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<span>Reformation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reformation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-John_Locke_and_the_Enlightenment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#John_Locke_and_the_Enlightenment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>John Locke and the Enlightenment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-John_Locke_and_the_Enlightenment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jefferson_and_the_Bill_of_Rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jefferson_and_the_Bill_of_Rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Jefferson and the Bill of Rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jefferson_and_the_Bill_of_Rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_various_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_various_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>In various countries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_various_countries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In various countries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_various_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Azerbaijan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Azerbaijan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Azerbaijan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Azerbaijan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Quebec" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quebec"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Quebec</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quebec-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Hong Kong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Macau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Macau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>Macau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Macau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Croatia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Croatia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Croatia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Croatia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Finland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.13</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.14</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.15</span> <span>South Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.16</span> <span>Mexico</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.17</span> <span>Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.18</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.19</span> <span>Romania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saudi_Arabia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saudi_Arabia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.20</span> <span>Saudi Arabia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saudi_Arabia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.21</span> <span>Singapore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.22</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.23</span> <span>Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.24</span> <span>Switzerland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.25</span> <span>Taiwan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.26</span> <span>Turkey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.27</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.28</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_treaties_and_court_decisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_treaties_and_court_decisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.28.1</span> <span>Early treaties and court decisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_treaties_and_court_decisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Treaty_of_Paris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Treaty_of_Paris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.28.2</span> <span>The Treaty of Paris</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Treaty_of_Paris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Treaty_of_Tripoli" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Treaty_of_Tripoli"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.28.3</span> <span>The Treaty of Tripoli</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Treaty_of_Tripoli-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Church_of_the_Holy_Trinity_v._United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church_of_the_Holy_Trinity_v._United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.28.4</span> <span>Church of the Holy Trinity v. United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church_of_the_Holy_Trinity_v._United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_of_the_phrase" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_of_the_phrase"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.28.5</span> <span>Use of the phrase</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_of_the_phrase-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pledge_of_Allegiance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pledge_of_Allegiance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.28.6</span> <span>Pledge of Allegiance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pledge_of_Allegiance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uruguay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uruguay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.29</span> <span>Uruguay</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uruguay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Religious views</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Religious_views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Religious views subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Religious_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ahmadiyya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ahmadiyya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Ahmadiyya</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ahmadiyya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Methodism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methodism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Methodism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methodism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reformed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reformed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Reformed</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reformed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catholicism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholicism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Catholicism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholicism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Friendly_and_hostile_separation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Friendly_and_hostile_separation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Friendly and hostile separation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Friendly_and_hostile_separation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Separation of church and state</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B5%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9" title="الفصل بين الكنيسة والدولة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الفصل بين الكنيسة والدولة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A0u-h%C5%8De_kap_kok-ka_%C3%AA_hun-l%C4%AB" title="Kàu-hōe kap kok-ka ê hun-lī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kàu-hōe kap kok-ka ê hun-lī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separaci%C3%B3_entre_l%27Esgl%C3%A9sia_i_l%27Estat" title="Separació entre l'Església i