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Available in 65 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">65 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repr%C3%A4sentative_Demokratie" title="Repräsentative Demokratie – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Repräsentative Demokratie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ديمقراطية تمثيلية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ديمقراطية تمثيلية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracia_representativa" title="Democracia representativa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Democracia representativa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jekopytyjoja_oporombuekovi%C3%A1va" title="Jekopytyjoja oporombuekoviáva – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Jekopytyjoja oporombuekoviáva" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BCmay%C9%99nd%C9%99li_demokratiya" title="Nümayəndəli demokratiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nümayəndəli demokratiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="نوماینده‌لی دموکراسی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نوماینده‌لی دموکراسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81i-g%C4%AB_b%C3%AEn-ch%C3%BA" title="Tāi-gī bîn-chú – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tāi-gī bîn-chú" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Представителна демокрация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Представителна демокрация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democr%C3%A0cia_representativa" title="Democràcia representativa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Democràcia representativa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zastupitelsk%C3%A1_demokracie" title="Zastupitelská demokracie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zastupitelská demokracie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repr%C3%A6sentativt_demokrati" title="Repræsentativt demokrati – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Repræsentativt demokrati" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repr%C3%A4sentative_Demokratie" title="Repräsentative Demokratie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Repräsentative Demokratie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esindusdemokraatia" title="Esindusdemokraatia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Esindusdemokraatia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%89%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%85%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B4%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Αντιπροσωπευτική δημοκρατία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αντιπροσωπευτική δημοκρατία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracia_representativa" title="Democracia representativa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Democracia representativa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reprezenta_demokratio" title="Reprezenta demokratio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Reprezenta demokratio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordezkaritzako_demokrazia" title="Ordezkaritzako demokrazia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ordezkaritzako demokrazia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="دموکراسی نیابتی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دموکراسی نیابتی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9mocratie_repr%C3%A9sentative" title="Démocratie représentative – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Démocratie représentative" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%84%EC%A0%91_%EB%AF%BC%EC%A3%BC%EC%A0%9C" title="간접 민주제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="간접 민주제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="प्रतिनिधिक लोकतंत्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्रतिनिधिक लोकतंत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predstavni%C4%8Dka_demokracija" title="Predstavnička demokracija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Predstavnička demokracija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representatibo_a_demokrasia" title="Representatibo a demokrasia – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Representatibo a demokrasia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrasi_perwakilan" title="Demokrasi perwakilan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Demokrasi perwakilan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulltr%C3%BAal%C3%BD%C3%B0r%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Fulltrúalýðræði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fulltrúalýðræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democrazia_rappresentativa" title="Democrazia rappresentativa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Democrazia rappresentativa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%AA" title="דמוקרטיה ייצוגית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דמוקרטיה ייצוגית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Келечилик демократия – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Келечилик демократия" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrasiya_n%C3%BBner%C3%AE" title="Demokrasiya nûnerî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Demokrasiya nûnerî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%95%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%9C%E0%BA%B9%E0%BB%89%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%99" title="ປະຊາທິປະໄຕແບບມີຜູ້ແທນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະຊາທິປະໄຕແບບມີຜູ້ແທນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81rst%C4%81vniecisk%C4%81_demokr%C4%81tija" title="Pārstāvnieciskā demokrātija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pārstāvnieciskā demokrātija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atstovaujamoji_demokratija" title="Atstovaujamoji demokratija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Atstovaujamoji demokratija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9pviseleti_demokr%C3%A1cia" title="Képviseleti demokrácia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Képviseleti demokrácia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Посредна демократија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Посредна демократија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%B7%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="წჷმმარინაფონი დემოკრატია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="წჷმმარინაფონი დემოკრატია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrasi_berperwakilan" title="Demokrasi berperwakilan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Demokrasi berperwakilan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokrasi_perwakilan" title="Demokrasi perwakilan – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Demokrasi perwakilan" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representatieve_democratie" title="Representatieve democratie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Representatieve democratie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%96%93%E6%8E%A5%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="間接民主主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="間接民主主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representativt_demokrati" title="Representativt demokrati – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Representativt demokrati" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representativt_demokrati" title="Representativt demokrati – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Representativt demokrati" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracia_representativa" title="Democracia representativa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Democracia representativa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C" title="ਅਪ੍ਰਤੱਖ ਲੋਕਰਾਜ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਪ੍ਰਤੱਖ ਲੋਕਰਾਜ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demokracja_po%C5%9Brednia" title="Demokracja pośrednia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Demokracja pośrednia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democracia_representativa" title="Democracia representativa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Democracia representativa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democra%C8%9Bie_reprezentativ%C4%83" title="Democrație reprezentativă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Democrație reprezentativă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Представительная демократия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Представительная демократия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirect_democracy" title="Indirect democracy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Indirect democracy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%AC%D9%85%DA%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="پارلياماني جمھوريت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پارلياماني جمھوريت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepriama_demokracia" title="Nepriama demokracia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nepriama demokracia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="دیموکراسییەتی