooted in the lower middle class, they were able to appeal to all classes in society and that while workers were generally underrepresented, they were still a substantial source of support for the Nazis.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> H.L. Ansbacher argues that the working-class soldiers had the most faith in Hitler out of any occupational group in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> The Nazis also established a norm that every worker should be semi-skilled, which was not simply rhetorical; the number of men leaving school to enter the work force as unskilled labourers fell from 200,000 in 1934 to 30,000 in 1939. For many working-class families, the 1930s and 1940s were a time of social mobility; not in the sense of moving into the middle class but rather moving within the blue-collar skill hierarchy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2008143-226">[226]</a> Overall, the experience of workers varied considerably under Nazism. Workers' wages did not increase much during Nazi rule, as the government feared wage-price inflation and thus wage growth was limited. Prices for food and clothing rose, though costs for heating, rent and light decreased. Skilled workers were in shortage from 1936 onward, meaning that workers who engaged in vocational training could look forward to considerably higher wages. Benefits provided by the Labour Front were generally positively received, even if workers did not always buy in to propaganda about the volksgemeinschaft. Workers welcomed opportunities for employment after the harsh years of the Great Depression, creating a common belief that the Nazis had removed the insecurity of unemployment. Workers who remained discontented risked the <a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Gestapo</a>'s informants. Ultimately, the Nazis faced a conflict between their rearmament program, which by necessity would require material sacrifices from workers (longer hours and a lower standard of living), versus a need to maintain the confidence of the working class in the regime. Hitler was sympathetic to the view that stressed taking further measures for rearmament but he did not fully implement the measures required for it in order to avoid alienating the working class.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> While the Nazis had substantial support amongst the middle-class, they often attacked traditional middle-class values and Hitler personally held great contempt for them. This was because the traditional image of the middle class was one that was obsessed with personal status, material attainment and quiet, comfortable living, which was in opposition to the Nazism's ideal of a New Man. The Nazis' New Man was envisioned as a heroic figure who rejected a materialistic and private life for a public life and a pervasive sense of duty, willing to sacrifice everything for the nation. Despite the Nazis' contempt for these values, they were still able to secure millions of middle-class votes. Hermann Beck argues that while some members of the middle-class dismissed this as mere rhetoric, many others in some ways agreed with the Nazis—the defeat of 1918 and the failures of the Weimar period caused many middle-class Germans to question their own identity, thinking their traditional values to be anachronisms and agreeing with the Nazis that these values were no longer viable. While this rhetoric would become less frequent after 1933 due to the increased emphasis on the volksgemeinschaft, it and its ideas would never truly disappear until the overthrow of the regime. The Nazis instead emphasised that the middle-class must become staatsbürger, a publicly active and involved citizen, rather than a selfish, materialistic spießbürger, who was only interested in private life.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sex_and_gender">Sex and gender</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Women in Nazi Germany">Women in Nazi Germany</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pflichten_der_polen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Pflichten_der_polen.jpg/390px-Pflichten_der_polen.jpg" decoding="async" width="390" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Pflichten_der_polen.jpg/585px-Pflichten_der_polen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Pflichten_der_polen.jpg/780px-Pflichten_der_polen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3824" data-file-height="2687" /></a><figcaption>Obligations of Polish workers in Germany, warning them of the death penalty for any sexual relations between Germans and Poles</figcaption></figure> Nazi ideology advocated excluding women from political involvement and confining them to the spheres of "<a href="/wiki/Kinder,_K%C3%BCche,_Kirche" title="Kinder, Küche, Kirche">Kinder, Küche, Kirche</a>" (Children, Kitchen, Church).<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> Many women enthusiastically supported the regime, but formed their own internal hierarchies.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> Hitler's own opinion on the matter of women in Nazi Germany was that while other eras of German history had experienced the development and liberation of the female mind, the National Socialist goal was essentially singular in that it wished for them to produce a child.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> Based on this theme, Hitler once remarked about women that "with every child that she brings into the world, she fights her battle for the nation. The man stands up for the Volk, exactly as the woman stands up for the family".<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> Proto-natalist programs in Nazi Germany offered favourable loans and grants to newlyweds and encouraged them to give birth to offspring by providing them with additional incentives.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> <a href="/wiki/Birth_control" title="Birth control">Contraception</a> was discouraged for racially valuable women in Nazi Germany and <a href="/wiki/Abortion" title="Abortion">abortion</a> was forbidden by strict legal mandates, including prison sentences for women who sought them as well as prison sentences for doctors who performed them, whereas abortion for racially "undesirable" persons was encouraged.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> While unmarried until the very end of the regime, Hitler often made excuses about his busy life hindering any chance for marriage.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> Among National Socialist ideologues, marriage was valued not for moral considerations but because it provided an optimal breeding environment. <a href="/wiki/Reichsf%C3%BChrer-SS" title="Reichsführer-SS">Reichsführer-SS</a> Heinrich Himmler reportedly told a confidant that when he established the <a href="/wiki/Lebensborn" title="Lebensborn">Lebensborn</a> program, an organisation that would dramatically increase the birth rate of "Aryan" children through extramarital relations between women classified as racially pure and their male equals, he had only the purest male "conception assistants" in mind.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> Since the Nazis extended the <a href="/wiki/Rassenschande" title="Rassenschande">Rassenschande</a> ("race defilement") law to all foreigners at the beginning of the war,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajer2003180-176">[176]</a> pamphlets were issued to German women which ordered them to avoid sexual relations with foreign workers who were brought to Germany and the pamphlets also ordered German women to view these same foreign workers as a danger to their blood.<a href="#cite_note-Rupp1978-239">[239]</a> Although the law was applicable to both genders, German women were punished more severely for having sexual relations with foreign <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labourers</a> in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> The Nazis issued the <a href="/wiki/Polish_decrees" title="Polish decrees">Polish decrees</a> on 8 March 1940 which contained regulations concerning the Polish forced labourers (<a href="/wiki/Zivilarbeiter" title="Zivilarbeiter">Zivilarbeiter</a>) who were brought to Germany during World War II. One of the regulations stated that any Pole "who has sexual relations with a German man or woman, or approaches them in any other improper manner, will be punished by death".<a href="#cite_note-Gellately2001-241">[241]</a> After the decrees were enacted, Himmler stated: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Fellow Germans who engage in sexual relations with male or female civil workers of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish</a> nationality, commit other immoral acts or engage in love affairs shall be arrested immediately.<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a></blockquote> The Nazis later issued similar regulations against the Eastern Workers (<a href="/wiki/Ost-Arbeiter" class="mw-redirect" title="Ost-Arbeiter">Ost-Arbeiter</a>), including the imposition of the death penalty if they engaged in sexual relations with German persons.<a href="#cite_note-Gellately1990-243">[243]</a> Heydrich issued a decree on 20 February 1942 which declared that sexual intercourse between a German woman and a Russian worker or prisoner of war would result in the Russian man being punished with the death penalty.<a href="#cite_note-Evans2012-244">[244]</a> Another decree issued by Himmler on 7 December 1942 stated that any "unauthorised sexual intercourse" would result in the death penalty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajer2003369-245">[245]</a> Because the <a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Protection_of_German_Blood_and_German_Honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honor">Law for the Protection of German Blood and German Honour</a> did not permit capital punishment for race defilement, special courts were convened in order to allow the death penalty to be imposed in some cases.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajer2003331–32-246">[246]</a> German women accused of race defilement were marched through the streets with their head shaven and placards detailing their crimes were placed around their necks<a href="#cite_note-Stephenson2001-247">[247]</a> and those convicted of race defilement were sent to concentration camps.<a href="#cite_note-Rupp1978-239">[239]</a> When Himmler reportedly asked Hitler what the punishment should be for German girls and German women who were found guilty of race defilement with prisoners of war (POWs), he ordered that "every POW who has relations with a German girl or a German would be shot" and the German woman should be publicly humiliated by "having her hair shorn and being sent to a concentration camp".<a href="#cite_note-Longerich2012-248">[248]</a> The <a href="/wiki/League_of_German_Girls" title="League of German Girls">League of German Girls</a> was particularly regarded as instructing girls to avoid race defilement, which was treated with particular importance for young females.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">Transgender</a> people <a href="/wiki/Transgender_people_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Transgender people in Nazi Germany">had a variety of experiences</a> depending on whether they were considered "Aryan" or capable of useful work.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> Several historians have noted that transgender people were targeted by the Nazis through legislation and were sent to concentration camps.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sutton-252">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Opposition_to_homosexuality">Opposition to homosexuality</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_homosexuals_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany">Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Berlin_Pink_Triangle.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Berlin_Pink_Triangle.JPG/140px-Berlin_Pink_Triangle.JPG" decoding="async" width="140" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Berlin_Pink_Triangle.JPG/210px-Berlin_Pink_Triangle.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Berlin_Pink_Triangle.JPG/280px-Berlin_Pink_Triangle.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Berlin memorial to homosexual victims of the Holocaust: Totgeschlagen – Totgeschwiegen (Struck Dead – Hushed Up)</figcaption></figure> After the Night of the Long Knives, Hitler promoted Himmler and the SS, who then zealously suppressed homosexuality by saying: "We must exterminate these people root and branch ... the homosexual must be eliminated".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlant198899-256">[256]</a> In 1936, Himmler established the "<a href="/wiki/Reichszentrale_zur_Bek%C3%A4mpfung_der_Homosexualit%C3%A4t_und_Abtreibung" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichszentrale zur Bekämpfung der Homosexualität und Abtreibung">Reichszentrale zur Bekämpfung der Homosexualität und Abtreibung</a>" ("Reich Central Office for the Combating of Homosexuality and Abortion").<a href="#cite_note-Homosexualität_und_Staatsräson._Männlichkeit,_Homophobie_und_Politik_in_Deutschland_1900-1945-257">[257]</a> The Nazi regime incarcerated some 100,000 homosexuals during the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-Holocaust:_Gay_activists_press_for_German_apology-258">[258]</a> As concentration camp prisoners, homosexual men were forced to wear <a href="/wiki/Pink_triangle" title="Pink triangle">pink triangle</a> badges.<a href="#cite_note-international-259">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlant19881–276-260">[260]</a> Nazi ideology still viewed German men who were gay as a part of the Aryan master race, but the Nazi regime attempted to force them into sexual and social conformity. Homosexuals were viewed as failing in their duty to procreate and reproduce for the Aryan nation. Gay men who would not change or feign a change in their <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a> were sent to concentration camps under the "Extermination Through Work" campaign.<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Religion in Nazi Germany">Religion in Nazi Germany</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Catholic Church and Nazi Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Christians_(movement)" title="German Christians (movement)">German Christians (movement)</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Faith_Movement" title="German Faith Movement">German Faith Movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kreuz_und_Adler" title="Kreuz und Adler">Kreuz und Adler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Positive_Christianity" title="Positive Christianity">Positive Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_aspects_of_Nazism" title="Religious aspects of Nazism">Religious aspects of Nazism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry#Nazi_Germany_and_occupied_Europe" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry § Nazi Germany and occupied Europe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Religious_views_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Religious views of Adolf Hitler">Religious views of Adolf Hitler</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-15234,_Berlin,_Luthertag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-15234%2C_Berlin%2C_Luthertag.jpg/280px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-15234%2C_Berlin%2C_Luthertag.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-15234%2C_Berlin%2C_Luthertag.jpg/420px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-15234%2C_Berlin%2C_Luthertag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-15234%2C_Berlin%2C_Luthertag.jpg/560px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-15234%2C_Berlin%2C_Luthertag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="542" /></a><figcaption>Members of the <a href="/wiki/German_Christians_(movement)" title="German Christians (movement)">German Christians</a> organisation celebrating Luther Day in Berlin in 1933. A speech is given by Bishop Hossenfelder.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orsen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Orsen.jpg/280px-Orsen.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Orsen.jpg/420px-Orsen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Orsen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="304" /></a><figcaption>Hitler in 1935 with <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Orsenigo" title="Cesare Orsenigo">Cesare Orsenigo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nuncio_to_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuncio to Germany">nuncio to Germany</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Program" title="National Socialist Program">Nazi Party Programme</a> of 1920 guaranteed freedom for all religious denominations which were not hostile to the State and it also endorsed <a href="/wiki/Positive_Christianity" title="Positive Christianity">Positive Christianity</a> in order to combat "the Jewish-materialist spirit".<a href="#cite_note-documents-262">[262]</a> Positive Christianity was a modified version of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> which emphasised <a href="/wiki/Racial_hygiene" title="Racial hygiene">racial purity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab2009182-263">[263]</a> The Nazis were aided by theologians such as <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Bergmann_(philosopher)" title="Ernst Bergmann (philosopher)">Ernst Bergmann</a>. In his work Die 25 Thesen der Deutschreligion (Twenty-five Points of the German Religion), Bergmann held the view that the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> was inaccurate along with portions of the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, claimed that <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> was not a Jew but was instead of Aryan origin and he also claimed that Adolf Hitler was the new <a href="/wiki/Messiah" title="Messiah">messiah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab2009182-263">[263]</a> Hitler denounced the Old Testament as "<a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>'s Bible" and using components of the New Testament he attempted to prove that Jesus was both an Aryan and an antisemite by citing passages such as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=John+8:44">John 8:44</a> where he noted that Jesus is yelling at "the Jews", as well as saying to them "your father is the devil" and the <a href="/wiki/Cleansing_of_the_Temple" title="Cleansing of the Temple">Cleansing of the Temple</a>, which describes Jesus' whipping of the "Children of the Devil".<a href="#cite_note-Redles60-264">[264]</a> Hitler claimed that the New Testament included distortions by <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a>, who Hitler described as a "mass-murderer turned saint".<a href="#cite_note-Redles60-264">[264]</a> In their propaganda, the Nazis used the writings of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformer</a>. They publicly displayed an original edition of Luther's <a href="/wiki/On_the_Jews_and_their_Lies" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Jews and their Lies">On the Jews and their Lies</a> during the annual Nuremberg rallies.<a href="#cite_note-understandably-265">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-baylor-266">[266]</a> The Nazis were initially very hostile to Catholics because most Catholics supported the <a href="/wiki/German_Centre_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="German Centre Party">German Centre Party</a>. Catholics opposed the Nazis' promotion of <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Compulsory sterilisation">compulsory sterilisation</a> of those whom they deemed inferior and the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> forbade its members to vote for the Nazis. In 1933, extensive Nazi violence occurred against Catholics due to their association with the Centre Party and their opposition to the Nazi regime's sterilisation laws.<a href="#cite_note-international27-267">[267]</a> The Nazis demanded that Catholics declare their loyalty to the German state.<a href="#cite_note-Robert_Anthony_Krieg_2004,_p._4-268">[268]</a> In their propaganda, the Nazis used elements of Germany's Catholic history, in particular the German Catholic <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutonic Knights">Teutonic Knights</a> and their campaigns in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>. The Nazis identified them as "sentinels" in the East against "Slavic chaos", though beyond that symbolism, the influence of the Teutonic Knights on Nazism was limited.<a href="#cite_note-interaction-269">[269]</a> Hitler also admitted that the Nazis' night rallies were inspired by the Catholic rituals which he had witnessed during his Catholic upbringing.<a href="#cite_note-Roger_Griffin_2005,_p._85-270">[270]</a> The Nazis did seek official reconciliation with the Catholic Church and they endorsed the creation of the pro-Nazi Catholic <a href="/wiki/Kreuz_und_Adler" title="Kreuz und Adler">Kreuz und Adler</a>, an organisation which advocated a form of <a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">national Catholicism</a> that would reconcile the Catholic Church's beliefs with Nazism.<a href="#cite_note-Robert_Anthony_Krieg_2004,_p._4-268">[268]</a> On 20 July 1933, a concordat (<a href="/wiki/Reichskonkordat" title="Reichskonkordat">Reichskonkordat</a>) was signed between Nazi Germany and the Catholic Church, which in exchange for acceptance of the Catholic Church in Germany required German Catholics to be loyal to the German state. The Catholic Church then ended its ban on members supporting the Nazi Party.<a href="#cite_note-Robert_Anthony_Krieg_2004,_p._4-268">[268]</a> During the Second World War and the fanaticization of National Socialism, priests and nuns increasingly came into the focus of the Gestapo and the SS. In the concentration camps, separate priestly blocks were formed and any church resistance was strictly persecuted. The monastery sister <a href="/wiki/Maria_Restituta_Kafka" title="Maria Restituta Kafka">Maria Restituta Kafka</a> was sentenced to death by the People's Court and executed only for a harmless song critical of the regime.<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> Polish priests came en masse to the Auschwitz concentration camp. Catholic resistance groups like those around <a href="/wiki/Roman_Karl_Scholz" title="Roman Karl Scholz">Roman Karl Scholz</a> were persecuted uncompromisingly.<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a> While the Catholic resistance was often anti-war and passive, there are also examples of actively combating National Socialism. The group around the priest <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Maier" title="Heinrich Maier">Heinrich Maier</a> approached the American secret service and provided them with plans and location sketches of for <a href="/wiki/V-2_rocket" title="V-2 rocket">V-2 rockets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiger_tank" title="Tiger tank">Tiger tanks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109" title="Messerschmitt Bf 109">Messerschmitt Bf 109</a> and <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Me_163_Komet" title="Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet">Messerschmitt Me 163 Komet</a> and their production sites so that they could successfully bomb the factories.<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a><a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a> After the war, their history was often forgotten, also because they acted against the express instructions of their church authorities.<a href="#cite_note-279">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Michael_Burleigh" title="Michael Burleigh">Michael Burleigh</a> claims that Nazism used Christianity for political purposes, but such use required that "fundamental tenets were stripped out, but the remaining diffuse religious emotionality had its uses".<a href="#cite_note-Roger_Griffin_2005,_p._85-270">[270]</a> Burleigh claims that Nazism's conception of spirituality was "self-consciously pagan and primitive".<a href="#cite_note-Roger_Griffin_2005,_p._85-270">[270]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Roger_Griffin" title="Roger Griffin">Roger Griffin</a> rejects the claim that Nazism was primarily pagan, noting that although there were some influential neo-paganists in the Nazi Party, such as Heinrich Himmler and <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Alfred Rosenberg</a>, they represented a minority and their views did not influence Nazi ideology beyond its use for symbolism. It is noted that Hitler denounced Germanic paganism in Mein Kampf and condemned Rosenberg's and Himmler's paganism as "nonsense".<a href="#cite_note-totalitarianism-282">[282]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economics">Economics</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Economy of Nazi Germany">Economy of Nazi Germany</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Economics_of_fascism" title="Economics of fascism">Economics of fascism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-15750,_Ausstellung_%22Deutsches_Volk-Deutsche_Arbeit%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-15750%2C_Ausstellung_%22Deutsches_Volk-Deutsche_Arbeit%22.jpg/230px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-15750%2C_Ausstellung_%22Deutsches_Volk-Deutsche_Arbeit%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="343" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-15750%2C_Ausstellung_%22Deutsches_Volk-Deutsche_Arbeit%22.jpg/345px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-15750%2C_Ausstellung_%22Deutsches_Volk-Deutsche_Arbeit%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-15750%2C_Ausstellung_%22Deutsches_Volk-Deutsche_Arbeit%22.jpg/460px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-15750%2C_Ausstellung_%22Deutsches_Volk-Deutsche_Arbeit%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="536" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Deutsches Volk–Deutsche Arbeit: German People, German Work (1934) – an example of <a href="/wiki/Reactionary_modernism" title="Reactionary modernism">reactionary modernism</a></figcaption></figure> The Nazis came to power in the midst of <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, when the <a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">unemployment</a> rate at that point in time was close to 30%.<a href="#cite_note-DeLong_1997-283">[283]</a> Generally speaking, Nazi theorists and politicians blamed Germany's previous economic failures on political causes like the influence of Marxism on the workforce, the sinister and exploitative machinations of what they called international Jewry and the vindictiveness of the western political leaders' <a href="/wiki/World_War_I_reparations" title="World War I reparations">war reparation</a> demands. Instead of traditional economic incentives, the Nazis offered solutions of a political nature, such as the elimination of organised <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unions</a>, rearmament (in contravention of the Versailles Treaty) and biological politics.<a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a> Various work programs designed to establish full-employment for the German population were instituted once the Nazis seized full national power. Hitler encouraged nationally supported projects like the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Autobahn" title="Autobahn">Autobahn</a> highway system, the introduction of an affordable people's car (<a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle" title="Volkswagen Beetle">Volkswagen</a>) and later the Nazis bolstered the economy through the business and employment generated by military rearmament.<a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a> The Nazis benefited early in the regime's existence from the first post-Depression economic upswing, and this combined with their public works projects, job-procurement program and subsidised home repair program reduced unemployment by as much as 40 per cent in one year. This development tempered the unfavourable psychological climate caused by the earlier economic crisis and encouraged Germans to march in step with the regime.<a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a> The economic policies of the Nazis were in many respects a continuation of the policies of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_People%27s_Party" title="German National People's Party">German National People's Party</a>, a <a href="/wiki/National-conservative" class="mw-redirect" title="National-conservative">national-conservative</a> party and the Nazis' coalition partner.<a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a> While other Western capitalist countries strove for increased <a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">state ownership</a> of industry during the same period, the Nazis transferred <a href="/wiki/Public_ownership" class="mw-redirect" title="Public ownership">public ownership</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Private_sector" title="Private sector">private sector</a> and handed over some <a href="/wiki/Public_service" title="Public service">public services</a> to private organizations, mostly affiliated with the Nazi Party. It was an intentional policy with multiple objectives rather than ideologically driven and was used as a tool to enhance support for the Nazi government and the party.<a href="#cite_note-:2-288">[288]</a> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Richard_Overy" title="Richard Overy">Richard Overy</a>, the Nazi <a href="/wiki/War_economy" title="War economy">war economy</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a> that combined <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free markets</a> with <a href="/wiki/Economic_planning" title="Economic planning">central planning</a> and described the economy as being somewhere in between the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Economy of the Soviet Union">command economy</a> of the Soviet Union and the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_States" title="Economy of the United States">capitalist system</a> of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a> The Nazi government continued the economic policies introduced by the government of <a href="/wiki/Kurt_von_Schleicher" title="Kurt von Schleicher">Kurt von Schleicher</a> in 1932 to combat the effects of the Depression.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze200649-290">[290]</a> Upon being appointed Chancellor in 1933, Hitler appointed <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Schacht" title="Hjalmar Schacht">Hjalmar Schacht</a>, a former member of the <a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Party" title="German Democratic Party">German Democratic Party</a>, as President of the <a href="/wiki/Reichsbank" title="Reichsbank">Reichsbank</a> in 1933 and Minister of Economics in 1934.<a href="#cite_note-DeLong_1997-283">[283]</a> Hitler promised measures to increase employment, protect the German currency, and promote recovery from the Great Depression. These included an agrarian settlement program, labour service, and a guarantee to maintain health care and pensions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze200637-291">[291]</a> However, these policies and programs, which included a large <a href="/wiki/Public_works" title="Public works">public works</a> programs supported by <a href="/wiki/Deficit_spending" title="Deficit spending">deficit spending</a> such as the construction of the Autobahn network to stimulate the economy and reduce unemployment,&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2011)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_292-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2007[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2011]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2011)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-292">[292]</a> were inherited and planned to be undertaken by the <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Republic" title="Weimar Republic">Weimar Republic</a> during conservative <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a>'s presidency and which the Nazis appropriated as their own after coming to power.<a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a> Above all, Hitler's priority was rearmament and the buildup of the German military in preparation for an eventual war to conquer <a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a> in the East.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze200638-294">[294]</a> The policies of Schacht created a scheme for deficit financing, in which capital projects were paid for with the issuance of promissory notes called <a href="/wiki/Mefo_bills" title="Mefo bills">Mefo bills</a>, which could be traded by companies with each other.<a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a> This was particularly useful in allowing Germany to rearm because the Mefo bills were not <a href="/wiki/Reichsmark" title="Reichsmark">Reichsmarks</a> and did not appear in the federal budget, so they helped conceal rearmament.<a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a> At the beginning of his rule, Hitler said that "the future of Germany depends exclusively and only on the reconstruction of the Wehrmacht. All other tasks must cede precedence to the task of rearmament."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze200638-294">[294]</a> This policy was implemented immediately, with military expenditures quickly growing far larger than the civilian work-creation programs. As early as June 1933, military spending for the year was budgeted to be three times larger than the spending on all civilian work-creation measures in 1932 and 1933 combined.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze200655-297">[297]</a> Nazi Germany increased its military spending faster than any other state in peacetime, with the share of military spending rising from 1 per cent to 10 per cent of national income in the first two years of the regime alone.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze200666-298">[298]</a> Eventually, it reached as high as 75 per cent by 1944.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2008333-299">[299]</a> In spite of their rhetoric condemning <a href="/wiki/Big_business" title="Big business">big business</a> prior to their rise to power, the Nazis quickly entered into a partnership with German business from as early as February 1933. That month, after being appointed Chancellor but before gaining dictatorial powers, Hitler made a personal appeal to German business leaders to help fund the Nazi Party for the crucial months that were to follow. He argued that they should support him in establishing a dictatorship because "private enterprise cannot be maintained in the age of democracy" and because democracy would allegedly lead to communism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze200699-68">[68]</a> He promised to destroy the German left and the trade unions, without any mention of anti-Jewish policies or foreign conquests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2006100-300">[300]</a> In the following weeks, the Nazi Party received contributions from seventeen different business groups, with the largest coming from <a href="/wiki/IG_Farben" title="IG Farben">IG Farben</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bank" title="Deutsche Bank">Deutsche Bank</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2006100-300">[300]</a> Historian Adam Tooze writes that the leaders of German business were therefore "willing partners in the destruction of political pluralism in Germany".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2006101-66">[66]</a> In exchange, owners and managers of German businesses were granted unprecedented powers to control their workforce, <a href="/wiki/Collective_bargaining" title="Collective bargaining">collective bargaining</a> was abolished and wages were frozen at a relatively low level.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2006102-301">[301]</a> Business profits also rose very rapidly, as did corporate investment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2006114-302">[302]</a> In addition, the Nazis privatised public properties and public services, only increasing economic state control through regulations.<a href="#cite_note-guillebaud-303">[303]</a> Hitler believed that private ownership was useful in that it encouraged creative competition and technical innovation, but insisted that it had to conform to national interests and be "productive" rather than "parasitical".<a href="#cite_note-R.J._Overy_2004,_p._403-304">[304]</a> Private property rights were conditional upon following the economic priorities set by the Nazi leadership, with high profits as a reward for firms who followed them and the threat of nationalisation being used against those who did not.<a href="#cite_note-economic573-305">[305]</a> Under Nazi economics, free competition and self-regulating markets diminished, but Hitler's <a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Darwinist">social Darwinist</a> beliefs made him retain business competition and private property as economic engines.<a href="#cite_note-economics-306">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-university28-307">[307]</a> The Nazis were hostile to the idea of <a href="/wiki/Social_welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Social welfare">social welfare</a> in principle, upholding instead the social Darwinist concept that the weak and feeble should perish.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005483–484-308">[308]</a> They condemned the welfare system of the Weimar Republic as well as private charity, accusing them of supporting people regarded as racially inferior and weak, who should have been weeded out in the process of natural selection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005484-309">[309]</a> Nevertheless, faced with the mass unemployment and poverty of the Great Depression, the Nazis found it necessary to set up charitable institutions to help racially-pure Germans in order to maintain popular support, while arguing that this represented "racial self-help" and not indiscriminate charity or universal social welfare.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005484–485-310">[310]</a> Nazi programs such as the <a href="/wiki/Winterhilfswerk" title="Winterhilfswerk">Winter Relief of the German People</a> and the broader <a href="/wiki/Nationalsozialistische_Volkswohlfahrt" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalsozialistische Volkswohlfahrt">National Socialist People's Welfare</a> (NSV) were organised as quasi-private institutions, officially relying on private donations from Germans to help others of their race, although in practice those who refused to donate could face severe consequences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005486–487-311">[311]</a> Unlike the social welfare institutions of the Weimar Republic and the Christian charities, the NSV distributed assistance on explicitly racial grounds. It provided support only to those who were "racially sound, capable of and willing to work, politically reliable, and willing and able to reproduce". Non-Aryans were excluded, as well as the "work-shy", "asocials" and the "hereditarily ill".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005489-312">[312]</a> Successful efforts were made to get middle-class women involved in social work assisting large families,<a href="#cite_note-Grunberger46-216">[216]</a> and the Winter Relief campaigns acted as a ritual to generate public sympathy.<a href="#cite_note-Richard_Grunberger_p_79-313">[313]</a> Agrarian policies were also important to the Nazis since they corresponded not just to the economy but to their geopolitical conception of Lebensraum as well. For Hitler, the acquisition of land and soil was requisite in moulding the German economy.<a href="#cite_note-314">[314]</a> To tie farmers to their land, selling agricultural land was prohibited.<a href="#cite_note-315">[315]</a> Farm ownership remained private, but business monopoly rights were granted to marketing boards to control production and prices with a quota system.<a href="#cite_note-berman-316">[316]</a> The Hereditary Farm Law of 1933 established a cartel structure under a government body known as the <a href="/wiki/Reichsn%C3%A4hrstand" title="Reichsnährstand">Reichsnährstand</a> (RNST) which determined "everything from what seeds and fertilizers were used to how land was inherited".<a href="#cite_note-berman-316">[316]</a> Hitler primarily viewed the German economy as an instrument of power and believed the economy was not about creating wealth and technical progress so as to improve the quality of life for a nation's citizenry, but rather that economic success was paramount for providing the means and material foundations necessary for military conquest.<a href="#cite_note-317">[317]</a> While economic progress generated by National Socialist programs had its role in appeasing the German people, the Nazis and Hitler in particular did not believe that economic solutions alone were sufficient to thrust Germany onto the stage as a world power. The Nazis thus sought to secure a general economic revival accompanied by massive military spending for rearmament, especially later through the implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Year_Plan" title="Four Year Plan">Four Year Plan</a>, which consolidated their rule and firmly secured a command relationship between the German arms industry and the National Socialist government.<a href="#cite_note-318">[318]</a> Between 1933 and 1939, military expenditures were upwards of 82 billion Reichsmarks and represented 23 per cent of Germany's gross national product as the Nazis mobilised their people and economy for war.<a href="#cite_note-319">[319]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bolshevism_is_Jewish!.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bolshevism_is_Jewish%21.jpg/200px-Bolshevism_is_Jewish%21.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bolshevism_is_Jewish%21.jpg/300px-Bolshevism_is_Jewish%21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Bolshevism_is_Jewish%21.jpg/400px-Bolshevism_is_Jewish%21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Anti-communist, antisemitic propaganda poster in Nazi Germany</figcaption></figure> The Nazis claimed that communism was dangerous to the well-being of nations because of its intention to dissolve <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private property</a>, its support of <a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">class conflict</a>, its aggression against the <a href="/wiki/Middle_class" title="Middle class">middle class</a>, its hostility towards small business and its <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated20-320">[320]</a> Nazism rejected class conflict-based socialism and <a href="/wiki/Economic_egalitarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic egalitarianism">economic egalitarianism</a>, favouring instead a <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">stratified</a> economy with <a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">social classes</a> based on merit and talent, retaining private property and the creation of national solidarity that transcends class distinction.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated11-321">[321]</a> During the late 1930s and the 1940s, anti-communist regimes and groups that supported Nazism included the <a href="/wiki/Falangism" title="Falangism">Falange</a> in <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist Spain</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vichy_regime" class="mw-redirect" title="Vichy regime">Vichy regime</a> and the <a href="/wiki/33rd_Waffen_Grenadier_Division_of_the_SS_Charlemagne_(1st_French)" class="mw-redirect" title="33rd Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS Charlemagne (1st French)">33rd Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS Charlemagne (1st French)</a> in France and the <a href="/wiki/British_Union_of_Fascists" title="British Union of Fascists">British Union of Fascists</a> under <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Mosley" title="Oswald Mosley">Oswald Mosley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-carroll-322">[322]</a> In Mein Kampf, Hitler stated his desire to "make war upon the Marxist principle that all men are equal".<a href="#cite_note-323">[323]</a> He believed that "the notion of equality was a sin against nature."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendersky198551-324">[324]</a> Nazism upheld the "natural inequality of men," including inequality between races and also within each race. The Nazi state aimed to advance those individuals with special talents or intelligence, so they could rule over the masses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendersky198549-64">[64]</a> Nazi ideology relied on elitism and the <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrerprinzip" title="Führerprinzip">Führerprinzip</a> (leadership principle), arguing that elite minorities should assume leadership roles over the majority, and that the elite minority should itself be organised according to a "hierarchy of talent", with a single leader—the <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrer" title="Führer">Führer</a>—at the top.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendersky198549–50-325">[325]</a> The Führerprinzip held that each member of the hierarchy owed absolute obedience to those above him and should hold absolute power over those below him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendersky198550-65">[65]</a> During the 1920s, Hitler urged disparate Nazi factions to unite in opposition to <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Jewish Bolshevism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Adolf_Hitler-326">[326]</a> Hitler asserted that the "three vices" of "Jewish Marxism" were democracy, <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">internationalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hitler,_the_Germans,_and_the_Final_Solution-327">[327]</a> The Communist movement, the trade unions, the Social Democratic Party and the left-wing press were all considered to be Jewish-controlled and part of the "international Jewish conspiracy" to weaken the German nation by promoting internal disunity through class struggle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendersky198550-65">[65]</a> The Nazis also believed that the Jews had instigated the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik revolution">Bolshevik revolution</a> in Russia and that Communists had <a href="/wiki/Stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Stab-in-the-back myth">stabbed Germany in the back</a> and caused it to lose the First World War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendersky198552-328">[328]</a> They further argued that modern cultural trends of the 1920s (such as <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">cubist art</a>) represented "<a href="/wiki/Cultural_Bolshevism" title="Cultural Bolshevism">cultural Bolshevism</a>" and were part of a political assault aimed at the spiritual degeneration of the German Volk.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendersky198552-328">[328]</a> Joseph Goebbels published a pamphlet titled The Nazi-Sozi which gave brief points of how Nazism differed from Marxism.<a href="#cite_note-329">[329]</a> In 1930, Hitler said: "Our adopted term 'Socialist' has nothing to do with Marxist Socialism. Marxism is anti-property; true Socialism is not".<a href="#cite_note-university29-330">[330]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">Communist Party of Germany</a> (KPD) was the largest Communist Party in the world outside of the Soviet Union, until it was destroyed by the Nazis in 1933.<a href="#cite_note-331">[331]</a> In the 1920s and early 1930s, Communists and Nazis often fought each other directly in <a href="/wiki/Weimar_paramilitary_groups" title="Weimar paramilitary groups">street violence</a>, with the Nazi paramilitary organisations being opposed by the Communist <a href="/wiki/Roter_Frontk%C3%A4mpferbund" title="Roter Frontkämpferbund">Red Front</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antifaschistische_Aktion#Establishment" title="Antifaschistische Aktion">Anti-Fascist Action</a>. After the beginning of the Great Depression, both Communists and Nazis saw their share of the vote increase. While the Nazis were willing to form alliances with other parties of the right, the Communists refused to form an alliance with the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a>, the largest party of the left.<a href="#cite_note-332">[332]</a> After the Nazis came to power, they quickly banned the Communist Party under the allegation that it was preparing for revolution and that it had caused the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_fire" title="Reichstag fire">Reichstag fire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-333">[333]</a> Four thousand KPD officials were arrested in February 1933, and by the end of the year 130,000 communists had been sent to <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-334">[334]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Views_of_capitalism">Views of capitalism</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_involved_in_the_Holocaust" title="List of companies involved in the Holocaust">List of companies involved in the Holocaust</a></div> The Nazis argued that <a href="/wiki/Free-market_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market capitalism">free-market capitalism</a> damages nations due to <a href="/wiki/International_finance" title="International finance">international finance</a> and the worldwide economic dominance of disloyal big business, which they considered to be the product of Jewish influences.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated20-320">[320]</a> Nazi propaganda posters in <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working class</a> districts emphasised anti-capitalism, such as one that said: "The maintenance of a rotten industrial system has nothing to do with nationalism. I can love Germany and hate capitalism".<a href="#cite_note-publishers30-335">[335]</a> Both in public and in private Hitler opposed free-market capitalism because it "could not be trusted to put national interests first", arguing that it holds nations ransom in the interests of a parasitic <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitanism" title="Cosmopolitanism">cosmopolitan</a> <a href="/wiki/Rentier_capitalism" title="Rentier capitalism">rentier</a> class.<a href="#cite_note-R.J._Overy_2004,_p._399-336">[336]</a> He believed that <a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">international free trade</a> would lead to global domination by the British Empire and the United States, which he believed were controlled by Jewish bankers in <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a> and the <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a>. In particular, Hitler saw the United States as a major future rival and feared that the <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a> after World War I would allow <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> to displace <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> as the world's most powerful continent. Hitler's anxiety over the economic rise of the United States was a major theme in his unpublished <a href="/wiki/Hitlers_Zweites_Buch" title="Hitlers Zweites Buch">Zweites Buch</a>. He even hoped for a time that Britain could be swayed into an alliance with Germany on the basis of a shared economic rivalry with the United States.<a href="#cite_note-:0-337">[337]</a> Hitler desired an economy that would direct resources "in ways that matched the many national goals of the regime" such as the buildup of the military, building programs for cities and roads, and economic self-sufficiency.<a href="#cite_note-R.J._Overy_2004,_p._403-304">[304]</a> Hitler also distrusted free-market capitalism for being unreliable due to its <a href="/wiki/Egotism" title="Egotism">egotism</a> and preferred a state-directed economy that maintains private property and competition but subordinates them to the interests of the <a href="/wiki/Volk" title="Volk">Volk</a> and Nation.<a href="#cite_note-R.J._Overy_2004,_p._399-336">[336]</a> Hitler told a party leader in 1934: "The economic system of our day is the creation of the Jews".<a href="#cite_note-R.J._Overy_2004,_p._399-336">[336]</a> Hitler said to <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> that capitalism had "run its course".<a href="#cite_note-R.J._Overy_2004,_p._399-336">[336]</a> Hitler also said that the business <a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a> "know nothing except their profit. 'Fatherland' is only a word for them."<a href="#cite_note-dictators-338">[338]</a> Hitler was personally disgusted with the ruling bourgeois elites of Germany during the period of the Weimar Republic, whom he referred to as "cowardly shits".<a href="#cite_note-339">[339]</a> In Mein Kampf, Hitler effectively supported <a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">mercantilism</a> in the belief that economic resources from their respective territories should be seized by force, as he believed that the policy of <a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a> would provide Germany with such economically valuable territories.<a href="#cite_note-R.J._Overy_2004,_p._402-340">[340]</a> He argued that the United States and the United Kingdom only benefitted from free trade because they had already conquered substantial internal markets through British colonial conquests and <a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_the_United_States" title="Territorial evolution of the United States">American westward expansion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-337">[337]</a> Hitler argued that the only means to maintain economic security was to <a href="/wiki/Autarky" title="Autarky">have direct control over resources</a> rather than being forced to rely on world trade.<a href="#cite_note-R.J._Overy_2004,_p._402-340">[340]</a> Hitler claimed that war to gain such resources was the only means to surpass the failing capitalist economic system.<a href="#cite_note-R.J._Overy_2004,_p._402-340">[340]</a> In practice, however, the Nazis merely opposed one <a href="/wiki/Type_of_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Type of capitalism">type of capitalism</a>, namely 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Free-market_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-market capitalism">free-market capitalism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a> model, which they nonetheless applied to the social sphere in the form of <a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">social Darwinism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005483–484-308">[308]</a> Some have described Nazi Germany as an example of <a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">corporatism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">authoritarian capitalism</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian_capitalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian capitalism">totalitarian capitalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-288">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-SJSU-341">[341]</a><a href="#cite_note-342">[342]</a><a href="#cite_note-343">[343]</a> While claiming to strive for autarky in propaganda, the Nazis crushed existing movements towards self-sufficiency<a href="#cite_note-344">[344]</a> and established extensive capital connections in efforts to ready for expansionist war and genocide<a href="#cite_note-345">[345]</a> in alliance with traditional <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">business</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commerce" title="Commerce">commerce</a> elites.