l'Estat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Separació entre l'Església i l'Estat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trennung_zwischen_Staat_und_religi%C3%B6sen_Institutionen" title="Trennung zwischen Staat und religiösen Institutionen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Trennung zwischen Staat und religiösen Institutionen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CF%89%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%AC%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CE%95%CE%BA%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B7%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Χωρισμός Κράτους και Εκκλησίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χωρισμός Κράτους και Εκκλησίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separaci%C3%B3n_Iglesia-Estado" title="Separación Iglesia-Estado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Separación Iglesia-Estado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartigo_de_eklezio_kaj_%C5%9Dtato" title="Apartigo de eklezio kaj ŝtato – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Apartigo de eklezio kaj ŝtato" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%AF%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA" title="جدایی دین از دولت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جدایی دین از دولت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9paration_de_l%27%C3%89glise_et_de_l%27%C3%89tat" title="Séparation de l'Église et de l'État – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Séparation de l'Église et de l'État" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EA%B5%90%EB%B6%84%EB%A6%AC" title="정교분리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="정교분리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%AF%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A5%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82_%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%AA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A8_%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%AB%D6%81" title="Եկեղեցու բաժանումը պետությունից – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Եկեղեցու բաժանումը պետությունից" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A_%E0%A4%94%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="चर्च और राज्य का पृथक्करण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चर्च और राज्य का पृथक्करण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemisahan_agama_dan_negara" title="Pemisahan agama dan negara – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemisahan agama dan negara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%B0skilna%C3%B0ur_r%C3%ADkis_og_kirkju" title="Aðskilnaður ríkis og kirkju – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Aðskilnaður ríkis og kirkju" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separazione_tra_Stato_e_Chiesa" title="Separazione tra Stato e Chiesa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Separazione tra Stato e Chiesa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%93%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94" title="הפרדת הדת מהמדינה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הפרדת הדת מהמדינה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ეკლესიისა და სახელმწიფოს განცალკევება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ეკლესიისა და სახელმწიფოს განცალკევება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separatio_ecclesiae_et_civitatis" title="Separatio ecclesiae et civitatis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Separatio ecclesiae et civitatis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C5%BEny%C4%8Dios_ir_valstyb%C4%97s_atskyrimas" title="Bažnyčios ir valstybės atskyrimas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bažnyčios ir valstybės atskyrimas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81llam_%C3%A9s_egyh%C3%A1z_sz%C3%A9tv%C3%A1laszt%C3%A1sa" title="Állam és egyház szétválasztása – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Állam és egyház szétválasztása" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemisahan_di_antara_agama_dan_negara" title="Pemisahan di antara agama dan negara – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pemisahan di antara agama dan negara" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheiding_van_kerk_en_staat" title="Scheiding van kerk en staat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Scheiding van kerk en staat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%95%99%E5%88%86%E9%9B%A2%E5%8E%9F%E5%89%87" title="政教分離原則 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="政教分離原則" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%88_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA_%D8%A8%DB%90%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="د کلیسا او دولت بېلوالی – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د کلیسا او دولت بېلوالی" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rozdzia%C5%82_Ko%C5%9Bcio%C5%82a_od_pa%C5%84stwa" title="Rozdział Kościoła od państwa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rozdział Kościoła od państwa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Igreja-Estado" title="Separação Igreja-Estado – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Separação Igreja-Estado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separa%C8%9Bia_%C3%AEntre_biseric%C4%83_%C8%99i_stat" title="Separația între biserică și stat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Separația între biserică și stat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Отделение церкви от государства – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Отделение церкви от государства" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndarja_e_fes%C3%AB_nga_shteti" title="Ndarja e fesë nga shteti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ndarja e fesë nga shteti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Separation of church and state" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odluka_cirkvi_od_%C5%A1t%C3%A1tu" title="Odluka cirkvi od štátu – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Odluka cirkvi od štátu" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D1%86%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Одвајање цркве од државе – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Одвајање цркве од државе" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkon_ja_valtion_ero" title="Kirkon ja valtion ero – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kirkon ja valtion ero" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paghihiwalay_ng_simbahan_at_estado" title="Paghihiwalay ng simbahan at estado – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Paghihiwalay ng simbahan at estado" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="அரசும் சமயமும் பிரிதல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அரசும் சமயமும் பிரிதல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3" title="การแยกศาสนจักรกับอาณาจักร – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การแยกศาสนจักรกับอาณาจักร" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Din_ve_devletin_ayr%C4%B1lmas%C4%B1" title="Din ve devletin ayrılması – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Din ve devletin ayrılması" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Відокремлення церкви від держави – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Відокремлення церкви від держави" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%AD%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C" title="کلیسیا اور ریاست کی علیحدگی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کلیسیا اور ریاست کی علیحدگی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1ch_bi%E1%BB%87t_gi%C3%A1o_h%E1%BB%99i_v%C3%A0_ch%C3%ADnh_ph%E1%BB%A7" title="Tách biệt giáo hội và chính phủ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tách biệt giáo hội và chính