نوێنەرایەتی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دیموکراسییەتی نوێنەرایەتی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Представничка демократија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Представничка демократија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Predstavni%C4%8Dka_demokratija" title="Predstavnička demokratija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Predstavnička demokratija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edustuksellinen_demokratia" title="Edustuksellinen demokratia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Edustuksellinen demokratia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Representativ_demokrati" title="Representativ demokrati – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Representativ demokrati" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF" title="சார்பாண்மை மக்களாட்சி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சார்பாண்மை மக்களாட்சி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%99" title="ประชาธิปไตยแบบมีผู้แทน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประชาธิปไตยแบบมีผู้แทน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temsil%C3%AE_demokrasi" title="Temsilî demokrasi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Temsilî demokrasi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Представницька демократія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Представницька демократія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B7%DB%81_%D8%AC%D9%85%DB%81%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="بالواسطہ جمہوریت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بالواسطہ جمہوریت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A2n_ch%E1%BB%A7_%C4%91%E1%BA%A1i_ngh%E1%BB%8B" title="Dân chủ đại nghị – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Dân chủ đại nghị" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%AE%AE%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E5%88%B6" title="代议民主制 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="代议民主制" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92%E1%B9%A3%C3%A8l%C3%BA_a%E1%B9%A3oj%C3%BA" title="Òṣèlú aṣojú – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Òṣèlú aṣojú" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%AD%B0%E6%94%BF%E5%88%B6" title="代議政制 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="代議政制" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%AD%B0%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB" title="代議民主 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="代議民主" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.5em; background:transparent;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_democracy" title="History of democracy">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Democracy#Theory" title="Democracy">Theory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_indices" title="Democracy indices">Indices</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Types_of_democracy" title="Types of democracy">Types</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anticipatory_democracy" title="Anticipatory democracy">Anticipatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_democracy" title="Cellular democracy">Cellular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consensus_democracy" title="Consensus democracy">Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_democracy" title="Conservative democracy">Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_democracy" title="Cosmopolitan democracy">Cosmopolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defensive_democracy" title="Defensive democracy">Defensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deliberative_democracy" title="Deliberative democracy">Deliberative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-democracy" title="E-democracy">Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empowered_democracy" title="Empowered democracy">Empowered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_democracy" title="Ethnic democracy">Ethnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassroots_democracy" title="Grassroots democracy">Grassroots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_democracy" title="Guided democracy">Guided</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regime" title="Hybrid regime">Hybrid regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_Democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive Democracy">Inclusive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_democracy" title="Industrial democracy">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffersonian_democracy" title="Jeffersonian democracy">Jeffersonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal</a> / <a href="/wiki/Illiberal_democracy" title="Illiberal democracy">Illiberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_democracy" title="Liquid democracy">Liquid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majoritarian_democracy" title="Majoritarian democracy">Majoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_democracy" title="Media democracy">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monitory_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Monitory democracy">Monitory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">Multiparty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-partisan_democracy" title="Non-partisan democracy">Non-partisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_democracy" title="Oral democracy">Oral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Participatory_democracy" title="Participatory democracy">Participatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralist_democracy" title="Pluralist democracy">Pluralist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_democracy" title="Popular democracy">Popular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedural_democracy" title="Procedural democracy">Procedural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_democracy" title="Radical democracy">Radical</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Representative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_democracy" title="Religious democracy">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_democracy" title="Islam and democracy">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_and_democratic_state" title="Jewish and democratic state">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Mormon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sectarian_democracy" title="Sectarian democracy">Sectarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anocracy" title="Anocracy">Semi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-direct_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-direct democracy">Semi-direct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocracy" title="Sociocracy">Sociocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_democracy" title="Sovereign democracy">Sovereign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Substantive democracy">Substantive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supermajority" title="Supermajority">Supermajority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarian_democracy" title="Totalitarian democracy">Totalitarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_democracy" title="Workplace democracy">Workplace</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_assembly" title="Citizens' assembly">Citizens' assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_democracy" title="Criticism of democracy">Criticism of democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deliberative_referendum" title="Deliberative referendum">Deliberative referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding" title="Democratic backsliding">Democratic backsliding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_capitalism" title="Democratic capitalism">Democratic capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_centralism" title="Democratic centralism">Democratic centralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_confederalism" title="Democratic confederalism">Democratic confederalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_peace_theory" title="Democratic peace theory">Democratic peace theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_republic" title="Democratic republic">Democratic republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">Democratic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_transition" title="Democratic transition">Democratic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_and_economic_growth" title="Democracy and economic growth">Democracy and economic growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_promotion" title="Democracy promotion">Democracy promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_competition" title="Electoral competition">Electoral competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative" title="Popular initiative">Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleroterion" title="Kleroterion">Kleroterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majoritarianism" title="Majoritarianism">Majoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majority_rule" title="Majority rule">Majority rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_(parliamentary_procedure)" title="Motion (parliamentary procedure)">Motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mob_rule" title="Mob rule">Ochlocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomination_rules" title="Nomination rules">Nomination rules</a></li> <li><a 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;">Basic forms of <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="display:block; margin-bottom:0.5em; background:transparent;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_forms_of_government" title="List of forms of government">List of forms</a> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_system_of_government" title="List of countries by system of government">List of countries</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Source of power</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a> <span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Polyarchy" title="Polyarchy">rule by many</a>)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Demarchy">Demarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">Direct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Liberal</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Representative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_democracy" title="Socialist democracy">Socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_democracy" title="Types of democracy">Others</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a> <span class="nobold">(rule by few)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anocracy" title="Anocracy">Anocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleptocracy" title="Kleptocracy">Kleptocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kritarchy" title="Kritarchy">Kritarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noocracy" title="Noocracy">Noocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particracy" title="Particracy">Particracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratocracy" title="Stratocracy">Stratocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a> <span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Monocracy" title="Monocracy">rule by one</a>)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship" title="Military dictatorship">Military dictatorship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyranny">Tyranny</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Anarchy" title="Anarchy">Anarchy</a> <span class="nobold">(rule by none)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Power ideology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republic</a></li></ul></div> <span class="nobold">(socio-political ideologies)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directorial_system" title="Directorial system">Directorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">Presidential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_republic" title="Semi-presidential republic">Semi-presidential</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarian</a></li></ul></div> <span class="nobold">(socio-economic ideologies)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribalism" title="Tribalism">Tribalism</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li>Religious</li><li>Secular</li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government" title="Local government">Local</a></li></ul></div> <span class="nobold">(geo-cultural ideologies)</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">City-state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organisation">Intergovernmental organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">National government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_government" title="World government">World government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalism" title="Globalism">Globalism</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Power structure</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Political_unitarism" title="Political unitarism">Unitarism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">Principality</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">Client state</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">Associated state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">Dominion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">Protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">Puppet state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppet_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Puppet monarch">Puppet monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_state" title="Satellite state">Satellite state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governing_colony" title="Self-governing colony">Self-governing colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tributary_state" title="Tributary state">Tributary state</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buffer_state" title="Buffer state">Buffer state</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassal_state" title="Vassal state">Vassal state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty" title="Viceroyalty">Viceroyalty</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devolution" title="Devolution">Devolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstate" title="Superstate">Superstate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">Supranational union</a></li></ul> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Power_(international_relations)" title="Power (international relations)">International relations</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_power" title="Small power">Small power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">Middle power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">Regional power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerging_power" title="Emerging power">Emerging power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">Great power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">Superpower</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <hr /></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup hlist" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">Administrative division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_indices" title="Democracy indices">Democracy indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_transition" title="Democratic transition">Democratic transition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_backsliding" title="Democratic backsliding">Autocratization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratisation">Democratisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_regimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Hybrid regimes">Hybrid regimes</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Basic_forms_of_government" title="Template:Basic forms of government"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Basic_forms_of_government" title="Template talk:Basic forms of government"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Basic_forms_of_government" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Basic forms of government"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Representative democracy</b>, <b>electoral democracy</b> or <b>indirect democracy</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Types_of_democracy" title="Types of democracy">type of democracy</a> where representatives are elected by the public.<sup id="cite_ref-:212_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:212-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nearly all modern <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Western-style democracies</a> function as some type of representative democracy: for example, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>), <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">federal</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a>), <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (a unitary <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">semi-presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (a federal <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential</a> republic).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is different from <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a>, where the public votes directly on laws or policies, rather than representatives.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Political_parties" class="mw-redirect" title="Political parties">Political parties</a> often become prominent in representative democracy if <a href="/wiki/Electoral_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral systems">electoral systems</a> require or encourage voters to vote for political parties or for candidates associated with political parties (as opposed to voting for individual representatives).