<a href="#cite_note-346">[346]</a> In spite of their anti-capitalist rhetoric in opposition to big business, the Nazis allied with German business as soon as they got in power by appealing to the fear of communism and promising to destroy the German left and trade unions,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze200699–100-347">[347]</a> eventually purging both more radical and reactionary elements from the party in 1934.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENyomarkay1967133-58">[58]</a> Joseph Goebbels, who would later go on to become the Nazi Propaganda Minister, was strongly opposed to both capitalism and communism, viewing them as the "two great pillars of materialism" that were "part of the international Jewish conspiracy for world domination".<a href="#cite_note-348">[348]</a> Nevertheless, he wrote in his diary in 1925 that if he were forced to choose between them, "in the final analysis, it would be better for us to go down with Bolshevism than live in eternal slavery under capitalism".<a href="#cite_note-disciples-349">[349]</a> Goebbels also linked his antisemitism to his anti-capitalism, stating in a 1929 pamphlet that "we see, in the Hebrews, the incarnation of capitalism, the misuse of the nation's goods".<a href="#cite_note-thosedamnednazis-207">[207]</a> Within the Nazi Party, the faction associated with anti-capitalist beliefs was the SA, a paramilitary wing led by <a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%B6hm" title="Ernst Röhm">Ernst Röhm</a>. The SA had a complicated relationship with the rest of the party, giving both Röhm himself and local SA leaders significant autonomy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENyomarkay19671110–111-350">[350]</a> Different local leaders would even promote different political ideas in their units, including "nationalistic, socialistic, anti-Semitic, racist, völkisch, or conservative ideas."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENyomarkay1967113-351">[351]</a> There was tension between the SA and Hitler, especially from 1930 onward, as Hitler's "increasingly close association with big industrial interests and traditional rightist forces" caused many in the SA to distrust him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENyomarkay1967119-352">[352]</a> The SA regarded Hitler's seizure of power in 1933 as a "first revolution" against the left, and some voices within the ranks began arguing for a "second revolution" against the right.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENyomarkay1967123–124-353">[353]</a> After engaging in violence against the left in 1933, Röhm's SA also began attacks against individuals deemed to be associated with conservative reaction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENyomarkay1967123–124,_130-57">[57]</a> Hitler saw Röhm's independent actions as violating and possibly threatening his leadership, as well as jeopardising the regime by alienating the conservative President Paul von Hindenburg and the conservative-oriented German Army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENyomarkay1967133-58">[58]</a> This resulted in Hitler purging Röhm and other radical members of the SA in 1934, during the Night of the Long Knives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENyomarkay1967133-58">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1987-0410-503,_N%C3%BCrnberg,_Reichsparteitag,_Wehrmachts-Aufmarsch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1987-0410-503%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Reichsparteitag%2C_Wehrmachts-Aufmarsch.jpg/280px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1987-0410-503%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Reichsparteitag%2C_Wehrmachts-Aufmarsch.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1987-0410-503%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Reichsparteitag%2C_Wehrmachts-Aufmarsch.jpg/420px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1987-0410-503%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Reichsparteitag%2C_Wehrmachts-Aufmarsch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1987-0410-503%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Reichsparteitag%2C_Wehrmachts-Aufmarsch.jpg/560px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-1987-0410-503%2C_N%C3%BCrnberg%2C_Reichsparteitag%2C_Wehrmachts-Aufmarsch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="561" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Rally" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Rally">Nazi Party rally</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a>, 1936</figcaption></figure> Under Nazism, with its emphasis on the nation, individualism was denounced and instead importance was placed upon Germans belonging to the German <a href="/wiki/Volk" title="Volk">Volk</a> and "people's community" (Volksgemeinschaft).<a href="#cite_note-354">[354]</a> Hitler declared that "every activity and every need of every individual will be regulated by the collectivity represented by the party" and that "there are no longer any free realms in which the individual belongs to himself".<a href="#cite_note-Fest-355">[355]</a> One of the core objectives of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi party</a> was the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian state</a> which indoctrinated the German population with <a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">ultra-nationalist</a> ideas and violently enforced its ideological worldview upon the society.<a href="#cite_note-356">[356]</a> Heinrich Himmler justified the establishment of a repressive <a href="/wiki/Police_state" title="Police state">police state</a>, in which the security forces could exercise power arbitrarily, by claiming that national security and order should take precedence over the needs of the individual.<a href="#cite_note-Browder-357">[357]</a> In his speech delivered at the inauguration of the <a href="/wiki/Reich_Chamber_of_Culture" title="Reich Chamber of Culture">Nazi Reich Chamber of Culture</a> on 15 November 1933, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a> stated:<blockquote>"The revolution we have carried out is a total one. It has embraced all areas of public life and transformed them from below. It has completely changed and recast the relationship of people to each other, to the State, and to life itself. It was in fact the breakthrough of a fresh <a href="/wiki/Weltanschauung" class="mw-redirect" title="Weltanschauung">world-view</a>, which had fought for power in opposition for fourteen years to provide the basis for the German people to develop a new relationship with the State. What has been happening since 30 January is only the visible expression of this revolutionary process."<a href="#cite_note-358">[358]</a></blockquote> According to the famous philosopher and political theorist, <a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Hannah Arendt</a>, the allure of Nazism as a totalitarian ideology (with its attendant mobilisation of the German population) resided within the construct of helping that society deal with the <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance" title="Cognitive dissonance">cognitive dissonance</a> resultant from the tragic interruption of the First World War and the economic and material suffering consequent to the Depression and brought to order the revolutionary unrest occurring all around them. Instead of the <a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">plurality</a> that existed in <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary states</a>, Nazism as a totalitarian system promulgated "clear" solutions to the historical problems faced by Germany, levied support by de-legitimizing the former government of Weimar and provided a politico-biological pathway to a better future, one free from the uncertainty of the past. It was the atomised and disaffected masses that Hitler and the party elite pointed in a particular direction and using clever propaganda to make them into ideological adherents, exploited in bringing Nazism to life.<a href="#cite_note-359">[359]</a> While the ideologues of Nazism, <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Nazism_and_Stalinism" title="Comparison of Nazism and Stalinism">much like those of Stalinism</a>, abhorred democratic or parliamentary governance as practised in the United States or Britain, their differences are substantial. An <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemic</a> crisis occurs when one tries to synthesize and contrast Nazism and Stalinism as two-sides of the same coin with their similarly tyrannical leaders, state-controlled economies and repressive police structures. Namely, while they share a common thematic political construction, they are entirely inimical to one another in their worldviews and when more carefully analysed against one another on a one-to-one level, an "irreconcilable asymmetry" results.<a href="#cite_note-360">[360]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Carl Schmitt</a>, a Nazi legal theorist and member of <a href="/wiki/Prussian_State_Council_(Nazi_Germany)" title="Prussian State Council (Nazi Germany)">Prussian State Council</a>, characterized the "<a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrerprinzip" title="Führerprinzip">Führerprinzip</a>" as the ideological foundation of Nazi Germany's "total state".<a href="#cite_note-361">[361]</a><a href="#cite_note-362">[362]</a> In his book "Staat, Bewegung, Volk " (1933), Schmitt wrote: <blockquote>"National Socialism does not think in abstractions and clichés. It is the enemy of all normative and functionalist ways of proceeding. It supports and cultivates every authentic substance of the people wherever it encounters it, in the countryside, in ethnic groups [Stämme] or classes. It has created the hereditary farm law; saved the peasantry; purged the Civil Service of alien [ fremdgeartet] elements and thus re-stored it as a class. It has the courage to treat unequally what is unequal and enforce necessary differentiations."<a href="#cite_note-363">[363]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification:_Reactionary_or_Revolutionary">Classification: Reactionary or Revolutionary</h2></div> Although Nazism is often seen as a reactionary movement, it did not seek a return of Germany to the pre-Weimar monarchy, but instead looked much further back to a mythic halcyon Germany which never existed. It has also been seen—as it was by the <a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German-American</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Franz_Leopold_Neumann" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Leopold Neumann">Franz Leopold Neumann</a>—as the result of a crisis of capitalism which manifested as a "totalitarian monopoly capitalism". In this view Nazism is a mass movement of the middle class which was in opposition to a mass movement of workers in socialism and its extreme form, Communism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBracher197019–20-364">[364]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Karl_Dietrich_Bracher" title="Karl Dietrich Bracher">Karl Dietrich Bracher</a> argues: <blockquote>Such an interpretation runs the risk of misjudging the revolutionary component of National Socialism, which cannot be dismissed as being simply reactionary. Rather, from the very outset, and particularly as it developed into the SS state, National Socialism aimed at a transformation of state and society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBracher197019–20-364">[364]</a></blockquote> About Hitler's and the Nazi Party's political positions, Bracher further claims: <blockquote>[They] were of a revolutionary nature: destruction of existing political and social structures and their supporting elites; profound disdain for civic order, for human and moral values, for <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Hapsburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hohenzollern" title="House of Hohenzollern">Hohenzollern</a>, for liberal and Marxist ideas. The middle class and middle-class values, bourgeois nationalism and capitalism, the professionals, the intelligentsia and the upper class were dealt the sharpest rebuff. These were the groups which had to be uprooted [...].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBracher1970165-365">[365]</a></blockquote> See the condemnations of Nazism made by Kaiser <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">Wilhelm II</a> of the House of Hohenzollern and <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Hapsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto von Hapsburg">Otto von Hapsburg</a> of the House of Hapsburg in the next section. Similarly, historian <a href="/wiki/Modris_Eksteins" title="Modris Eksteins">Modris Eksteins</a> argued: <blockquote>Contrary to many interpretations of Nazism, which tend to view it as a reactionary movement, as, in the words of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a>, an "explosion of antiquarianism", intent on turning Germany into a pastoral folk community of thatched cottages and happy peasants, the general thrust of the movement, despite archaisms, was futuristic. Nazism was a headlong plunge into the future, towards a "brave new world." Of course it used to advantage residual conservative and utopian longings, paid respect to these romantic visions, and picked its ideological trappings from the German past. but its goals were, by its own lights, distinctly progressive. It was not a double-faced <a href="/wiki/Janus" title="Janus">Janus</a> whose aspects were equally attentive to the past and the future, nor was it a modern <a href="/wiki/Proteus" title="Proteus">Proteus</a>, the god of metamorphosis, who duplicates pre-existing forms. The intention of the movement was to create a new type of human being from whom would spring a new morality, a new social system, and eventually a new international order. That was, in fact, the intention of all the fascist movements. After a visit to Italy and a meeting with Mussolini, <a href="/wiki/Oswald_Mosley" title="Oswald Mosley">Oswald Mosley</a> wrote that fascism "has produced not only a new system of government, but also a new type of man, who differs from politicians of the old world as men from another planet." Hitler talked in these terms endlessly. National Socialism was more than a political movement, he said; it was more than a faith; it was a desire to create mankind anew.<a href="#cite_note-366">[366]</a></blockquote> British historian <a href="/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw">Ian Kershaw</a>, in his history of Europe in the first half of the 20th century, To Hell and Back, says about Nazism, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascism">Italian Fascism</a> and Bolshevism: <blockquote>They were different forms of a completely new, modern type of dictatorship—the complete antithesis to <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a>. They were all revolutionary, if by that term we understand a major political upheaval driven by the utopian aim of changing society fundamentally. They were not content simply to use repression as a means of control, but sought to mobilize behind an exclusive ideology to "educate" people into becoming committed believers, to claim them soul as well as body. Each of the regimes was, therefore, dynamic in ways that "conventional" authoritarianism was not.<a href="#cite_note-367">[367]</a></blockquote> Despite such tactical breaks necessitated by pragmatic concerns, which were typical for Hitler during his rise to power and in the early years of his regime, those who see Hitler as a revolutionary argue that he never ceased being a revolutionary dedicated to the radical transformation of Germany, especially when it concerned racial matters. In his monograph, Hitler: Study of a Revolutionary?, <a href="/wiki/Martyn_Housden" title="Martyn Housden">Martyn Housden</a> concludes: <blockquote>[Hitler] compiled a most extensive set of revolutionary goals (calling for radical social and political change); he mobilized a revolutionary following so extensive and powerful that many of his aims were achieved; he established and ran a dictatorial revolutionary state; and he disseminated his ideas abroad through a revolutionary foreign policy and war. In short, he defined and controlled the National Socialist revolution in all its phases.<a href="#cite_note-368">[368]</a></blockquote> There were aspects of Nazism which were undoubtedly reactionary, such as their attitude toward the role of women in society, which was completely traditionalist,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBracher1970179-369">[369]</a> calling for the return of women to the home as wives, mothers and homemakers, although ironically this ideological policy was undermined in reality by the growing labour shortages and need for more workers caused by men leaving the workforce for military service. The number of working women actually increased from 4.24 million in 1933 to 4.52 million in 1936 and 5.2 million in 1938,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBracher1970421–422-370">[370]</a> despite active discouragement and legal barriers put in place by the Nazi regime.<a href="#cite_note-371">[371]</a> Another reactionary aspect of Nazism was in their arts policy, which stemmed from Hitler's rejection of all forms of <a href="/wiki/Degenerate_art" title="Degenerate art">"degenerate"</a> <a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">modern art</a>, <a href="/wiki/20th-century_classical_music" title="20th-century classical music">music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">architecture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw199982-372">[372]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Martin_Broszat" title="Martin Broszat">Martin Broszat</a> describes Nazism as having: <blockquote>...a peculiar hybrid, half-reactionary, half-revolutionary relationship to established society, to the political system and tradition. ... [Its] ideology was almost like a backwards-looking Utopia. It derived from romantic pictures and clichés of the past, from warlike-heroic, patriarchal or absolutist ages, social and political systems, which, however, were translated into the popular and avant-garde, into the fighting slogans of totalitarian nationalism. The élitist notion of aristocratic nobility became the völkische 'nobility of blood' of the 'master race', the princely '<a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">theory of divine right</a>' gave way to the popular national Führer; the obedient submission to the active national '<a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_cult_of_personality" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler's cult of personality">following</a>'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroszat198121–22-373">[373]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_events_and_views">Contemporary events and views</h3></div> After the failure of the Beer Hall Putsch in 1923, and his subsequent trial and imprisonment, Hitler decided that the way for the Nazi Party to achieve power was not through insurrection, but through legal and quasi-legal means. This did not sit well with the brown-shirted stormtroopers of the SA, especially those in Berlin, who chafed under the restrictions that Hitler placed on them, and their subordination to the party. This resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Stennes_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Stennes Revolt">Stennes Revolt</a> of 1930–31, after which Hitler made himself the Supreme Commander of the SA and brought Ernst Röhm back to be their Chief of Staff and keep them in line. The quashing of the SA's revolutionary fervor convinced many businessmen and military leaders that the Nazis had put aside their insurrectionist past, and that Hitler could be a reliable partner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBracher1970231–232-374">[374]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003274-375">[375]</a> After the Nazis' "<a href="/wiki/Machtergreifung" class="mw-redirect" title="Machtergreifung">Seizure of Power</a>" in 1933, Röhm and the Brown Shirts were not content for the party to simply carry the reins of power. Instead, they pressed for a continuation of the "National Socialist revolution" to bring about sweeping social changes, which Hitler, primarily for tactical reasons, was not willing to do at that time. He was instead focused on rebuilding the military and reorienting the economy to provide the rearmament necessary for invasion of the countries to the east of Germany, especially Poland and Russia, to get the <a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a> ("living space") he believed was necessary to the survival of the Aryan race. For this, he needed the co-operation of not only the military, but also the vital organs of capitalism, the banks and big businesses, which he would be unlikely to get if Germany's social and economic structure was being radically overhauled. Röhm's public proclamation that the SA would not allow the "German Revolution" to be halted or undermined caused Hitler to announce that "The revolution is not a permanent condition." The unwillingness of Röhm and the SA to cease their agitation for a "Second Revolution", and the unwarranted fear of a "Röhm putsch" to accomplish it, were factors behind Hitler's purging of the SA leadership in the Night of the Long Knives in the summer of 1934.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw1999501–503-376">[376]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBracher1970300–302-377">[377]</a> Kaiser <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II" title="Wilhelm II">Wilhelm II</a>, the last <a href="/wiki/German_Emperor" title="German Emperor">German Emperor</a>, was appalled at the <a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a> of 9–10 November 1938, stating "For the first time, I am ashamed to be a German":<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalfour1964419-378">[378]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">There's a man alone, without family, without children, without God ... He builds legions, but he doesn't build a nation. A nation is created by families, a religion, traditions: it is made up out of the hearts of mothers, the wisdom of fathers, the joy and the exuberance of children ... For a few months I was inclined to believe in National Socialism. I thought of it as a necessary fever. And I was gratified to see that there were, associated with it for a time, some of the wisest and most outstanding Germans. But these, one by one, he has got rid of or even killed ... He has left nothing but a bunch of shirted gangsters! This man could bring home victories to our people each year, without bringing them either glory or danger. But of our Germany, which was a nation of poets and musicians, of artists and soldiers, he has made a nation of hysterics and hermits, engulfed in a mob and led by a thousand liars or fanatics.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Wilhelm on Hitler, December 1938<a href="#cite_note-Ken_1938-48">[48]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Hapsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Otto von Hapsburg">Otto von Hapsburg</a>, the last <a href="/wiki/List_of_heirs_to_the_Austrian_throne" title="List of heirs to the Austrian throne">Crown Prince</a> of <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a>, denounced Nazism, stating:<a href="#cite_note-gunther1936-379">[379]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I absolutely reject [Nazi] Fascism for Austria ... This un-Austrian movement promises everything to everyone, but really intends the most ruthless subjugation of the Austrian people ... The people of Austria will never tolerate that our beautiful fatherland should become an exploited colony, and that the Austrian should become a man of second category.</blockquote> Following the German annexation of Austria, Otto was sentenced to death by the Nazi regime; <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Rudolf Hess</a> ordered that Otto was to be executed immediately if caught.<a href="#cite_note-guardian-obit-380">[380]</a><a href="#cite_note-381">[381]</a><a href="#cite_note-382">[382]</a> As ordered by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, his personal property and that of the House of Habsburg were confiscated. It was not returned after the war.<a href="#cite_note-383">[383]</a> The so-called "<a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Law" title="Habsburg Law">Habsburg Law</a>", which had previously been repealed, was reintroduced by the Nazis.<a href="#cite_note-newser-384">[384]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war_Nazism">Post-war Nazism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a></div> Following <a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Nazi Germany's defeat in World War II</a> and the end of <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>, overt expressions of support for Nazi ideas were prohibited in Germany and other European countries. Nonetheless, movements which self-identify as National Socialist or which are described as adhering to Nazism continue to exist on the fringes of politics in many Western societies. Usually espousing a white supremacist ideology, many deliberately adopt the symbols of Nazi Germany.<a href="#cite_note-385">[385]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Art in Nazi Germany">Art in Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consequences_of_Nazism" title="Consequences of Nazism">Consequences of Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Economy of Nazi Germany">Economy of Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Glossary of Nazi Germany">Glossary of Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_about_Nazi_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="List of books about Nazi Germany">List of books about Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nicknames_and_pseudonyms_of_Nazis" title="List of nicknames and pseudonyms of Nazis">List of nicknames and pseudonyms of Nazis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ideologues" title="List of Nazi ideologues">List of Nazi ideologues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_Party_leaders_and_officials" title="List of Nazi Party leaders and officials">List of Nazi Party leaders and officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_architecture" title="Nazi architecture">Nazi architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_occultism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi occultism">Nazi occultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_racial_theories" title="Nazi racial theories">Nazi racial theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_salute" title="Nazi salute">Nazi salute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_cinema" title="Nazism and cinema">Nazism and cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_the_Wehrmacht" title="Nazism and the Wehrmacht">Nazism and the Wehrmacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Political views of Adolf Hitler">Political views of Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Racial policy of Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Religion in Nazi Germany">Religion in Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_aspects_of_Nazism" title="Religious aspects of Nazism">Religious aspects of Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Women in Nazi Germany">Women in Nazi Germany</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Fritzsche_Eatwell_Griffin-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fritzsche_Eatwell_Griffin_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fritzsche_Eatwell_Griffin_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFritzsche1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Fritzsche" title="Peter Fritzsche">Fritzsche, Peter</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/germansintonazis00frit">Germans into Nazis</a>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-35092-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-35092-2"><bdi>978-0-674-35092-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germans+into+Nazis&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-674-35092-2&rft.aulast=Fritzsche&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgermansintonazis00frit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEatwell1997" class="citation book cs1">Eatwell, Roger (1997). Fascism, A History. Viking-Penguin. pp. xvii–xxiv, 21, 26–31, 114–140, 352. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-025700-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-025700-7"><bdi>978-0-14-025700-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fascism%2C+A+History&rft.pages=xvii-xxiv%2C+21%2C+26-31%2C+114-140%2C+352&rft.pub=Viking-Penguin&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-14-025700-7&rft.aulast=Eatwell&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffin2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Griffin" title="Roger Griffin">Griffin, Roger</a> (2000). "Revolution from the Right: Fascism". In Parker, David (ed.). Revolutions and the Revolutionary Tradition in the West 1560–1991. London: Routledge. pp. 185–201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-17295-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-17295-0"><bdi>978-0-415-17295-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Revolution+from+the+Right%3A+Fascism&rft.btitle=Revolutions+and+the+Revolutionary+Tradition+in+the+West+1560%E2%80%931991&rft.place=London&rft.pages=185-201&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-17295-0&rft.aulast=Griffin&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bundestag.de/resource/blob/189776/01b7ea57531a60126da86e2d5c5dbb78/parties_weimar_republic-data.pdf">"The political parties in the Weimar Republic"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag">Bundestag</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230319203146/https://www.bundestag.de/resource/blob/189776/01b7ea57531a60126da86e2d5c5dbb78/parties_weimar_republic-data.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 27 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bundestag&rft.atitle=The+political+parties+in+the+Weimar+Republic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bundestag.de%2Fresource%2Fblob%2F189776%2F01b7ea57531a60126da86e2d5c5dbb78%2Fparties_weimar_republic-data.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Nazism">"Nazism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230516150339/https://www.britannica.com/event/Nazism">Archived</a> from the original on 16 May 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2022. <q>Nazism attempted to reconcile conservative, nationalist ideology with a socially radical doctrine.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Nazism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FNazism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Jackson_J._Spielvogel" title="Jackson J. Spielvogel">Spielvogel, Jackson J.</a> (2010) [1996] Hitler and Nazi Germany: A History New York: Routledge. p. 1 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-192469-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-192469-7">978-0-13-192469-7</a> Quote: "Nazism was only one, although the most important, of a number of similar-looking fascist movements in Europe between World War I and World War II." </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Orlow, Dietrick (2009) The Lure of Fascism in Western Europe: German Nazis, Dutch and French Fascists, 1933–1939 London: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 6–9. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-60865-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-60865-8">978-0-230-60865-8</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Geoff_Eley" title="Geoff Eley">Eley, Geoff</a> (2013) Nazism as Fascism: Violence, Ideology, and the Ground of Consent in Germany 1930–1945. New York: Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-81263-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-81263-4">978-0-415-81263-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Steffen_Kailitz" title="Steffen Kailitz">Kailitz, Steffen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Umland" title="Andreas Umland">Umland, Andreas</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Andreas_Umland/publication/311784498_Why_fascists_took_over_the_Reichstag_but_have_not_captured_the_Kremlin_a_comparison_of_Weimar_Germany_and_post-Soviet_Russia/links/5b5a2f62aca272a2d66cc57b/Why-fascists-took-over-the-Reichstag-but-have-not-captured-the-Kremlin-a-comparison-of-Weimar-Germany-and-post-Soviet-Russia.pdf">"Why Fascists Took Over the Reichstag but Have Not captured the Kremlin: A Comparison of Weimar Germany and Post-Soviet Russia"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230305221654/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Andreas_Umland/publication/311784498_Why_fascists_took_over_the_Reichstag_but_have_not_captured_the_Kremlin_a_comparison_of_Weimar_Germany_and_post-Soviet_Russia/links/5b5a2f62aca272a2d66cc57b/Why-fascists-took-over-the-Reichstag-but-have-not-captured-the-Kremlin-a-comparison-of-Weimar-Germany-and-post-Soviet-Russia.pdf">Archived</a> 5 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nationalities_Papers" title="Nationalities Papers">Nationalities Papers</a>. 45 (2): 206–221. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiernanLowerNaimarkStraus2023" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Kiernan, Ben; Lower, Wendy; Naimark, Norman; Straus, Scott (2023). "15: The Nazis and the Slavs – Poles and Soviet Prisoners of War". In Kiernan, Ben; Lower, Wendy; Naimark, Norman; Straus, Scott (eds.). The Cambridge World History of Genocide. Vol. 3: Genocide in the Contemporary Era, 1914–2020. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. pp. 358, 359. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108767118">10.1017/9781108767118</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-48707-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-48707-8"><bdi>978-1-108-48707-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=15%3A+The+Nazis+and+the+Slavs+%E2%80%93+Poles+and+Soviet+Prisoners+of+War&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+World+History+of+Genocide&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=358%2C+359&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2F9781108767118&rft.isbn=978-1-108-48707-8&rft.aulast=Kiernan&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Lower%2C+Wendy&rft.au=Naimark%2C+Norman&rft.au=Straus%2C+Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003229-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003229_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2003">Evans 2003</a>, p. 229. </li> <li id="cite_note-Smithsonian-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Smithsonian_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamin_Skibba2019" class="citation web cs1">Ramin Skibba (20 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/disturbing-resilience-scientific-racism-180972243/">"The Disturbing Resilience of Scientific Racism"</a>. Smithsonian.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221011071349/https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/disturbing-resilience-scientific-racism-180972243/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 October 2022. Retrieved 12 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian.com&rft.atitle=The+Disturbing+Resilience+of+Scientific+Racism&rft.date=2019-05-20&rft.au=Ramin+Skibba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fscience-nature%2Fdisturbing-resilience-scientific-racism-180972243%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baum2006_156-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baum2006_156_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baum2006_156_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baum2006_156_11-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaum2006" class="citation book cs1">Baum, Bruce David (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/risefallcaucasia00baum">The Rise and Fall of the Caucasian Race: A Political History of Racial Identity</a>. New York/London: New York University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/risefallcaucasia00baum/page/n166">156</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4294-1506-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4294-1506-4"><bdi>978-1-4294-1506-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Caucasian+Race%3A+A+Political+History+of+Racial+Identity&rft.place=New+York%2FLondon&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4294-1506-4&rft.aulast=Baum&rft.aufirst=Bruce+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frisefallcaucasia00baum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kobrak2004-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Kobrak2004_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKobrakHansenKopper2004" class="citation book cs1">Kobrak, Christopher; Hansen, Per H.; Kopper, Christopher (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1oXbDyeLYXoC&q=anti-capitalist+enough&pg=PA16">"Business, Political Risk, and Historians in the Twentieth Century"</a>. In Kobrak, Christopher; Hansen, Per H. (eds.). European Business, Dictatorship, and Political Risk, 1920–1945. New York/Oxford: Berghahn Books. pp. 16–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-629-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-629-0"><bdi>978-1-57181-629-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240712025924/https://books.google.com/books?id=1oXbDyeLYXoC&q=anti-capitalist+enough&pg=PA16#v=snippet&q=anti-capitalist%20enough&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2024. Retrieved 18 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Business%2C+Political+Risk%2C+and+Historians+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.btitle=European+Business%2C+Dictatorship%2C+and+Political+Risk%2C+1920%E2%80%931945&rft.place=New+York%2FOxford&rft.pages=16-17&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57181-629-0&rft.aulast=Kobrak&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft.au=Hansen%2C+Per+H.&rft.au=Kopper%2C+Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1oXbDyeLYXoC%26q%3Danti-capitalist%2Benough%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_W._Mitcham" title="Samuel W. Mitcham">Mitcham, Samuel W.</a> (1996). Why Hitler?: The Genesis of the Nazi Reich. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger. p. 68. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-95485-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-95485-7">978-0-275-95485-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Heiden" title="Konrad Heiden">Konrad Heiden</a>, "Les débuts du national-socialisme", Revue d'Allemagne, VII, No. 71 (Sept. 15, 1933), p. 821. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw1999243–244,_248–249-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw1999243–244,_248–249_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKershaw1999">Kershaw 1999</a>, pp. 243–244, 248–249. </li> <li id="cite_note-GottliebMorgensen2007-16"><a href="#cite_ref-GottliebMorgensen2007_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGottliebMorgensen2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Gottlieb" title="Henrik Gottlieb">Gottlieb, Henrik</a>; Morgensen, Jens Erik, eds. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UaggHAJ7jToC&pg=PA247">Dictionary Visions, Research and Practice: Selected Papers from the 12th International Symposium on Lexicography, Copenhagen 2004</a> (illustrated ed.). Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Pub. Co. p. 247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-272-2334-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-272-2334-0"><bdi>978-90-272-2334-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240712025924/https://books.google.com/books?id=UaggHAJ7jToC&pg=PA247#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2024. Retrieved 22 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+Visions%2C+Research+and+Practice%3A+Selected+Papers+from+the+12th+International+Symposium+on+Lexicography%2C+Copenhagen+2004&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=247&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=J.+Benjamins+Pub.+Co.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-272-2334-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUaggHAJ7jToC%26pg%3DPA247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HarperOED-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HarperOED_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HarperOED_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HarperOED_17-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper" class="citation web cs1">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Nazi">"Nazi"</a>. etymonline.com. Online Etymology Dictionary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006134952/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Nazi">Archived</a> from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 22 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=etymonline.com&rft.atitle=Nazi&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3DNazi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lepage2009_9-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Lepage2009_9_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLepage2009" class="citation book cs1">Lepage, Jean-Denis (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hitleryouthillus00lepa">Hitler Youth, 1922–1945: An Illustrated History</a>. McFarland. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hitleryouthillus00lepa/page/n15">9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3935-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-3935-5"><bdi>978-0-7864-3935-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler+Youth%2C+1922%E2%80%931945%3A+An+Illustrated+History&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-3935-5&rft.aulast=Lepage&rft.aufirst=Jean-Denis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhitleryouthillus00lepa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sourcebook-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sourcebook_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sourcebook_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sourcebook_19-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabinbachGilman2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anson_Rabinbach" title="Anson Rabinbach">Rabinbach, Anson</a>; <a href="/wiki/Sander_Gilman" title="Sander Gilman">Gilman, Sander</a>, eds. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XhDakMp55i0C&pg=PA4">The Third Reich Sourcebook</a>. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-95514-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-95514-1"><bdi>978-0-520-95514-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240712025925/https://books.google.com/books?id=XhDakMp55i0C&pg=PA4#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2024. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich+Sourcebook&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-520-95514-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXhDakMp55i0C%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DailyTelegraph23102011-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DailyTelegraph23102011_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DailyTelegraph23102011_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopping2011" class="citation news cs1">Copping, Jasper (23 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/8843158/Why-Hitler-hated-being-called-a-Nazi-and-whats-really-in-humble-pie-origins-of-words-and-phrases-revealed.html">"Why Hitler hated being called a Nazi and what's really in humble pie – origins of words and phrases revealed"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/8843158/Why-Hitler-hated-being-called-a-Nazi-and-whats-really-in-humble-pie-origins-of-words-and-phrases-revealed.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Why+Hitler+hated+being+called+a+Nazi+and+what%27s+really+in+humble+pie+%E2%80%93+origins+of+words+and+phrases+revealed&rft.date=2011-10-23&rft.aulast=Copping&rft.aufirst=Jasper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnewstopics%2Fhowaboutthat%2F8843158%2FWhy-Hitler-hated-being-called-a-Nazi-and-whats-really-in-humble-pie-origins-of-words-and-phrases-revealed.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seebold2002-21"><a href="#cite_ref-Seebold2002_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeebold2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Elmar_Seebold" title="Elmar Seebold">Seebold, Elmar</a>, ed. (2002). Kluge Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache (in German) (24th ed.). Berlin: <a href="/wiki/Walter_de_Gruyter" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter de Gruyter">Walter de Gruyter</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017473-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-017473-1"><bdi>978-3-11-017473-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kluge+Etymologisches+W%C3%B6rterbuch+der+deutschen+Sprache&rft.place=Berlin&rft.edition=24th&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-3-11-017473-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Nazi. In: Friedrich Kluge, <a href="/wiki/Elmar_Seebold" title="Elmar Seebold">Elmar Seebold</a>: Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache. 24. Auflage, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin/New York 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-017473-1" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-017473-1">3-11-017473-1</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Nazi">Online Etymology Dictionary: Nazi</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006134952/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=Nazi">Archived</a> 6 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Goebbels, Joseph</a> (1927) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.calvin.edu/german-propaganda-archive/nazi-sozi.htm">"The Nazi-Sozi"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221002032348/https://research.calvin.edu/german-propaganda-archive/nazi-sozi.htm">Archived</a> 2 October 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, translated and annotated by Randall Bytwerk, <a href="/wiki/Calvin_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvin College">Calvin College</a> German Propaganda Archive </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Bormann" title="Martin Bormann">Bormann, Martin</a>, compiler, et al., Hitler's Table Talk, republished 2016 </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> See Selected Speeches of Field Marshal Hermann Goring </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Melita_Maschmann" title="Melita Maschmann">Maschmann, Melita</a>, Account Rendered: A Dossier On My Former Self, originally published in 1963, republished in 2016, Plunkett Lake Press </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/4087885">Theodore Fred Abel papers</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theodore+Fred+Abel+papers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearchworks.stanford.edu%2Fview%2F4087885&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oliver_H._Woshinsky_2008,_p._156-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Oliver_H._Woshinsky_2008,_p._156_28-0">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oliver_H._Woshinsky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oliver H. Woshinsky (page does not exist)">Oliver H. Woshinsky</a>. Explaining Politics: Culture, Institutions, and Political Behavior. Oxon; New York: Routledge, 2008, p. 156. </li> <li id="cite_note-Adolf_Hitler_p._170-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Adolf_Hitler_p._170_29-0">^</a> Hitler, Adolf in <a href="/wiki/Max_Domarus" title="Max Domarus">Domarus, Max</a> and Patrick Romane, eds. The Essential Hitler: Speeches and Commentary, Waulconda, Illinois: Bolchazi-Carducci Publishers, Inc., 2007, p. 170. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rudy_Koshar_1986,_p._190-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Rudy_Koshar_1986,_p._190_30-0">^</a> Koshar, Rudy. Social Life, Local Politics, and Nazism: Marburg, 1880–1935, University of North Carolina Press, 1986, p. 190. </li> <li id="cite_note-Adolf_Hitler_2010,_p._287-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Adolf_Hitler_2010,_p._287_31-0">^</a> Hitler, Adolf, Mein Kampf, Bottom of the Hill Publishing, 2010, p. 287. </li> <li id="cite_note-holocaustreader-32"><a href="#cite_ref-holocaustreader_32-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Dawidowicz" title="Lucy Dawidowicz">Dawidowicz, Lucy</a>. A Holocaust Reader Behrman House, Inc, 1976, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://famous-trials.com/hitler/2529-1923-interview-with-adolf-hitler">"1923 Interview with Adolf Hitler"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221005084732/https://famous-trials.com/hitler/2529-1923-interview-with-adolf-hitler">Archived</a> from the original on 5 October 2022. Retrieved 14 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1923+Interview+with+Adolf+Hitler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffamous-trials.com%2Fhitler%2F2529-1923-interview-with-adolf-hitler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner1985" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Henry A. (1985). German Big Business and the Rise of Hitler. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 77.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+Big+Business+and+the+Rise+of+Hitler&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Henry+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-commentary-35"><a href="#cite_ref-commentary_35-0">^</a> Adolf Hitler, <a href="/wiki/Max_Domarus" title="Max Domarus">Max Domarus</a>. 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(2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PYESsQRyIIMC&pg=PA325">Churchill, Hitler, and 'The Unnecessary War': How Britain Lost Its Empire and the West Lost the World</a>. Crown/Archetype. p. 325. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-40956-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-40956-0"><bdi>978-0-307-40956-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240712024918/https://books.google.com/books?id=PYESsQRyIIMC&pg=PA325#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2024. Retrieved 7 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Churchill%2C+Hitler%2C+and+%27The+Unnecessary+War%27%3A+How+Britain+Lost+Its+Empire+and+the+West+Lost+the+World&rft.pages=325&rft.pub=Crown%2FArchetype&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-307-40956-0&rft.aulast=Buchanan&rft.aufirst=Patrick+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPYESsQRyIIMC%26pg%3DPA325&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFest1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Fest" title="Joachim Fest">Fest, Joachim C.</a> (1974) [1973]. Hitler. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-76755-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-76755-8"><bdi>978-0-297-76755-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-297-76755-8&rft.aulast=Fest&rft.aufirst=Joachim+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroszat198738-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroszat198738_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroszat198738_74-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroszat198738_74-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBroszat1987">Broszat 1987</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrington2021" class="citation book cs1">Harrington, Anne (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9780691218083-009/pdf">"Chapter Six: Life Science, Nazi Wholeness, and the 'Machine' in Germany's Midst"</a>. Reenchanted Science: Holism in German Culture from Wilhelm II to Hitler. <a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton, New Jersey</a>: <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. p. 175. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9780691218083-009">10.1515/9780691218083-009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-21808-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-21808-3"><bdi>978-0-691-21808-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv14163kf.11">j.ctv14163kf.11</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162490363">162490363</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221105142315/https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9780691218083-009/pdf">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022. <q>When Hans Shemm in 1935 declared National Socialism to be "politically applied biology," things began to look up, not only for <a href="/wiki/Holism_in_science" title="Holism in science">holism</a>, but for the <a href="/wiki/Life_sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Life sciences">life sciences</a> in general. After all, if the good National Socialist citizen was now seen as the man or woman who understood and revered what were called "Life's laws," then it seemed clear that the life scientists had a major role to play in defining a National Socialist educational program that would transmit the essence of these laws to every family in every village in the country. [...] So much seemed familiar: the calls among the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">National Socialists</a> to return to authentic "German" values and "ways of knowing," to "overcome" the materialism and mechanism of the "West" and the "Jewish-international lie" of scientific objectivity; the use of traditional volkisch tropes that spoke of the <a href="/wiki/German_people" class="mw-redirect" title="German people">German people</a> (Volk) as a mystical, pseudobiological whole and the state as an "organism" in which the individual was subsumed in the whole ("You are nothing, your Volk is everything"); the condemnation of <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> as an alien force representing chaos, mechanism, and inauthenticity. <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a> himself had even used the stock imagery of conservative holism in <a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a> when he spoke of the democratic state as "a dead mechanism which only lays claim to existence for its own sake" and contrasted this with his vision of statehood for Germany in which "there must be formed a living organism with the exclusive aim of serving a higher idea."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+Six%3A+Life+Science%2C+Nazi+Wholeness%2C+and+the+%27Machine%27+in+Germany%27s+Midst&rft.btitle=Reenchanted+Science%3A+Holism+in+German+Culture+from+Wilhelm+II+to+Hitler&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=175&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9780691218083-009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162490363%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctv14163kf.11%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0-691-21808-3&rft.aulast=Harrington&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9780691218083-009%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deichmann_2020-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Deichmann_2020_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deichmann_2020_76-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Deichmann_2020_76-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeichmann2020" class="citation journal cs1">Deichmann, Ute (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.redalyc.org/journal/5117/511767145001/html/">"Science and political ideology: The example of Nazi Germany"</a>. Mètode Science Studies Journal. 10 (Science and Nazism. The unconfessed collaboration of scientists with National Socialism). <a href="/wiki/Universitat_de_Val%C3%A8ncia" class="mw-redirect" title="Universitat de València">Universitat de València</a>: 129–137. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7203%2Fmetode.10.13657">10.7203/metode.10.13657</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10550%2F89369">10550/89369</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2174-9221">2174-9221</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:203335127">203335127</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220301195436/https://www.redalyc.org/journal/5117/511767145001/html/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2022. Retrieved 2 March 2022. <q>Although in their basic framework <a href="/wiki/Nazi_racial_theories" title="Nazi racial theories">Nazi anti-Semitic and racist ideology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">policies</a> were not grounded in science, scientists not only supported them in various ways, but also took advantage of them, for example by using the new possibilities of unethical experimentation in humans that these ideologies provided. Scientists' complicity with Nazi ideology and politics does, however, not mean that all sciences in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> were ideologically tainted. I argue, rather, that despite the fact that some areas of science continued at high levels, science in Nazi Germany was most negatively affected not by the imposition of Nazi ideology on the conduct of science but by the enactment of legal measures that ensured the <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation#Nazi_Germany" title="Racial segregation">expulsion of Jewish scientists</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitism">anti-Semitism</a> of young faculty and students was particularly virulent. Moreover, I show that scientists supported Nazi ideologies and policies not only through so-called reductionist science such as <a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">eugenics and race-hygiene</a>, but also by promoting organicist and holistic ideologies of the racial state. [...] The ideology of leading Nazi party ideologues was strongly influenced by the <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Volkish movement</a> which, in the wake of the writings of philosopher <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Johann Gottlieb Fichte</a> and other nineteenth century authors, promoted the idea of Volk (people) as an organic unity. They did not base their virulent anti-Semitism and racism on anthropological concepts.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=M%C3%A8tode+Science+Studies+Journal&rft.atitle=Science+and+political+ideology%3A+The+example+of+Nazi+Germany&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=Science+and+Nazism.+The+unconfessed+collaboration+of+scientists+with+National+Socialism&rft.pages=129-137&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10550%2F89369&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A203335127%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2174-9221&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7203%2Fmetode.10.13657&rft.aulast=Deichmann&rft.aufirst=Ute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.redalyc.org%2Fjournal%2F5117%2F511767145001%2Fhtml%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnker2021" class="citation book cs1">Anker, Peder (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.4159/9780674020221-008/pdf">"The Politics of Holism, Ecology, and Human Rights"</a>. Imperial Ecology: Environmental Order in the British Empire, 1895–1945. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_Massachusetts" title="Cambridge, Massachusetts">Cambridge, Massachusetts</a> and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4159%2F9780674020221-008">10.4159/9780674020221-008</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02022-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02022-1"><bdi>978-0-674-02022-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142173094">142173094</a>. <q>The paradoxical character of the politics of holism is the theme of this chapter, which focuses on the mutually shaping relationship between <a href="/wiki/John_William_Bews" class="mw-redirect" title="John William Bews">John William Bews</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._F._V._Phillips" title="J. F. V. Phillips">John Phillips</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/White_South_Africans" title="White South Africans">South African</a> politician <a href="/wiki/Jan_Christian_Smuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Jan Christian Smuts">Jan Christian Smuts</a>. Smuts was a promoter of international peace and understanding through the League of Nations, but also a defender of <a href="/wiki/Racial_discrimination" title="Racial discrimination">racial suppression</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_supremacy" title="White supremacy">white supremacy</a> in his own country. His politics, I will argue, were fully consistent with his holistic philosophy of science. Smuts was guided by the efforts of ecologists such as Bews and Phillips, who provided him with a day-to-day update of the latest advances in scientific knowledge of natural laws governing <a href="/wiki/Homo_sapiens" class="mw-redirect" title="Homo sapiens">Homo sapiens</a>. A substantial part of this chapter will thus return to their research on human ecology to explore the mutual field of inspiration linking them and Smuts. Two aspects of this human ecological research were particularly important: the human gradualism or ecological "succession" of human personalities researched by Bews, and the concept of an ecological biotic community explored by Phillips. Smuts transformed this research into a policy of racial gradualism that respected local ways of life in different (biotic) communities, a policy he tried to morally sanctify and promote as author of the famous <a href="/wiki/Preamble_to_the_United_Nations_Charter" title="Preamble to the United Nations Charter">1945 Preamble of the United Nation Charter</a> about human rights.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Politics+of+Holism%2C+Ecology%2C+and+Human+Rights&rft.btitle=Imperial+Ecology%3A+Environmental+Order+in+the+British+Empire%2C+1895%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts+and+London&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142173094%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4159%2F9780674020221-008&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02022-1&rft.aulast=Anker&rft.aufirst=Peder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.4159%2F9780674020221-008%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheid2016" class="citation book cs1">Scheid, Volker (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK379258/">"Chapter 3: Holism, Chinese Medicine, and Systems Ideologies: Rewriting the Past to Imagine the Future"</a>. In Whitehead, A.; Woods, A.; Atkinson, S.; Macnaughton, J.; Richards, J. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.doabooks.org/doab?func=fulltext&uiLanguage=en&rid=27082">The Edinburgh Companion to the Critical Medical Humanities</a>. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fedinburgh%2F9781474400046.003.0003">10.3366/edinburgh/9781474400046.003.0003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-0004-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-0004-6"><bdi>978-1-4744-0004-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13333626">13333626</a>. Bookshelf ID:NBK379258. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240712024930/https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/33913">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2024. Retrieved 12 August 2022 – via <a href="/wiki/NCBI" class="mw-redirect" title="NCBI">NCBI</a>. <q>Common Roots: Holism Before and During the Interwar Years: This chapter cannot explore in detail the complex entanglements between these different notions of holism, or how they reflect Germany's troubled path towards modernity. My starting point, instead, is the <a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">interwar years</a>. By then, holism had become an important resource for people across Europe, the US and beyond—but once again specifically in Germany—for dealing with what <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a>, in 1918, had famously analysed as a widely felt <a href="/wiki/Disenchantment" title="Disenchantment">disenchantment</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">modern world</a>. The very word 'holism' (as opposed to ideas or practices designated as such today), as well as related words like 'emergence' or 'organicism', date from this time. It was coined in 1926 by Jan Smuts to describe a perceived tendency of evolutionary processes towards the formation of wholes, granting these wholes a special onto-epistemic significance that parts lack. This was cultural holism now underpinned by evolutionary science and deployed by Smuts not only as a tool for grasping the coming into being of the world but also as an ideological justification for the development of <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a> in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Weimar_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Weimar Germany">Weimar Germany</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">under Nazism</a>, holistic science became a mainstream academic endeavour, once more intermingling cultural politics and serious scientific research. Holistic perspectives also became popular in the interwar years among academics and the wider public throughout the UK and US. In France, it was associated with <a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">vitalist philosophies</a> and the emergence of neo-Hippocratic thinking in medicine, manifesting the unease many people felt about the shifts that biomedicine was undergoing at the time.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+3%3A+Holism%2C+Chinese+Medicine%2C+and+Systems+Ideologies%3A+Rewriting+the+Past+to+Imagine+the+Future&rft.btitle=The+Edinburgh+Companion+to+the+Critical+Medical+Humanities&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13333626%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2Fedinburgh%2F9781474400046.003.0003&rft.isbn=978-1-4744-0004-6&rft.aulast=Scheid&rft.aufirst=Volker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2FNBK379258%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERyback2010129–130-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyback2010129–130_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRyback2010">Ryback 2010</a>, pp. 129–130. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERyback2010129-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyback2010129_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyback2010129_80-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyback2010129_80-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyback2010129_80-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFRyback2010">Ryback 2010</a>, p. 129. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> George L. Mosse, The Crisis of German Ideology: Intellectual Origins of the Third Reich (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1964), pp. 19–23. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Thomas Lekan and Thomas Zeller, "Introduction: The Landscape of German Environmental History", in Germany's Nature: Cultural Landscapes and Environmental History, edited by Thomas Lekan and Thomas Zeller (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2005), p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> The Nazi concept of <a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a> has connections with this idea, with German farmers being rooted to their soil, needing more of it for the expansion of the German Volk—whereas the Jew is precisely the opposite, nomadic and urban by nature. See: Roderick Stackelberg, The Routledge Companion to Nazi Germany (New York: Routledge, 2007), p. 259. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Additional evidence of Riehl's legacy can be seen in the Riehl Prize, Die Volkskunde als Wissenschaft (Folklore as Science) which was awarded in 1935 by the Nazis. See: George L. Mosse, The Crisis of German Ideology: Intellectual Origins of the Third Reich (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1964), p. 23. Applicants for the Riehl prize had stipulations that included only being of Aryan blood, and no evidence of membership in any Marxist parties or any organisation that stood against National Socialism. See: Hermann Stroback, "Folklore and Fascism before and around 1933," in The Nazification of an Academic Discipline: Folklore in the Third Reich, edited by James R Dow and Hannjost Lixfeld (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994), pp. 62–63. </li> <li id="cite_note-encyclopedia7-85"><a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia7_85-0">^</a> Cyprian Blamires. World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, Inc., 2006, p. 542. </li> <li id="cite_note-constructing-86"><a href="#cite_ref-constructing_86-0">^</a> Keith H. Pickus. Constructing Modern Identities: Jewish University Students in Germany, 1815–1914. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 1999, p. 86. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jonathan_Olsen_1999,_p._62-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jonathan_Olsen_1999,_p._62_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jonathan_Olsen_1999,_p._62_87-1">b</a> Jonathan Olsen. Nature and Nationalism: Right-wing Ecology and the Politics of Identity in Contemporary Germany. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1999, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Andrew Gladding Whiteside, Austrian National Socialism before 1918, (1962), pp. 1–3 </li> <li id="cite_note-Nina_Witoszek_2002._pp._89-90-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nina_Witoszek_2002._pp._89-90_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nina_Witoszek_2002._pp._89-90_89-1">b</a> Nina Witoszek, Lars Trägårdh. Culture and Crisis: The Case of Germany and Sweden. Berghahn Books, 2002. pp. 89–90. </li> <li id="cite_note-witoszek-90"><a href="#cite_ref-witoszek_90-0">^</a> Witoszek, Nina and Lars Trägårdh, Culture and Crisis: The Case of Germany and Sweden, Berghahn Books, 2002, p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerwarth2007150-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerwarth2007150_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerwarth2007150_91-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerwarth2007">Gerwarth 2007</a>, p. 150. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerwarth2007149-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerwarth2007149_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerwarth2007">Gerwarth 2007</a>, p. 149. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerwarth200754-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerwarth200754_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerwarth2007">Gerwarth 2007</a>, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerwarth200754,_131-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerwarth200754,_131_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerwarth2007">Gerwarth 2007</a>, pp. 54, 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGerwarth2007131-95"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGerwarth2007131_95-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGerwarth2007">Gerwarth 2007</a>, p. 131. </li> <li id="cite_note-nicholls236237-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nicholls236237_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nicholls236237_96-1">b</a> David Nicholls. Adolf Hitler: A Biographical Companion. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000. pp. 236–237. </li> <li id="cite_note-nicholls159160-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nicholls159160_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nicholls159160_97-1">b</a> David Nicholls. Adolf Hitler: A Biographical Companion. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000. pp. 159–160. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrigitte_Hamann2010" class="citation book cs1">Brigitte Hamann (2010). Hitler's Vienna: A Portrait of the Tyrant as a Young Man. Tauris Parke Paperbacks. p. 302. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-277-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-277-8"><bdi>978-1-84885-277-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Vienna%3A+A+Portrait+of+the+Tyrant+as+a+Young+Man&rft.pages=302&rft.pub=Tauris+Parke+Paperbacks&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-84885-277-8&rft.au=Brigitte+Hamann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated6-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated6_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated6_99-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated6_99-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated6_99-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated6_99-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated6_99-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated6_99-6">g</a> Blamires, Cyprian; Jackson, Paul. World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia: Volume 1. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, Inc, 2006, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated8-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated8_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated8_100-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated8_100-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated8_100-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated8_100-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated8_100-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated8_100-6">g</a> Stackelberg, Roderick; Winkle, Sally Anne. The Nazi Germany Sourcebook: An Anthology of Texts, London: Routledge, 2002, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> A. J. Woodman. The Cambridge Companion to Tacitus, 2009, p. 294: "The white race was defined as beautiful, honourable and destined to rule; within it the Aryans are 'cette illustre famille humaine, la plus noble'." Originally a linguistic term synonymous with Indo-European, '<a href="/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan">Aryan</a>' became, not least because of the Essai, the designation of a race, which Gobineau specified was 'la race germanique' </li> <li id="cite_note-encyclopedia9-102"><a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia9_102-0">^</a> Blamires, Cyprian and Paul Jackson, World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia: Volume 1, 2006, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStefan_Kühl2002" class="citation book cs1">Stefan Kühl (2002). Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism, and German National Socialism. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514978-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-514978-4"><bdi>978-0-19-514978-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nazi+Connection%3A+Eugenics%2C+American+Racism%2C+and+German+National+Socialism&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-514978-4&rft.au=Stefan+K%C3%BChl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brustein207-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brustein207_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brustein207_104-1">b</a> William Brustein. Roots of Hate: Anti-Semitism in Europe Before the Holocaust. Cambridge University Press, 2003, p. 207. </li> <li id="cite_note-Brustein210-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brustein210_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brustein210_105-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brustein210_105-2">c</a> Brustein, 2003, p. 210. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> William Brustein. Roots of Hate: Anti-Semitism in Europe Before the Holocaust. Cambridge University Press, 2003, pp. 207, 209. </li> <li id="cite_note-witoszek10-107"><a href="#cite_ref-witoszek10_107-0">^</a> Nina Witoszek, Lars Trägårdh. Culture and Crisis: The Case of Germany and Sweden. Berghahn Books, 2002, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-Jack_Fischel_1998,_p._5-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jack_Fischel_1998,_p._5_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jack_Fischel_1998,_p._5_108-1">b</a> Jack Fischel. The Holocaust. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press, 1998, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_Rees" title="Philip Rees">Philip Rees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biographical_Dictionary_of_the_Extreme_Right_Since_1890" title="Biographical Dictionary of the Extreme Right Since 1890">Biographical Dictionary of the Extreme Right Since 1890</a>, Simon & Schuster, 1990, p. 220 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERyback2010130-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyback2010130_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyback2010130_110-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRyback2010">Ryback 2010</a>, p. 130. </li> <li id="cite_note-stackelberg-111"><a href="#cite_ref-stackelberg_111-0">^</a> Roderick Stackelberg, Sally Anne Winkle. The Nazi Germany Sourcebook: An Anthology of Texts, 2002, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-kershaw-112"><a href="#cite_ref-kershaw_112-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw">Ian Kershaw</a>. Hitler, 1936–45: Nemesis. New York: W.W. Norton & Company Inc., 2001, p. 588. </li> <li id="cite_note-dictator-113"><a href="#cite_ref-dictator_113-0">^</a> David Welch. Hitler: Profile of a Dictator. 2nd edition. New York: UCL Press, 2001. pp. 13–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-dictator11-114"><a href="#cite_ref-dictator11_114-0">^</a> David Welch. Hitler: Profile of a Dictator, 2001, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240228205817/https://www.britannica.com/event/Nazism">"Nazism"</a>. Britannica. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Nazisma">the original</a> on 28 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Nazism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FNazisma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinkus2005" class="citation book cs1">Pinkus, Oscar (2005). The War Aims and Strategies of Adolf Hitler. McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2054-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-2054-4"><bdi>978-0-7864-2054-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+Aims+and+Strategies+of+Adolf+Hitler&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-2054-4&rft.aulast=Pinkus&rft.aufirst=Oscar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1997" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Norman (1997). Europe: A History. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 850. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-820171-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-820171-0"><bdi>0-19-820171-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Europe%3A+A+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=850&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-19-820171-0&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHousden2000" class="citation book cs1">Housden, Martyn (2000). "2: Ideologue". Hitler: Study of a Revolutionary?. New York: Routledge. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-16359-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-16359-5"><bdi>0-415-16359-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2%3A+Ideologue&rft.btitle=Hitler%3A+Study+of+a+Revolutionary%3F&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-415-16359-5&rft.aulast=Housden&rft.aufirst=Martyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koonz2005-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Koonz2005_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koonz2005_119-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaudia_Koonz2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Koonz" title="Claudia Koonz">Claudia Koonz</a> (2005). The Nazi Conscience. Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01842-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01842-6"><bdi>978-0-674-01842-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nazi+Conscience&rft.pub=Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01842-6&rft.au=Claudia+Koonz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weikart2009-120"><a href="#cite_ref-Weikart2009_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Weikart2009" class="citation book cs1">Richard Weikart (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hitlersethicnazi00weik">Hitler's Ethic</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hitlersethicnazi00weik/page/n156">142</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-62398-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-62398-9"><bdi>978-0-230-62398-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Ethic&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-230-62398-9&rft.au=Richard+Weikart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhitlersethicnazi00weik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gordon1984-121"><a href="#cite_ref-Gordon1984_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarah_Ann_Gordon1984" class="citation book cs1">Sarah Ann Gordon (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hitlergermansjew0000gord/page/265">Hitler, Germans, and the 'Jewish Question'</a>. Princeton University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hitlergermansjew0000gord/page/265">265</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-10162-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-10162-0"><bdi>978-0-691-10162-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%2C+Germans%2C+and+the+%27Jewish+Question%27&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-691-10162-0&rft.au=Sarah+Ann+Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhitlergermansjew0000gord%2Fpage%2F265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PostWWIAntisemitism-122"><a href="#cite_ref-PostWWIAntisemitism_122-0">^</a> "Florida Holocaust Museum: Antisemitism – Post World War 1" (history), flholocaustmuseum.org, 2003, webpage: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flholocaustmuseum.org/history_wing/antisemitism/post_ww1.cfm">Post-WWI Antisemitism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081003233617/http://www.flholocaustmuseum.org/history_wing/antisemitism/post_ww1.cfm">Archived</a> 3 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-JFrage-123"><a href="#cite_ref-JFrage_123-0">^</a> "THHP Short Essay: What Was the Final Solution?". Holocaust-History.org, July 2004, webpage: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holocaust-history.org/short-essays/final-solution.shtml">HoloHist-Final</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080204024440/http://www.holocaust-history.org/short-essays/final-solution.shtml">Archived</a> 4 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>: notes that <a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a> used the term in his order of 31 July 1941 to <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a>, chief of the <a href="/wiki/Reich_Security_Main_Office" title="Reich Security Main Office">Reich Security Main Office</a> (RSHA). </li> <li id="cite_note-Peter_J._Bowler_1989._pp._304-305-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peter_J._Bowler_1989._pp._304-305_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peter_J._Bowler_1989._pp._304-305_124-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peter_J._Bowler_1989._pp._304-305_124-2">c</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Bowler" title="Peter J. Bowler">Peter J. Bowler</a>. Evolution: The History of an Idea. 2nd edition. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, 1989. pp. 304–305. </li> <li id="cite_note-Robert_J._Richards_2008._pp._7-8-125"><a href="#cite_ref-Robert_J._Richards_2008._pp._7-8_125-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Richards" title="Robert J. Richards">Robert J. Richards</a>. Myth 19 That Darwin and Haeckel were Complicit in Nazi Biology. The University of Chicago. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://home.uchicago.edu/~rjr6/articles/Myth.pdf">http://home.uchicago.edu/~rjr6/articles/Myth.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120912124953/http://home.uchicago.edu/~rjr6/articles/Myth.pdf">Archived</a> 12 September 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-evolution-126"><a href="#cite_ref-evolution_126-0">^</a> Peter J. Bowler. Evolution: The History of an Idea, 1989, p. 305. </li> <li id="cite_note-university14-127"><a href="#cite_ref-university14_127-0">^</a> Denis R. Alexander, Ronald L. Numbers. Biology and Ideology from Descartes to Dawkins. Chicago, Illinois; London: University of Chicago Press, 2010, p. 209. </li> <li id="cite_note-friedlander-128"><a href="#cite_ref-friedlander_128-0">^</a> Henry Friedlander. The Origins of Nazi Genocide: From Euthanasia to the Final Solution. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-Whitman-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Whitman_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Whitman_129-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitman2017" class="citation book cs1">Whitman, James Q. (2017). Hitler's American Model: The United States and the Making of Nazi Race Law. Princeton University Press. pp. 37–47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+American+Model%3A+The+United+States+and+the+Making+of+Nazi+Race+Law&rft.pages=37-47&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Whitman&rft.aufirst=James+Q.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin_Kitchen_2006,_p._205-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_Kitchen_2006,_p._205_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_Kitchen_2006,_p._205_130-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_Kitchen_2006,_p._205_130-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin_Kitchen_2006,_p._205_130-3">d</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Kitchen" title="Martin Kitchen">Kitchen, Martin</a>, A History of Modern Germany, 1800–2000, Malden, MA; Oxford, England; Carlton, Victoria, Australia: Blackwell Publishing, Inc., 2006, p. 205. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bernd-Rüdiger_Hüppauf_1997,_p._92-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bernd-Rüdiger_Hüppauf_1997,_p._92_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bernd-Rüdiger_Hüppauf_1997,_p._92_131-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bernd-Rüdiger_Hüppauf_1997,_p._92_131-2">c</a> Hüppauf, Bernd-Rüdiger War, Violence, and the Modern Condition, Berlin: Walter de Gruyter & Co., 1997, p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas_Rohkrämer_2007,_p._130-132"><a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_Rohkrämer_2007,_p._130_132-0">^</a> Rohkrämer, Thomas, "A Single Communal Faith?: The German Right from Conservatism to National Socialism", Monographs in German History. Volume 20, Berghahn Books, 2007, p. 130 </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated16-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated16_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated16_133-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated16_133-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated16_133-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated16_133-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated16_133-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated16_133-6">g</a> Blamires, Cyprian; Jackson, Paul. World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia: Volume 1. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, Inc, 2006, p. 628. </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated7-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated7_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated7_134-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated7_134-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated7_134-3">d</a> Winkler, Heinrich August and Alexander Sager, Germany: The Long Road West, English ed. 2006, p. 414. </li> <li id="cite_note-encyclopedia15-135"><a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia15_135-0">^</a> Blamires, Cyprian; Jackson, Paul. World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia: Volume 1, 2006, p. 629. </li> <li id="cite_note-university17-136"><a href="#cite_ref-university17_136-0">^</a> Weitz, Eric D., Weimar Germany: Promise and Tragedy, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2007. pp. 336–337. </li> <li id="cite_note-university18-137"><a href="#cite_ref-university18_137-0">^</a> Weitz, Eric D., Weimar Germany: Promise and Tragedy, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2007, p. 336. </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> German Federal Archive image description </li> <li id="cite_note-H._Stuart_Hughes_1992,_p._108-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-H._Stuart_Hughes_1992,_p._108_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-H._Stuart_Hughes_1992,_p._108_139-1">b</a> Hughes, H. Stuart, Oswald Spengler, New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1992, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-transaction-140"><a href="#cite_ref-transaction_140-0">^</a> Hughes, H. 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LSU Press. pp. 237–238. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780807127278" title="Special:BookSources/9780807127278"><bdi>9780807127278</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prophet+of+Decline%3A+Spengler+on+World+History+and+Politics&rft.pages=237-238&rft.pub=LSU+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780807127278&rft.aulast=Farrenkopf&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-university19-143"><a href="#cite_ref-university19_143-0">^</a> Stern, Fritz Richard The politics of cultural despair: a study in the rise of the Germanic ideology University of California Press reprint edition (1974) p. 296 </li> <li id="cite_note-macmillan-144"><a href="#cite_ref-macmillan_144-0">^</a> Burleigh, Michael The Third Reich: a new history Pan MacMillan (2001) p. 75 </li> <li id="cite_note-millennial-145"><a href="#cite_ref-millennial_145-0">^</a> Redles, David Nazi End Times; The Third Reich as a Millennial Reich in Kinane, Karolyn & Ryan, Michael A. 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A History of Fascism, 1914–1945, 1995, p. 464. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroszat198129-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroszat198129_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBroszat1981">Broszat 1981</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiaccariaMinca2016" class="citation book cs1">Giaccaria, Paolo; Minca, Claudio, eds. (2016). Hitler's Geographies: The Spatialities of the Third Reich. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. pp. 10, 11, 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-27442-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-27442-3"><bdi>978-0-226-27442-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Geographies%3A+The+Spatialities+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=10%2C+11%2C+29&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-226-27442-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeumann2002" class="citation journal cs1">Neumann, Boaz (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3115178">"The National Socialist Politics of Life"</a>. New German Critique (85): 107–130. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3115178">10.2307/3115178</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0094-033X">0094-033X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3115178">3115178</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231209075248/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3115178">Archived</a> from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+German+Critique&rft.atitle=The+National+Socialist+Politics+of+Life&rft.issue=85&rft.pages=107-130&rft.date=2002&rft.issn=0094-033X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3115178%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3115178&rft.aulast=Neumann&rft.aufirst=Boaz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3115178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> Steve Thorne. The Language of War. London: Routledge, 2006, p. 38. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35867-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-35867-5">978-0-415-35867-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Bialas, Wolfgang, and Lothar Fritze, eds. Nazi Ideology and Ethics. Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2014, pp. 15–57 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1443854221" title="Special:BookSources/978-1443854221">978-1443854221</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiaccariaMinca2016" class="citation book cs1">Giaccaria, Paolo; Minca, Claudio, eds. (2016). "1: For a Tentative Spatial Theory of the Third Reich". Hitler's Geographies: The Spatialities of the Third Reich. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-27442-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-27442-3"><bdi>978-0-226-27442-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1%3A+For+a+Tentative+Spatial+Theory+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Geographies%3A+The+Spatialities+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-226-27442-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stephen_J._Lee_1945,_p._237-160"><a href="#cite_ref-Stephen_J._Lee_1945,_p._237_160-0">^</a> Stephen J. Lee. Europe, 1890–1945, p. 237. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-Peter_D._Stachura_P._31-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peter_D._Stachura_P._31_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peter_D._Stachura_P._31_161-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peter_D._Stachura_P._31_161-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peter_D._Stachura_P._31_161-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peter_D._Stachura_P._31_161-4">e</a> Peter D. Stachura. The Shaping of the Nazi State, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Joseph W. Bendersk, A History of Nazi Germany: 1919–1945, p. 177 </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGliožaitis" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gliožaitis, Algirdas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mle.lt/straipsniai/neumanno-sasso-byla">"Neumanno-Sasso byla"</a> [The Case of Neumann-Sass]. Mažosios Lietuvos enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220212210419/https://www.mle.lt/straipsniai/neumanno-sasso-byla">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2022. Retrieved 12 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ma%C5%BEosios+Lietuvos+enciklopedija&rft.atitle=Neumanno-Sasso+byla&rft.aulast=Glio%C5%BEaitis&rft.aufirst=Algirdas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mle.lt%2Fstraipsniai%2Fneumanno-sasso-byla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-André_Mineau_2004,_p._36-164">^ <a href="#cite_ref-André_Mineau_2004,_p._36_164-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-André_Mineau_2004,_p._36_164-1">b</a> André Mineau. Operation Barbarossa: Ideology and Ethics Against Human Dignity. Rodopi, 2004, p. 36 </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitler1939" class="citation book cs1">Hitler, Adolf (1939). "XIV: Germany's policy in Eastern Europe". Mein Kampf. 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London; New York: Routledge, 2004, p. 97.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2008161–162-168"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETooze2008161–162_168-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTooze2008">Tooze 2008</a>, pp. 161–162. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2008166–167-169"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETooze2008166–167_169-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTooze2008">Tooze 2008</a>, pp. 166–167. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2008167–168-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETooze2008167–168_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTooze2008">Tooze 2008</a>, pp. 167–168. </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoebbels1970" class="citation book cs1">Goebbels, Joseph (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FhEFAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Whoever+dominates+Europe+will+thereby+assume+the+leadership+of+the+world.+%22">The Goebbels Diaries, 1942–1943</a>. Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8371-3815-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8371-3815-2"><bdi>978-0-8371-3815-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240712024922/https://books.google.com/books?id=FhEFAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Whoever+dominates+Europe+will+thereby+assume+the+leadership+of+the+world.+%22">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2024. Retrieved 15 September 2020 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Goebbels+Diaries%2C+1942%E2%80%931943&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-8371-3815-2&rft.aulast=Goebbels&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFhEFAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Whoever%2Bdominates%2BEurope%2Bwill%2Bthereby%2Bassume%2Bthe%2Bleadership%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bworld.%2B%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weinberg-172">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weinberg_172-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weinberg_172-1">b</a> Weinberg, Gerhard L. (1995) Germany, Hitler, and World War II: Essays in modern German and world history <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9OfrTvu7CNYC&q=world+peace&pg=PA28">p. 36</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230415163518/https://books.google.com/books?id=9OfrTvu7CNYC&q=world%20peace&pg=PA28">Archived</a> 15 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-George_Lachmann_Mosse_p79-173">^ <a href="#cite_ref-George_Lachmann_Mosse_p79_173-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-George_Lachmann_Mosse_p79_173-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-George_Lachmann_Mosse_p79_173-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-George_Lachmann_Mosse_p79_173-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-George_Lachmann_Mosse_p79_173-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-George_Lachmann_Mosse_p79_173-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-George_Lachmann_Mosse_p79_173-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-George_Lachmann_Mosse_p79_173-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-George_Lachmann_Mosse_p79_173-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-George_Lachmann_Mosse_p79_173-9">j</a> George Lachmann Mosse. Nazi Culture: Intellectual, Cultural and Social Life in the Third Reich, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-RGallately-174">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RGallately_174-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RGallately_174-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFS.H._Milton2001" class="citation book cs1">S.H. Milton (2001). ""Gypsies" as social outsiders in Nazi Germany". In Robert Gellately; Nathan Stoltzfus (eds.). Social Outsiders in Nazi Germany. Princeton University Press. pp. 216, 231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-08684-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-08684-2"><bdi>978-0-691-08684-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%22Gypsies%22+as+social+outsiders+in+Nazi+Germany&rft.btitle=Social+Outsiders+in+Nazi+Germany&rft.pages=216%2C+231&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-691-08684-2&rft.au=S.H.+Milton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burleigh1991-175"><a href="#cite_ref-Burleigh1991_175-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Burleigh1991" class="citation book cs1">Michael Burleigh (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/racialstate00mich/page/49">The Racial State: Germany 1933–1945</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/racialstate00mich/page/49">49</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39802-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-39802-2"><bdi>978-0-521-39802-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Racial+State%3A+Germany+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-521-39802-2&rft.au=Michael+Burleigh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fracialstate00mich%2Fpage%2F49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajer2003180-176">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajer2003180_176-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajer2003180_176-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMajer2003">Majer 2003</a>, p. 180. </li> <li id="cite_note-Mineau,_André_2004_p._180-177">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mineau,_André_2004_p._180_177-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mineau,_André_2004_p._180_177-1">b</a> Mineau, André (2004). Operation Barbarossa: Ideology and Ethics Against Human Dignity. Amsterdam; New York: Rodopi, p. 180. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-420-1633-7" title="Special:BookSources/90-420-1633-7">90-420-1633-7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Simone_Gigliotti_2005._Pp._14-178"><a href="#cite_ref-Simone_Gigliotti_2005._Pp._14_178-0">^</a> Simone Gigliotti, <a href="/wiki/Berel_Lang" title="Berel Lang">Berel Lang</a>. The Holocaust: a reader. Malden, MA; Oxford, England; Carlton, Victoria, Australia: Blackwell Publishing, 2005, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-Simone_Gigliotti_2005,_p._14-179">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Simone_Gigliotti_2005,_p._14_179-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Simone_Gigliotti_2005,_p._14_179-1">b</a> Simone Gigliotti, Berel Lang. The Holocaust: A Reader. Malden, MA; Oxford; Carlton, Victoria, Australia: Blackwell Publishing, 2005, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-google-180"><a href="#cite_ref-google_180-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/William_W._Hagen" title="William W. Hagen">William W. Hagen</a> (2012). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zBgr3kL-PP4C">German History in Modern Times: Four Lives of the Nation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201002232035/https://books.google.com/books?id=zBgr3kL-PP4C&pg=&dq&hl=en">Archived</a> 2 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". Cambridge University Press, p. 313. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-19190-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-19190-4">0-521-19190-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> Sandner (1999): 385 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifz-muenchen.de/heftarchiv/1999_3.pdf">66 in PDF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221112122424/https://www.ifz-muenchen.de/heftarchiv/1999_3.pdf">Archived</a> 12 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) Note 2. The author claims that the term Aktion T4 was not used by the Nazis and that it was first used in the trials of the doctors and later included in the historiography. </li> <li id="cite_note-pathological-182"><a href="#cite_ref-pathological_182-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitler,_Adolf1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler, Adolf</a> (1961). <a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_Secret_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="Hitler's Secret Book">Hitler's Secret Book</a>. New York: Grove Press. pp. 8–9, 17–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-62003-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-62003-9"><bdi>978-0-394-62003-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/9830111">9830111</a>. <q>Sparta must be regarded as the first Völkisch State. The exposure of the sick, weak, deformed children, in short, their destruction, was more decent and in truth a thousand times more humane than the wretched insanity of our day which preserves the most pathological subject.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Secret+Book&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=8-9%2C+17-18&rft.pub=Grove+Press&rft.date=1961&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F9830111&rft.isbn=978-0-394-62003-9&rft.au=Hitler%2C+Adolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Social_Darwinism_in_European_and_American_Thought,_1860–1945:_nature_as_model_and_nature_as_threat-183"><a href="#cite_ref-Social_Darwinism_in_European_and_American_Thought,_1860–1945:_nature_as_model_and_nature_as_threat_183-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMike_Hawkins1997" class="citation book cs1">Mike Hawkins (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SszNCxSKmgkC&q=Hitler%27s+Secret+Book+sparta&pg=PA276">Social Darwinism in European and American Thought, 1860–1945: nature as model and nature as threat</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 276. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57434-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57434-1"><bdi>978-0-521-57434-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/34705047">34705047</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240712030431/https://books.google.com/books?id=SszNCxSKmgkC&q=Hitler%27s+Secret+Book+sparta&pg=PA276#v=onepage&q=Hitler's%20Secret%20Book%20sparta&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2024. Retrieved 18 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Darwinism+in+European+and+American+Thought%2C+1860%E2%80%931945%3A+nature+as+model+and+nature+as+threat&rft.pages=276&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F34705047&rft.isbn=978-0-521-57434-1&rft.au=Mike+Hawkins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSszNCxSKmgkC%26q%3DHitler%2527s%2BSecret%2BBook%2Bsparta%26pg%3DPA276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-experiences-184"><a href="#cite_ref-experiences_184-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Lusane" title="Clarence Lusane">Clarence Lusane</a>. Hitler's Black Victims: The Historical Experiences of Afro-Germans, European Blacks, Africans, and African Americans in the Nazi Era. Routledge, 2002. pp. 112–113, 189. </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryan_Mark_Rigg2004" class="citation book cs1">Bryan Mark Rigg (2004). Hitler's Jewish Soldiers: The Untold Story Of Nazi Racial Laws And Men Of Jewish Descent In The German Military. University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1358-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-1358-8"><bdi>978-0-7006-1358-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Jewish+Soldiers%3A+The+Untold+Story+Of+Nazi+Racial+Laws+And+Men+Of+Jewish+Descent+In+The+German+Military&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-1358-8&rft.au=Bryan+Mark+Rigg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2005507-186"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2005507_186-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2005">Evans 2005</a>, p. 507. </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> This was the result of either a <a href="/wiki/Club_foot" class="mw-redirect" title="Club foot">club foot</a> or <a href="/wiki/Osteomyelitis" title="Osteomyelitis">osteomyelitis</a>. Goebbels is commonly said to have had <a href="/wiki/Club_foot" class="mw-redirect" title="Club foot">club foot</a> (talipes equinovarus), a congenital condition. <a href="/wiki/William_L._Shirer" title="William L. Shirer">William L. Shirer</a>, who worked in Berlin as a journalist in the 1930s and was acquainted with Goebbels, wrote in <a href="/wiki/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_the_Third_Reich" title="The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich">The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich</a> (1960) that the deformity was caused by a childhood attack of <a href="/wiki/Osteomyelitis" title="Osteomyelitis">osteomyelitis</a> and a failed operation to correct it. </li> <li id="cite_note-Maxwell150-188"><a href="#cite_ref-Maxwell150_188-0">^</a> Anne Maxwell (2010 [2008]). Picture Imperfect: Photography and Eugenics, 1870–1940. Eastbourne, England; Portland, OR: Sussex Academic Press p. 150. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> John Cornwell. Hitler's Scientists: Science, War, and the Devil's Pact. Penguin, 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5bA2vTgvobAC&dq=hitler+gunther+aryan&pg=PT68">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406165051/https://books.google.com/books?id=5bA2vTgvobAC&dq=hitler%20gunther%20aryan&pg=PT68">Archived</a> 6 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> Racisms Made in. Germany (Racism Analysis |Yearbook 2 – 2011) Ed. by Wulf D. Hund, Christian Koller, Moshe Zimmermann p. 19 </li> <li id="cite_note-Weinreich111-191">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weinreich111_191-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weinreich111_191-1">b</a> Max Weinreich. Hitler's Professors: The Part of Scholarship in Germany's Crimes Against the Jewish People. Yale University Press, 1999, p. 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinweis200828-192">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinweis200828_192-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinweis200828_192-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinweis200828_192-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinweis2008">Steinweis 2008</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinweis200831–32-193"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinweis200831–32_193-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinweis2008">Steinweis 2008</a>, pp. 31–32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteinweis200829-194"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteinweis200829_194-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSteinweis2008">Steinweis 2008</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> Sources: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüllerUeberschar2009" class="citation book cs1">Müller, Rolf-Dieter; Ueberschar, Gerd R. (2009). Hitler's war in the East, 1941–1945. New York: Berghahn Books. p. 245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84545-501-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84545-501-9"><bdi>978-1-84545-501-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+war+in+the+East%2C+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84545-501-9&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Rolf-Dieter&rft.au=Ueberschar%2C+Gerd+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201126075206/https://digital.kenyon.edu/bulmash/1077/">"Der Untermensch"</a>. Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection. January 1942. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.kenyon.edu/bulmash/1077/">the original</a> on 26 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulmash+Family+Holocaust+Collection&rft.atitle=Der+Untermensch&rft.date=1942-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.kenyon.edu%2Fbulmash%2F1077%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._Aschheim1992" class="citation book cs1">E. Aschheim, Steven (1992). "8: Nietzsche in the Third Reich". The Nietzsche Legacy in Germany, 1890–1990. Los Angeles: University of California Press. pp. 236–237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-08555-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-08555-8"><bdi>0-520-08555-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=8%3A+Nietzsche+in+the+Third+Reich&rft.btitle=The+Nietzsche+Legacy+in+Germany%2C+1890%E2%80%931990&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pages=236-237&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-520-08555-8&rft.aulast=E.+Aschheim&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> André Mineau. Operation Barbarossa: Ideology and Ethics Against Human Dignity. Rodopi, 2004. pp. 34–36. </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> Steve Thorne. The Language of War. London: Routledge, 2006, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wendt2010-198"><a href="#cite_ref-Wendt2010_198-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnton_Weiss-Wendt2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Weiss-Wendt" title="Anton Weiss-Wendt">Anton Weiss-Wendt</a> (2010). Eradicating Differences: The Treatment of Minorities in Nazi-Dominated Europe. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-2449-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-2449-1"><bdi>978-1-4438-2449-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eradicating+Differences%3A+The+Treatment+of+Minorities+in+Nazi-Dominated+Europe&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-2449-1&rft.au=Anton+Weiss-Wendt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Lower" title="Wendy Lower">Wendy Lower</a>. Nazi Empire-building and the Holocaust In Ukraine. The University of North Carolina Press, 2005, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> Marvin Perry. Western Civilization: A Brief History. Cengage Learning, 2012, p. 468. </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._Aschheim1992" class="citation book cs1">E. Aschheim, Steven (1992). "8: Nietzsche in the Third Reich". The Nietzsche Legacy in Germany, 1890–1990. Los Angeles: University of California Press. pp. 236–237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-08555-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-08555-8"><bdi>0-520-08555-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=8%3A+Nietzsche+in+the+Third+Reich&rft.btitle=The+Nietzsche+Legacy+in+Germany%2C+1890%E2%80%931990&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pages=236-237&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-520-08555-8&rft.aulast=E.+Aschheim&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüllerUeberschar2009" class="citation book cs1">Müller, Rolf-Dieter; Ueberschar, Gerd R. (2009). Hitler's war in the East, 1941–1945. New York: Berghahn Books. p. 245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84545-501-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84545-501-9"><bdi>978-1-84545-501-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+war+in+the+East%2C+1941%E2%80%931945&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84545-501-9&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Rolf-Dieter&rft.au=Ueberschar%2C+Gerd+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE._Aschheim1992" class="citation book cs1">E. Aschheim, Steven (1992). "8: Nietzsche in the Third Reich". The Nietzsche Legacy in Germany, 1890-1990. Los Angeles: University of California Press. p. 236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-08555-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-08555-8"><bdi>0-520-08555-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=8%3A+Nietzsche+in+the+Third+Reich&rft.btitle=The+Nietzsche+Legacy+in+Germany%2C+1890-1990&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pages=236&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-520-08555-8&rft.aulast=E.+Aschheim&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bendersky-204"><a href="#cite_ref-Bendersky_204-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBendersky2007" class="citation book cs1">Bendersky, Joseph W. (2007). A Concise History of Nazi Germany. Plymouth, England: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers Inc. pp. 161–162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5363-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5363-7"><bdi>978-0-7425-5363-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Nazi+Germany&rft.place=Plymouth%2C+England&rft.pages=161-162&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers+Inc.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-5363-7&rft.aulast=Bendersky&rft.aufirst=Joseph+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> Norman Davies. <a href="/wiki/Europe_at_War_1939%E2%80%931945:_No_Simple_Victory" title="Europe at War 1939–1945: No Simple Victory">Europe at War 1939–1945: No Simple Victory</a>. Pan Macmillan, 2008. pp. 167, 209. </li> <li id="cite_note-koenigsberg-206"><a href="#cite_ref-koenigsberg_206-0">^</a> Richard A. Koenigsberg. Nations have the Right to Kill: Hitler, the Holocaust, and War. New York: Library of Social Science, 2009, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-thosedamnednazis-207">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thosedamnednazis_207-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-thosedamnednazis_207-1">b</a> Goebbels, Joseph; Mjölnir (1932). Die verfluchten Hakenkreuzler. Etwas zum Nachdenken. Munich: <a href="/wiki/Franz_Eher_Nachfolger" title="Franz Eher Nachfolger">Franz Eher Nachfolger</a>. English translation: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/haken32.htm">Those Damned Nazis</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140810185325/http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/haken32.htm">Archived</a> 10 August 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason19936-208"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason19936_208-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMason1993">Mason 1993</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason19937-209">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason19937_209-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason19937_209-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMason1993">Mason 1993</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendersky198540-210"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBendersky198540_210-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBendersky1985">Bendersky 1985</a>, p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> Fritz, Stephen. Frontsoldaten: The German Soldier in World War II. University Press of Kentucky, 1997.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBendersky198548-212"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBendersky198548_212-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBendersky1985">Bendersky 1985</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicholls_245-213">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nicholls_245_213-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicholls_245_213-1">b</a> David Nicholls. Adolf Hitler: A Biographical Companion. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 2000, p. 245.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> Grunberger, Richard, A Social History of the Third Reich, Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London, 1971. pp. 167, 175–176 </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> Alf Lüdtke, "The 'Honor of Labor': Industrial Workers and the Power of Symbols under National Socialism", in Nazism and German Society, 1933–1945, edited by David F. Crew (New York: Routledge, 1994), pp. 67–109. </li> <li id="cite_note-Grunberger46-216">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grunberger46_216-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grunberger46_216-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Grunberger" title="Richard Grunberger">Richard Grunberger</a>, The 12-Year Reich, p. 46, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-03-076435-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-03-076435-1">0-03-076435-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-burleigh-217"><a href="#cite_ref-burleigh_217-0">^</a> Burleigh, Michael. The Third Reich: A New History, New York: Hill and Wang, 2000. pp. 76–77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason199348–50-218"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason199348–50_218-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMason1993">Mason 1993</a>, pp. 48–50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason199349-219">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason199349_219-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason199349_219-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMason1993">Mason 1993</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason199344-220"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason199344_220-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMason1993">Mason 1993</a>, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-Burleigh,_2000,_p._77-221"><a href="#cite_ref-Burleigh,_2000,_p._77_221-0">^</a> Burleigh, Michael. The Third Reich: A New History, New York: Hill and Wang, 2000, p. 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMason199348-222"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMason199348_222-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMason1993">Mason 1993</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> Fischer, Conan, ed. The rise of national socialism and the working classes in Weimar Germany. Berghahn Books, 1996. </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> Mühlberger, Detlef. "The sociology of the NSDAP: The question of working-class membership." Journal of Contemporary History 15, no. 3 (1980): 493–511. </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> Fritz, Stephen. Frontsoldaten: The German Soldier in World War II. University Press of Kentucky, 1997, p. 210 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze2008143-226"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETooze2008143_226-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTooze2008">Tooze 2008</a>, p. 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> Spielvogel, Jackson J. Hitler and Nazi Germany: A History. Routledge, 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeck2016" class="citation journal cs1">Beck, Hermann (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/687528">"The Antibourgeois Character of National Socialism"</a>. The Journal of Modern History. 88 (3). The University of Chicago Press: 572–609. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F687528">10.1086/687528</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157869544">157869544</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240712025420/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/687528?journalCode=jmh">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2024. Retrieved 7 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Modern+History&rft.atitle=The+Antibourgeois+Character+of+National+Socialism&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=572-609&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F687528&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A157869544%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Beck&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.uchicago.edu%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1086%2F687528&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> Steele, David Ramsay. "The Mystery of Fascism." Liberty Magazine (2001). </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> For more elucidation about this conception and its oversimplification, see: Renate Bridenthal and Claudia Koonz, "Beyond Kinder, Küche, Kirche: Weimar Women in Politics and Work" in Renate Bridenthal, et al. (eds), When Biology Became Destiny in Weimar and Nazi Germany (New York: Monthly Review Press, 1984), pp. 33–65. </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Koonz" title="Claudia Koonz">Claudia Koonz</a>, Mothers in the Fatherland: Women, the Family and Nazi Politics (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1988), pp. 53–59. </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> Hitler on 23 November 1937. In Max Domarus ed., Hitler: Reden und Proklamationen, 1932–1945, (vol I). Triumph. (Würzburg: Verlagsdruckerei Schmidt, 1962), p. 452. </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> Adolf Hitler in a speech to the National Socialist Women's Congress, published in the Völkischer Beobachter, 15 September 1935 (Wiener Library Clipping Collection). Cited from: George Mosse, Nazi Culture: Intellectual, Cultural and Social Life in the Third Reich (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2003), p. 40. </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Claudia_Koonz" title="Claudia Koonz">Claudia Koonz</a>, Mothers in the Fatherland: Women, the Family and Nazi Politics (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1988), pp. 149, 185–187. </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> Jill Stephenson, Women in Nazi Germany (London and New York: Longman, 2001), pp. 37–40. </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> Gerda Bormann was concerned by the ratio of racially valuable women that outnumbered men and she thought that the war would make the situation worse in terms of childbirths, so much so that she advocated a law (never passed) which allowed healthy Aryan men to have two wives. See: Anna Maria Sigmund, Women of the Third Reich (Ontario: NDE, 2000), pp. 17–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> Anna Maria Sigmund, Women of the Third Reich (Ontario: NDE, 2000), p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> Himmler was thinking about members of the SS fulfilling this task. See: Felix Kersten, Totenkopf und Treue. Aus den Tagebuchblättern des finnischen Medizinalrats Felix Kersten (Hamburg: Mölich Verlag, 1952), pp. 228–229. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rupp1978-239">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rupp1978_239-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rupp1978_239-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeila_J._Rupp1978" class="citation book cs1">Leila J. Rupp (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mobilizingwomenf00leil">Mobilizing Women for War: German and American Propaganda, 1939–1945</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04649-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04649-5"><bdi>978-0-691-04649-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mobilizing+Women+for+War%3A+German+and+American+Propaganda%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-691-04649-5&rft.au=Leila+J.+Rupp&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmobilizingwomenf00leil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelen_Boak" class="citation web cs1">Helen Boak. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4794258">"Nazi policies on German women during the Second World War – Lessons learned from the First World War?"</a>. pp. 4–5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240712025420/https://www.academia.edu/4794258">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2024. Retrieved 2 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nazi+policies+on+German+women+during+the+Second+World+War+%E2%80%93+Lessons+learned+from+the+First+World+War%3F&rft.pages=4-5&rft.au=Helen+Boak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4794258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gellately2001-241"><a href="#cite_ref-Gellately2001_241-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Gellately2001" class="citation book cs1">Robert Gellately (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/backinghitlercon00gell">Backing Hitler: Consent and Coercion in Nazi Germany</a>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/backinghitlercon00gell/page/155">155</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-160452-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-160452-2"><bdi>978-0-19-160452-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Backing+Hitler%3A+Consent+and+Coercion+in+Nazi+Germany&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-160452-2&rft.au=Robert+Gellately&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbackinghitlercon00gell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedmann2010" class="citation news cs1">Friedmann, Jan (21 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/the-dishonorable-german-girls-the-forgotten-persecution-of-women-in-world-war-ii-a-672803.html">"The 'Dishonorable' German Girls: The Forgotten Persecution of Women in World War II"</a>. Der Spiegel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221123090421/https://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/the-dishonorable-german-girls-the-forgotten-persecution-of-women-in-world-war-ii-a-672803.html">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2022. Retrieved 21 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=The+%27Dishonorable%27+German+Girls%3A+The+Forgotten+Persecution+of+Women+in+World+War+II&rft.date=2010-01-21&rft.aulast=Friedmann&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fgermany%2Fthe-dishonorable-german-girls-the-forgotten-persecution-of-women-in-world-war-ii-a-672803.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gellately1990-243"><a href="#cite_ref-Gellately1990_243-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Gellately1990" class="citation book cs1">Robert Gellately (1990). The Gestapo and German Society: Enforcing Racial Policy, 1933–1945. Clarendon Press. p. 224. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820297-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820297-4"><bdi>978-0-19-820297-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gestapo+and+German+Society%3A+Enforcing+Racial+Policy%2C+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=224&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-19-820297-4&rft.au=Robert+Gellately&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evans2012-244"><a href="#cite_ref-Evans2012_244-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_J._Evans2012" class="citation book cs1">Richard J. Evans (2012). The Third Reich at War: How the Nazis Led Germany from Conquest to Disaster. Penguin Books Limited. p. 355. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-191755-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-191755-9"><bdi>978-0-14-191755-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich+at+War%3A+How+the+Nazis+Led+Germany+from+Conquest+to+Disaster&rft.pages=355&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-14-191755-9&rft.au=Richard+J.+Evans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajer2003369-245"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajer2003369_245-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMajer2003">Majer 2003</a>, p. 369. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMajer2003331–32-246"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMajer2003331–32_246-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMajer2003">Majer 2003</a>, pp. 331–32. </li> <li id="cite_note-Stephenson2001-247"><a href="#cite_ref-Stephenson2001_247-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJill_Stephenson2001" class="citation book cs1">Jill Stephenson (2001). Women in Nazi Germany. Longman. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-41836-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-41836-3"><bdi>978-0-582-41836-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+Nazi+Germany&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-582-41836-3&rft.au=Jill+Stephenson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Longerich2012-248"><a href="#cite_ref-Longerich2012_248-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Longerich2012" class="citation book cs1">Peter Longerich (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/heinrichhimmlerl00long">Heinrich Himmler: A Life</a>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/heinrichhimmlerl00long/page/n495">475</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-959232-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-959232-6"><bdi>978-0-19-959232-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heinrich+Himmler%3A+A+Life&rft.pages=475&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19-959232-6&rft.au=Peter+Longerich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fheinrichhimmlerl00long&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/fink.htm">The Jewish Question in Education</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101225172546/http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/fink.htm">Archived</a> 25 December 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNunn2022" class="citation journal cs1">Nunn, Zavier (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpastj%2Fgtac018">"Trans Liminality and the Nazi State"</a>. Past & Present (260): 123–157. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpastj%2Fgtac018">10.1093/pastj/gtac018</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+%26+Present&rft.atitle=Trans+Liminality+and+the+Nazi+State&rft.issue=260&rft.pages=123-157&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpastj%2Fgtac018&rft.aulast=Nunn&rft.aufirst=Zavier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fpastj%252Fgtac018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aha.confex.com/aha/2020/webprogram/Paper27446.html">"Paper: Trans Identities and "Cross Dressing" in Nazi Germany: Trans People as a Discrete Target of State Violence (134th Annual Meeting (January 3–6, 2020))"</a>. aha.confex.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230103035935/https://aha.confex.com/aha/2020/webprogram/Paper27446.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2023. Retrieved 3 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aha.confex.com&rft.atitle=Paper%3A+Trans+Identities+and+%22Cross+Dressing%22+in+Nazi+Germany%3A+Trans+People+as+a+Discrete+Target+of+State+Violence+%28134th+Annual+Meeting+%28January+3%E2%80%936%2C+2020%29%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faha.confex.com%2Faha%2F2020%2Fwebprogram%2FPaper27446.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sutton-252"><a href="#cite_ref-Sutton_252-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutton2012" class="citation journal cs1">Sutton, Katie (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23269669">"'We Too Deserve a Place in the Sun': The Politics of Transvestite Identity in Weimar Germany"</a>. German Studies Review. 35 (2): 348. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fgsr.2012.a478043">10.1353/gsr.2012.a478043</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23269669">23269669</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230329104623/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23269669">Archived</a> from the original on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=German+Studies+Review&rft.atitle=%27We+Too+Deserve+a+Place+in+the+Sun%27%3A+The+Politics+of+Transvestite+Identity+in+Weimar+Germany&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=348&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fgsr.2012.a478043&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23269669%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sutton&rft.aufirst=Katie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23269669&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/paragraph-175-and-the-nazi-campaign-against-homosexuality">"Paragraph 175 and the Nazi Campaign against Homosexuality"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">The United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230112154217/https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/paragraph-175-and-the-nazi-campaign-against-homosexuality">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2023. Retrieved 12 March 2023. <q>Not everyone arrested under Paragraph 175 identified as a man. During the German Empire and the Weimar Republic, Germany was home to a developing community of people who identified as 'transvestites.' [...] Initially, this term encompassed people who performed in drag, people who cross-dressed for pleasure, as well as those who today might identify as trans or transgender.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+United+States+Holocaust+Memorial+Museum&rft.atitle=Paragraph+175+and+the+Nazi+Campaign+against+Homosexuality&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopedia.ushmm.org%2Fcontent%2Fen%2Farticle%2Fparagraph-175-and-the-nazi-campaign-against-homosexuality&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mjhnyc.org/events/transgender-experiences-in-weimar-and-nazi-germany/">"Transgender Experiences in Weimar and Nazi Germany"</a>. Museum of Jewish Heritage – A Living Memorial to the Holocaust. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230628134816/https://mjhnyc.org/events/transgender-experiences-in-weimar-and-nazi-germany/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museum+of+Jewish+Heritage+%E2%80%93+A+Living+Memorial+to+the+Holocaust&rft.atitle=Transgender+Experiences+in+Weimar+and+Nazi+Germany&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmjhnyc.org%2Fevents%2Ftransgender-experiences-in-weimar-and-nazi-germany%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarhoefer2023" class="citation web cs1">Marhoefer, Laurie (6 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/historians-are-learning-more-about-how-the-nazis-targeted-trans-people-205622">"Historians are learning more about how the Nazis targeted trans people"</a>. The Conversation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240107131119/https://theconversation.com/historians-are-learning-more-about-how-the-nazis-targeted-trans-people-205622">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2024. Retrieved 19 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Historians+are+learning+more+about+how+the+Nazis+targeted+trans+people&rft.date=2023-06-06&rft.aulast=Marhoefer&rft.aufirst=Laurie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fhistorians-are-learning-more-about-how-the-nazis-targeted-trans-people-205622&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlant198899-256"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlant198899_256-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlant1988">Plant 1988</a>, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-Homosexualität_und_Staatsräson._Männlichkeit,_Homophobie_und_Politik_in_Deutschland_1900-1945-257"><a href="#cite_ref-Homosexualität_und_Staatsräson._Männlichkeit,_Homophobie_und_Politik_in_Deutschland_1900-1945_257-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPretzel2005" class="citation book cs1">Pretzel, Andreas (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HaZwHeBm2lkC&pg=PA236">"Vom Staatsfeind zum Volksfeind. Zur Radikalisierung der Homosexuellenverfolgung im Zusammenwirken von Polizei und Justiz"</a>. In Zur Nieden, Susanne (ed.). Homosexualität und Staatsräson. Männlichkeit, Homophobie und Politik in Deutschland 1900–1945. Frankfurt/M.: Campus Verlag. p. 236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-593-37749-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-593-37749-0"><bdi>978-3-593-37749-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240712025925/https://books.google.com/books?id=HaZwHeBm2lkC&pg=PA236#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2024. Retrieved 14 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vom+Staatsfeind+zum+Volksfeind.+Zur+Radikalisierung+der+Homosexuellenverfolgung+im+Zusammenwirken+von+Polizei+und+Justiz&rft.btitle=Homosexualit%C3%A4t+und+Staatsr%C3%A4son.+M%C3%A4nnlichkeit%2C+Homophobie+und+Politik+in+Deutschland+1900%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Frankfurt%2FM.&rft.pages=236&rft.pub=Campus+Verlag&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3-593-37749-0&rft.aulast=Pretzel&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHaZwHeBm2lkC%26pg%3DPA236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holocaust:_Gay_activists_press_for_German_apology-258"><a href="#cite_ref-Holocaust:_Gay_activists_press_for_German_apology_258-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennetto2011" class="citation news cs1">Bennetto, Jason (22 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/holocaust-gay-activists-press-for-german-apology-1291337.html">"Holocaust: Gay activists press for German apology"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220618/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/holocaust-gay-activists-press-for-german-apology-1291337.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 21 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Holocaust%3A+Gay+activists+press+for+German+apology&rft.date=2011-10-22&rft.aulast=Bennetto&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fholocaust-gay-activists-press-for-german-apology-1291337.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-international-259"><a href="#cite_ref-international_259-0">^</a> The Holocaust Chronicle, Publications International Ltd, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlant19881–276-260"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPlant19881–276_260-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlant1988">Plant 1988</a>, pp. 1–276. </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeander" class="citation web cs1">Neander, Biedron. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140114033949/http://en.auschwitz.org/h/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=3">"Homosexuals. A Separate Category of Prisoners"</a>. Auschwitz-Birkenau Memorial and Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.auschwitz.org/h/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=31&Itemid=3">the original</a> on 14 January 2014. Retrieved 10 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Homosexuals.+A+Separate+Category+of+Prisoners&rft.pub=Auschwitz-Birkenau+Memorial+and+Museum&rft.aulast=Neander&rft.aufirst=Biedron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.auschwitz.org%2Fh%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D31%26Itemid%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-documents-262"><a href="#cite_ref-documents_262-0">^</a> J Noakes and G Pridham, Documents on Nazism, 1919–1945, London 1974 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcNab2009182-263">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNab2009182_263-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcNab2009182_263-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMcNab2009">McNab 2009</a>, p. 182. </li> <li id="cite_note-Redles60-264">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Redles60_264-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Redles60_264-1">b</a> David Redles. Hitler's Millennial Reich: Apocalyptic Belief and the Search for Salvation. New York; London: New York University Press, 2005, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-understandably-265"><a href="#cite_ref-understandably_265-0">^</a> Scholarship for <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther's</a> 1543 treatise, <a href="/wiki/On_the_Jews_and_their_Lies" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Jews and their Lies">On the Jews and their Lies</a>, exercising influence on Germany's attitude: * Wallmann, Johannes. "The Reception of Luther's Writings on the Jews from the Reformation to the End of the 19th Century", Lutheran Quarterly, n.s. 1 (Spring 1987) 1:72–97. Wallmann writes: "The assertion that Luther's expressions of anti-Jewish sentiment have been of major and persistent influence in the centuries after the Reformation, and that there exists a continuity between Protestant anti-Judaism and modern racially oriented anti-Semitism, is at present wide-spread in the literature; since the Second World War it has understandably become the prevailing opinion." * Michael, Robert. Holy Hatred: Christianity, Antisemitism, and the Holocaust. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006; see chapter 4 "The Germanies from Luther to Hitler", pp. 105–151. * Hillerbrand, Hans J. "Martin Luther," Encyclopædia Britannica, 2007. Hillerbrand writes: "[H]is strident pronouncements against the Jews, especially toward the end of his life, have raised the question of whether Luther significantly encouraged the development of German anti-Semitism. Although many scholars have taken this view, this perspective puts far too much emphasis on Luther and not enough on the larger peculiarities of German history." </li> <li id="cite_note-baylor-266"><a href="#cite_ref-baylor_266-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Marc_H._Ellis" title="Marc H. Ellis">Ellis, Marc H</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.baylor.edu/American_Jewish/everythingthatusedtobehere/resources/PowerPoints/Christian%20Anti-Semitism%20(part%202).ppt">"Hitler and the Holocaust, Christian Anti-Semitism"</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070710100514/http://www3.baylor.edu/American_Jewish/everythingthatusedtobehere/resources/PowerPoints/Christian%20Anti-Semitism%20%28part%202%29.ppt">Archived</a> 10 July 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Baylor University Center for American and Jewish Studies, Spring 2004, slide 14. Also see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elsinore.cis.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/imt/proc/04-29-46.htm#herrwerth">Nuremberg Trial Proceedings</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060321151237/http://elsinore.cis.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/imt/proc/04-29-46.htm">Archived</a> 21 March 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Vol. 12, p. 318, Avalon Project, Yale Law School, 19 April 1946. </li> <li id="cite_note-international27-267"><a href="#cite_ref-international27_267-0">^</a> Robert Anthony Krieg. Catholic Theologians in Nazi Germany. London: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2004. pp. 4–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-Robert_Anthony_Krieg_2004,_p._4-268">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_Anthony_Krieg_2004,_p._4_268-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_Anthony_Krieg_2004,_p._4_268-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robert_Anthony_Krieg_2004,_p._4_268-2">c</a> Robert Anthony Krieg. 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Cambridge University Press. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52110-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52110-9"><bdi>978-0-521-52110-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240712025420/https://books.google.com/books?id=BNV5uVCQnq8C&q=146&pg=PA146#v=snippet&q=146&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2024. 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Overy</a>, War and Economy in the Third Reich (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995), pp. 1–30. </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> Klaus Hildebrand, The Third Reich (London & New York: Routledge, 1986), pp. 39–48. </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> Jost Dülffer, Nazi Germany 1933–1945: Faith and Annihilation (London: Bloomsbury, 2009), pp. 72–73. </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated20-320">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated20_320-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated20_320-1">b</a> Bendersky, Joseph W. A History of Nazi Germany: 1919–1945. 2nd ed. Burnham Publishers, 2000, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated11-321"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated11_321-0">^</a> Bendersky, Joseph W. A History of Nazi Germany: 1919–1945. 2nd ed. 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Norton & Company, Inc., 2004, p. 402. </li> <li id="cite_note-SJSU-341"><a href="#cite_ref-SJSU_341-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200712232229/https://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/corporatism.htm">"The Economic System of Corporatism"</a>. San José University Department of Economics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/corporatism.htm">the original</a> on 12 July 2020. 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Foreign Affairs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221217213850/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/china/2007-07-01/return-authoritarian-great-powers">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2022. 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Neumann's Critical Theory in 2017: Anxiety and Politics in the New Age of Authoritarian Capitalism"</a> (PDF). Media, Culture & Society. 40 (5): 779–791. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0163443718772147">10.1177/0163443718772147</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149705789">149705789</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191013201910/https://westminsterresearch.westminster.ac.uk/download/3d32b4bfd248b58cca5d0f68ede8ee936bb6e3dd0572344e82c86089553b79b0/570163/Neumann_Christian_tripleC.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 October 2019. 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IBM and the Holocaust: The Strategic Alliance Between Nazi Germany and America's Most Powerful Corporation (1st ed.). New York: Crown Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-609-60799-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-609-60799-2"><bdi>978-0-609-60799-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45896166">45896166</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IBM+and+the+Holocaust%3A+The+Strategic+Alliance+Between+Nazi+Germany+and+America%27s+Most+Powerful+Corporation&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Crown+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F45896166&rft.isbn=978-0-609-60799-2&rft.aulast=Edwin&rft.aufirst=Black&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaxton2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Paxton" title="Robert Paxton">Paxton, Robert O.</a> (2005). <a href="/wiki/The_Anatomy_of_Fascism" title="The Anatomy of Fascism">The Anatomy of Fascism</a> (1st ed.). New York: Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-3391-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-3391-1"><bdi>978-1-4000-3391-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/58452991">58452991</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anatomy+of+Fascism&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F58452991&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-3391-1&rft.aulast=Paxton&rft.aufirst=Robert+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anatomyoffascism0000paxt">Read online, registration required</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETooze200699–100-347"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETooze200699–100_347-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTooze2006">Tooze 2006</a>, pp. 99–100. </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> Read, Anthony, The Devil's Disciples: Hitler's Inner Circle, New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2004, p. 138 </li> <li id="cite_note-disciples-349"><a href="#cite_ref-disciples_349-0">^</a> Read, Anthony, The Devil's Disciples: Hitler's Inner Circle, New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2004, p. 142 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENyomarkay19671110–111-350"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENyomarkay19671110–111_350-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNyomarkay1967">Nyomarkay 1967</a>, pp. 1110–111. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENyomarkay1967113-351"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENyomarkay1967113_351-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNyomarkay1967">Nyomarkay 1967</a>, p. 113. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENyomarkay1967119-352"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENyomarkay1967119_352-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNyomarkay1967">Nyomarkay 1967</a>, p. 119. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENyomarkay1967123–124-353"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENyomarkay1967123–124_353-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNyomarkay1967">Nyomarkay 1967</a>, pp. 123–124. </li> <li id="cite_note-354"><a href="#cite_ref-354">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosse1966" class="citation book cs1">Mosse, George Lachmann (1966). Nazi Culture: Intellectual, Cultural and Social Life in the Third Reich. Univ of Wisconsin Press. p. 239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-299-19304-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-299-19304-1"><bdi>978-0-299-19304-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nazi+Culture%3A+Intellectual%2C+Cultural+and+Social+Life+in+the+Third+Reich&rft.pages=239&rft.pub=Univ+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-0-299-19304-1&rft.aulast=Mosse&rft.aufirst=George+Lachmann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fest-355"><a href="#cite_ref-Fest_355-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFest,_Joachim2013" class="citation book cs1">Fest, Joachim (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BjDrszaNTygC&q=%22individual%27s+entire+life%22+hitler&pg=PA418">Hitler</a>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 418. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-544-19554-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-544-19554-7"><bdi>978-0-544-19554-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240712025421/https://books.google.com/books?id=BjDrszaNTygC&q=%22individual%27s+entire+life%22+hitler&pg=PA418#v=snippet&q=%22individual's%20entire%20life%22%20hitler&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2024. Retrieved 18 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler&rft.pages=418&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-544-19554-7&rft.au=Fest%2C+Joachim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBjDrszaNTygC%26q%3D%2522individual%2527s%2Bentire%2Blife%2522%2Bhitler%26pg%3DPA418&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-356"><a href="#cite_ref-356">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker2000" class="citation book cs1">Parker, David, ed. (2000). Revolutions and the Revolutionary Tradition: In the West 1560–1991. London: Routledge. pp. 3, 192, 193, 194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-17294-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-17294-2"><bdi>0-415-17294-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolutions+and+the+Revolutionary+Tradition%3A+In+the+West+1560%E2%80%931991&rft.place=London&rft.pages=3%2C+192%2C+193%2C+194&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-415-17294-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Browder-357"><a href="#cite_ref-Browder_357-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrowder,_George_C2004" class="citation book cs1">Browder, George C (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Syyy2MtOrcsC&q=individual+needs+nazism&pg=PA240">Foundations of the Nazi Police State: The Formation of Sipo and SD</a>. University Press of Kentucky. p. 240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-9111-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8131-9111-9"><bdi>978-0-8131-9111-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240712025430/https://books.google.com/books?id=Syyy2MtOrcsC&q=individual+needs+nazism&pg=PA240#v=snippet&q=individual%20needs%20nazism&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2024. Retrieved 18 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Foundations+of+the+Nazi+Police+State%3A+The+Formation+of+Sipo+and+SD&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8131-9111-9&rft.au=Browder%2C+George+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSyyy2MtOrcsC%26q%3Dindividual%2Bneeds%2Bnazism%26pg%3DPA240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-358"><a href="#cite_ref-358">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffin1995" class="citation book cs1">Griffin, Roger (1995). Fascism. Oxford University Press. pp. 133, 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-289249-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-289249-2"><bdi>978-0-19-289249-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fascism&rft.pages=133%2C+134&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-289249-2&rft.aulast=Griffin&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-359"><a href="#cite_ref-359">^</a> Hannah Arendt, The Origins of Totalitarianism (Orlando, FL Harcourt Inc., 1973), pp. 305–459. </li> <li id="cite_note-360"><a href="#cite_ref-360">^</a> Michael Geyer and Sheila Fitzpatrick, eds., "Introduction – After Totalitarianism: Stalinism and Nazism Compared", in Beyond Totalitarianism: Stalinism and Nazism Compared (Cambridge & New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008), pp. 20–21. </li> <li id="cite_note-361"><a href="#cite_ref-361">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffin2000" class="citation book cs1">Griffin, Roger (2000). "11: Revolution from the Right: Fascism". In Parker, David (ed.). Revolutions and the Revolutionary Tradition: In the West 1560–1991. London: Routledge. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-17294-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-17294-2"><bdi>0-415-17294-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=11%3A+Revolution+from+the+Right%3A+Fascism&rft.btitle=Revolutions+and+the+Revolutionary+Tradition%3A+In+the+West+1560%E2%80%931991&rft.place=London&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-415-17294-2&rft.aulast=Griffin&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-362"><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffin1995" class="citation book cs1">Griffin, Roger (1995). Fascism. Oxford University Press. pp. 138, 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-289249-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-289249-2"><bdi>978-0-19-289249-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fascism&rft.pages=138%2C+139&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-289249-2&rft.aulast=Griffin&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-363"><a href="#cite_ref-363">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffin1995" class="citation book cs1">Griffin, Roger (1995). Fascism. Oxford University Press. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-289249-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-289249-2"><bdi>978-0-19-289249-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fascism&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-289249-2&rft.aulast=Griffin&rft.aufirst=Roger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBracher197019–20-364">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBracher197019–20_364-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBracher197019–20_364-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBracher1970">Bracher 1970</a>, pp. 19–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBracher1970165-365"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBracher1970165_365-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBracher1970">Bracher 1970</a>, p. 165. </li> <li id="cite_note-366"><a href="#cite_ref-366">^</a> Eksteins, Modris. Rites of spring: The Great War and the birth of the modern age. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2000, p. 303 </li> <li id="cite_note-367"><a href="#cite_ref-367">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKershaw2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw">Kershaw, Ian</a> (2016). To Hell and Back: Europe 1914–1949. New York: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. p. 265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-310992-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-310992-1"><bdi>978-0-14-310992-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Hell+and+Back%3A+Europe+1914%E2%80%931949&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-14-310992-1&rft.aulast=Kershaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-368"><a href="#cite_ref-368">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Martyn_Housden" title="Martyn Housden">Housden, Martyn</a> (2000) Hitler: Study of a Revolutionary?. New York: Routledge, p. 193. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-16359-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-16359-5">0-415-16359-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBracher1970179-369"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBracher1970179_369-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBracher1970">Bracher 1970</a>, p. 179. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBracher1970421–422-370"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBracher1970421–422_370-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBracher1970">Bracher 1970</a>, pp. 421–422. </li> <li id="cite_note-371"><a href="#cite_ref-371">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarti2011" class="citation book cs1">Sarti, Wendy Adele-Marie (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1CosAQAAMAAJ">Women and Nazis: Perpetrators of Genocide and Other Crimes During Hitler's Regime, 1933–1945</a>. Academica Press. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-936320-11-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-936320-11-0"><bdi>978-1-936320-11-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240712025923/https://books.google.com/books?id=1CosAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2024. Retrieved 14 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+Nazis%3A+Perpetrators+of+Genocide+and+Other+Crimes+During+Hitler%27s+Regime%2C+1933%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Academica+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-936320-11-0&rft.aulast=Sarti&rft.aufirst=Wendy+Adele-Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1CosAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw199982-372"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw199982_372-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKershaw1999">Kershaw 1999</a>, p. 82. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroszat198121–22-373"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBroszat198121–22_373-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBroszat1981">Broszat 1981</a>, pp. 21–22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBracher1970231–232-374"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBracher1970231–232_374-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBracher1970">Bracher 1970</a>, pp. 231–232. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003274-375"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003274_375-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2003">Evans 2003</a>, p. 274. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKershaw1999501–503-376"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKershaw1999501–503_376-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKershaw1999">Kershaw 1999</a>, pp. 501–503. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBracher1970300–302-377"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBracher1970300–302_377-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBracher1970">Bracher 1970</a>, pp. 300–302. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBalfour1964419-378"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBalfour1964419_378-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBalfour1964">Balfour 1964</a>, p. 419. </li> <li id="cite_note-gunther1936-379"><a href="#cite_ref-gunther1936_379-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunther1936" class="citation book cs1">Gunther, John (1936). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/works/OL16059565W/Inside_Europe">Inside Europe</a>. Harper & Brothers. pp. 321–323. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191129104306/https://openlibrary.org/works/OL16059565W/Inside_Europe">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+Europe&rft.pages=321-323&rft.pub=Harper+%26+Brothers&rft.date=1936&rft.aulast=Gunther&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fworks%2FOL16059565W%2FInside_Europe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian-obit-380"><a href="#cite_ref-guardian-obit_380-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDan_van_der_Vat2011" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dan_van_der_Vat" title="Dan van der Vat">Dan van der Vat</a> (4 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/04/otto-von-habsburg-obituary">"Otto von Habsburg obituary"</a>. The Guardian. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130930132055/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jul/04/otto-von-habsburg-obituary">Archived</a> from the original on 30 September 2013. Retrieved 6 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Otto+von+Habsburg+obituary&rft.date=2011-07-04&rft.au=Dan+van+der+Vat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2011%2Fjul%2F04%2Fotto-von-habsburg-obituary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-381"><a href="#cite_ref-381">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://habsburgottoalapitvany.hu/en/biography/">"Biography"</a>. Otto von Habsburg Foundation. 12 August 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231128124737/https://habsburgottoalapitvany.hu/en/biography/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2023. Retrieved 3 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Otto+von+Habsburg+Foundation&rft.atitle=Biography&rft.date=2019-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhabsburgottoalapitvany.hu%2Fen%2Fbiography%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-382"><a href="#cite_ref-382">^</a> Omeidl "Rudolf Hess, der Stellvertreter des Führers, hatte den deutschen Invasionstruppen für das neutrale Belgien den Befehl erteilt, Otto von Habsburg und seine Brüder, falls sie gefasst würden, ohne jedes weitere Verfahren sofort zu erschießen." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101005080553/http://www.omeidl.com/monarch.html">"Monarch"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omeidl.com/monarch.html">the original</a> on 5 October 2010. Retrieved 1 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monarch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omeidl.com%2Fmonarch.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-383"><a href="#cite_ref-383">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZoch2004" class="citation news cs1">Zoch, Irene (22 February 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/1455082/Habsburgs-demand-return-of-estates-seized-by-Nazis-in-1938.html">"Habsburgs demand return of estates seized by Nazis in 1938"</a>. The Daily Telegraph. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/germany/1455082/Habsburgs-demand-return-of-estates-seized-by-Nazis-in-1938.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 6 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Habsburgs+demand+return+of+estates+seized+by+Nazis+in+1938&rft.date=2004-02-22&rft.aulast=Zoch&rft.aufirst=Irene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Feurope%2Fgermany%2F1455082%2FHabsburgs-demand-return-of-estates-seized-by-Nazis-in-1938.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-newser-384"><a href="#cite_ref-newser_384-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191026093053/https://www.newser.com/article/d9o8qcb00/otto-von-habsburg-dies-at-age-98.html">"Otto von Habsburg dies at age 98"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Newser" title="Newser">Newser</a>. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">AP</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newser.com/article/d9o8qcb00/otto-von-habsburg-oldest-son-of-austria-hungarys-last-emperor-dies-at-age-98.html">the original</a> on 26 October 2019. Retrieved 4 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newser&rft.atitle=Otto+von+Habsburg+dies+at+age+98&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newser.com%2Farticle%2Fd9o8qcb00%2Fotto-von-habsburg-oldest-son-of-austria-hungarys-last-emperor-dies-at-age-98.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-385"><a href="#cite_ref-385">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlamires2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Blamires, Cyprian P. (2006). Blamires, C. P.; Jackson, Paul (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nvD2rZSVau4C&q=neo-nazism&pg=PA460">World Fascism: A Historical Encyclopedia</a>. Vol. 1: A–K. ABC-CLIO. pp. 459–461. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-940-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-940-9"><bdi>978-1-57607-940-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240712025946/https://books.google.com/books?id=nvD2rZSVau4C&q=neo-nazism&pg=PA460">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2024. Retrieved 18 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Fascism%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=459-461&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-940-9&rft.aulast=Blamires&rft.aufirst=Cyprian+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnvD2rZSVau4C%26q%3Dneo-nazism%26pg%3DPA460&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBendersky1985" class="citation book cs1">Bendersky, Joseph W. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofnaziger0000bend">A History of Nazi Germany</a>. Nelson-Hall.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Nazi+Germany&rft.pub=Nelson-Hall&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Bendersky&rft.aufirst=Joseph+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofnaziger0000bend&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBracher1970" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Dietrich_Bracher" title="Karl Dietrich Bracher">Bracher, Karl Dietrich</a> (1970). The German Dictatorship. Translated by Jean Steinberg. New York: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-013724-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-013724-8"><bdi>978-0-14-013724-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Dictatorship&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-14-013724-8&rft.aulast=Bracher&rft.aufirst=Karl+Dietrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroszat1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Broszat" title="Martin Broszat">Broszat, Martin</a> (1981). The Hitler State: The foundation and development of the internal structure of the Third Reich. Translated by John W. Hiden. New York: Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-48997-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-48997-0"><bdi>0-582-48997-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hitler+State%3A+The+foundation+and+development+of+the+internal+structure+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-582-48997-0&rft.aulast=Broszat&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroszat1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Broszat" title="Martin Broszat">Broszat, Martin</a> (1987) [1984]. Hitler and the Collapse of Weimar Germany. Translated by V. R. Berghahn. Providence, Rhode Island: Berg Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85496-517-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-85496-517-3"><bdi>0-85496-517-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler+and+the+Collapse+of+Weimar+Germany&rft.place=Providence%2C+Rhode+Island&rft.pub=Berg+Publishers&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-85496-517-3&rft.aulast=Broszat&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Evans, Richard J.</a> (2003). <a href="/wiki/The_Coming_of_the_Third_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="The Coming of the Third Reich">The Coming of the Third Reich</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303469-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303469-8"><bdi>978-0-14-303469-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coming+of+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-14-303469-8&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Evans" title="Richard J. Evans">Evans, Richard J.</a> (2005). <a href="/wiki/The_Third_Reich_in_Power" class="mw-redirect" title="The Third Reich in Power">The Third Reich in Power</a>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303790-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303790-3"><bdi>978-0-14-303790-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich+in+Power&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-14-303790-3&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2008" class="citation book cs1">Evans, Richard J. (2008). The Third Reich at War. New York: Penguin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich+at+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFritzsche1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Fritzsche" title="Peter Fritzsche">Fritzsche, Peter</a> (1990). Rehearsals for Fascism: Populism and Political Mobilization in Weimar Germany. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505780-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-505780-5"><bdi>978-0-19-505780-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rehearsals+for+Fascism%3A+Populism+and+Political+Mobilization+in+Weimar+Germany&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-19-505780-5&rft.aulast=Fritzsche&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerwarth2007" class="citation book cs1">Gerwarth, Robert (2007). The Bismarck Myth: Weimar Germany and the Legacy of the Iron Chancellor. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923689-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-923689-3"><bdi>978-0-19-923689-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bismarck+Myth%3A+Weimar+Germany+and+the+Legacy+of+the+Iron+Chancellor&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-923689-3&rft.aulast=Gerwarth&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Goodrick-Clarke" title="Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke">Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas</a> (2004) [1985]. <a href="/wiki/The_Occult_Roots_of_Nazism" title="The Occult Roots of Nazism">The Occult Roots of Nazism</a>: Secret Aryan Cults and Their Influence on Nazi Ideology: The Ariosophists of Austria and Germany, 1890–1935. Wellingborough, England: The Aquarian Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85030-402-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-85030-402-4">0-85030-402-4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1860649734" title="Special:BookSources/1860649734">1860649734</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodrick-Clarke2003" class="citation book cs1">Goodrick-Clarke, Nicholas (2003) [2002]. <a href="/wiki/Black_Sun_(Goodrick-Clarke_book)" title="Black Sun (Goodrick-Clarke book)">Black Sun: Aryan Cults, Esoteric Nazism and the Politics of Identity</a>. New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-3155-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-3155-0"><bdi>978-0-8147-3155-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Sun%3A+Aryan+Cults%2C+Esoteric+Nazism+and+the+Politics+of+Identity&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-3155-0&rft.aulast=Goodrick-Clarke&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaworska2011" class="citation journal cs1">Jaworska, Sylvia (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181022153357/https://www.residenztheater.de/sites/default/files/Anti-Slavic_imagery_Patterns_of_Prejudice_Vol_45_Jaworska.pdf">"Anti-Slavic imagery in German radical nationalist discourse at the turn of the twentieth century: A prelude to Nazi ideology?"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Patterns_of_Prejudice" title="Patterns of Prejudice">Patterns of Prejudice</a>. 45 (5): 435–452. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0031322x.2011.624762">10.1080/0031322x.2011.624762</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3743556">3743556</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.residenztheater.de/sites/default/files/Anti-Slavic_imagery_Patterns_of_Prejudice_Vol_45_Jaworska.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 October 2018. Retrieved 22 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Patterns+of+Prejudice&rft.atitle=Anti-Slavic+imagery+in+German+radical+nationalist+discourse+at+the+turn+of+the+twentieth+century%3A+A+prelude+to+Nazi+ideology%3F&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=435-452&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0031322x.2011.624762&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3743556%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Jaworska&rft.aufirst=Sylvia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.residenztheater.de%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FAnti-Slavic_imagery_Patterns_of_Prejudice_Vol_45_Jaworska.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKershaw1999" class="citation book cs1">Kershaw, Ian (1999). Hitler 1889–1936: Hubris. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-013363-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-013363-9"><bdi>978-0-14-013363-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler+1889%E2%80%931936%3A+Hubris&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-14-013363-9&rft.aulast=Kershaw&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Klemperer" title="Victor Klemperer">Klemperer, Victor</a> (2006) [1957] <a href="/wiki/LTI_%E2%80%93_Lingua_Tertii_Imperii" title="LTI – Lingua Tertii Imperii">The Language of the Third Reich: LTI – Lingua Tertii Imperii: A Philologist's Notebooks</a>. New York: Continuum. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-9130-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-9130-8">0-8264-9130-8</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajer2003" class="citation book cs1">Majer, Diemut (2003). "Non-Germans" Under the Third Reich: The Nazi Judicial and Administrative System in Germany and Occupied Eastern Europe with Special Regard to Occupied Poland, 1939–1945. JHU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6493-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6493-3"><bdi>978-0-8018-6493-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Non-Germans%22+Under+the+Third+Reich%3A+The+Nazi+Judicial+and+Administrative+System+in+Germany+and+Occupied+Eastern+Europe+with+Special+Regard+to+Occupied+Poland%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-6493-3&rft.aulast=Majer&rft.aufirst=Diemut&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Mason" title="Timothy Mason">Mason, Timothy W.</a> (1993). Social Policy in the Third Reich. Providence, RI: Berg Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85496-410-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85496-410-9"><bdi>978-0-85496-410-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Policy+in+the+Third+Reich&rft.place=Providence%2C+RI&rft.pub=Berg+Publishers&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-85496-410-9&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Timothy+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNab2009" class="citation book cs1">McNab, Chris (2009). The Third Reich. Amber Books Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906626-51-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906626-51-8"><bdi>978-1-906626-51-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich&rft.pub=Amber+Books+Ltd&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-906626-51-8&rft.aulast=McNab&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2014" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Barbara (2014). Nazi Ideology Before 1933: A Documentation. University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4773-0445-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4773-0445-7"><bdi>978-1-4773-0445-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nazi+Ideology+Before+1933%3A+A+Documentation&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4773-0445-7&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNyomarkay1967" class="citation book cs1">Nyomarkay, Joseph (1967). Charisma and Factionalism in the Nazi Party. Univ Of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-0429-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-0429-6"><bdi>978-0-8166-0429-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charisma+and+Factionalism+in+the+Nazi+Party&rft.pub=Univ+Of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-0429-6&rft.aulast=Nyomarkay&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaxton2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_O._Paxton" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert O. Paxton">Paxton, Robert</a> (2005). The Anatomy of Fascism. London: Penguin Books Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-101432-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-101432-6"><bdi>978-0-14-101432-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anatomy+of+Fascism&rft.pub=London%3A+Penguin+Books+Ltd&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-14-101432-6&rft.aulast=Paxton&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeukert1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Detlev_Peukert" title="Detlev Peukert">Peukert, Detlev</a> (1989). Inside Nazi Germany: Conformity, Opposition, and Racism in Everyday Life. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-04480-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-04480-5"><bdi>978-0-300-04480-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+Nazi+Germany%3A+Conformity%2C+Opposition%2C+and+Racism+in+Everyday+Life&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-300-04480-5&rft.aulast=Peukert&rft.aufirst=Detlev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlant1988" class="citation book cs1">Plant, Richard (1988). The Pink Triangle: The Nazi War Against Homosexuals. Owl Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-0600-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-0600-1"><bdi>0-8050-0600-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pink+Triangle%3A+The+Nazi+War+Against+Homosexuals&rft.pub=Owl+Books&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-8050-0600-1&rft.aulast=Plant&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Redles, David (2005). Hitler's Millennial Reich: Apocalyptic Belief and the Search for Salvation. New York: University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-7524-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-7524-1">0-8147-7524-1</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyback2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_W._Ryback" title="Timothy W. Ryback">Ryback, Timothy W.</a> (2010). Hitler's Private Library: The Books That Shaped His Life. New York; Toronto: Vintage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-45526-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-45526-0"><bdi>978-0-307-45526-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Private+Library%3A+The+Books+That+Shaped+His+Life&rft.place=New+York%3B+Toronto&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-307-45526-0&rft.aulast=Ryback&rft.aufirst=Timothy+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Steigmann-Gall" title="Richard Steigmann-Gall">Steigmann-Gall, Richard</a> (2003). The Holy Reich: Nazi Conceptions of Christianity, 1919–1945. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82371-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-82371-5">978-0-521-82371-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteinweis2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_E._Steinweis" title="Alan E. Steinweis">Steinweis, Alan</a> (2008). Studying the Jew: Scholarly Antisemitism in Nazi Germany. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02761-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-02761-9"><bdi>978-0-674-02761-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studying+the+Jew%3A+Scholarly+Antisemitism+in+Nazi+Germany&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-674-02761-9&rft.aulast=Steinweis&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTooze2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Tooze" title="Adam Tooze">Tooze, Adam</a> (2006). The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy. New York: Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03826-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03826-8"><bdi>978-0-670-03826-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wages+of+Destruction%3A+The+Making+and+Breaking+of+the+Nazi+Economy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-670-03826-8&rft.aulast=Tooze&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTooze2007" class="citation book cs1">Tooze, Adam (2007). The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy. New York: Viking. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03826-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-03826-8"><bdi>978-0-670-03826-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wages+of+Destruction%3A+The+Making+and+Breaking+of+the+Nazi+Economy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Viking&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-670-03826-8&rft.aulast=Tooze&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTooze2008" class="citation book cs1">Tooze, Adam (2008). The Wages of Destruction: The Making and Breaking of the Nazi Economy. London: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311320-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-311320-1"><bdi>978-0-14-311320-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Wages+of+Destruction%3A+The+Making+and+Breaking+of+the+Nazi+Economy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-14-311320-1&rft.aulast=Tooze&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANazism" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Nazi" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Nazi">Nazi</a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Hitlerism" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Hitlerism">Hitlerism</a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/405414">Nazism</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Nazism%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Nazism%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Nazism%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Nazism%22%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Nazism</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/subject_menus/nca_v4menu.asp">Hitler's National Socialist Party platform</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ns-archiv.de/index.php">NS-Archiv</a>, a large collection of scanned original Nazi documents.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/slideshow/2010/10/16/world/20101016_HITLER.html">Exhibit on Hitler and the Germans</a> – slideshow by <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nazism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nazism" title="Template:Nazism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nazism" title="Template talk:Nazism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nazism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nazism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nazism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nazism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahnenerbe" title="Ahnenerbe">Ahnenerbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaman_League" title="Artaman League">Artaman League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestapo" title="Gestapo">Geheime Staatspolizei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Fichte-Bund" title="Deutscher Fichte-Bund">Deutscher Fichte-Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Jungvolk" title="Deutsches Jungvolk">Deutsches Jungvolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Eher_Nachfolger" title="Franz Eher Nachfolger">Franz Eher Nachfolger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_German_Girls" title="League of German Girls">League of German Girls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_Todt" title="Organisation Todt">Organisation Todt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Doctors%27_League" title="National Socialist German Doctors' League">NSDÄB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Students%27_League" title="National Socialist German Students' League">NSDStB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_League_of_the_Reich_for_Physical_Exercise" title="National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise">NSRL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Flyers_Corps" title="National Socialist Flyers Corps">NSFK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Motor_Corps" title="National Socialist Motor Corps">NSKK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Women%27s_League" title="National Socialist Women's League">NSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Nazi media organizations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationalsozialistische_Monatshefte" title="Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte">Nationalsozialistische Monatshefte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Volk" title="Neues Volk">Neues Volk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NS-Frauen-Warte" title="NS-Frauen-Warte">NS-Frauen-Warte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Reich_(newspaper)" title="Das Reich (newspaper)">Das Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Schwarze_Korps" title="Das Schwarze Korps">Das Schwarze Korps</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicherheitsdienst" title="Sicherheitsdienst">Sicherheitsdienst</a> (SD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung</a> (SA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a> (SS) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SS-Gefolge_(Women%27s_SS_Division)" title="SS-Gefolge (Women's SS Division)">SS Gefolge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany#History" title="Nazi Germany">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_timeline_of_Nazism" title="Early timeline of Nazism">Early timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Program" title="National Socialist Program">National Socialist Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Hitler's rise to power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power#Seizure_of_control_(1931–1933)" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Machtergreifung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gleichschaltung" title="Gleichschaltung">Gleichschaltung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_rearmament" title="German rearmament">German rearmament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirchenkampf" title="Kirchenkampf">Kirchenkampf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Adolf Hitler's cult of personality">Adolf Hitler's cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act of 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives" title="Night of the Long Knives">Night of the Long Knives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_rallies" title="Nuremberg rallies">Nuremberg rallies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1938%E2%80%931939_German_expedition_to_Tibet" title="1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet">1938–1939 German expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">Denazification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li> <a href="/wiki/Final_solution" class="mw-redirect" title="Final solution">Final solution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Concentration camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation" title="Deportation">Deportations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_Trial" title="Doctors' Trial">Doctors' Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_ghettos" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi ghettos">Ghettos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human experimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">Labour camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogroms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation#Germany" title="Racial segregation">Racial segregation</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Ideology_and_programme">Ideology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_and_ideology#Socialism_and_communism" title="Fascism and ideology">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism#Fascism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_and_ideology#Liberalism" title="Fascism and ideology">Anti-liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Criticism" title="Pacifism">Anti-pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_and_soil" title="Blood and soil">Blood and soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolchsto%C3%9Flegende" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolchstoßlegende">Dolchstoßlegende</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">International Jewry</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Judeo-Bolshevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrerprinzip" title="Führerprinzip">Führerprinzip</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">Economic interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopolitik" title="Geopolitik">Geopolitik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimat" title="Heimat">Heimat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_imperialism" class="mw-redirect" title="German imperialism">Imperialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Germanic_Reich" title="Greater Germanic Reich">Greater Germanic Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heim_ins_Reich" title="Heim ins Reich">Heim ins Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Pan-Germanism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_militarism" title="German militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism" title="German nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_nationalism" title="Ethnic nationalism">Ethno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_nationalism" title="Racial nationalism">Racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palingenetic_ultranationalism" title="Palingenetic ultranationalism">Palingenetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_nationalism" title="Revolutionary nationalism">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Man_(utopian_concept)#Fascist" title="New Man (utopian concept)">New Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Nazism)" title="New Order (Nazism)">New Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussianism" title="Prussianism">Prussianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Racism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavic_sentiment" title="Anti-Slavic sentiment">Anti-Slavic sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_race#Nazism_and_Neo-Nazism" title="Aryan race">Aryan race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryanism" title="Aryanism">Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_race" title="Master race">Master race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordicism" title="Nordicism">Nordicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rassenschande" title="Rassenschande">Rassenschande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Untermenschen" class="mw-redirect" title="Untermenschen">Untermenschen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_equality" title="Völkisch equality">Völkisch equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_modernism" title="Reactionary modernism">Reactionary modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Romanticism" title="German Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism#Nazism,_eugenics,_fascism,_imperialism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_interventionism" title="Social interventionism">Social interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksgemeinschaft" title="Volksgemeinschaft">Volksgemeinschaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volk_ohne_Raum" title="Volk ohne Raum">Volk ohne Raum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksk%C3%B6rper" title="Volkskörper">Volkskörper</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_Party_leaders_and_officials" title="List of Nazi Party leaders and officials">Politicians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4the_Bierbaumer" title="Käthe Bierbaumer">Bierbaumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Julius_Bloem" title="Walter Julius Bloem">Bloem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bormann" title="Martin Bormann">Bormann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Daluege" title="Kurt Daluege">Daluege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Dönitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Drexler" title="Anton Drexler">Drexler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Eichmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Esser" title="Hermann Esser">Esser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Fischer" title="Eugen Fischer">Fischer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Frick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Heydrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Goebbels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Göring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Keller" title="Carlos Keller">Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Lammers" title="Hans Lammers">Lammers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Lutze" title="Viktor Lutze">Lutze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Mitford" title="Unity Mitford">Mitford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">von Neurath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidkun_Quisling#Head_of_the_government" title="Vidkun Quisling">Quisling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">von Ribbentrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%B6hm" title="Ernst Röhm">Röhm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Schacht#Involvement_with_the_NSDAP_(Nazi_Party)_and_government" title="Hjalmar Schacht">Schacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldur_von_Schirach" title="Baldur von Schirach">von Schirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrud_Scholtz-Klink" title="Gertrud Scholtz-Klink">Scholtz-Klink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Seldte" title="Franz Seldte">Seldte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Seyss-Inquart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Speer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Strasser" title="Gregor Strasser">Strasser (Gregor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Strasser" title="Otto Strasser">Strasser (Otto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Streicher" title="Julius Streicher">Streicher</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Nazis" title="Category:Nazis">Ideologues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li>Pre-Machtergreifung <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Moritz_Arndt" title="Ernst Moritz Arndt">Arndt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile-Louis_Burnouf" title="Émile-Louis Burnouf">Burnouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Drumont" title="Édouard Drumont">Drumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Eckart" title="Dietrich Eckart">Eckart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Fritsch" title="Theodor Fritsch">Fritsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Gobineau" title="Arthur de Gobineau">de Gobineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Grant" title="Madison Grant">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rg_Lanz_von_Liebenfels" title="Jörg Lanz von Liebenfels">von Liebenfels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_von_List" title="Guido von List">von List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_L%C3%B6ns#Reception_in_National_Socialist_Germany" title="Hermann Löns">Löns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Lueger" title="Karl Lueger">Lueger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Marr" title="Wilhelm Marr">Marr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_and_reception_of_Friedrich_Nietzsche#Nietzsche_and_fascism" title="Influence and reception of Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a> (Contentious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ratzel#Writings" title="Friedrich Ratzel">Ratzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Riehl" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Riehl">Riehl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin#Politics_and_critique_of_political_economy" title="John Ruskin">Ruskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner#Views" title="Richard Wagner">Wagner</a></li></ul></li> <ul><li>Post-Machtergreifung <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Anacker" title="Heinrich Anacker">Anacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Baeumler" title="Alfred Baeumler">Baeumler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Bergmann_(philosopher)" title="Ernst Bergmann (philosopher)">Bergmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred-Ingemar_Berndt" title="Alfred-Ingemar Berndt">Berndt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Walther_Darr%C3%A9" title="Richard Walther Darré">Darré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Eggers" title="Kurt Eggers">Eggers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Eichrodt" title="Walther Eichrodt">Eichrodt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Feder" title="Gottfried Feder">Feder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford#Antisemitism_and_The_Dearborn_Independent" title="Henry Ford">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Grimm" title="Hans Grimm">Grimm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_F._K._G%C3%BCnther" title="Hans F. K. Günther">Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_Wilhelm_Hauer" title="Jakob Wilhelm Hauer">Hauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Haushofer" title="Karl Haushofer">Haushofer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Heidegger_and_Nazism" title="Martin Heidegger and Nazism">Heidegger</a> (Contentious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willibald_Hentschel" title="Willibald Hentschel">Hentschel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Hoche" title="Alfred Hoche">Hoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini#Ties_with_the_Axis_Powers_during_World_War_II" title="Amin al-Husseini">al-Husseini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Jung" title="Rudolf Jung">Jung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Krannhals" title="Paul Krannhals">Krannhals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Krieck" title="Ernst Krieck">Kriek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh#Antisemitism_and_views_on_race" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_M%C3%BCller" title="Ludwig Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Plenge" title="Johann Plenge">Plenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Rahn" title="Otto Rahn">Rahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoun_Saadeh" title="Antoun Saadeh">Saadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Ernst Schäfer">Schäfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Schmalenbach" title="Herman Schmalenbach">Schmalenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a> (Contentious)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_von_Sebottendorf" title="Rudolf von Sebottendorf">von Sebottendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Schwarz_(philosopher)" title="Hermann Schwarz (philosopher)">Schwarz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Stapel" title="Wilhelm Stapel">Stapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giselher_Wirsing" title="Giselher Wirsing">Wirsing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Zimmermann" title="Ferdinand Zimmermann">Zimmermann</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Nazi_war_crimes" title="Category:Nazi war crimes">Atrocities and war crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Aktion_T4" title="Aktion T4">Action T4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extermination_camp" title="Extermination camp">Extermination camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation" title="Nazi human experimentation">Human experimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Romani genocide">Romani genocide</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outside Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_the_Americas" title="Nazism in the Americas">Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Brazil" title="Nazism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Chile" title="Nazism in Chile">Chile</a></li></ul></li> <li>Europe <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Nazism_in_Greece" title="Template:Nazism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Sweden" title="Nazism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Category:Nazi_parties" title="Category:Nazi parties">Parties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Nazi_Party" title="American Nazi Party">American Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party" title="Arrow Cross Party">Arrow Cross Party (Hungary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_National_Movement_in_Liechtenstein" title="German National Movement in Liechtenstein">German National Movement in Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasjonal_Samling" title="Nasjonal Samling">Nasjonal Samling (Norway)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands">National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_of_Chile" title="National Socialist Movement of Chile">National Socialist Movement of Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(United_States)" title="National Socialist Movement (United States)">National Socialist Movement (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Workers%27_Party_of_Denmark" title="National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark">National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Resistance_Movement" title="Nordic Resistance Movement">Nordic Resistance Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossewabrandwag" title="Ossewabrandwag">Ossewabrandwag (South Africa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUMKA" title="SUMKA">SUMKA (Iran)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsagaan_Khas" title="Tsagaan Khas">Tsagaan Khas (Mongolia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Union_of_National_Socialists" title="World Union of National Socialists">World Union of National Socialists</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Bibliography of Adolf Hitler">Bibliography of Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ideologues" title="List of Nazi ideologues">Nazi ideologues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_Party_leaders_and_officials" title="List of Nazi Party leaders and officials">NSDAP leaders and officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazis" title="List of Nazis">Nazi Party members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_last_surviving_people_suspected_of_participation_in_Nazi_war_crimes" title="List of last surviving people suspected of participation in Nazi war crimes">Last surviving war crime suspects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ideologues" title="List of Nazi ideologues">Party ideologues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speeches_given_by_Adolf_Hitler" title="List of speeches given by Adolf Hitler">Speeches given by Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SS_personnel" title="List of SS personnel">SS personnel</a></li></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Role and impact in German society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_the_Wehrmacht" title="Nazism and the Wehrmacht">The Wehrmacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Economy of Nazi Germany">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_German_nobility_in_the_Nazi_Party" title="Former German nobility in the Nazi Party">Nobility</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Bolshevist_League#Historical_interpretation" title="Anti-Bolshevist League">Anti-Bolshevist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Art in Nazi Germany">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_architecture" title="Nazi architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_cinema" title="Nazism and cinema">Cinema</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ats%C4%B1zism" title="Atsızism">Atsızism</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Beefsteak_Nazi" title="Beefsteak Nazi">Beefsteak Nazi</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Economy of Nazi Germany">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denordification" title="Denordification">Denordification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renordification" title="Renordification">Renordification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Glossary of Nazi Germany">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drang_nach_Osten" title="Drang nach Osten">Drang nach Osten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horst-Wessel-Lied" title="Horst-Wessel-Lied">Horst-Wessel-Lied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Political views of Adolf Hitler">Political views of Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_propaganda_and_the_United_Kingdom" title="Nazi propaganda and the United Kingdom">Nazi propaganda and the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_racial_theories" title="Nazi racial theories">Racial theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorelianism" title="Sorelianism">Sorelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Women in Nazi Germany">Women</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Nazism" title="Category:Nazism">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nazi_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:NSDAP" title="Template:NSDAP"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:NSDAP" title="Template talk:NSDAP"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:NSDAP" title="Special:EditPage/Template:NSDAP"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nazi_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrer" title="Führer">Leader</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anton_Drexler" title="Anton Drexler">Anton Drexler</a> (1919–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> (1921–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Bormann" title="Martin Bormann">Martin Bormann</a> (1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Adolf Hitler's rise to power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">Beer Hall Putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_House,_Munich" title="Brown House, Munich">Brown House, Munich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">Denazification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act of 1933</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Workers%27_Party" title="German Workers' Party">German Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Program" title="National Socialist Program">National Socialist Program</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Long_Knives" title="Night of the Long Knives">Night of the Long Knives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_rallies" title="Nuremberg rallies">Nuremberg rallies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6hm_scandal" title="Röhm scandal">Röhm scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">SA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thule_Society" title="Thule Society">Thule Society</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Party offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amt_Rosenberg" title="Amt Rosenberg">Amt Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_Chancellery" title="Hitler's Chancellery">Hitler's Chancellery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party_Chancellery" title="Nazi Party Chancellery">Nazi Party Chancellery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSDAP_Office_of_Colonial_Policy" title="NSDAP Office of Colonial Policy">Office of Colonial Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSDAP_Office_of_Military_Policy" title="NSDAP Office of Military Policy">Office of Military Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party_Office_of_Racial_Policy" title="Nazi Party Office of Racial Policy">Office of Racial Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSDAP_Office_of_Foreign_Affairs" title="NSDAP Office of Foreign Affairs">Office of Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party/Foreign_Organization" title="Nazi Party/Foreign Organization">NSDAP/AO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Education_Office" title="SS Education Office">SS Education Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkischer_Beobachter" title="Völkischer Beobachter">Völkischer Beobachter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Schwarze_Korps" title="Das Schwarze Korps">Das Schwarze Korps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Reich_(newspaper)" title="Das Reich (newspaper)">Das Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innviertler_Heimatblatt" title="Innviertler Heimatblatt">Innviertler Heimatblatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbeitertum" title="Arbeitertum">Arbeitertum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Angriff" title="Der Angriff">Der Angriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzerb%C3%A4r" title="Panzerbär">Panzerbär</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_St%C3%BCrmer" title="Der Stürmer">Der Stürmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampfverlag" title="Kampfverlag">Kampfverlag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazis" title="List of Nazis">Notable members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Axmann" title="Artur Axmann">Artur Axmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Houston Stewart Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Daluege" title="Kurt Daluege">Kurt Daluege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Walther_Darr%C3%A9" title="Richard Walther Darré">Richard Walther Darré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Diels" title="Rudolf Diels">Rudolf Diels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_D%C3%B6nitz" title="Karl Dönitz">Karl Dönitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Eckart" title="Dietrich Eckart">Dietrich Eckart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Eichmann" title="Adolf Eichmann">Adolf Eichmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Hans Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Freisler" title="Roland Freisler">Roland Freisler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Frick" title="Wilhelm Frick">Wilhelm Frick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Funk" title="Walther Funk">Walther Funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Hermann Göring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Hanfstaengl" title="Ernst Hanfstaengl">Ernst Hanfstaengl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Rudolf Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Reinhard Heydrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_H%C3%B6ss" title="Rudolf Höss">Rudolf Höss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Kaltenbrunner" title="Ernst Kaltenbrunner">Ernst Kaltenbrunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Ley" title="Robert Ley">Robert Ley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Mengele" title="Josef Mengele">Josef Mengele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_von_Neurath" title="Konstantin von Neurath">Konstantin von Neurath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%B6hm" title="Ernst Röhm">Ernst Röhm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Alfred Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Rust" title="Bernhard Rust">Bernhard Rust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Todt" title="Fritz Todt">Fritz Todt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldur_von_Schirach" title="Baldur von Schirach">Baldur von Schirach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Arthur Seyss-Inquart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Albert Speer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Strasser" title="Gregor Strasser">Gregor Strasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Strasser" title="Otto Strasser">Otto Strasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Streicher" title="Julius Streicher">Julius Streicher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Front" title="Black Front">Black Front</a> (<a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a>) / <a href="/wiki/German_Social_Union_(West_Germany)" title="German Social Union (West Germany)">German Social Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Reichspartei" title="Deutsche Reichspartei">Deutsche Reichspartei</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="National Democratic Party of Germany">National Democratic Party of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Reich_Party" title="Socialist Reich Party">Socialist Reich Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler_Schools" title="Adolf Hitler Schools">Adolf Hitler Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Documentation_Centre_for_the_History_of_National_Socialism" title="Munich Documentation Centre for the History of National Socialism">Munich Documentation Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Political_Institutes_of_Education" title="National Political Institutes of Education">National Political Institutes of Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_songs" title="Nazi songs">Nazi songs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horst-Wessel-Lied" title="Horst-Wessel-Lied">Horst-Wessel-Lied</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranks_and_insignia_of_the_Nazi_Party" title="Ranks and insignia of the Nazi Party">Ranks and insignia of the Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_branch_of_the_Nazi_Party" title="Samoan branch of the Nazi Party">Samoan branch of the Nazi Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Adolf_Hitler" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adolf_Hitler" title="Template:Adolf Hitler"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adolf_Hitler" title="Template talk:Adolf Hitler"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adolf_Hitler" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adolf Hitler"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Adolf_Hitler" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrer" title="Führer">Führer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrerprinzip" title="Führerprinzip">Führerprinzip</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Political views of Adolf Hitler">Political views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_directives" title="Adolf Hitler's directives">Political directives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Adolf_Hitler%27s_directives" title="List of Adolf Hitler's directives">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speeches_given_by_Adolf_Hitler" title="List of speeches given by Adolf Hitler">Speeches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_prophecy" title="Hitler's prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf_in_Arabic" title="Mein Kampf in Arabic">in Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf_in_English" title="Mein Kampf in English">in English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitlers_Zweites_Buch" title="Hitlers Zweites Buch">Zweites Buch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_will_and_testament_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Last will and testament of Adolf Hitler">Last will and testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_by_or_about_Adolf_Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="List of books by or about Adolf Hitler">Books</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nazism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Military career of Adolf Hitler">Military career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_rise_to_power" title="Adolf Hitler's rise to power">Rise to power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_cabinet" title="Hitler cabinet">Hitler cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_attempts_on_Adolf_Hitler" title="Assassination attempts on Adolf Hitler">Assassination attempts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Death of Adolf Hitler">Death</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_about_Adolf_Hitler%27s_death" title="Conspiracy theories about Adolf Hitler's death">conspiracy theories</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places of residence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrer_Headquarters" title="Führer Headquarters">Führer Headquarters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berghof_(residence)" title="Berghof (residence)">Berghof</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kehlsteinhaus" title="Kehlsteinhaus">Kehlsteinhaus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich_Chancellery#New_Reich_Chancellery" title="Reich Chancellery">Reich Chancellery</a> (<a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrerbunker" title="Führerbunker">Führerbunker</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vorbunker" title="Vorbunker">Vorbunker</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlerhorst" title="Adlerhorst">Adlerhorst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anlage_S%C3%BCd" title="Anlage Süd">Anlage Süd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felsennest" title="Felsennest">Felsennest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrerhauptquartier_Tannenberg" title="Führerhauptquartier Tannenberg">Tannenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werwolf_(Wehrmacht_headquarters)" title="Werwolf (Wehrmacht headquarters)">Werwolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf%27s_Lair" title="Wolf's Lair">Wolf's Lair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfsschlucht_I" title="Wolfsschlucht I">Wolfsschlucht I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfsschlucht_II" title="Wolfsschlucht II">Wolfsschlucht II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BChrersonderzug" title="Führersonderzug">Special train (Führersonderzug)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civilian residences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braunau_am_Inn" title="Braunau am Inn">Braunau am Inn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> (<a href="/wiki/Meldemannstra%C3%9Fe_dormitory" title="Meldemannstraße dormitory">Meldemannstraße dormitory</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> (<a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_Munich_apartment" title="Adolf Hitler's Munich apartment">16 Prinzregentenplatz</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obersalzberg" title="Obersalzberg">Obersalzberg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kampfh%C3%A4usl" title="Kampfhäusl">Kampfhäusl</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personal life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Health_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Health of Adolf Hitler">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Possible_monorchism_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Possible monorchism of Adolf Hitler">possible monorchism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_wealth_and_income" title="Adolf Hitler's wealth and income">Wealth and income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Religious views of Adolf Hitler">Religious views</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Sexuality of Adolf Hitler">Sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler_and_vegetarianism" title="Adolf Hitler and vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Adolf_Hitler%27s_personal_staff" title="List of Adolf Hitler's personal staff">Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_bodyguard" title="Adolf Hitler's bodyguard">Bodyguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Kubizek" title="August Kubizek">August Kubizek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler_and_Stefanie_Rabatsch" title="Adolf Hitler and Stefanie Rabatsch">Stefanie Rabatsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Hanisch" title="Reinhold Hanisch">Reinhold Hanisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopathography_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Psychopathography of Adolf Hitler">Psychopathography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler%27s_Table_Talk" title="Hitler's Table Talk">Hitler's Table Talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paintings_by_Adolf_Hitler" title="Paintings by Adolf Hitler">Paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_50th_birthday" title="Adolf Hitler's 50th birthday">50th birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naturalization_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Naturalization of Adolf Hitler">German naturalization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personal belongings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Globe_for_State_and_Industry_Leaders" title="Columbus Globe for State and Industry Leaders">Hitler's Globe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_private_library" title="Adolf Hitler's private library">Private library</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Perceptions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_by_or_about_Adolf_Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="List of books by or about Adolf Hitler">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler%27s_cult_of_personality" title="Adolf Hitler's cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler_in_popular_culture" title="Adolf Hitler in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_baby_Hitler" title="Killing baby Hitler">Killing baby Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Victory_of_Faith" title="The Victory of Faith">The Victory of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumph_of_the_Will" title="Triumph of the Will">Triumph of the Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler:_The_Last_Ten_Days" title="Hitler: The Last Ten Days">Hitler: The Last Ten Days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Meaning_of_Hitler" title="The Meaning of Hitler">The Meaning of Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Diaries" title="Hitler Diaries">Hitler Diaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moloch_(1999_film)" title="Moloch (1999 film)">Moloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler:_The_Rise_of_Evil" title="Hitler: The Rise of Evil">Hitler: The Rise of Evil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downfall_(2004_film)" title="Downfall (2004 film)">Downfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Mizuki%27s_Hitler" title="Shigeru Mizuki's Hitler">Shigeru Mizuki's Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apocalypse:_Hitler" title="Apocalypse: Hitler">Apocalypse: Hitler</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hitler_family" title="Hitler family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Braun" title="Eva Braun">Eva Braun</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alois_Hitler" title="Alois Hitler">Alois Hitler</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klara_Hitler" title="Klara Hitler">Klara Hitler</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Hiedler" title="Johann Georg Hiedler">Johann Georg Hiedler</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Schicklgruber" title="Maria Schicklgruber">Maria Schicklgruber</a> (grandmother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Hitler" title="Angela Hitler">Angela Hitler</a> (half-sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paula_Hitler" title="Paula Hitler">Paula Hitler</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Rudolf_Raubal_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Leo Rudolf Raubal Jr.">Leo Rudolf Raubal Jr.