phủ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%95%99%E5%88%86%E9%9B%A2" title="政教分離 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="政教分離" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%95%99%E5%88%86%E7%A6%BB" title="政教分离 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="政教分离" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q753623#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> 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title="Religious liberty">Religious liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Religious pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_prayer" title="School prayer">School prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_priests_in_public_office" title="Catholic priests in public office">Catholic priests in public office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(politics)" title="Confessionalism (politics)">Confessionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessional_state" title="Confessional state">Confessional state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">Atheist state</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_by_country" title="Freedom of religion by country">Status by country</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;"> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Africa_by_country" title="Freedom of religion in Africa by country">Africa</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Algeria" title="Freedom of religion in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Angola" title="Freedom of religion in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Benin" title="Freedom of religion in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Botswana" title="Freedom of religion in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Freedom of religion in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Burundi" title="Freedom of religion in Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Cameroon" title="Freedom of religion in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Cape_Verde" title="Freedom of religion in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Freedom of religion in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Chad" title="Freedom of religion in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_Comoros" title="Freedom of religion in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Religion in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">DR Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of religion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Mauritania" title="Freedom of religion in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Morocco" title="Freedom of religion in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_South_Africa" title="Freedom of religion in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Sudan" title="Freedom of religion in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Tanzania" title="Freedom of religion in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;"> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_North_America_by_country" title="Freedom of religion in North America by country">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_South_America_by_country" title="Freedom of religion in South America by country">South America</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Brazil" title="Freedom of religion in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Canada" title="Freedom of religion in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Colombia" title="Freedom of religion in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Ecuador" title="Freedom of religion in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Guyana" title="Freedom of religion in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Panama" title="Freedom of religion in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Paraguay" title="Freedom of religion in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of religion in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;"> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Asia_by_country" title="Freedom of religion in Asia by country">Asia</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Afghanistan" title="Freedom of religion in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Armenia" title="Freedom of religion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Freedom of religion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Bangladesh" title="Freedom of religion in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Bhutan" title="Freedom of religion in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Brunei" title="Freedom of religion in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Cambodia" title="Freedom of religion in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_China" title="Freedom of religion in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Cyprus" title="Freedom of religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Freedom of religion in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Freedom of religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_India" title="Freedom of religion in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Indonesia" title="Freedom of religion in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Japan" title="Freedom of religion in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Kazakhstan" title="Freedom of religion in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Laos" title="Freedom of religion in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Malaysia" title="Freedom of religion in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of religion in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Mongolia" title="Freedom of religion in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Myanmar" title="Freedom of religion in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Nepal" title="Freedom of religion in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_North_Korea" title="Freedom of religion in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Pakistan" title="Freedom of religion in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Freedom of religion in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Russia" title="Freedom of religion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Singapore" title="Freedom of religion in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_South_Korea" title="Freedom of religion in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Freedom of religion in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Taiwan" title="Freedom of religion in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Tajikistan" title="Freedom of religion in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Thailand" title="Freedom of religion in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Turkey" title="Freedom of religion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Turkmenistan" title="Freedom of religion in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Uzbekistan" title="Freedom of religion in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Vietnam" title="Freedom of religion in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;"> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Europe_by_country" title="Freedom of religion in Europe by country">Europe</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Albania" title="Freedom of religion in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Andorra" title="Freedom of religion in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Armenia" title="Freedom of religion in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Austria" title="Freedom of religion in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Azerbaijan" title="Freedom of religion in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Belarus" title="Freedom of religion