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Political_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Political theories">political theorists</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Robert_Dahl" title="Robert Dahl">Robert Dahl</a>, Gregory Houston, and Ian Liebenberg) have described representative democracy as <a href="/wiki/Polyarchy" title="Polyarchy">polyarchy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Representative democracy can be organized in different ways including both <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential systems</a> of <a href="/wiki/Form_of_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Form of government">government</a>. Elected representatives typically form a <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislature</a> (such as a parliament or congress), which may be composed of a <a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">single chamber</a> (unicameral), <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">two chambers</a> (bicameral), or <a href="/wiki/Multicameralism" title="Multicameralism">more than two chambers</a> (multicameral). Where two or more chambers exist, their members are often elected in <a href="/wiki/Electoral_system" title="Electoral system">different ways</a>. The power of representatives is usually curtailed by a <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a> (as in a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional democracy">constitutional democracy</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>) or other measures to balance representative power:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>An <a href="/wiki/Independent_judiciary" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent judiciary">independent judiciary</a>, which may have the power to declare legislative acts unconstitutional (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_court" title="Constitutional court">constitutional court</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supreme_court" title="Supreme court">supreme court</a>).</li> <li>The constitution may also provide for some <a href="/wiki/Deliberative_democracy" title="Deliberative democracy">deliberative democracy</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Royal_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Commission">Royal Commissions</a>) or direct popular measures (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Popular_initiative" title="Popular initiative">initiative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Referendum" title="Referendum">referendum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recall_election" title="Recall election">recall elections</a>). However, these are not always binding and usually require some legislative action—legal power usually remains firmly with representatives. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)"><span title="The geographic scope near this tag is ambiguous. (July 2011)">where?</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>In some cases, a <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral legislature</a> may have an "<a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">upper house</a>" that is not directly elected, such as the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate of Canada</a>, which was in turn modeled on the <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Lords" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Lords">British House of Lords</a>.</li></ul> <p>Some political theorists, such as <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke#Representative_Democracy" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a>, believe that part of the duty of a representative is not simply to follow the wishes of the electorate but also to use their own judgment in the exercise of their powers, even if their views are not reflective of those of a majority of voters.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A representative who chooses to execute the wishes of their constituents acts as a delegate. If the representative chooses to use their best judgment and knowledge in making decisions, even when the constituents do not fully agree with the decision, then the representative acts as a trustee. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Representative_democracy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> was the first known state in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> to have a representative government, despite taking the form of a direct government in the <a href="/wiki/Roman_assemblies" title="Roman assemblies">Roman assemblies</a>. The Roman model of governance would inspire many political thinkers over the centuries,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and today's modern representative democracies imitate more the Roman than the Greek model, because it was a state in which supreme power was held by the people and their elected representatives, and which had an elected or nominated leader.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Representative democracy is a form of democracy in which people vote for representatives who then vote on policy initiatives; as opposed to direct democracy, a form of democracy in which people vote on policy initiatives directly.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">European</a> <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> tradition of selecting representatives from the various <a href="/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm" title="Estates of the realm">estates</a> (<a href="/wiki/Social_class" title="Social class">classes</a>, but not as we know them today) to advise/control <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">monarchs</a> led to relatively wide familiarity with representative systems inspired by Roman systems. </p><p>In Britain, <a href="/wiki/Simon_de_Montfort,_6th_Earl_of_Leicester" title="Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester">Simon de Montfort</a> is remembered as one of the fathers of representative government for holding two famous parliaments.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Parliament_(1258)" title="Oxford Parliament (1258)">The first</a>, in 1258, stripped the <a href="/wiki/British_king" class="mw-redirect" title="British king">king</a> of unlimited authority and the second, in 1265, included <a href="/wiki/Simon_de_Montfort%27s_Parliament" title="Simon de Montfort's Parliament">ordinary citizens from the towns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dnb_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dnb-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, in the 17th century, the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a> implemented some of the ideas and systems of <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy#Origins" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a>, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> and passage of the <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_1689" title="Bill of Rights 1689">Bill of Rights 1689</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-refIIP_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-refIIP-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Widening of the voting franchise took place through a series of <a href="/wiki/Reform_Acts" title="Reform Acts">Reform Acts</a> in the 19th and 20th centuries. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> led to the creation of a new <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution of the United States</a> in 1787, with a national legislature based partly on direct elections of representatives every two years, and thus responsible to the electorate for continuance in office. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senators</a> were not directly elected by the people until the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Seventeenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Seventeenth Amendment</a> in 1913. Women, men who owned no property, and Black people, and others not originally given voting rights, in most states eventually <a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States#Background" title="Voting rights in the United States">gained the vote through changes in state and federal law</a> in the course of the 19th and 20th centuries. Until it was repealed by the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Fourteenth Amendment</a> following the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Three-Fifths_Compromise" class="mw-redirect" title="Three-Fifths Compromise">Three-Fifths Compromise</a> gave a disproportionate representation of <a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">slave states</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> relative to the voters in free states.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1789, <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary France">Revolutionary France</a> adopted the <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a> and, although short-lived, the <a href="/wiki/National_Convention" title="National Convention">National Convention</a> was elected by all males in 1792.