</a> (half-nephew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geli_Raubal" title="Geli Raubal">Geli Raubal</a> (half-niece)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Stuart-Houston" title="William Stuart-Houston">William Stuart-Houston</a> (half-nephew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinz_Hitler" title="Heinz Hitler">Heinz Hitler</a> (half-nephew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Loret" title="Jean-Marie Loret">Jean-Marie Loret</a> (possible illegitimate son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blondi" title="Blondi">Blondi</a> (dog)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_streets_named_after_Adolf_Hitler" title="List of streets named after Adolf Hitler">Streets named after Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_and_Mannerheim_recording" title="Hitler and Mannerheim recording">Mannerheim recording</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Adolf_Hitler" title="Category:Adolf Hitler">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fascism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fascism" title="Template:Fascism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fascism" title="Template talk:Fascism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fascism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fascism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fascism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Themes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Themes</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism#Core_tenets" title="Fascism">Core tenets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actual_idealism" title="Actual idealism">Actual idealism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aestheticization_of_politics" title="Aestheticization of politics">Aestheticization of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-intellectualism#Fascism" title="Anti-intellectualism">Anti-intellectualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgeois_nation" title="Bourgeois nation">Anti-materialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Criticism" title="Pacifism">Anti-pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_collaboration" title="Class collaboration">Class collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_action" title="Direct action">Direct action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_interventionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic interventionism">Economic interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_capitalism" title="Heroic capitalism">Heroic capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_realism" title="Heroic realism">Heroic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Heroism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">Indoctrination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_rationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Criticism of rationalism">Irrationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machismo" title="Machismo">Machismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_of_masculinity_under_fascist_Italy" title="Model of masculinity under fascist Italy">Masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_syndicalism" title="National syndicalism">National syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palingenetic_ultranationalism" title="Palingenetic ultranationalism">Palingenetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Man_(utopian_concept)#Fascist" title="New Man (utopian concept)">New Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_war" title="Perpetual war">Perpetual war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_nation" title="Proletarian nation">Proletarian nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_modernism" title="Reactionary modernism">Reactionary modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism#Nazism,_eugenics,_fascism,_imperialism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_interventionism" title="Social interventionism">Social interventionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">State capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercapitalism" title="Supercapitalism">Supercapitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_fascism" title="Definitions of fascism">Definitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_fascism" title="Economics of fascism">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_and_ideology" title="Fascism and ideology">Fascism and ideology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements" title="List of fascist movements">Fascism worldwide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_symbolism" title="Fascist symbolism">Symbolism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Variants" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Variants</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_fascism" title="Arab fascism">Arab</a></li> <li>Argentine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo" title="Nacionalismo">Nacionalismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Peronism" title="Orthodox Peronism">Orthodox Peronism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrofascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Austrofascism">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Bandera#Views" title="Stepan Bandera">Banderism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" title="Brazilian Integralism">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_fascism" title="British fascism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fascism" title="Christian fascism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Synarchist_Union#Ideology" title="National Synarchist Union">Mexican synarchism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucian_fascism" title="Confucian fascism">Confucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-fascism" title="Crypto-fascism">Crypto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofascism" title="Ecofascism">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falangism" title="Falangism">Falangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="French fascism">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Popular_Party#Ideology_and_fascism_of_PPF" title="French Popular Party">Doriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9volution_nationale" title="Révolution nationale">Pétainism</a> <ul><li>Neo-Pétainism <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeune_Nation#Ideology" title="Jeune Nation">Jeune Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27%C5%92uvre_Fran%C3%A7aise#Ideology" title="L'Œuvre Française">L'Œuvre Française</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Faisceau#Valois's_version_of_fascism" title="Le Faisceau">Valoisism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party#Ideology" title="Arrow Cross Party">Hungarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu_Power" title="Hutu Power">Hutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ailtir%C3%AD_na_hAis%C3%A9irghe#Ideology" title="Ailtirí na hAiséirghe">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamofascism" title="Islamofascism">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intransigent_fascism" title="Intransigent fascism">Intransigent</a></li></ul></li> <li>Japanese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reform_bureaucrats" title="Reform bureaucrats">Reform bureaucratism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Statism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_Restoration" title="Shōwa Restoration">Restoration</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_fascism" title="Jewish fascism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Revisionist Maximalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Asia#Korean_Peninsula" title="Fascism in Asia">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilminism" title="Ilminism">Ilminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right_(South_Korea)" title="New Right (South Korea)">Nyulaiteu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Views_of_Lyndon_LaRouche_and_the_LaRouche_movement" title="Views of Lyndon LaRouche and the LaRouche movement">LaRoucheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%93rkonkrusts#Principles_and_ideology" title="Pērkonkrusts">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_mysticism" title="Fascist mysticism">Mystical</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Nazism" title="Austrian Nazism">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Nazism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esoteric Nazism">Esoteric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_views_of_Adolf_Hitler" title="Political views of Adolf Hitler">Hitlerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo-Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism_in_Russia#Ideology" title="Neo-Nazism in Russia">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strasserism" title="Strasserism">Strasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_Sweden#Ideology" title="Nazism in Sweden">Swedish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">Neo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue-and-Black_Movement#Ideology" title="Blue-and-Black Movement">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Enlightenment" title="Dark Enlightenment">NRx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Lights_Doctrine" title="Nine Lights Doctrine">Pan-Turkic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party#Ideology" title="Rexist Party">Rexism</a></li> <li>Romanian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legionarism" class="mw-redirect" title="Legionarism">Legionarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Legionarism" title="Neo-Legionarism">Neo-Legionarism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Romanianism#Ideology" title="Crusade of Romanianism">Romanianism/Stelism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruscism" title="Ruscism">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasianism#Eurasianism_as_ideology" title="Eurasianism">Neo-Eurasianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_syndicalism" title="Fascist syndicalism">Syndicalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party#Ideology" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Techno-fascism">Techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Positionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National-anarchism" title="National-anarchism">National-anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevism" title="National Bolshevism">National Bolshevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi-Maoism" title="Nazi-Maoism">Nazi-Maoism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Uruguayan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay#Marzism" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Marzism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Uruguay#Uruguayan_revisionism" title="Fascism in Uruguay">Revisionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosism" title="Sosism">Sosism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e#Ideology" title="Ustaše">Ustašism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Movements" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Movements</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afrikaner_Weerstandsbeweging" title="Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging">Afrikaner Weerstandsbeweging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Gentile_National_Socialist_Movement" title="South African Gentile National Socialist Movement">Greyshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Association_of_the_Lictor" title="Muslim Association of the Lictor">Muslim Association of the Lictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossewabrandwag" title="Ossewabrandwag">Ossewabrandwag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Egypt_Party_(1933)" title="Young Egypt Party (1933)">Young Egypt Party (1933)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Asia" title="Fascism in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinav_Bharat" title="Abhinav Bharat">Abhinav Bharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muthanna_Club" title="Al-Muthanna Club">Al-Muthanna Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aria_Party" title="Aria Party">Aria Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_National_Democrat_Party" title="Azerbaijan National Democrat Party">Azerbaijan National Democrat Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azure_Party" title="Azure Party">Azure Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Dragon_Society" title="Black Dragon Society">Black Dragon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brit_HaBirionim" title="Brit HaBirionim">Brit HaBirionim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordia_Association" title="Concordia Association">Concordia Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)" title="Grey Wolves (organization)">Grey Wolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Square_(Iraq)" title="Golden Square (Iraq)">Golden Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Mahasabha" title="Hindu Mahasabha">Hindu Mahasabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran-e-No_Party" title="Iran-e-No Party">Iran-e-No Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_National_Front" title="Jewish National Front">Jewish National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kach_(political_party)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kach (political party)">Kach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kataeb_Party" title="Kataeb Party">Kataeb Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenkokukai" title="Kenkokukai">Kenkokukai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokumin_D%C5%8Dmei" title="Kokumin Dōmei">Kokumin Dōmei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Nationalist_Party" title="Korea Nationalist Party">Korea Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_National_Youth_Association" title="Korean National Youth Association">Korean National Youth Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehi_(militant_group)" title="Lehi (militant group)">Lehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(South_Korea)" title="Liberal Party (South Korea)">Liberal Party (South Korea)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasyonal_Aktivite_ve_Zinde_%C4%B0nki%C5%9Faf" title="Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf">Nasyonal Aktivite ve Zinde İnkişaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialism_Association" title="National Socialism Association">National Socialism Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Japanese_Workers%27_Party" title="National Socialist Japanese Workers' Party">National Socialist Japanese Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Movement_Party" title="Nationalist Movement Party">Nationalist Movement Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Task_Party" title="Nationalist Task Party">Nationalist Task Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Will_Party" title="National Will Party">National Will Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_Party_of_Iran" title="Nation Party of Iran">Nation Party of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otzma_Yehudit" title="Otzma Yehudit">Otzma Yehudit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Iranist_Party" title="Pan-Iranist Party">Pan-Iranist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Arab_Party" title="Palestine Arab Party">Palestine Arab Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrol_36" title="Patrol 36">Patrol 36</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress_Party_(Iran)" title="Progress Party (Iran)">Progress Party (Iran)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Falange" title="Philippine Falange">Philippine Falange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastakhiz_Party" title="Rastakhiz Party">Rastakhiz Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastriya_Prajatantra_Party" title="Rastriya Prajatantra Party">Rastriya Prajatantra Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_bureaucrats" title="Reform bureaucrats">Reform bureaucrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionist_Party" title="Religious Zionist Party">Religious Zionist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakurakai" title="Sakurakai">Sakurakai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangh_Parivar" title="Sangh Parivar">Sangh Parivar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Vidyarthi_Parishad" title="Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad">Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Gau_Raksha_Dal" title="Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal">Bharatiya Gau Raksha Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Yuva_Morcha" title="Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha">Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Jana_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Jana Sangh">Bharatiya Jana Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Kisan_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Kisan Sangh">Bharatiya Kisan Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Mazdoor_Sangh" title="Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh">Bharatiya Mazdoor Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharat_Vikas_Parishad" title="Bharat Vikas Parishad">Bharat Vikas Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekal_Vidyalaya" title="Ekal Vidyalaya">Ekal Vidyalaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Makkal_Katchi" title="Hindu Makkal Katchi">Hindu Makkal Katchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Munnani" title="Hindu Munnani">Hindu Munnani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh">Hindu Swayamsevak Sangh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jammu_Praja_Parishad" title="Jammu Praja Parishad">Jammu Praja Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Rashtriya_Manch" title="Muslim Rashtriya Manch">Muslim Rashtriya Manch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Janmabhoomi_Nyas" title="Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas">Ram Janmabhoomi Nyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtra_Sevika_Samiti" title="Rashtra Sevika Samiti">Rashtra Sevika Samiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Sikh_Sangat" title="Rashtriya Sikh Sangat">Rashtriya Sikh Sangat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Itihas_Sankalan_Yojana" title="Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana">Akhil Bharatiya Itihas Sankalan Yojana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seva_Bharati" title="Seva Bharati">Seva Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidya_Bharati" title="Vidya Bharati">Vidya Bharati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanavasi_Kalyan_Ashram" title="Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram">Vanavasi Kalyan Ashram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishva_Hindu_Parishad" title="Vishva Hindu Parishad">Vishva Hindu Parishad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bajrang_Dal" title="Bajrang Dal">Bajrang Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Vahini" title="Durga Vahini">Durga Vahini</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUMKA" title="SUMKA">SUMKA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Social_Nationalist_Party" title="Syrian Social Nationalist Party">Syrian Social Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dh%C5%8Dkai" title="Tōhōkai">Tōhōkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsagaan_Khas" title="Tsagaan Khas">Tsagaan Khas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Union_Party_(Northern_Cyprus)" title="Turkish Union Party (Northern Cyprus)">Turkish Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuomintang_(Wang_Jingwei)" title="Kuomintang (Wang Jingwei)">Wang Jingwei Kuomintang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Northern / Northwestern Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_Karelia_Society" title="Academic Karelia Society">Academic Karelia Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ailtir%C3%AD_na_hAis%C3%A9irghe" title="Ailtirí na hAiséirghe">Ailtirí na hAiséirghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonome_Nationalisten" title="Autonome Nationalisten">Autonome Nationalisten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bases_Aut%C3%B3nomas" title="Bases Autónomas">Bases Autónomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Front_(Netherlands)" title="Black Front (Netherlands)">Black Front (Netherlands)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_%26_Honour" title="Blood & Honour">Blood & Honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueshirts" title="Blueshirts">Blueshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Social-National_Workers%27_Movement" title="Breton Social-National Workers' Movement">Breton Social-National Workers' Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Democratic_Party_(2013)" title="British Democratic Party (2013)">British Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Fascists" title="British Fascists">British Fascists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain_First" title="Britain First">Britain First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_League_of_Ex-Servicemen_and_Women" title="British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women">British League of Ex-Servicemen and Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Movement" title="British Movement">British Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_National_Party_(1960)" title="British National Party (1960)">British National Party (1960)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_National_Party" title="British National Party">British National Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_People%27s_Party_(1939)" title="British People's Party (1939)">British People's Party (1939)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_People%27s_Party_(2005)" title="British People's Party (2005)">British People's Party (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Union_of_Fascists" title="British Union of Fascists">British Union of Fascists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Britons" title="The Britons">The Britons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Cagoule" title="La Cagoule">La Cagoule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuals_United" title="Casuals United">Casuals United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_%2786" title="Centre Party '86">Centre Party '86</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_People%27s_Party" title="Clerical People's Party">Clerical People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Fascist_Union" title="Dutch Fascist Union">Dutch Fascist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Defence_League" title="English Defence League">English Defence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_National_Association" title="English National Association">English National Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Liberation_Front" title="European Liberation Front">European Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Faisceau" title="Le Faisceau">Le Faisceau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_d%27action_nationale_et_europ%C3%A9enne" title="Fédération d'action nationale et européenne">Fédération d'action nationale et européenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_National_Socialist_Labor_Organisation" title="Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation">Finnish National Socialist Labor Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_People%27s_Organisation" title="Finnish People's Organisation">Finnish People's Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish-Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party">Finnish-Socialist Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlaamsch_Nationaal_Verbond" title="Vlaamsch Nationaal Verbond">Flemish National Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_National-Collectivist_Party" title="French National-Collectivist Party">French National-Collectivist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Nationalist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="French Nationalist Party">French Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Popular_Party" title="French Popular Party">French Popular Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Dutch_Fascist_League" title="General Dutch Fascist League">General Dutch Fascist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Britain_Movement" title="Greater Britain Movement">Greater Britain Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupe_Collaboration" title="Groupe Collaboration">Groupe Collaboration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathen_Front" title="Heathen Front">Heathen Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Fascist_League" title="Imperial Fascist League">Imperial Fascist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Third_Position" title="International Third Position">International Third Position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeune_Nation" title="Jeune Nation">Jeune Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lalli_Alliance_of_Finland" title="Lalli Alliance of Finland">Lalli Alliance of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapua_Movement" title="Lapua Movement">Lapua Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Saint_George" title="League of Saint George">League of Saint George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Identitaires" title="Les Identitaires">Les Identitaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouvement_d%27Action_Civique" title="Mouvement d'Action Civique">Mouvement d'Action Civique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouvement_Franciste" title="Mouvement Franciste">Mouvement Franciste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasjonal_Samling" title="Nasjonal Samling">Nasjonal Samling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Action_(UK)" title="National Action (UK)">National Action (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(Sweden)" title="National Alliance (Sweden)">National Alliance (Sweden)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Corporate_Party" title="National Corporate Party">National Corporate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascisti" title="National Fascisti">National Fascisti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(UK)" title="National Front (UK)">National Front (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_League_of_Sweden" title="National League of Sweden">National League of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Party_(Iceland)" title="Nationalist Party (Iceland)">Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Popular_Rally" title="National Popular Rally">National Popular Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rally" title="National Rally">National Rally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Bloc" title="National Socialist Bloc">National Socialist Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Dutch_Workers_Party" title="National Socialist Dutch Workers Party">National Socialist Dutch Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Front" title="National Socialist Front">National Socialist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_League" title="National Socialist League">National Socialist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(UK,_1962)" title="National Socialist Movement (UK, 1962)">National Socialist Movement (UK, 1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(United_Kingdom)" title="National Socialist Movement (United Kingdom)">National Socialist Movement (United Kingdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands">National Socialist Movement in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_of_Norway" title="National Socialist Movement of Norway">National Socialist Movement of Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Union_of_Finland" title="National Socialist Union of Finland">National Socialist Union of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Workers%27_Party_(Sweden)" title="National Socialist Workers' Party (Sweden)">National Socialist Workers' Party (Sweden)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Workers%27_Party_of_Denmark" title="National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark">National Socialist Workers' Party of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialists_of_Finland" title="National Socialists of Finland">National Socialists of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Syndicalists_(Portugal)" title="National Syndicalists (Portugal)">National Syndicalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Netherlands)" title="National Union (Netherlands)">National Union (Netherlands)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Portugal)" title="National Union (Portugal)">National Union (Portugal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Party_(UK)" title="New Party (UK)">New Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipster" title="Nipster">Nipsters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_League" title="Nordic League">Nordic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nordic_Realm_Party" title="The Nordic Realm Party">The Nordic Realm Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Resistance_Movement" title="Nordic Resistance Movement">Nordic Resistance Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_League_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern League (United Kingdom)">Northern League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Defence_League#Norwegian_Defence_League" title="European Defence League">Norwegian Defence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_Droite" title="Nouvelle Droite">Nouvelle Droite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GRECE" title="GRECE">GRECE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27%C5%92uvre_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="L'Œuvre Française">L'Œuvre Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_National_Front" title="Official National Front">Official National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Flemish_Militants" title="Order of Flemish Militants">Order of Flemish Militants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Nine_Angles" title="Order of Nine Angles">Order of Nine Angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_National_Socialists" title="Organisation of National Socialists">Organisation of National Socialists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parti_Communautaire_National-Europ%C3%A9en" title="Parti Communautaire National-Européen">Parti Communautaire National-Européen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_Finnish_Labor" title="Party of Finnish Labor">Party of Finnish Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_of_the_Swedes" title="Party of the Swedes">Party of the Swedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Alternative" title="Patriotic Alternative">Patriotic Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_People%27s_Movement" title="Patriotic People's Movement">Patriotic People's Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_People%27s_Movement_(1993)" title="Patriotic People's Movement (1993)">Patriotic People's Movement (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%93rkonkrusts" title="Pērkonkrusts">Pērkonkrusts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalange_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Phalange Française">Phalange Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rexist_Party" title="Rexist Party">Rexist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rising_Finland" title="Rising Finland">Rising Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Democratic_Fascist_Party" title="Scottish Democratic Fascist Party">Scottish Democratic Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Protestant_League" title="Scottish Protestant League">Scottish Protestant League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormers_(Finland)" title="Stormers (Finland)">Stormers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terre_et_Peuple" title="Terre et Peuple">Terre et Peuple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(France)" title="Third Way (France)">Third Way (France)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(UK_organisation)" title="Third Way (UK organisation)">Third Way (UK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Movement" title="Union Movement">Union Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdinaso" title="Verdinaso">Verdinaso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vigrid_(Norway)" title="Vigrid (Norway)">Vigrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Aryan_Resistance_(Sweden)" title="White Aryan Resistance (Sweden)">White Aryan Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Union_of_National_Socialists" title="World Union of National Socialists">World Union of National Socialists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Central Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Front_of_National_Socialists/National_Activists" title="Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists">Action Front of National Socialists/National Activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Cross_Party" title="Arrow Cross Party">Arrow Cross Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artgemeinschaft" title="Artgemeinschaft">Artgemeinschaft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Nazism" title="Austrian Nazism">Austrian Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Front" title="Black Front">Black Front</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bund_Deutscher_Osten" title="Bund Deutscher Osten">Bund Deutscher Osten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_National_Socialist_Front" title="Christian National Socialist Front">Christian National Socialist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Reichspartei" title="Deutsche Reichspartei">Deutsche Reichspartei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eidgen%C3%B6ssische_Sammlung" title="Eidgenössische Sammlung">Eidgenössische Sammlung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_German_Workers%27_Party" title="Free German Workers' Party">Free German Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Faith_Movement" title="German Faith Movement">German Faith Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_National_Movement_in_Liechtenstein" title="German National Movement in Liechtenstein">German National Movement in Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_National_Socialist_Workers%27_Party_(Czechoslovakia)" title="German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia)">German National Socialist Workers' Party (Czechoslovakia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Social_Union_(West_Germany)" title="German Social Union (West Germany)">German Social Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Front" title="Hungarian National Front">Hungarian National Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Socialist_Agricultural_Labourers%27_and_Workers%27_Party" title="Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party">Hungarian National Socialist Agricultural Labourers' and Workers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Socialist_Party" title="Hungarian National Socialist Party">Hungarian National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampfbund_Deutscher_Sozialisten" title="Kampfbund Deutscher Sozialisten">Kampfbund Deutscher Sozialisten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_Homeland_Service" title="Liechtenstein Homeland Service">Liechtenstein Homeland Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_(Austria)" title="National Democratic Party (Austria)">National Democratic Party (Austria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="National Democratic Party of Germany">National Democratic Party of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Hungary)" title="National Front (Hungary)">National Front (Hungary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Switzerland)" title="National Front (Switzerland)">National Front (Switzerland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Movement_of_Switzerland" title="National Movement of Switzerland">National Movement of Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Radical_Camp" title="National Radical Camp">National Radical Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Radical_Camp#Modern_incarnation_(1993)" title="National Radical Camp">National Radical Camp (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Revival_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="National Revival of Poland">National Revival of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Switzerland)" title="National Union (Switzerland)">National Union (Switzerland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Front_(Germany)" title="Nationalist Front (Germany)">Nationalist Front (Germany)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_German_People%27s_Community" title="Greater German People's Community">Greater German People's Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Freedom_Movement" title="National Socialist Freedom Movement">National Socialist Freedom Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Working_Association" title="National Socialist Working Association">National Socialist Working Association</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Order_(Germany)" title="New Order (Germany)">New Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipster" title="Nipster">Nipsters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_Christianity" title="Positive Christianity">Positive Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Christians_(movement)" title="German Christians (movement)">German Christians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_(Germany)" title="The Right (Germany)">The Right (Germany)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Reich_Party" title="Socialist Reich Party">Socialist Reich Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudeten_German_Party" title="Sudeten German Party">Sudeten German Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way_(Germany)" title="Third Way (Germany)">The Third Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Hungarian_National_Socialist_Party" title="United Hungarian National Socialist Party">United Hungarian National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksdeutsche_Bewegung" title="Volksdeutsche Bewegung">Volksdeutsche Bewegung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkssozialistische_Bewegung_Deutschlands/Partei_der_Arbeit" title="Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit">Volkssozialistische Bewegung Deutschlands/Partei der Arbeit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiking-Jugend" title="Wiking-Jugend">Wiking-Jugend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Southern Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AD%C3%91%E2%80%93Spanish_Identity" title="ADÑ–Spanish Identity">ADÑ–Spanish Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Fascist_Party" title="Albanian Fascist Party">Albanian Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balli_Komb%C3%ABtar" title="Balli Kombëtar">Balli Kombëtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Italy" title="Brothers of Italy">Brothers of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CEDADE" title="CEDADE">CEDADE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Fascist_Party" title="Democratic Fascist Party">Democratic Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Nation_State" title="European Nation State">European Nation State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_d%27Azione_Rivoluzionaria" title="Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_Italiani_di_Combattimento" title="Fasci Italiani di Combattimento">Fasci Italiani di Combattimento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascio_d%27Azione_Rivoluzionaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fascio d'Azione Rivoluzionaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FET_y_de_las_JONS" title="FET y de las JONS">Falange</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secci%C3%B3n_Femenina" title="Sección Femenina">Sección Femenina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Falange_(1999)" title="La Falange (1999)">La Falange (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Aut%C3%A9ntica" title="Falange Auténtica">Falange Auténtica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Falange Española">Falange Española</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_Aut%C3%A9ntica" title="Falange Española Auténtica">Falange Española Auténtica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_las_JONS" title="Falange Española de las JONS">Falange Española de las JONS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_las_JONS_(1976)" title="Falange Española de las JONS (1976)">Falange Española de las JONS (1976)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_Independiente" title="Falange Española Independiente">Falange Española Independiente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falangist_Movement_of_Spain" title="Falangist Movement of Spain">Falangist Movement of Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freethinkers%27_Party" title="Freethinkers' Party">Freethinkers' Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperium_Europa" title="Imperium Europa">Imperium Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party" title="National Fascist Party">National Fascist Party</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Fascist_Party" title="Republican Fascist Party">Republican Fascist Party</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Movement" title="Italian Social Movement">Italian Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juntas_de_Ofensiva_Nacional-Sindicalista" title="Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista">Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juntas_Espa%C3%B1olas" title="Juntas Españolas">Juntas Españolas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(Spain)" title="National Alliance (Spain)">National Alliance (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_July_18" title="National Alliance July 18">National Alliance July 18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Italy)" title="National Democracy (Italy)">National Democracy (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Democracy_(Spain)" title="National Democracy (Spain)">National Democracy (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Spain,_1986)" title="National Front (Spain, 1986)">National Front (Spain, 1986)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Front_(Spain,_2006)" title="National Front (Spain, 2006)">National Front (Spain, 2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Italy,_1923)" title="National Union (Italy, 1923)">National Union (Italy, 1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_(Spain)" title="National Union (Spain)">National Union (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Force_(Italy)" title="New Force (Italy)">New Force (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Force_(Spain)" title="New Force (Spain)">New Force (Spain)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Social_Movement" title="Republican Social Movement">Republican Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_(Italy)" title="The Right (Italy)">The Right (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_Fascist_Party" title="Sammarinese Fascist Party">Sammarinese Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Military_Union" title="Spanish Military Union">Spanish Military Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi-Maoism" title="Nazi-Maoism">Struggle of the People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Action_(Italy)" title="Student Action (Italy)">Student Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terza_Posizione" title="Terza Posizione">Terza Posizione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricolour_Flame" title="Tricolour Flame">Tricolour Flame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unidad_Falangista_Monta%C3%B1esa" title="Unidad Falangista Montañesa">Unidad Falangista Montañesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Front" title="Youth Front">Youth Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Europe" title="Fascism in Europe">Eastern and Southeastern Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autochthonous_Croatian_Party_of_Rights" title="Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights">Autochthonous Croatian Party of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Movement_of_National_Pride" title="Bosnian Movement of National Pride">Bosnian Movement of National Pride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_National_Socialist_Workers_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party">Bulgarian National Socialist Workers Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Liberation_Movement" title="Croatian Liberation Movement">Croatian Liberation Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_National_Resistance" title="Croatian National Resistance">Croatian National Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Party_of_Rights" title="Croatian Party of Rights">Croatian Party of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusade_of_Romanianism" title="Crusade of Romanianism">Crusade of Romanianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_National_Union" title="Ethnic National Union">Ethnic National Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasia Movement">Eurasia Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasia_Party" title="Eurasia Party">Eurasia Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falanga_(organisation)" title="Falanga (organisation)">Falanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Format18" title="Format18">Format18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_the_Native_Language!" title="For the Native Language!">For the Native Language!