in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Belgium" title="Freedom of religion in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Bulgaria" title="Freedom of religion in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Croatia" title="Freedom of religion in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Cyprus" title="Freedom of religion in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Freedom of religion in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_France" title="Freedom of religion in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Freedom of religion in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Germany" title="Freedom of religion in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Hungary" title="Freedom of religion in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Italy" title="Freedom of religion in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kosovo" title="Religion in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Montenegro" title="Freedom of religion in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_North_Macedonia" title="Freedom of religion in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Norway" title="Freedom of religion in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Romania" title="Freedom of religion in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Russia" title="Freedom of religion in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Serbia" title="Freedom of religion in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Slovakia" title="Freedom of religion in Slovakia">Slovakia </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Slovenia" title="Freedom of religion in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Turkey" title="Freedom of religion in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Ukraine" title="Freedom of religion in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Freedom of religion in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;"> <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Middle_East#Freedom_of_religion" title="Human rights in the Middle East">Middle East</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of religion in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of religion in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Iran" title="Freedom of religion in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Iraq" title="Freedom of religion in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of religion in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Jordan" title="Freedom of religion in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Kuwait" title="Freedom of religion in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Lebanon" title="Freedom of religion in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Oman" title="Freedom of religion in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_State_of_Palestine" title="Freedom of religion in the State of Palestine">Palestinian territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Qatar" title="Freedom of religion in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Freedom of religion in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Syria" title="Freedom of religion in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Freedom of religion in the United Arab Emirates">UAE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Yemen" title="Freedom of religion in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;"> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Oceania_by_country" title="Freedom of religion in Oceania by country">Oceania</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Australia" title="Freedom of religion in Australia">Australia</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#e9e9ff;font-weight:normal;"> Topical</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostasy_in_Islam_by_country" title="Apostasy in Islam by country">Apostasy in Islam by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blasphemy_law" title="Blasphemy law">Blasphemy laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation_laws_by_country" title="Female genital mutilation laws by country">Female genital mutilation laws by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_aspects_of_ritual_slaughter" title="Legal aspects of ritual slaughter">Legal aspects of ritual slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_male_circumcision" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious male circumcision">Religious male circumcision</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religious_persecution" title="Religious persecution">Religious persecution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_traditional_African_religions" title="Persecution of traditional African religions">Traditional African religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrimination_against_atheists" title="Discrimination against atheists">Atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Christophobia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_post%E2%80%93Cold_War_era" title="Persecution of Christians in the post–Cold War era">post–Cold War era</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Mormonism" title="Anti-Mormonism">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Eastern_Orthodox_Christians" title="Persecution of Eastern Orthodox Christians">Eastern Orthodox Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Protestantism" title="Anti-Protestantism">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Hinduism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Hinduphobia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims" title="Persecution of Muslims">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Sunni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Shi%27ism" title="Anti-Shi'ism">Shi'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Ahmadis" title="Persecution of Ahmadis">Ahmadiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_persecution_of_Alevis" title="Ottoman persecution of Alevis">Alevism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Sufis" title="Persecution of Sufis">Sufis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews" title="Persecution of Jews">Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Judaism" title="Anti-Judaism">Anti-Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_antisemitism" title="Religious antisemitism">Religious antisemitism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-cult_movement" title="Anti-cult movement">New religious movements</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_countercult_movement" title="Christian countercult movement">Christian countercult movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_discrimination_against_Neopagans" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious discrimination against Neopagans">Neopaganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Rastafari" title="Persecution of Rastafari">Rastafari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output 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.mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="width:22.0em; border:4px double #C5C12B; background:var( --background-color-base, #FFFFFF ); color: var( --color-base, inherit );"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Liberalism" title="Category:Liberalism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-top:0.6em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Political_colour#Yellow" title="Political colour"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/75px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/113px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Yellow_flag_waving.svg/150px-Yellow_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_liberalism" title="History of liberalism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_liberal_theorists" title="List of liberal