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Universal_male_suffrage" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal male suffrage">Universal male suffrage</a> was re-established in France in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">French Revolution of 1848</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Representative democracy came into general favour particularly in post-<a href="/wiki/Industrial_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial revolution">industrial revolution</a> <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation states</a> where large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">citizens</a> evinced interest in <a href="/wiki/Politics" title="Politics">politics</a>, but where technology and population figures remained unsuited to direct democracy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Many historians credit the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">Reform Act 1832</a> with launching modern representative democracy in the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USHouseStructure2012-2022_SeatsByState.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/USHouseStructure2012-2022_SeatsByState.png/220px-USHouseStructure2012-2022_SeatsByState.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/USHouseStructure2012-2022_SeatsByState.png/330px-USHouseStructure2012-2022_SeatsByState.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/USHouseStructure2012-2022_SeatsByState.png/440px-USHouseStructure2012-2022_SeatsByState.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1053" /></a><figcaption>The U.S. House of Representatives, one example of representative democracy</figcaption></figure> <p>Globally, a majority of governments in the world are representative democracies, including constitutional monarchies and republics with strong representative branches.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_on_representation_democracy">Research on representation democracy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Representative_democracy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Research on representation democracy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Representation_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Representation (politics)">Representation (politics)</a></div> <p>Separate but related, and very large, bodies of research in <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social science</a> investigate how and how well elected representatives, such as legislators, represent the interests or preferences of one or another constituency. The <a href="/wiki/Empirical_research" title="Empirical research">empirical research</a> shows that representative systems tend to be biased towards the representation of more affluent classes to the detriment of the population at large.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticisms">Criticisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Representative_democracy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Criticisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his book <i><a href="/wiki/Political_Parties_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Political Parties (book)">Political Parties</a></i>, written in 1911, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Robert Michels</a> argues that most representative systems deteriorate towards an <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarchy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Particracy" title="Particracy">particracy</a>. This is known as the <a href="/wiki/Iron_law_of_oligarchy" title="Iron law of oligarchy">iron law of oligarchy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Representative democracies which are stable have been analysed by <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Gasser" title="Adolf Gasser">Adolf Gasser</a> and compared to the unstable representative democracies in his book <i>Gemeindefreiheit als Rettung Europas</i> which was published in 1943 and a second edition in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Adolf Gasser stated the following requirements for a representative democracy in order to remain stable, unaffected by the iron law of oligarchy: </p> <ul><li>Society has to be built up from bottom to top. As a consequence, society is built up by people, who are free and have the power to defend themselves with weapons.</li> <li>These free people join or form local communities. These local communities are independent, which includes <a href="/wiki/Financial_independence" title="Financial independence">financial independence</a>, and they are free to determine their own rules.</li> <li>Local communities join into a higher unit, e.g. a canton.</li> <li>There is no hierarchical <a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">bureaucracy</a>.</li> <li>There is competition between these local communities, e.g. on services delivered or on taxes.</li></ul> <p>A drawback to this type of government is that elected officials are not required to fulfill promises made before their election and are able to promote their own self-interests once elected, providing an incohesive system of governance.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Legislators are also under scrutiny as the system of majority-won legislators voting for issues for the large group of people fosters inequality among the <a href="/wiki/Marginalized" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginalized">marginalized</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Proponents of <a href="/wiki/Direct_democracy" title="Direct democracy">direct democracy</a> criticize representative democracy due to its inherent structure. As the fundamental basis of representative democracy is non inclusive system, in which representatives turn into an <a href="/wiki/Elite_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Elite class">elite class</a> that works behind closed doors, as well as the criticizing the elector system as being driven by a <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalistic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Proposed_solutions">Proposed solutions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Representative_democracy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Proposed solutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The system of <a href="/wiki/Sortition" title="Sortition">stochocracy</a> has been proposed as an improved system compared to the system of representative democracy, where representatives are elected. Stochocracy aims to at least reduce this degradation by having all representatives appointed by <a href="/wiki/Lottery" title="Lottery">lottery</a> instead of by voting. Therefore, this system is also called lottocracy. The system was proposed by the writer Roger de Sizif in 1998 in his book <i>La Stochocratie</i>. Choosing officeholders by lot was also the standard practice in ancient <a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian democracy</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in <a href="/wiki/History_of_India" title="History of India">ancient India</a>. The rationale behind this practice was to avoid <a href="/wiki/Lobbying" title="Lobbying">lobbying</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electioneering" class="mw-redirect" title="Electioneering">electioneering</a> by economic oligarchs. </p><p>The system of <a href="/wiki/Deliberative_democracy" title="Deliberative democracy">deliberative democracy</a> is a mix between a majority-ruled system and a consensus-based system. It allows for representative democracies or direct democracies to coexist with its system of governance, providing an initial advantage.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Representative_democracy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_representation" title="Political representation">Political representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">Proportional representation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Voir_dire" title="Voir dire">Voir dire</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Representative_democracy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:212-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:212_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBlackBrewerShawChandler2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Black_(historian)" title="Jeremy Black (historian)">Black, Jeremy</a>; Brewer, Paul; Shaw, Anthony; Chandler, Malcolm; Cheshire, Gerard; Cranfield, Ingrid; Ralph Lewis, Brenda; Sutherland, Joe; Vint, Robert (2003). <i>World History</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath, Somerset</a>: Parragon Books. p. 341. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-75258-227-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-75258-227-5"><bdi>0-75258-227-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+History&rft.place=Bath%2C+Somerset&rft.pages=341&rft.pub=Parragon+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-75258-227-5&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft.au=Brewer%2C+Paul&rft.au=Shaw%2C+Anthony&rft.au=Chandler%2C+Malcolm&rft.au=Cheshire%2C+Gerard&rft.au=Cranfield%2C+Ingrid&rft.au=Ralph+Lewis%2C+Brenda&rft.au=Sutherland%2C+Joe&rft.au=Vint%2C+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepresentative+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite 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"Cross-border externalities and cooperation among representative democracies". <i>European Economic Review</i>. <b>91</b>: <span class="nowrap">180–</span>208. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.euroecorev.2016.10.003">10.1016/j.euroecorev.2016.10.