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_of_National_Revolutionary_Action" title="Front of National Revolutionary Action">Front of National Revolutionary Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Party_(Romania)" title="German Party (Romania)">German Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_People%27s_Party_(Romania)" title="German People's Party (Romania)">German People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Dawn_(Greece)" title="Golden Dawn (Greece)">Golden Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_National_Socialist_Party" title="Greek National Socialist Party">Greek National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosank" title="Hosank">Hosank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Iron Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LEPEN_(political_party)" title="LEPEN (political party)">LEPEN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Party_of_Russia" title="Liberal Democratic Party of Russia">Liberal Democratic Party of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Nationalist_Union" title="Lithuanian Nationalist Union">Lithuanian Nationalist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Agrarian_Party" title="National Agrarian Party">National Agrarian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevik_Front" title="National Bolshevik Front">National Bolshevik Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bolshevik_Party" title="National Bolshevik Party">National Bolshevik Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National-Christian_Defense_League" title="National-Christian Defense League">National-Christian Defense League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Christian_Party" title="National Christian Party">National Christian Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Community" title="National Fascist Community">National Fascist Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Movement" title="National Fascist Movement">National Fascist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Italo-Romanian_Cultural_and_Economic_Movement" title="National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement">National Italo-Romanian Cultural and Economic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_%E2%80%93_Greeks" title="National Party – Greeks">National Party – Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Patriotic_Organisation" title="National Socialist Patriotic Organisation">National Socialist Patriotic Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Society" title="National Socialist Society">National Socialist Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Social_Movement" title="National Social Movement">National Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Radical_Camp" title="National Radical Camp">National Radical Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Romanian_Fascio" title="National Romanian Fascio">National Romanian Fascio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Renaissance_Front" title="National Renaissance Front">National Renaissance Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Salvation_Front_(Russia)" title="National Salvation Front (Russia)">National Salvation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialism_/_White_Power" title="National Socialism / White Power">National Socialism / White Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupy_Pedophilia" title="Occupy Pedophilia">Occupy Pedophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Nine_Angles" title="Order of Nine Angles">Order of Nine Angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ukrainian_Nationalists" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists">Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Other_Russia_of_E._V._Limonov" title="The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov">The Other Russia of E. V. Limonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamyat" title="Pamyat">Pamyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Alliance_(Greece)" title="Patriotic Alliance (Greece)">Patriotic Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_(interwar_Romania)" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Party (interwar Romania)">People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Socialist_Party_of_Ukraine" title="Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine">Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratniks" title="Ratniks">Ratniks</a> (Bulgaria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Front" title="Romanian Front">Romanian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Imperial_Movement" title="Russian Imperial Movement">Russian Imperial Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Fascist_Party" title="Russian Fascist Party">Russian Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_National_Unity" title="Russian National Unity">Russian National Unity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Women%27s_Fascist_Movement" title="Russian Women's Fascist Movement">Russian Women's Fascist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Action" title="Serbian Action">Serbian Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Radical_Party" title="Serbian Radical Party">Serbian Radical Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_People%27s_Party" title="Slovak People's Party">Slovak People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Party_(Romania)" title="National Socialist Party (Romania)">Steel Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svoboda_(political_party)" title="Svoboda (political party)">Svoboda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Bulgarian_National_Legions" title="Union of Bulgarian National Legions">Union of Bulgarian National Legions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e_in_Australia" title="Ustaše in Australia">Ustaše in Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Revolutionary_Brotherhood" title="Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood">Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlajka" title="Vlajka">Vlajka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Radical_Union" title="Yugoslav Radical Union">Yugoslav Radical Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_National_Movement" title="Yugoslav National Movement">ZBOR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_North_America" title="Fascism in North America">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Canada" title="Fascism in Canada">Fascism in Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_Guard" title="Aryan Guard">Aryan Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan_Nations" title="Aryan Nations">Aryan Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Association_for_Free_Expression" title="Canadian Association for Free Expression">Canadian Association for Free Expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Union_of_Fascists" title="Canadian Union of Fascists">Canadian Union of Fascists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens_for_Foreign_Aid_Reform" title="Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform">Citizens for Foreign Aid Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Front" title="Heritage Front">Heritage Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Unity_Party_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Unity Party (Canada)">Parti national social chrétien</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_North_America#United_States" title="Fascism in North America">Fascism in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Front" title="American Front">American Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Nazi_Party" title="American Nazi Party">American Nazi Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_(religion)" title="Creativity (religion)">Creativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_League_of_North_America" title="Fascist League of North America">Fascist League of North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goyim_Defense_League" title="Goyim Defense League">Goyim Defense League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammerskins" title="Hammerskins">Hammerskins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_Evropa" title="Identity Evropa">Identity Evropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaRouche_movement" title="LaRouche movement">LaRouche movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_the_South" title="League of the South">League of the South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_(United_States)" title="National Alliance (United States)">National Alliance (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Renaissance_Party_(United_States)" title="National Renaissance Party (United States)">National Renaissance Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Social_Club-131" title="Nationalist Social Club-131">Nationalist Social Club-131</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Legion" title="National Socialist Legion">National Socialist Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Liberation_Front" title="National Socialist Liberation Front">National Socialist Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_(United_States)" title="National Socialist Movement (United States)">National Socialist Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_States%27_Rights_Party" title="National States' Rights Party">National States' Rights Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Vanguard_(American_organization)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Vanguard (American organization)">National Vanguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Front_(United_States)" title="Nationalist Front (United States)">Nationalist Front (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Order_(white_supremacist_group)" title="The Order (white supremacist group)">The Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Front" title="Patriot Front">Patriot Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proud_Boys" title="Proud Boys">Proud Boys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_Above_Movement" title="Rise Above Movement">Rise Above Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America" title="Silver Legion of America">Silver Legion of America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Party_(United_States,_1930s)" title="Christian Party (United States, 1930s)">Christian Party (United States, 1930s)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Third Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Worker_Party" title="Traditionalist Worker Party">Traditionalist Worker Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_America" title="Vanguard America">Vanguard America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksfront" title="Volksfront">Volksfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Aryan_Resistance" title="White Aryan Resistance">White Aryan Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wotansvolk" title="Wotansvolk">Wotansvolk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Mexicanist_Action" title="Revolutionary Mexicanist Action">Revolutionary Mexicanist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Democratic_Party" title="Mexican Democratic Party">Mexican Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Fascist_Party" title="Mexican Fascist Party">Mexican Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pro_Patria_Party" title="National Pro Patria Party">National Pro Patria Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Synarchist_Union" title="National Synarchist Union">National Synarchist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Front_of_Mexico" title="Nationalist Front of Mexico">Nationalist Front of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Nine_Angles" title="Order of Nine Angles">Order of Nine Angles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Zealandia" title="Action Zealandia">Action Zealandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipodean_Resistance" title="Antipodean Resistance">Antipodean Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_First_Movement" title="Australia First Movement">Australia First Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_First_Party" title="Australia First Party">Australia First Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_League" title="Australian Defence League">Australian Defence League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_National_Socialist_Party" title="Australian National Socialist Party">Australian National Socialist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(New_South_Wales)" title="Centre Party (New South Wales)">Centre Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lads_Society" title="Lads Society">Lads Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Action_(Australia)" title="National Action (Australia)">National Action (Australia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Network" title="National Socialist Network">National Socialist Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Party_of_Australia" title="National Socialist Party of Australia">National Socialist Party of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Nationalist_Party" title="Progressive Nationalist Party">Progressive Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaim_Australia" title="Reclaim Australia">Reclaim Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Blue_Crew" title="True Blue Crew">True Blue Crew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Patriots_Front" title="United Patriots Front">United Patriots Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_South_America" title="Fascism in South America">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_Labor_Party" title="Agrarian Labor Party">Agrarian Labor Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Anticommunist_Alliance" title="Argentine Anticommunist Alliance">Argentine Anticommunist Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Fascist_Party" title="Argentine Fascist Party">Argentine Fascist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Nationalist_Action" title="Argentine Nationalist Action">Argentine Nationalist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Patriotic_League" title="Argentine Patriotic League">Argentine Patriotic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Socialist_Falange" title="Bolivian Socialist Falange">Bolivian Socialist Falange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" title="Brazilian Integralism">Brazilian Integralism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralist_Action" title="Brazilian Integralist Action">Brazilian Integralist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralist_Front" title="Brazilian Integralist Front">Brazilian Integralist Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falangism_in_Latin_America" title="Falangism in Latin America">Falangism in Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_Peronist_Party" title="Female Peronist Party">Female Peronist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard_(Argentina)" title="Iron Guard (Argentina)">Iron Guard (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo_(Argentine_political_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nacionalismo (Argentine political movement)">Nacionalismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Party_(Argentina)" title="National Fascist Party (Argentina)">National Fascist Party (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fascist_Union" title="National Fascist Union">National Fascist Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Liberation_Alliance" title="Nationalist Liberation Alliance">Nationalist Liberation Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Movement_(Guatemala)" title="National Liberation Movement (Guatemala)">National Liberation Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_of_Chile" title="National Socialist Movement of Chile">National Socialist Movement of Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Universitary_Concentration" title="National Universitary Concentration">National Universitary Concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Triumph_Party" title="New Triumph Party">New Triumph Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Front_(Argentina)" title="Patriot Front (Argentina)">Patriot Front (Argentina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Dignity" title="Popular Dignity">Popular Dignity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Freedom_Alliance" title="Popular Freedom Alliance">Popular Freedom Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Representation_Party" title="Popular Representation Party">Popular Representation Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Socialist_Vanguard" title="Popular Socialist Vanguard">Popular Socialist Vanguard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_League" title="Republican League">Republican League</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Resistencia_Dios,_Patria_y_Familia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia (page does not exist)">La Resistencia Dios, Patria y Familia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Union_(Peru)" title="Revolutionary Union (Peru)">Revolutionary Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacuara_Nationalist_Movement" title="Tacuara Nationalist Movement">Tacuara Nationalist Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">People</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Campbell_(political_activist)" title="Eric Campbell (political activist)">Campbell (Eric)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graeme_Campbell_(politician)" title="Graeme Campbell (politician)">Campbell (Graeme)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blair_Cottrell" title="Blair Cottrell">Cottrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_de_Groot" title="Francis de Groot">Groot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Rud_Mills" title="Alexander Rud Mills">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Saleam" title="Jim Saleam">Saleam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Austria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Dollfuss" title="Engelbert Dollfuss">Dollfuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Miklas" title="Wilhelm Miklas">Miklas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Pfrimer" title="Walter Pfrimer">Pfrimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Planetta" title="Otto Planetta">Planetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Schuschnigg" title="Kurt Schuschnigg">Schuschnigg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Seyss-Inquart" title="Arthur Seyss-Inquart">Seyss-Inquart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_R%C3%BCdiger_Starhemberg" title="Ernst Rüdiger Starhemberg">Starhemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Belgium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Daye" title="Pierre Daye">Daye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staf_Declercq" class="mw-redirect" title="Staf Declercq">Declercq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Degrelle" title="Léon Degrelle">Degrelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Denis_(politician)" title="Jean Denis (politician)">Denis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Elias" title="Hendrik Elias">Elias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bert_Eriksson" title="Bert Eriksson">Eriksson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ward_Hermans" title="Ward Hermans">Hermans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Lagrou" title="René Lagrou">Lagrou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Poulet" title="Robert Poulet">Poulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joris_Van_Severen" title="Joris Van Severen">Severen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Streel" title="José Streel">Streel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jef_van_de_Wiele" title="Jef van de Wiele">van de Wiele</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Croatia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Boban" title="Rafael Boban">Boban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jure_Franceti%C4%87" title="Jure Francetić">Francetić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bla%C5%BE_Kraljevi%C4%87" title="Blaž Kraljević">Kraljević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavko_Kvaternik" title="Slavko Kvaternik">Kvaternik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vjekoslav_Luburi%C4%87" title="Vjekoslav Luburić">Luburić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ante_Paveli%C4%87" title="Ante Pavelić">Pavelić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Pavi%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Viktor Pavičić">Pavičić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sre%C4%87ko_Rover" title="Srećko Rover">Rover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vjekoslav_Servatzy" title="Vjekoslav Servatzy">Servatzy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Finland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vilho_Helanen" title="Vilho Helanen">Helanen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antti_Isotalo_(J%C3%A4ger)" title="Antti Isotalo (Jäger)">Isotalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvi_Kalsta" title="Arvi Kalsta">Kalsta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juhani_Konkka" title="Juhani Konkka">Konkka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vihtori_Kosola" title="Vihtori Kosola">Kosola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risto_Orko" title="Risto Orko">Orko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_Simojoki" title="Elias Simojoki">Simojoki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arne_Somersalo" title="Arne Somersalo">Somersalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauri_T%C3%B6rni" title="Lauri Törni">Törni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unto_Varjonen" title="Unto Varjonen">Varjonen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Loup_(writer)" title="Saint-Loup (writer)">Augier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Bard%C3%A8che" title="Maurice Bardèche">Bardèche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Benoist-M%C3%A9chin" title="Jacques Benoist-Méchin">Benoist-Méchin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_B%C3%A9raud" title="Henri Béraud">Béraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brasillach" title="Robert Brasillach">Brasillach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Bucard" title="Marcel Bucard">Bucard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Ch%C3%A2teaubriant" title="Alphonse de Châteaubriant">Châteaubriant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_D%C3%A9at" title="Marcel Déat">Déat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_D%C3%A9roul%C3%A8de" title="Paul Déroulède">Déroulède</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Dior" title="Françoise Dior">Dior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Doriot" title="Jacques Doriot">Doriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Drieu_La_Rochelle" title="Pierre Drieu La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Lagardelle" title="Hubert Lagardelle">Lagardelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Laval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Rebatet" title="Lucien Rebatet">Rebatet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Myatt" title="David Myatt">Myatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Valois" title="Georges Valois">Valois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Vial" title="Pierre Vial">Vial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Abetz" title="Otto Abetz">Abetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Andrae" title="Alexander Andrae">Andrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Baeumler" title="Alfred Baeumler">Baeumler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Berchtold" title="Joseph Berchtold">Berchtold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottlob_Berger" title="Gottlob Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Best" title="Werner Best">Best</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alois_Brunner" title="Alois Brunner">Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_B%C3%BChler" title="Josef Bühler">Bühler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Walther_Darr%C3%A9" title="Richard Walther Darré">Darré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Falkenhausen" title="Alexander von Falkenhausen">Falkenhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjorn_Hocke" class="mw-redirect" title="Bjorn Hocke">Hocke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Feder" title="Gottfried Feder">Feder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Forster" title="Albert Forster">Forster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Frank" title="Hans Frank">Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Franz,_Hereditary_Grand_Duke_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Friedrich Franz, Hereditary Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Franz V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruno_Gesche" title="Bruno Gesche">Gesche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Goebbels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_G%C3%B6ring" title="Hermann Göring">Göring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Graf" title="Ulrich Graf">Graf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greiser" title="Arthur Greiser">Greiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_F._K._G%C3%BCnther" title="Hans F. K. Günther">Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Hanke" title="Karl Hanke">Hanke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erhard_Heiden" title="Erhard Heiden">Heiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hess" title="Rudolf Hess">Hess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Heydrich" title="Reinhard Heydrich">Heydrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Ulrich_Klintzsch" title="Hans Ulrich Klintzsch">Klintzsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Julius_Kuhn" title="Fritz Julius Kuhn">Kuhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_K%C3%BChnen" title="Michael Kühnen">Kühnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff">Ludendorff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Maurice" title="Emil Maurice">Maurice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_M%C3%BCller_(Gestapo)" title="Heinrich Müller (Gestapo)">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Niekisch" title="Ernst Niekisch">Niekisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ploetz" title="Alfred Ploetz">Ploetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Rahn" title="Rudolf Rahn">Rahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanna_Reitsch" title="Hanna Reitsch">Reitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Ernst_Remer" title="Otto Ernst Remer">Remer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9cil_von_Renthe-Fink" title="Cécil von Renthe-Fink">Renthe-Fink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_von_Ribbentrop" title="Joachim von Ribbentrop">Ribbentrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Rieger" title="Jürgen Rieger">Rieger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Rosenberg" title="Alfred Rosenberg">Rosenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Schreck" title="Julius Schreck">Schreck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Skorzeny" title="Otto Skorzeny">Skorzeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregor_Strasser" title="Gregor Strasser">Strasser (Gregor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Strasser" title="Otto Strasser">Strasser (Otto)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Streicher" title="Julius Streicher">Streicher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Terboven" title="Josef Terboven">Terboven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_von_Thadden" title="Adolf von Thadden">Thadden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutz_Graf_Schwerin_von_Krosigk" title="Lutz Graf Schwerin von Krosigk">Krosigk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Z%C3%BCndel" title="Ernst Zündel">Zündel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Dragoumis" title="Ion Dragoumis">Dragoumis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilias_Kasidiaris" title="Ilias Kasidiaris">Kasidiaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandros_Koryzis" title="Alexandros Koryzis">Koryzis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Lagos" title="Ioannis Lagos">Lagos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolaos_Michaloliakos" title="Nikolaos Michaloliakos">Michaloliakos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgios_Papadopoulos" title="Georgios Papadopoulos">Papadopoulos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L._K._Advani" title="L. K. Advani">Advani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathuram_Godse" title="Nathuram Godse">Godse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._S._Golwalkar" title="M. S. Golwalkar">Golwalkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K._B._Hedgewar" title="K. B. Hedgewar">Hedgewar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Prasad_Mukherjee" title="Syama Prasad Mukherjee">Mukherjee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayak_Damodar_Savarkar" title="Vinayak Damodar Savarkar">Savarkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Vajpayee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dariush_Forouhar" title="Dariush Forouhar">Forouhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abol-Ghasem_Kashani" title="Abol-Ghasem Kashani">Kashani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davud_Monshizadeh" title="Davud Monshizadeh">Monshizadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohsen_Pezeshkpour" title="Mohsen Pezeshkpour">Pezeshkpour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdolhossein_Teymourtash" title="Abdolhossein Teymourtash">Teymourtash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abba_Ahimeir" title="Abba Ahimeir">Ahimeir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ben-Ari" title="Michael Ben-Ari">Ben-Ari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itamar_Ben-Gvir" title="Itamar Ben-Gvir">Ben-Gvir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryeh_Eldad" title="Aryeh Eldad">Eldad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amihai_Eliyahu" title="Amihai Eliyahu">Eliyahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Goldstein" title="Baruch Goldstein">Goldstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bentzi_Gopstein" title="Bentzi Gopstein">Gopstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uri_Zvi_Greenberg" title="Uri Zvi Greenberg">Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ha%27ivri" title="David Ha'ivri">Ha'ivri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaakov_Heruti" title="Yaakov Heruti">Heruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_Kahane" title="Meir Kahane">Kahane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Marzel" title="Baruch Marzel">Marzel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_Natan-Zada" title="Eden Natan-Zada">Natan-Zada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avraham_Stern" title="Avraham Stern">Stern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehoshua_Yeivin" title="Yehoshua Yeivin">Yeivin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Acerbo" title="Giacomo Acerbo">Acerbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dino_Alfieri" title="Dino Alfieri">Alfieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alceste_De_Ambris" title="Alceste De Ambris">Ambris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriele_D%27Annunzio" title="Gabriele D'Annunzio">D'Annunzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Azara" title="Antonio Azara">Azara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietro_Badoglio" title="Pietro Badoglio">Badoglio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_Balbo" title="Italo Balbo">Balbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Torrente_Ballester" title="Gonzalo Torrente Ballester">Torrente Ballester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Bastianini" title="Giuseppe Bastianini">Bastianini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michele_Bianchi" title="Michele Bianchi">Bianchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Boni_(archaeologist)" title="Giacomo Boni (archaeologist)">Boni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emilio_De_Bono" title="Emilio De Bono">Bono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paolo_Boselli" title="Paolo Boselli">Boselli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Bottai" title="Giuseppe Bottai">Bottai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costanzo_Ciano" title="Costanzo Ciano">Ciano (Costanzo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeazzo_Ciano" title="Galeazzo Ciano">Ciano (Galeazzo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Cogni" title="Giulio Cogni">Cogni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Corradini" title="Enrico Corradini">Corradini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco_Freda" title="Franco Freda">Freda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Giuriati" title="Giovanni Giuriati">Giuriati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuliano_Gozi" title="Giuliano Gozi">Gozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dino_Grandi" title="Dino Grandi">Grandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodolfo_Graziani" title="Rodolfo Graziani">Graziani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_Buffarini_Guidi" title="Guido Buffarini Guidi">Guidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curzio_Malaparte" title="Curzio Malaparte">Malaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Tommaso_Marinetti" title="Filippo Tommaso Marinetti">Marinetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manlio_Morgagni" title="Manlio Morgagni">Morgagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Mussolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelo_Oliviero_Olivetti" title="Angelo Oliviero Olivetti">Olivetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Panunzio" title="Sergio Panunzio">Panunzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Papini" title="Giovanni Papini">Papini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Pavolini" title="Alessandro Pavolini">Pavolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pino_Rauti" title="Pino Rauti">Rauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renato_Ricci" title="Renato Ricci">Ricci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionisio_Ridruejo" title="Dionisio Ridruejo">Ridruejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Rocco" title="Alfredo Rocco">Rocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmondo_Rossoni" title="Edmondo Rossoni">Rossoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margherita_Sarfatti" title="Margherita Sarfatti">Sarfatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardengo_Soffici" title="Ardengo Soffici">Soffici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_Spirito" title="Ugo Spirito">Spirito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Volpi" title="Giuseppe Volpi">Volpi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Japan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bin_Akao" title="Bin Akao">Akao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadao_Araki" title="Sadao Araki">Araki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isamu_Ch%C5%8D" title="Isamu Chō">Chō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingoro_Hashimoto" title="Kingoro Hashimoto">Hashimoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shigeru_Honj%C5%8D" title="Shigeru Honjō">Honjō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikki_Kita" title="Ikki Kita">Kita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshio_Kodama" title="Yoshio Kodama">Kodama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dsuke_Matsuoka" title="Yōsuke Matsuoka">Matsuoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shir%C5%8D_Nonaka" title="Shirō Nonaka">Nonaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%ABmei_%C5%8Ckawa" title="Shūmei Ōkawa">Ōkawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dichi_Sasakawa" title="Ryōichi Sasakawa">Sasakawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Romania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Antonescu" title="Ion Antonescu">Antonescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Bacaloglu" title="Elena Bacaloglu">Bacaloglu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu" title="Corneliu Zelea Codreanu">Codreanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichifor_Crainic" title="Nichifor Crainic">Crainic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Cuza" title="A. C. Cuza">Cuza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Gigurtu" title="Ion Gigurtu">Gigurtu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octavian_Goga" title="Octavian Goga">Goga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mihail_Manoilescu" title="Mihail Manoilescu">Manoilescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Mo%C8%9Ba" title="Ion Moța">Moța</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Gavril%C4%83_Ogoranu" title="Ion Gavrilă Ogoranu">Ogoranu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horia_Sima" title="Horia Sima">Sima</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benes_Ayo" title="Benes Ayo">Ayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radas%C5%82a%C5%AD_Astro%C5%ADski" title="Radasłaŭ Astroŭski">Astroŭski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Barkashov" title="Alexander Barkashov">Barkashov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Borovikov" title="Dmitry Borovikov">Borovikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darya_Dugina" title="Darya Dugina">Dugina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Ilyin" title="Ivan Ilyin">Ilyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronislav_Kaminski" title="Bronislav Kaminski">Kaminski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Kuryokhin" title="Sergey Kuryokhin">Kuryokhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yegor_Letov" title="Yegor Letov">Letov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Limonov" title="Eduard Limonov">Limonov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxim_Martsinkevich" title="Maxim Martsinkevich">Martsinkevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Milchakov" title="Alexey Milchakov">Milchakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Oktan" title="Mikhail Oktan">Oktan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakhar_Prilepin" title="Zakhar Prilepin">Prilepin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhanov" title="Alexander Prokhanov">Prokhanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Rodzaevsky" title="Konstantin Rodzaevsky">Rodzaevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Stojadinovi%C4%87" title="Milan Stojadinović">Stojadinović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Zhirinovsky" title="Vladimir Zhirinovsky">Zhirinovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_de_Arrese" title="José Luis de Arrese">Arrese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Bau_Nolla" title="Joaquín Bau Nolla">Bau Nolla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esteban_de_Bilbao_Egu%C3%ADa" title="Esteban de Bilbao Eguía">Bilbao Eguía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Carrero_Blanco" title="Luis Carrero Blanco">Carrero Blanco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raimundo_Fern%C3%A1ndez-Cuesta" title="Raimundo Fernández-Cuesta">Fernández-Cuesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmen_Franco,_1st_Duchess_of_Franco" title="Carmen Franco, 1st Duchess of Franco">Franco y Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Gim%C3%A9nez_Caballero" title="Ernesto Giménez Caballero">Giménez Caballero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Primo_de_Rivera" title="José Antonio Primo de Rivera">Primo de Rivera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiro_Ledesma_Ramos" title="Ramiro Ledesma Ramos">Ramos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_S%C3%A1nchez_Mazas" title="Rafael Sánchez Mazas">Sánchez Mazas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Serrano_Su%C3%B1er" title="Ramón Serrano Suñer">Serrano Suñer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ukraine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepan_Bandera" title="Stepan Bandera">Bandera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andriy_Biletsky" title="Andriy Biletsky">Biletsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmytro_Dontsov" title="Dmytro Dontsov">Dontsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Gubarev" title="Pavel Gubarev">Gubarev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmytro_Klyachkivsky" title="Dmytro Klyachkivsky">Klyachkivsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykola_Lebed" title="Mykola Lebed">Lebed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Rebet" title="Lev Rebet">Rebet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulas_Samchuk" title="Ulas Samchuk">Samchuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Shukhevych" title="Roman Shukhevych">Shukhevych</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaroslav_Stetsko" title="Yaroslav Stetsko">Stetsko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oleh_Tyahnybok" title="Oleh Tyahnybok">Tyahnybok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nataliya_Vitrenko" title="Nataliya Vitrenko">Vitrenko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Beckett_(politician)" title="John Beckett (politician)">Beckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston_Stewart_Chamberlain" title="Houston Stewart Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._K._Chesterton" title="A. K. Chesterton">Chesterton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Griffin" title="Nick Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Jordan" title="Colin Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Leese" title="Arnold Leese">Leese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Mosley" title="Diana Mosley">Mosley (Diana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Mosley" title="Oswald Mosley">Mosley (Oswald)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adela_Pankhurst" title="Adela Pankhurst">Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Pearson_(anthropologist)" title="Roger Pearson (anthropologist)">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Maule_Ramsay" title="Archibald Maule Ramsay">Ramsay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troy_Southgate" title="Troy Southgate">Southgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyndall_(far-right_activist)" title="John Tyndall (far-right activist)">Tyndall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_5th_Duke_of_Wellington" title="Arthur Wellesley, 5th Duke of Wellington">Wellesley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Abascal" title="Salvador Abascal">Abascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Anglin" title="Andrew Anglin">Anglin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Auernheimer" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Auernheimer">Auernheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biggs" title="Joe Biggs">Biggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Black_(white_supremacist)" title="Don Black (white supremacist)">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler#Attitude_towards_Fascism_and_Nazism" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Carto" title="Willis Carto">Carto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seward_Collins" title="Seward Collins">Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dilling" title="Elizabeth Dilling">Dilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Duke" title="David Duke">Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Enoch" title="Mike Enoch">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Frankhouser" title="Roy Frankhouser">Frankhouser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Fuentes" title="Nick Fuentes">Fuentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roque_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Garza" title="Roque González Garza">Garza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michale_Graves" title="Michale Graves">Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Heimbach" title="Matthew Heimbach">Heimbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Jeff_Hall" title="Murder of Jeff Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustus_Sol_Invictus" title="Augustus Sol Invictus">Invictus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_J._Jones" title="Arthur J. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Joyce" title="William Joyce">Joyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_Kessler" title="Jason Kessler">Kessler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lane_(white_supremacist)" title="David Lane (white supremacist)">Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_LaRouche" title="Lyndon LaRouche">LaRouche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_MacDonald_(evolutionary_psychologist)" title="Kevin MacDonald (evolutionary psychologist)">MacDonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mason_(neo-Nazi)" title="James Mason (neo-Nazi)">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Metzger" title="Tom Metzger">Metzger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frazier_Glenn_Miller_Jr." title="Frazier Glenn Miller Jr.">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Mills_(Aryan_Brotherhood)" title="Barry Mills (Aryan Brotherhood)">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Minadeo_II" title="Jon Minadeo II">Minadeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustace_Mullins" title="Eustace Mullins">Mullins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethan_Nordean" title="Ethan Nordean">Nordean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Patsalos" title="John Patsalos">Patsalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dudley_Pelley" title="William Dudley Pelley">Pelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Luther_Pierce" title="William Luther Pierce">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lincoln_Rockwell" title="George Lincoln Rockwell">Rockwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irv_Rubin" title="Irv Rubin">Rubin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_L._K._Smith" title="Gerald L. K. Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_B._Spencer" title="Richard B. Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Alfred_Strom" title="Kevin Alfred Strom">Strom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrique_Tarrio" title="Enrique Tarrio">Tarrio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Raven_Thomson" title="Alexander Raven Thomson">Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_fascism" title="Donald Trump and fascism">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasy_Vonsiatsky" title="Anastasy Vonsiatsky">Vonsyatsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Parker_Yockey" title="Francis Parker Yockey">Yockey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Manuel_Arana_Osorio" title="Carlos Manuel Arana Osorio">Arana Osorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrien_Arcand" title="Adrien Arcand">Arcand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_D%27Aubuisson" title="Roberto D'Aubuisson">D'Aubuisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devlet_Bah%C3%A7eli" title="Devlet Bahçeli">Bahçeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Blythe" title="Ernest Blythe">Blythe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maliq_Bushati" title="Maliq Bushati">Bushati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcelo_Caetano" title="Marcelo Caetano">Caetano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Carrasco" title="Nicolás Rodríguez Carrasco">Carrasco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Castillo_Armas" title="Carlos Castillo Armas">Castillo Armas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavs_Celmi%C5%86%C5%A1" title="Gustavs Celmiņš">Celmiņš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Miguel_S%C3%A1nchez_Cerro" title="Luis Miguel Sánchez Cerro">Cerro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frits_Clausen" title="Frits Clausen">Clausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Coughlin" title="Charles Coughlin">Coughlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savitri_Devi" title="Savitri Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoin_O%27Duffy" title="Eoin O'Duffy">O'Duffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_%C4%8Eur%C4%8Dansk%C3%BD" title="Ferdinand Ďurčanský">Ďurčanský</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid%27hat_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Mid'hat Frashëri">Frashëri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ali_al-Gaylani" title="Rashid Ali al-Gaylani">al-Gaylani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Genoud" title="François Genoud">Genoud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyula_G%C3%B6mb%C3%B6s" title="Gyula Gömbös">Gömbös</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gustloff" title="Wilhelm Gustloff">Gustloff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_H%C3%A1cha" title="Emil Hácha">Hácha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isgandar_Hamidov" title="Isgandar Hamidov">Hamidov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knut_Hamsun#Racism_and_admiration_for_Hitler" title="Knut Hamsun">Hamsun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrej_Hlinka" title="Andrej Hlinka">Hlinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Qadir_al-Husayni" title="Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni">al-Husayni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amin_al-Husseini" title="Amin al-Husseini">al-Husseini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Beom-seok_(prime_minister)" title="Lee Beom-seok (prime minister)">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Linderman" title="Vladimir Linderman">Linderman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimitrije_Ljoti%C4%87" title="Dimitrije Ljotić">Ljotić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Lugones" title="Leopoldo Lugones">Lugones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hristo_Lukov" title="Hristo Lukov">Lukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mach" title="Alexander Mach">Mach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Emilio_Madero" title="Pablo Emilio Madero">Madero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximiliano_Hern%C3%A1ndez_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Maximiliano Hernández Martínez">Martínez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Merlika-Kruja" title="Mustafa Merlika-Kruja">Merlika-Kruja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Noreika" title="Jonas Noreika">Noreika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boles%C5%82aw_Piasecki" title="Bolesław Piasecki">Piasecki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Per%C3%B3n" title="Juan Perón">Perón</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaek_Phibunsongkhram" title="Plaek Phibunsongkhram">Phibunsongkhram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Rol%C3%A3o_Preto" title="Francisco Rolão Preto">Preto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aisin-Gioro_Puyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aisin-Gioro Puyi">Puyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidkun_Quisling" title="Vidkun Quisling">Quisling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Pablo_Ram%C3%ADrez" title="Pedro Pablo Ramírez">Ramírez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee">Rhee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_la_Riva-Ag%C3%BCero_y_Osma" title="José de la Riva-Agüero y Osma">Riva-Agüero y Osma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Rupnik" title="Leon Rupnik">Rupnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoun_Saadeh" title="Antoun Saadeh">Saadeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%ADnio_Salgado" title="Plínio Salgado">Salgado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayez_Sayigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Fayez Sayigh">Sayigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vojislav_%C5%A0e%C5%A1elj" title="Vojislav Šešelj">Šešelj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Sz%C3%A1lasi" title="Ferenc Szálasi">Szálasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Terre%27Blanche" title="Eugène Terre'Blanche">Terre'Blanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jozef_Tiso" title="Jozef Tiso">Tiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_Tsankov" title="Aleksandar Tsankov">Tsankov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varg_Vikernes" title="Varg Vikernes">Vikernes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meir_Weinstein" title="Meir Weinstein">Weinstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Works" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Works</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1776_Returns" title="1776 Returns">1776 Returns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Conquista_del_Estado" title="La Conquista del Estado">La Conquista del Estado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Culture_of_Critique_series" title="The Culture of Critique series">The Culture of Critique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defiance_(book)" title="Defiance (book)">Defiance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Did_Six_Million_Really_Die%3F" title="Did Six Million Really Die?">Did Six Million Really Die?</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Doctrine_of_Fascism" title="The Doctrine of Fascism">The Doctrine of Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Manifesto" title="Fascist Manifesto">Fascist Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_My_Legionaries" title="For My Legionaries">For My Legionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundations_of_Geopolitics" title="Foundations of Geopolitics">The Foundations of Geopolitics: The Geopolitical Future of Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fourth_Political_Theory" title="The Fourth Political Theory">The Fourth Political Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitlers_Zweites_Buch" title="Hitlers Zweites Buch">Hitlers Zweites Buch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_(Pierce_novel)" title="Hunter (Pierce novel)">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Man" title="Impeachment of Man">Impeachment of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperium:_The_Philosophy_of_History_and_Politics" title="Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics">Imperium: The Philosophy of History and Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An_Investigation_of_Global_Policy_with_the_Yamato_Race_as_Nucleus" title="An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus">An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokutairon_and_Pure_Socialism" title="Kokutairon and Pure Socialism">Kokutairon and Pure Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Will_of_a_Russian_Fascist" title="The Last Will of a Russian Fascist">The Last Will of a Russian Fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_Race" title="Manifesto of Race">Manifesto of Race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifesto_of_the_Fascist_Intellectuals" title="Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals">Manifesto of the Fascist Intellectuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Autobiography_(Mussolini_book)" title="My Autobiography (Mussolini book)">My Autobiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Life_(Mosley_autobiography)" title="My Life (Mosley autobiography)">My Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_the_Twentieth_Century" title="The Myth of the Twentieth Century">The Myth of the Twentieth Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPROP!" title="OPROP!">OPROP!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Race_Will_Rule_Undisputed_Over_The_World" title="Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World">Our Race Will Rule Undisputed Over The World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantische_Rompilger" title="Protestantische Rompilger">Protestantische Rompilger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Racial_Program_for_the_Twentieth_Century" title="A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century">A Racial Program for the Twentieth Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_(Mason_book)" title="Siege (Mason book)">Siege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Turner_Diaries" title="The Turner Diaries">The Turner Diaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Warning_to_the_Hindus" title="A Warning to the Hindus">A Warning to the Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Who_Are_the_Mind_Benders%3F" title="Who Are the Mind Benders?">Who Are the Mind Benders?