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10016%2F25180">10016/25180</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Economic+Review&rft.atitle=Cross-border+externalities+and+cooperation+among+representative+democracies&rft.volume=91&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E180-%3C%2Fspan%3E208&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10016%2F25180&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.euroecorev.2016.10.003&rft.aulast=Loeper&rft.aufirst=Antoine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepresentative+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071213045132/http://www.parliament.vic.gov.au/SARC/E-Democracy/Final_Report/Glossary.htm">"Victorian Electronic Democracy, Final Report – Glossary"</a>. 28 July 2005. 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A critical view", in Sergio Fabbrini (editor): <i>Democracy and Federalism in the European Union and the United States: Exploring post-national governance</i>: 195 to 204 (Chapter 13), Abingdon on the Thames: Routledge.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.civiced.org/resources/publications/resource-materials/390-constitutional-democracy">"CONSTITUTIONAL DEMOCRACY"</a>. <i>www.civiced.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.civiced.org&rft.atitle=CONSTITUTIONAL+DEMOCRACY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.civiced.org%2Fresources%2Fpublications%2Fresource-materials%2F390-constitutional-democracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepresentative+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Works of the Right Honourable Edmund Burke. Volume I</i>. London: Henry G. Bohn. 1854. pp. <span class="nowrap">446–</span>8. <q>Certainly, Gentlemen, it ought to be the happiness and glory of a Representative, to live in the strictest union, the closest correspondence, and the most unreserved communication with his constituents. Their wishes ought to have great weight with him; their opinion, high respect; their business, unremitted attention. It is his duty to sacrifice his repose, his pleasures, his satisfactions, to theirs; and above all, ever, and in all cases, to prefer their interest to his own. But his unbiassed opinion, his mature judgment, his enlightened conscience, he ought not to sacrifice to you, to any man, or to any set of men living. These he does not derive from your pleasure; no, nor from the Law and the Constitution. They are a trust from Providence, for the abuse of which he is deeply answerable. Your representative owes you, not his industry only, but his judgment; and he betrays, instead of serving you, if he sacrifices it to your opinion.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Works+of+the+Right+Honourable+Edmund+Burke.+Volume+I&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E446-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.pub=Henry+G.+Bohn&rft.date=1854&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepresentative+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLivyDeOgilvieOakley2002" class="citation book cs1">Livy; De, A.; Ogilvie, R. M.; Oakley, S. P. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZHh7heON3sQC"><i>The early history of Rome: books I-V of The history of Rome from its foundations</i></a>. Penguin Classics. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-044809-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-044809-8"><bdi>0-14-044809-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+early+history+of+Rome%3A+books+I-V+of+The+history+of+Rome+from+its+foundations&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Penguin+Classics&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-14-044809-8&rft.au=Livy&rft.au=De%2C+A.&rft.au=Ogilvie%2C+R.+M.&rft.au=Oakley%2C+S.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZHh7heON3sQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepresentative+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson, 2005, p. 271</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBudge,_Ian2001" class="citation book cs1">Budge, Ian (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=srzDCqnZkfUC&pg=PA224">"Direct democracy"</a>. In Clarke, Paul A.B.; Foweraker, Joe (eds.). <i>Encyclopedia of Political Thought</i>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-19396-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-19396-2"><bdi>978-0-415-19396-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Direct+democracy&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Political+Thought&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-19396-2&rft.au=Budge%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsrzDCqnZkfUC%26pg%3DPA224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepresentative+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJobson2012" class="citation book cs1">Jobson, Adrian (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9gHWamp-TLoC&pg=PA174"><i>The First English Revolution: Simon de Montfort, Henry III and the Barons' War</i></a>. Bloomsbury. pp. <span class="nowrap">173–</span>4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84725-226-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84725-226-5"><bdi>978-1-84725-226-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+English+Revolution%3A+Simon+de+Montfort%2C+Henry+III+and+the+Barons%27+War&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E173-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pub=Bloomsbury&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84725-226-5&rft.aulast=Jobson&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9gHWamp-TLoC%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepresentative+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-30849472">"Simon de Montfort: The turning point for democracy that gets overlooked"</a>. BBC. 19 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2015</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Simon+de+Montfort%3A+The+turning+point+for+democracy+that+gets+overlooked&rft.date=2015-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-30849472&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepresentative+democracy" class="Z3988"></span>; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/11355822/The-January-Parliament-and-how-it-defined-Britain.html">"The January Parliament and how it defined Britain"</a></span>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. 20 January 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/11355822/The-January-Parliament-and-how-it-defined-Britain.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=The+January+Parliament+and+how+it+defined+Britain&rft.date=2015-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2F11355822%2FThe-January-Parliament-and-how-it-defined-Britain.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepresentative+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dnb-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dnb_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorgate1894" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kate_Norgate" title="Kate Norgate">Norgate, Kate</a> (1894). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900/Montfort, Simon of (1208?-1265)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Montfort,_Simon_of_(1208%3F-1265)">"Montfort, Simon of (1208?-1265)" </a></span>. In <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lee" title="Sidney Lee">Lee, Sidney</a> (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a></i>. Vol. 38. London: Smith, Elder & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Montfort%2C+Simon+of+%281208%3F-1265%29&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Smith%2C+Elder+%26+Co&rft.date=1894&rft.aulast=Norgate&rft.aufirst=Kate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepresentative+democracy" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKopsteinLichbachHanson2014" class="citation book cs1">Kopstein, Jeffrey; Lichbach, Mark; Hanson, Stephen E., eds. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L2jwAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA38"><i>Comparative Politics: Interests, Identities, and Institutions in a Changing Global Order</i></a> (4, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">37–</span>9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1139991384" title="Special:BookSources/978-1139991384"><bdi>978-1139991384</bdi></a>. <q>Britain pioneered the system of liberal democracy that has now spread in one form or another to most of the world's countries</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comparative+Politics%3A+Interests%2C+Identities%2C+and+Institutions+in+a+Changing+Global+Order&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.edition=4%2C+revised&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1139991384&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL2jwAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepresentative+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-refIIP-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-refIIP_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141024130317/http://www.ait.org.tw/infousa/zhtw/DOCS/Demopaper/dmpaper2.html">"Constitutionalism: America & Beyond"</a>. Bureau of International Information Programs (IIP), U.S. Department of State. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ait.org.tw/infousa/zhtw/DOCS/Demopaper/dmpaper2.html">the original</a> on 24 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 October</span> 2014</span>. <q>The earliest, and perhaps greatest, victory for liberalism was achieved in England. The rising commercial class that had supported the Tudor monarchy in the 16th century led the revolutionary battle in the 17th and succeeded in establishing the supremacy of Parliament and, eventually, of the House of Commons. What emerged as the distinctive feature of modern constitutionalism was not the insistence on the idea that the king is subject to the law (although this concept is an essential attribute of all constitutionalism). This notion was already well established in the Middle Ages. What was distinctive was the establishment of effective means of political control whereby the rule of law might be enforced. Modern constitutionalism was born with the political requirement that representative government depended upon the consent of citizen subjects... However, as can be seen through provisions in the 1689 Bill of Rights, the English Revolution was fought not just to protect the rights of property (in the narrow sense) but to establish those liberties which liberals believed essential to human dignity and moral worth. The "rights of man" enumerated in the English Bill of Rights gradually were proclaimed beyond the boundaries of England, notably in the American Declaration of Independence of 1776 and in the French Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constitutionalism%3A+America+%26+Beyond&rft.pub=Bureau+of+International+Information+Programs+%28IIP%29%2C+U.S.+Department+of+State&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ait.org.tw%2Finfousa%2Fzhtw%2FDOCS%2FDemopaper%2Fdmpaper2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepresentative+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"We Hold These Truths to be Self-evident;" An Interdisciplinary Analysis of the Roots of Racism & slavery in America Kenneth N. Addison; Introduction P. xxii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/charters_of_freedom_13.html">"Expansion of Rights and Liberties"</a>. National Archives. 30 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Expansion+of+Rights+and+Liberties&rft.pub=National+Archives&rft.date=2015-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.archives.gov%2Fexhibits%2Fcharters%2Fcharters_of_freedom_13.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepresentative+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080827213104/http://mars.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/wc2/lectures/rev892.html">"The French Revolution II"</a>. Mars.wnec.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mars.wnec.edu/~grempel/courses/wc2/lectures/rev892.html">the original</a> on 27 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+French+Revolution+II&rft.pub=Mars.wnec.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmars.wnec.edu%2F~grempel%2Fcourses%2Fwc2%2Flectures%2Frev892.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepresentative+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrench_National_Assembly" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">French National Assembly. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/histoire/suffrage_universel/suffrage-1848.asp">"1848 " Désormais le bulletin de vote doit remplacer le fusil "<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1848+%22+D%C3%A9sormais+le+bulletin+de+vote+doit+remplacer+le+fusil+%22&rft.au=French+National+Assembly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.assemblee-nationale.fr%2Fhistoire%2Fsuffrage_universel%2Fsuffrage-1848.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepresentative+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA._Ricardo_LópezBarbara_Weinstein2012" class="citation book cs1">A. Ricardo López; Barbara Weinstein (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y-wPB0I-5yEC&pg=PA58"><i>The Making of the Middle Class: Toward a Transnational History</i></a>. Duke UP. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0822351290" title="Special:BookSources/978-0822351290"><bdi>978-0822351290</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+the+Middle+Class%3A+Toward+a+Transnational+History&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Duke+UP&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0822351290&rft.au=A.+Ricardo+L%C3%B3pez&rft.au=Barbara+Weinstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY-wPB0I-5yEC%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepresentative+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric J. 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"Mind the gap: Do proportional electoral systems foster a more equal representation of women and men, poor and rich?". <i>International Political Science Review</i>. <b>36</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">78–</span>98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0192512113498830">10.1177/0192512113498830</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145633250">145633250</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Mind+the+gap%3A+Do+proportional+electoral+systems+foster+a+more+equal+representation+of+women+and+men%2C+poor+and+rich%3F&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E78-%3C%2Fspan%3E98&rft.date=2015-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0192512113498830&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145633250%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bernauer&rft.aufirst=Julian&rft.au=Giger%2C+Nathalie&rft.au=Rosset%2C+Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepresentative+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilensPage2014" class="citation journal cs1">Gilens, Martin; Page, Benjamin I. (September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1537592714001595">"Testing Theories of American Politics: Elites, Interest Groups, and Average Citizens"</a>. <i>Perspectives on Politics</i>. <b>12</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">564–</span>581. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1537592714001595">10.1017/S1537592714001595</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Perspectives+on+Politics&rft.atitle=Testing+Theories+of+American+Politics%3A+Elites%2C+Interest+Groups%2C+and+Average+Citizens&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E564-%3C%2Fspan%3E581&rft.date=2014-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1537592714001595&rft.aulast=Gilens&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Page%2C+Benjamin+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS1537592714001595&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepresentative+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarnes2013" class="citation book cs1">Carnes, Nicholas (2013). <i>White-Collar Government: The Hidden Role of Class in Economic Policy Making</i>. 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(March 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarnesLupu2015" class="citation journal cs1">Carnes, Nicholas; Lupu, Noam (January 2015). 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"The Poor Political Representation of the Poor in a Comparative Perspective". <i>Representation</i>. <b>48</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">47–</span>61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00344893.2012.653238">10.1080/00344893.2012.653238</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154081733">154081733</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Representation&rft.atitle=The+Poor+Political+Representation+of+the+Poor+in+a+Comparative+Perspective&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E61&rft.date=2012-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00344893.2012.653238&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154081733%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Giger&rft.aufirst=Nathalie&rft.au=Rosset%2C+Jan&rft.au=Bernauer%2C+Julian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepresentative+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersEnsink2015" class="citation journal cs1">Peters, Yvette; Ensink, Sander J. (4 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01402382.2014.973260">"Differential Responsiveness in Europe: The Effects of Preference Difference and Electoral Participation"</a>. <i>West European Politics</i>. <b>38</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">577–</span>600. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01402382.2014.973260">10.1080/01402382.2014.973260</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153452076">153452076</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=West+European+Politics&rft.atitle=Differential+Responsiveness+in+Europe%3A+The+Effects+of+Preference+Difference+and+Electoral+Participation&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E577-%3C%2Fspan%3E600&rft.date=2015-05-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01402382.2014.973260&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153452076%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Yvette&rft.au=Ensink%2C+Sander+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F01402382.2014.973260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepresentative+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchakelBurgoonHakhverdian2020" class="citation journal cs1">Schakel, Wouter; Burgoon, Brian; Hakhverdian, Armen (March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0032329219897984">"Real but Unequal Representation in Welfare State Reform"</a>. <i>Politics & Society</i>. <b>48</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">131–</span>163. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0032329219897984">10.1177/0032329219897984</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F138869">1887/138869</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214235967">214235967</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Politics+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Real+but+Unequal+Representation+in+Welfare+State+Reform&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E131-%3C%2Fspan%3E163&rft.date=2020-03&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1887%2F138869&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A214235967%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0032329219897984&rft.aulast=Schakel&rft.aufirst=Wouter&rft.au=Burgoon%2C+Brian&rft.au=Hakhverdian%2C+Armen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1177%252F0032329219897984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepresentative+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zur Soziologie des Parteiwesens in der modernen Demokratie. Untersuchungen über die oligarchischen Tendenzen des Gruppenlebens (1911, 1925; 1970). Translated as <i>Sociologia del partito politico nella democrazia moderna : studi sulle tendenze oligarchiche degli aggregati politici</i>, from the German original by Dr. Alfredo Polledro, revised and expanded (1912). Translated, from the Italian, by Eden and Cedar Paul as <i>Political Parties: A Sociological Study of the Oligarchical Tendencies of Modern Democracy'" (Hearst's International Library Co., 1915; Free Press, 1949; Dover Publications, 1959); republished with an introduction by Seymour Martin Lipset (Crowell-Collier, 1962; Transaction Publishers, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7658-0469-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7658-0469-7">0-7658-0469-7</a>); translated in French by S. Jankélévitch, </i>Les partis politiques. Essai sur les tendances oligarchiques des démocraties<i>, Brussels, Editions de l'Université de Bruxelles, 2009 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-8004-1443-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-8004-1443-0">978-2-8004-1443-0</a>).</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gemeindefreiheit als Rettung Europas. Grundlinien einer ethischen Geschichtsauffassung. Verlag Bücherfreunde, Basel 1947. In 1983 republished under: "Gemeindefreiheit – kommunale Selbstverwaltung" (Adolf Gasser/Franz-Ludwig Knemeyer), in de reeks "Studien zur Soziologie", Nymphenburger, München, 1983.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSørensen2016" class="citation journal cs1">Sørensen, Eva (25 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forskning.ruc.dk/da/publications/45ace289-675a-4d49-a03c-fea638fc36cb">"Enhancing policy innovation by redesigning representative democracy"</a>. <i>Policy & Politics</i>. <b>44</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">155–</span>170. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1332%2F030557315X14399997475941">10.1332/030557315X14399997475941</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:156556922">156556922</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/1948833814">1948833814</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Policy+%26+Politics&rft.atitle=Enhancing+policy+innovation+by+redesigning+representative+democracy&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E155-%3C%2Fspan%3E170&rft.date=2016-04-25&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1332%2F030557315X14399997475941&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A156556922%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=S%C3%B8rensen&rft.aufirst=Eva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforskning.ruc.dk%2Fda%2Fpublications%2F45ace289-675a-4d49-a03c-fea638fc36cb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepresentative+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThaa2016" class="citation journal cs1">Thaa, Winfried (3 May 2016). "Issues and images – new sources of inequality in current representative democracy". <i>Critical Review of International Social and Political Philosophy</i>. <b>19</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">357–</span>375. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13698230.2016.1144859">10.1080/13698230.2016.1144859</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147669709">147669709</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Critical+Review+of+International+Social+and+Political+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Issues+and+images+%E2%80%93+new+sources+of+inequality+in+current+representative+democracy&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E357-%3C%2Fspan%3E375&rft.date=2016-05-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13698230.2016.1144859&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147669709%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Thaa&rft.aufirst=Winfried&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepresentative+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRazsaKurnik2012" class="citation journal cs1">Razsa, Maple; Kurnik, Andrej (May 2012). "The Occupy Movement in Žižek's hometown: Direct democracy and a politics of becoming: The Occupy Movement in Žižek's hometown". <i>American Ethnologist</i>. <b>39</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">238–</span>258. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1548-1425.2012.01361.x">10.1111/j.1548-1425.2012.01361.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Ethnologist&rft.atitle=The+Occupy+Movement+in+%C5%BDi%C5%BEek%27s+hometown%3A+Direct+democracy+and+a+politics+of+becoming%3A+The+Occupy+Movement+in+%C5%BDi%C5%BEek%27s+hometown&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E238-%3C%2Fspan%3E258&rft.date=2012-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1548-1425.2012.01361.x&rft.aulast=Razsa&rft.aufirst=Maple&rft.au=Kurnik%2C+Andrej&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepresentative+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeckert2010" class="citation journal cs1">Heckert, Jamie (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecopsychology-journal.eu/v1/EJE%20v1_Heckert.pdf">"Anarchist roots & routes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>European Journal of Ecopsychology</i>. <b>1</b>: <span class="nowrap">19–</span>36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Ecopsychology&rft.atitle=Anarchist+roots+%26+routes&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Heckert&rft.aufirst=Jamie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fecopsychology-journal.eu%2Fv1%2FEJE%2520v1_Heckert.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepresentative+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"1,5". <i>Origins of Democracy in Ancient Greece</i>. Josiah Ober, Robert Wallace, Paul Cartledge, Cynthia Farrar (1st ed.). 15 October 2008. pp. 17, 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520258099" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520258099"><bdi>978-0520258099</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1%2C5&rft.btitle=Origins+of+Democracy+in+Ancient+Greece&rft.pages=17%2C+105&rft.edition=1st&rft.date=2008-10-15&rft.isbn=978-0520258099&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepresentative+democracy" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBohman1997" class="citation book cs1">Bohman, James (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sze.hu/~smuk/Nyilvanossag_torvenyek_CEE/Szakirodalom/Deliberat%C3%ADv%20demokrácia/deliberative%20democracy%20book.pdf#page=72"><i>Deliberative Democracy</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. MIT Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deliberative+Democracy&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Bohman&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sze.hu%2F~smuk%2FNyilvanossag_torvenyek_CEE%2FSzakirodalom%2FDeliberat%25C3%25ADv%2520demokr%C3%A1cia%2Fdeliberative%2520democracy%2520book.pdf%23page%3D72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARepresentative+democracy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Representative_democracy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header"><b>Representative democracy</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects" style="white-space:nowrap;">sister projects</span></a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Representative_democracy" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Representative democracy">Definitions</a></b> from Wiktionary</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-bar-link"><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Democracy" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Democracy">Media</a></b> from Commons</span></li><li class="sister-bar-item"><span class="sister-bar-logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" 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