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periodicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_(newspaper)" title="Action (newspaper)">Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajan_Suunta" title="Ajan Suunta">Ajan Suunta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Alba" title="L'Alba">L'Alba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Alc%C3%A1zar" title="El Alcázar">El Alcázar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Review_(literary_journal)" title="The American Review (literary journal)">The American Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Angriff" title="Der Angriff">Der Angriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arriba_(newspaper)" title="Arriba (newspaper)">Arriba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blackshirt" title="The Blackshirt">The Blackshirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Conquista_del_Estado" title="La Conquista del Estado">La Conquista del Estado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Stormer" title="The Daily Stormer">The Daily Stormer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung">Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Deutsche_M%C3%A4del" title="Das Deutsche Mädel">Das Deutsche Mädel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Difesa_della_Razza" title="La Difesa della Razza">La Difesa della Razza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftheros_Kosmos" title="Eleftheros Kosmos">Eleftheros Kosmos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_European_(1953_magazine)" title="The European (1953 magazine)">The European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashist" title="Fashist">Fashist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashizmi" title="Fashizmi">Fashizmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_France_au_travail" title="La France au travail">La France au travail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritt_Folk" title="Fritt Folk">Fritt Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fronten" title="Fronten">Fronten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A2ndirea" title="Gândirea">Gândirea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovent%C3%B9_Fascista" title="Gioventù Fascista">Gioventù Fascista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Dawn_(magazine)" title="Golden Dawn (magazine)">Golden Dawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamaas" title="Hamaas">Hamaas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrvatski_Domobran" title="Hrvatski Domobran">Hrvatski Domobran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Je_suis_partout" title="Je suis partout">Je suis partout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangura" title="Kangura">Kangura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansallissosialisti" title="Kansallissosialisti">Kansallissosialisti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limonka_(newspaper)" title="Limonka (newspaper)">Limonka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masada2000" title="Masada2000">Masada2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnchener_Beobachter" title="Münchener Beobachter">Münchener Beobachter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nash_Put%27_(newspaper)" title="Nash Put' (newspaper)">Nash Put'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1stup" title="Nástup">Nástup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_Europa" title="Nation Europa">Nation Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neue_Anthropologie" title="Neue Anthropologie">Neue Anthropologie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neues_Volk" title="Neues Volk">Neues Volk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Het_Nieuwe_Volk" title="Het Nieuwe Volk">Het Nieuwe Volk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsk-Tysk_Tidsskrift" title="Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift">Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novopress" class="mw-redirect" title="Novopress">Novopress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norsk-Tysk_Tidsskrift" title="Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift">Norsk-Tysk Tidsskrift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organiser_(magazine)" title="Organiser (magazine)">Organiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchjanya_(magazine)" title="Panchjanya (magazine)">Panchjanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panzerb%C3%A4r" title="Panzerbär">Panzerbär</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parole_der_Woche" title="Parole der Woche">Parole der Woche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Pays_R%C3%A9el" title="Le Pays Réel">Le Pays Réel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Pimpf" title="Der Pimpf">Der Pimpf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Popolo_d%27Italia" title="Il Popolo d'Italia">Il Popolo d'Italia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Reich_(newspaper)" title="Das Reich (newspaper)">Das Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revue_d%27histoire_du_fascisme" title="Revue d'histoire du fascisme">Revue d'histoire du fascisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Das_Schwarze_Korps" title="Das Schwarze Korps">Das Schwarze Korps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfarm%C4%83-Piatr%C4%83" title="Sfarmă-Piatră">Sfarmă-Piatră</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_(magazine)" title="Signal (magazine)">Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siniristi" title="Siniristi">Siniristi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearhead_(magazine)" title="Spearhead (magazine)">Spearhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_St%C3%BCrmer" title="Der Stürmer">Der Stürmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrkische_Post" title="Türkische Post">Türkische Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Der_Umbruch" title="Der Umbruch">Der Umbruch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairas" title="Vairas">Vairas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlajka" title="Vlajka">Vlajka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volk_en_Staat" title="Volk en Staat">Volk en Staat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkischer_Beobachter" title="Völkischer Beobachter">Völkischer Beobachter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Wehrmacht" title="Die Wehrmacht">Die Wehrmacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wochenspruch_der_NSDAP" title="Wochenspruch der NSDAP">Wochenspruch der NSDAP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-style:italic;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%27Armata_Azzurra" title="L'Armata Azzurra">L'Armata Azzurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengasi_(film)" title="Bengasi (film)">Bengasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condottieri_(film)" title="Condottieri (film)">Condottieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daughter_of_the_Samurai" title="The Daughter of the Samurai">The Daughter of the Samurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erbkrank" title="Erbkrank">Erbkrank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa:_The_Last_Battle" title="Europa: The Last Battle">Europa: The Last Battle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Appeal" title="The Great Appeal">The Great Appeal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Guard_(1934_film)" title="The Old Guard (1934 film)">The Old Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raza_(film)" title="Raza (film)">Raza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scipio_Africanus:_The_Defeat_of_Hannibal" title="Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal">Scipio Africanus: The Defeat of Hannibal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Victory_of_Faith" title="The Victory of Faith">Der Sieg des Glaubens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Siege_of_the_Alcazar" title="The Siege of the Alcazar">The Siege of the Alcazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lo_squadrone_bianco" title="Lo squadrone bianco">Lo squadrone bianco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_der_Freiheit:_Unsere_Wehrmacht" class="mw-redirect" title="Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht">Tag der Freiheit: Unsere Wehrmacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumph_of_the_Will" title="Triumph of the Will">Triumph of the Will</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allach_(porcelain)" title="Allach (porcelain)">Allach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Cleansing_(video_game)" title="Ethnic Cleansing (video game)">Ethnic Cleansing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Third_Reich" class="mw-redirect" title="Art of the Third Reich">Art of the Third Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_architecture" title="Fascist architecture">Fascist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heroic_realism" title="Heroic realism">Heroic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva_pop" title="Hindutva pop">Hindutva pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_architecture" title="Nazi architecture">Nazi architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_and_cinema" title="Nazism and cinema">Nazism and cinema</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Organizations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Organizations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahnenerbe" title="Ahnenerbe">Ahnenerbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Fasces_and_Corporations" title="Chamber of Fasces and Corporations">Chamber of Fasces and Corporations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Council_of_Fascism" title="Grand Council of Fascism">Grand Council of Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Way_Faction" title="Imperial Way Faction">Imperial Way Faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Nationalist_Association" title="Italian Nationalist Association">Italian Nationalist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_League_of_the_Reich_for_Physical_Exercise" title="National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise">National Socialist League of the Reich for Physical Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrumvirs" title="Quadrumvirs">Quadrumvirs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activist</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Institute" title="Adelaide Institute">Adelaide Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrarian_Trade_Union_Federation" title="Agrarian Trade Union Federation">Agrarian Trade Union Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Britons" title="The Britons">The Britons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuals_United" title="Casuals United">Casuals United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeVlag" title="DeVlag">DeVlag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Social_Movement" title="European Social Movement">European Social Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Realm_Union" title="Finnish Realm Union">Finnish Realm Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco_National_Foundation" title="Francisco Franco National Foundation">Francisco Franco National Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_New_Germany" title="Friends of New Germany">Friends of New Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_American_Bund" title="German American Bund">German American Bund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GRECE" title="GRECE">GRECE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Link_(UK_organization)" title="The Link (UK organization)">The Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mladorossi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mladorossi">Mladorossi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Europe" title="National Party of Europe">National Party of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Policy_Institute" title="National Policy Institute">National Policy Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Popular_Consciousness" title="National Popular Consciousness">National Popular Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Party_Our_Slovakia" title="People's Party Our Slovakia">People's Party Our Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Force_Party" title="Popular Force Party">Popular Force Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Slovakia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic (Slovakia)">Republic (Slovakia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_Records" title="Resistance Records">Resistance Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Club" title="Right Club">Right Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Fascist_Organization" title="Russian Fascist Organization">Russian Fascist Organization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_youth_organizations" title="List of youth organizations">Youth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adler_und_Falke" title="Adler und Falke">Adler und Falke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Lictor_Youth" title="Albanian Lictor Youth">Albanian Lictor Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Lictor_Youth" title="Arab Lictor Youth">Arab Lictor Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Yuva_Morcha" title="Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha">Bharatiya Janata Yuva Morcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-and-Blacks" title="Blue-and-Blacks">Blue-and-Blacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Lictor_Youth" title="Ethiopian Lictor Youth">Ethiopian Lictor Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Union_of_Youth" title="Fascist Union of Youth">Fascist Union of Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frente_de_Juventudes" title="Frente de Juventudes">Frente de Juventudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Futuwwa_(Palestine)" title="Al-Futuwwa (Palestine)">Al-Futuwwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovent%C3%B9_Italiana_del_Littorio" title="Gioventù Italiana del Littorio">Gioventù Italiana del Littorio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Japan_Youth_Party" title="Great Japan Youth Party">Great Japan Youth Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_Beauty_Society" title="Faith and Beauty Society">Faith and Beauty Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Jungvolk" title="Deutsches Jungvolk">Deutsches Jungvolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungm%C3%A4delbund" title="Jungmädelbund">Jungmädelbund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_German_Girls" title="League of German Girls">League of German Girls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeunesse_Populaire_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Jeunesse Populaire Française">Jeunesse Populaire Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juventudes_de_Acci%C3%B3n_Popular" title="Juventudes de Acción Popular">Juventudes de Acción Popular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_National_Youth_Association" title="Korean National Youth Association">Korean National Youth Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levente_(organization)" title="Levente (organization)">Levente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mocidade_Portuguesa" title="Mocidade Portuguesa">Mocidade Portuguesa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationale_Jeugdstorm" title="Nationale Jeugdstorm">Nationale Jeugdstorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_League_of_Sweden" title="National League of Sweden">National League of Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Liberation_Front" title="National Socialist Liberation Front">National Socialist Liberation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth" title="National Youth">National Youth</a> (Sweden)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_(Italy)" title="National Youth (Italy)">National Youth (Italy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Alliance" title="National Youth Alliance">National Youth Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Organisation_(Greece)" title="National Youth Organisation (Greece)">National Youth Organisation (Greece)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_Nazionale_Balilla" title="Opera Nazionale Balilla">Opera Nazionale Balilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterreichisches_Jungvolk" title="Österreichisches Jungvolk">Österreichisches Jungvolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_First_Party#Patriotic/Eureka_Youth_League" title="Australia First Party">Patriotic/Eureka Youth League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Fascist_Little_Ones" title="Union of Fascist Little Ones">Union of Fascist Little Ones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Young_Fascists_%E2%80%93_Vanguard_(boys)" title="Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (boys)">Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (boys)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Young_Fascists_%E2%80%93_Vanguard_(girls)" title="Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (girls)">Union of Young Fascists – Vanguard (girls)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e_Youth" title="Ustaše Youth">Ustaše Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiking-Jugend" title="Wiking-Jugend">Wiking-Jugend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Front" title="Youth Front">Youth Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fascist_paramilitary" title="Fascist paramilitary">Paramilitary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_terrorism" title="Right-wing terrorism">terrorist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinav_Bharat" title="Abhinav Bharat">Abhinav Bharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Fascist_Militia" title="Albanian Fascist Militia">Albanian Fascist Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomwaffen_Division" title="Atomwaffen Division">Atomwaffen Division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azov_Brigade" title="Azov Brigade">Azov Brigade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajrang_Dal" title="Bajrang Dal">Bajrang Dal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Base_(hate_group)" title="The Base (hate group)">The Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Organization_of_Russian_Nationalists" title="Battle Organization of Russian Nationalists">Battle Organization of Russian Nationalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Brigades" title="Black Brigades">Black Brigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Legion_(Usta%C5%A1e_militia)" title="Black Legion (Ustaše militia)">Black Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackshirts" title="Blackshirts">Blackshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Unity_Party_of_Canada" title="National Unity Party of Canada">Blueshirts (Canada)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blueshirts" title="Blueshirts">Blueshirts</a> (Ireland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_88" title="Column 88">Column 88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combat_Terrorist_Organization" title="Combat Terrorist Organization">Combat Terrorist Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Nation" title="Confederation of the Nation">Confederation of the Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpul_Muncitoresc_Legionar" title="Corpul Muncitoresc Legionar">Corpul Muncitoresc Legionar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Defence_Forces" title="Croatian Defence Forces">Croatian Defence Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_National_Resistance" title="Croatian National Resistance">Croatian National Resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Revolutionary_Brotherhood" title="Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood">Croatian Revolutionary Brotherhood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bugojno_group" title="Bugojno group">Bugojno group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppen" title="Einsatzgruppen">Einsatzgruppen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_di_Azione_Rivoluzionaria" title="Fasci di Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fasci di Azione Rivoluzionaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Armata" title="Falange Armata">Falange Armata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falange_Militia" title="Falange Militia">Falange Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FEAR_(terrorist_group)" title="FEAR (terrorist group)">FEAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Guard" title="Flemish Guard">Flemish Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Legion" title="Flemish Legion">Flemish Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontbann" title="Frontbann">Frontbann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Mexicanist_Action" title="Revolutionary Mexicanist Action">Gold Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilfspolizei" title="Hilfspolizei">Hilfspolizei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hitler_Youth" title="Hitler Youth">Hitler Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Guard" title="Iron Guard">Greenshirts (Romania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Gentile_National_Socialist_Movement" title="South African Gentile National Socialist Movement">Greyshirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimwehr" title="Heimwehr">Heimwehr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirden" title="Hirden">Hirden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlinka_Guard" title="Hlinka Guard">Hlinka Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Defence_Association" title="Hungarian National Defence Association">Hungarian National Defence Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interbrigades" title="Interbrigades">Interbrigades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Wolf_(organization)" title="Iron Wolf (organization)">Iron Wolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Defense_League" title="Jewish Defense League">Jewish Defense League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Defense_Organization" title="Jewish Defense Organization">Jewish Defense Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kataeb_Regulatory_Forces" title="Kataeb Regulatory Forces">Kataeb Regulatory Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C4%83ncieri" title="Lăncieri">Lăncieri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_Wasa" title="Legion Wasa">Legion Wasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehava" title="Lehava">Lehava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lehi_(militant_group)" title="Lehi (militant group)">Lehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levente_(organization)" title="Levente (organization)">Levente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makapili" title="Makapili">Makapili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mano_Blanca" title="Mano Blanca">Mano Blanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Guard_(Italy)" title="National Republican Guard (Italy)">National Republican Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialism_/_White_Power" title="National Socialism / White Power">National Socialism / White Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Guard" title="New Guard">New Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Order_(white_supremacist_group)" title="The Order (white supremacist group)">The Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostm%C3%A4rkische_Sturmscharen" title="Ostmärkische Sturmscharen">Ostmärkische Sturmscharen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodobrana" title="Rodobrana">Rodobrana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Imperial_Movement" title="Russian Imperial Movement">Russian Imperial Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_National_Unity_(2000)" title="Russian National Unity (2000)">Russian National Unity (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S14_(Ukrainian_group)" title="S14 (Ukrainian group)">S14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Volunteer_Corps_(World_War_II)" title="Serbian Volunteer Corps (World War II)">Serbian Volunteer Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicarii_(1989)" title="Sicarii (1989)">Sicarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sich_Battalion" title="Sich Battalion">Sich Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Legion_of_America" title="Silver Legion of America">Silver Shirts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudetendeutsches_Freikorps" title="Sudetendeutsches Freikorps">Sudetendeutsches Freikorps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terror_Against_Terror" title="Terror Against Terror">Terror Against Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Third Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Ukrainian Insurgent Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_People%27s_Militsiya" title="Ukrainian People's Militsiya">Ukrainian People's Militsiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e_Militia" title="Ustaše Militia">Ustaše Militia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkssport" title="Volkssport">Volkssport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Guard" title="Walloon Guard">Walloon Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walloon_Legion" title="Walloon Legion">Walloon Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Group" title="Wagner Group">Wagner Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rusich_Group" title="Rusich Group">Rusich Group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weerbaarheidsafdeling" title="Weerbaarheidsafdeling">Weerbaarheidsafdeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werwolf" title="Werwolf">Werwolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westland_New_Post" title="Westland New Post">Westland New Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokusan_Sonendan" title="Yokusan Sonendan">Yokusan Sonendan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Front" title="Youth Front">Youth Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Student</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhil_Bharatiya_Vidyarthi_Parishad" title="Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad">Akhil Bharatiya Vidyarthi Parishad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avanguardia_Giovanile_Fascista" title="Avanguardia Giovanile Fascista">Avanguardia Giovanile Fascista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frente_de_Estudiantes_Sindicalistas" title="Frente de Estudiantes Sindicalistas">Frente de Estudiantes Sindicalistas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Student_Union" title="German Student Union">German Student Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_German_Students%27_League" title="National Socialist German Students' League">National Socialist German Students' League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindicato_Espa%C3%B1ol_Universitario" title="Sindicato Español Universitario">Sindicato Español Universitario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Action_(Italy)" title="Student Action (Italy)">Student Action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSDAP/AO" class="mw-redirect" title="NSDAP/AO">NSDAP/AO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ODESSA" title="ODESSA">ODESSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1900s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herero_and_Nama_genocide#Link_between_the_Herero_genocide_and_the_Holocaust" title="Herero and Nama genocide">Herero and Nama genocide and the Holocaust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1910s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arditi" title="Arditi">Arditi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascio" title="Fascio">Fascio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasci_d%27Azione_Rivoluzionaria" title="Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria">Fasci d'Azione Rivoluzionaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_and_the_Holocaust" title="Armenian genocide and the Holocaust">Armenian genocide and the Holocaust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1920s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Rome" title="March on Rome">March on Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu_incident" title="Corfu incident">Corfu incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acerbo_Law" title="Acerbo Law">Acerbo Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_Hall_Putsch" title="Beer Hall Putsch">Beer Hall Putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aventine_Secession_(20th_century)" title="Aventine Secession (20th century)">Aventine Secession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_battles" title="Italian economic battles">Italian economic battles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Faisceau" title="Le Faisceau">Le Faisceau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28_May_1926_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="28 May 1926 coup d'état">28 May 1926 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_genocide" title="Libyan genocide">Libyan genocide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1930s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/March_of_the_Iron_Will" title="March of the Iron Will">March of the Iron Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/November_1932_German_federal_election" title="November 1932 German federal election">November 1932 German federal election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1933_German_federal_election" title="March 1933 German federal election">March 1933 German federal election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933" title="Enabling Act of 1933">Enabling Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Civil_War" title="Austrian Civil War">Austrian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_Putsch" title="July Putsch">July Putsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1934_Montreux_Fascist_conference" title="1934 Montreux Fascist conference">1934 Montreux Fascist conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Holocaust" title="Romani Holocaust">Romani Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_of_August_Regime" title="4th of August Regime">4th of August Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_crimes_against_the_Polish_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi crimes against the Polish nation">Nazi crimes against the Polish nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">End in Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg Trials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Tokyo Trials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_by_or_about_Adolf_Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="List of books by or about Adolf Hitler">Books about Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_British_fascist_parties" title="List of British fascist parties">British fascist parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country" title="List of fascist movements by country">Fascist movements by country</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country_A%E2%80%93F" title="List of fascist movements by country A–F">A-F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country_G%E2%80%93M" title="List of fascist movements by country G–M">G-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country_N%E2%80%93T" title="List of fascist movements by country N–T">N-T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fascist_movements_by_country_U%E2%80%93Z" title="List of fascist movements by country U–Z">U-Z</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_ideologues" title="List of Nazi ideologues">Nazi ideologues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nazi_Party_leaders_and_officials" title="List of Nazi Party leaders and officials">Nazi leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_of_Italian_fascist_parties" title="List of secretaries of Italian fascist parties">Secretaries of Italian fascist parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speeches_given_by_Adolf_Hitler" title="List of speeches given by Adolf Hitler">Speeches by Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_SS_personnel" title="List of SS personnel">SS personnel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain#Francoism" title="Francoist Spain">Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">Maurrassisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinochetism" title="Pinochetism">Pinochetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right" title="Alt-right">Alt-right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alt-lite" title="Alt-lite">Alt-lite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-right_pipeline" title="Alt-right pipeline">Alt-right pipeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alt-tech" title="Alt-tech">Alt-tech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identitarian_movement" title="Identitarian movement">Identitarian movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlusconism" title="Berlusconism">Berlusconism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Revolution" title="Conservative Revolution">Conservative Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europe_a_Nation" title="Europe a Nation">Europe a Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_(insult)" title="Fascist (insult)">Fascist (epithet)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_mysticism" title="Fascist mysticism">Fascist mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudal_fascism" title="Feudal fascism">Feudal fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-scale_(personality_test)" title="F-scale (personality test)">F-scale (personality test)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garveyism" title="Garveyism">Garveyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanisation" title="Germanisation">Germanisation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanisation_of_Poles_during_the_Partitions" title="Germanisation of Poles during the Partitions">of Poles during the Partitions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italianization" title="Italianization">Italianization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italianization_of_South_Tyrol" title="Italianization of South Tyrol">of South Tyrol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanization" title="Japanization">Japanization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morenazi" title="Morenazi">Morenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neosocialism" title="Neosocialism">Neosocialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Para-fascism" title="Para-fascism">Para/semi-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-fascism" title="Post-fascism">Post-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-fascism" title="Proto-fascism">Proto-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_fascism" title="Red fascism">Red fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red%E2%80%93green%E2%80%93brown_alliance" title="Red–green–brown alliance">Red–green–brown alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_salute" title="Roman salute">Roman salute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sansepolcrismo" title="Sansepolcrismo">Sansepolcrismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">Scientific racism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aryanism" title="Aryanism">Aryanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordicism" title="Nordicism">Nordicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_fascism" title="Social fascism">Social fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorelianism" title="Sorelianism">Sorelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synarchism" title="Synarchism">Synarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szeged_Idea" title="Szeged Idea">Szeged Idea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_fascism" title="Donald Trump and fascism">Donald Trump and fascism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lkisch_movement" title="Völkisch movement">Völkisch movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Women in Nazi Germany">Women in Nazi Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fascism" title="Category:Fascism">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Antisemitism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Antisemitism_footer" title="Template:Antisemitism footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Antisemitism_footer" title="Template talk:Antisemitism footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Antisemitism_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Antisemitism footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Antisemitism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_trope" title="Antisemitic trope">Canards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_antisemitism" title="Economic antisemitism">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of antisemitism">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism" title="History of antisemitism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Religious antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_studies" title="Antisemitism studies">Antisemitism studies</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism_in_the_Americas" title="Nazism in the Americas">Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Propaganda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_antisemitism" title="New antisemitism">New antisemitism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Ds_of_antisemitism" title="Three Ds of antisemitism">Three Ds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_definition_of_antisemitism" title="Working definition of antisemitism">Working definition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_antisemitism" title="Racial antisemitism">Racial antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rootless_cosmopolitan" title="Rootless cosmopolitan">Rootless cosmopolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_antisemitism" title="Secondary antisemitism">Secondary antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stereotypes_of_Jews" title="Stereotypes of Jews">Stereotypes of Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism" title="Timeline of antisemitism">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism_in_the_19th_century" title="Timeline of antisemitism in the 19th century">19th <abbr title="Century">C.</abbr></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism_in_the_20th_century" title="Timeline of antisemitism in the 20th century">20th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_antisemitism_in_the_21st_century" title="Timeline of antisemitism in the 21st century">21st</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antisemitism and</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Christianity" title="Antisemitism in Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_and_the_New_Testament" title="Antisemitism and the New Testament">New Testament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Islam" title="Antisemitism in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_antisemitism" title="Medieval antisemitism">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam_and_antisemitism" title="Nation of Islam and antisemitism">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Olympic_Games" title="Antisemitism in the Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Soviet_mathematics" title="Antisemitism in Soviet mathematics">Soviet mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universities_and_antisemitism" title="Universities and antisemitism">Universities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Christian Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Marxism_conspiracy_theory" title="Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory">Cultural Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_genocide_theory" title="Double genocide theory">Double genocide theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">International Jewish conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_International_Jew" title="The International Jew">The International Jew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Jewish Bolshevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBydokomuna" title="Żydokomuna">Żydokomuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khazar_hypothesis_of_Ashkenazi_ancestry" title="Khazar hypothesis of Ashkenazi ancestry">Khazar theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf" title="Mein Kampf">Mein Kampf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf_in_Arabic" title="Mein Kampf in Arabic">in Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mein_Kampf_in_English" title="Mein Kampf in English">in English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_during_the_Black_Death" title="Persecution of Jews during the Black Death">Persecution of Jews during the Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Jews_and_Their_Lies" title="On the Jews and Their Lies">On the Jews and Their Lies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosemitism" title="Philosemitism">Philosemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">The Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_imprints_of_The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="Contemporary imprints of The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">Contemporary imprints</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Relationship_Between_Blacks_and_Jews" title="The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews">The Secret Relationship Between Blacks and Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-hating_Jew" title="Self-hating Jew">Self-hating Jew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">Xenophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaponization_of_antisemitism" title="Weaponization of antisemitism">Weaponization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_antisemitism" title="Zionist antisemitism">Zionist antisemitism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Religious antisemitism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_deicide" title="Jewish deicide">Jewish deicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Catholic Inquisition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Inquisition" title="Portuguese Inquisition">Portuguese Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Inquisition" title="Roman Inquisition">Roman Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Rhineland massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_and_antisemitism" title="Martin Luther and antisemitism">Martin Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_curse" title="Blood curse">Blood curse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Host_desecration" title="Host desecration">Host desecration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judensau" title="Judensau">Judensau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogrom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Antisemitic laws, policies and government actions</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_benches" title="Ghetto benches">Ghetto benches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hep-Hep_riots" title="Hep-Hep riots">Hep-Hep riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Pogroms in the Russian Empire">Pogroms in the Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Laws" title="May Laws">May Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Polish_political_crisis" title="1968 Polish political crisis">1968 Polish political crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Anti-Zionist_League" title="Jewish Anti-Zionist League">Jewish Anti-Zionist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Frank" title="Leo Frank">Leo Frank trial (US)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreyfus_affair" title="Dreyfus affair">Dreyfus Affair (France)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menahem_Mendel_Beilis" title="Menahem Mendel Beilis">Beilis trial (Russian Empire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farhud" title="Farhud">Farhud (Iraq)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionist_League_in_Iraq" title="Anti-Zionist League in Iraq">Anti-Zionist League (Iraq)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Order_No._11_(1862)" title="General Order No. 11 (1862)">General Order No. 11 (US, 1862)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_policy_of_Nazi_Germany" title="Racial policy of Nazi Germany">Racial policy of Nazi Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Final_Solution" title="Final Solution">Final Solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-cosmopolitan_campaign" title="Anti-cosmopolitan campaign">Anti-cosmopolitan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_of_the_Murdered_Poets" title="Night of the Murdered Poets">Night of the Murdered Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sl%C3%A1nsk%C3%BD_trial" title="Slánský trial">Slánský trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_plot" title="Doctors' plot">Doctors' plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge">Yellow badge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Occupation_Government_conspiracy_theory" title="Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory">ZOG conspiracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antisemitism on the internet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible_Believers" title="Bible Believers">Bible Believers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Stormer" title="The Daily Stormer">The Daily Stormer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_for_Historical_Review" title="Institute for Historical Review">Institute for Historical Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jew_Watch" title="Jew Watch">Jew Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapedia" title="Metapedia">Metapedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Cobb" title="Craig Cobb">Podblanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Islam" title="Radio Islam">Radio Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redwatch" title="Redwatch">Redwatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(blog)" title="The Right Stuff (blog)">The Right Stuff (blog)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormfront_(website)" title="Stormfront (website)">Stormfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_and_antisemitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia and antisemitism">Wikipedia and antisemitism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Persecution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhineland_massacres" title="Rhineland massacres">Rhineland massacres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_during_the_Black_Death" title="Persecution of Jews during the Black Death">Black Death persecutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Jewish_boycotts" title="Anti-Jewish boycotts">Boycotts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsions_and_exoduses_of_Jews" title="Expulsions and exoduses of Jews">Expulsions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quarter_(diaspora)" title="Jewish quarter (diaspora)">Jewish quarter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_ghettos_in_Europe" title="Jewish ghettos in Europe">Ghettos in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellah" title="Mellah">Mellah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_hat" title="Jewish hat">Jewish hat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_quota" title="Jewish quota">Jewish quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judensau" title="Judensau">Judensau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_in_Judaism" title="Martyrdom in Judaism">Martyrdom in Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Laws" title="Nuremberg Laws">Nuremberg Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pale_of_Settlement" title="Pale of Settlement">Pale of Settlement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">Pogroms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refusenik" title="Refusenik">Refuseniks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain" title="Expulsion of Jews from Spain">Expulsion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_badge" title="Yellow badge">Yellow badge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Organizations working against antisemitism</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">Anti-Defamation League (ADL)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Area_Holocaust_Oral_History_Project" title="Bay Area Holocaust Oral History Project">Bay Area Holocaust Oral History Project (BAHOHP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Security_Trust" title="Community Security Trust">Community Security Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Media_Research_Institute" title="Middle East Media Research Institute">Middle East Media Research Institute (MEMRI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Wiesenthal_Center" title="Simon Wiesenthal Center">Simon Wiesenthal Center (SWC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center" title="Southern Poverty Law Center">Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Roth_Institute" title="Stephen Roth Institute">Stephen Roth Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Arab_world" title="Antisemitism in the Arab world">Arab world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Antisemitism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Argentina" title="Antisemitism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Australia" title="Antisemitism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Canada" title="Antisemitism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_China" title="Antisemitism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Chile" title="Antisemitism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Antisemitism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Europe" title="Antisemitism in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Austria" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Belgium" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_France" title="Antisemitism in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_France" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century France">21st century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_Germany" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Greece" title="Antisemitism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Hungary" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_21st-century_Italy" title="Antisemitism in 21st-century Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_contemporary_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in contemporary Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Romania" title="Antisemitism in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Russia" title="Antisemitism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Antisemitism in the Russian Empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Soviet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Spain" title="Antisemitism in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Sweden" title="Antisemitism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Ukraine" title="Antisemitism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Antisemitism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_UK_Conservative_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in the UK Conservative Party">Conservative Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_British_Labour_Party" title="Antisemitism in the British Labour Party">Labour Party</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Japan" title="Antisemitism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Mexico" title="Antisemitism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_New_Zealand" title="Antisemitism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Racism in the State of Palestine">Palestinian Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Pakistan" title="Antisemitism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_South_Africa" title="Antisemitism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Turkey" title="Antisemitism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="Antisemitism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_antisemitism_in_the_United_States" title="History of antisemitism in the United States">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_United_States_in_the_21st_century" class="mw-redirect" title="Antisemitism in the United States in the 21st century">21st century</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Venezuela" title="Antisemitism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Political_philosophy" title="Template talk:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Political_philosophy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Political philosophy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_philosophy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">Political philosophy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People" title="People">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">Bellum omnium contra omnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">Body politic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a model for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">Monopoly on violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_lie" title="Noble lie">Noble lie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_position" title="Original position">Original position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">State of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_philosophers" title="List of political philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_political_philosophy" title="Plato's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobbes%27s_moral_and_political_philosophy" title="Hobbes's moral and political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal%27s_political_philosophy" title="Muhammad Iqbal's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy_of_Immanuel_Kant" title="Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Mosca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a> (c. 375 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a> (c. 350 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a> (51 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a> (c. 1274)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a> (1313)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a> (1532)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a> (1651)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a> (1689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a> (1748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a> (1762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a> (1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a> (1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a> (1820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a> (1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Masses" title="The Revolt of the Masses">The Revolt of the Masses</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Society_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Open Society and Its Enemies">The Open Society and Its Enemies</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" title="The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a> (1992)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism and individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractualism" title="Contractualism">Contractualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_for_the_state" title="Justification for the state">Justification for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_(politics)" title="Machiavellianism (politics)">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ethics" title="Political ethics">Political ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_social_and_political_philosophy_articles" title="Index of social and political philosophy articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_philosophy" title="Category:Political philosophy">Category:Political philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Authoritarian_and_totalitarian_forms_of_government" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Authoritarian_types_of_rule" title="Template:Authoritarian types of rule"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Authoritarian_types_of_rule" title="Template talk:Authoritarian types of rule"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Authoritarian_types_of_rule" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Authoritarian types of rule"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Authoritarian_and_totalitarian_forms_of_government" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian</a> forms of <a href="/wiki/Forms_of_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Forms of government">government</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">Tsarist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterintelligence_state" title="Counterintelligence state">Counterintelligence state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benevolent_dictatorship" title="Benevolent dictatorship">Benevolent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_dictatorship" title="Constitutional dictatorship">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictablanda" title="Dictablanda">Dictablanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassroots_dictatorship" title="Grassroots dictatorship">Grassroots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Proletarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_dictatorship" title="Right-wing dictatorship">Right-wing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominant-party_system" title="Dominant-party system">Dominant-party system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarian_democracy" title="Totalitarian democracy">Totalitarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafia_state" title="Mafia state">Mafia state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_state" title="Managerial state">Managerial state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mob_rule" title="Mob rule">Ochlocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">One-party state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_state" title="Police state">Police state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">Socialist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">Tyranny</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Majoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_tyranny" title="Soft tyranny">Soft</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoism">Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziaism" title="Ziaism">Ziaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Authoritarian capitalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinochetism" title="Pinochetism">Pinochetism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_socialism" title="Authoritarian socialism">Authoritarian socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">Caesaropapism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightened_absolutism" title="Enlightened absolutism">Enlightened</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_despotism" title="Soft despotism">Soft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecoauthoritarianism" title="Ecoauthoritarianism">Ecoauthoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecofascism" title="Ecofascism">Eco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-fascism" title="Neo-fascism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Nazism" title="Neo-Nazism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Shōwa Statism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_indices" title="Democracy indices">Democracy indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_state" title="Deep state">Deep state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverted_totalitarianism" title="Inverted totalitarianism">Inverted totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_authoritarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Left-wing authoritarianism">Left-wing authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_authoritarianism" title="Right-wing authoritarianism">Right-wing 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.sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Nazism at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Nazism" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Nazism">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/National_Socialism" class="extiw" title="c:National Socialism">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Nazism" class="extiw" title="q:Nazism">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Nazi_War_Crimes_Disclosure_Act" class="extiw" title="s:Nazi War Crimes Disclosure Act">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4041316-0">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85090131">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb135162986">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb135162986">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00568051">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph1098739&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph115411&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000059929&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" 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