theorists">List of liberal theorists</a> (contributions to liberal theory)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Due_process" title="Due process">Due process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">Economic globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Equality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">Legal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_freedom" title="Economic freedom">Economic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Trade</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_principle" title="Harm principle">Harm principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_hand" title="Invisible hand">Invisible hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_theory_of_property" title="Labor theory of property">Labor theory of property</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">Laissez-faire</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negative_liberty" title="Negative liberty">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_liberty" title="Positive liberty">Positive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">Market economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_monopoly" title="Natural monopoly">Natural monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permissive_society" title="Permissive society">Permissive society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">Private</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_property" title="Public property">Public</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">Civil and political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">Natural and legal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">To own property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms" title="Right to keep and bear arms">To bear arms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_services" title="Social services">Social services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">Welfare state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig history</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_liberal_theorists" title="List of liberal theorists">Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Robert_Jacques_Turgot" title="Anne Robert Jacques Turgot">Turgot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamantios_Korais" title="Adamantios Korais">Korais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_De_Gouges" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympe De Gouges">De Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Say" title="Jean-Baptiste Say">Say</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Humboldt" title="Wilhelm von Humboldt">Humboldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ricardo" title="David Ricardo">Ricardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">Guizot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_List" title="Friedrich List">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Martineau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Arnold" title="Matthew Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton">Acton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Hobhouse" title="Leonard Hobhouse">Hobhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Croce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Cassirer" title="Ernst Cassirer">Cassirer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R._G._Collingwood" title="R. G. Collingwood">Collingwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capek" title="Karel Čapek">Čapek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Shih" title="Hu Shih">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Kymlicka" title="Will Kymlicka">Kymlicka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raif_Badawi" title="Raif Badawi">Badawi</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85taj" title="Hugo Kołłątaj">Kołłątaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gervasio_Artigas" title="José Gervasio Artigas">Artigas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785%E2%80%931870)" title="Victor de Broglie (1785–1870)">Broglie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Lamartine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay">Macaulay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth" title="Lajos Kossuth">Kossuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_De%C3%A1k_(politician)" title="Ferenc Deák (politician)">Deák</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Cobden" title="Richard Cobden">Cobden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">Gladstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Cavour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domingo_Faustino_Sarmiento" title="Domingo Faustino Sarmiento">Sarmiento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Mommsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadabhai_Naoroji" title="Dadabhai Naoroji">Naoroji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itagaki_Taisuke" title="Itagaki Taisuke">Itagaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Levski" title="Vasil Levski">Levski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nam%C4%B1k_Kemal" title="Namık Kemal">Kemal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Deakin" title="Alfred Deakin">Deakin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Milyukov" title="Pavel Milyukov">Milyukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">Lloyd George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaarlo_Juho_St%C3%A5hlberg" title="Kaarlo Juho Ståhlberg">Ståhlberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gopal_Krishna_Gokhale" title="Gopal Krishna Gokhale">Gokhale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Rathenau" title="Walther Rathenau">Rathenau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_I._Madero" title="Francisco I. Madero">Madero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi">Einaudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_B._Pearson" title="Lester B. Pearson">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertil_Ohlin" title="Bertil Ohlin">Ohlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leszek_Balcerowicz" title="Leszek Balcerowicz">Balcerowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Verhofstadt" title="Guy Verhofstadt">Verhofstadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Macron" title="Emmanuel Macron">Macron</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div class="excerpt-block"><div class="excerpt"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Liberal_Network" title="Africa Liberal Network">Africa Liberal Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Liberals_and_Democrats_for_Europe_Party" title="Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party">Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Liberal_Federation" title="Arab Liberal Federation">Arab Liberal Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Asian_Liberals_and_Democrats" title="Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats">Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Democratic_Party" title="European Democratic Party">European Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Liberal_Youth" title="European Liberal Youth">European Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Libertarian_Parties" title="International Alliance of Libertarian Parties">International Alliance of Libertarian Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Liberal_Youth" title="International Federation of Liberal Youth">International Federation of Liberal Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_International" title="Liberal International">Liberal International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Network_for_Latin_America" title="Liberal Network for Latin America">Liberal Network for Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Liberal_parties" title="Category:Liberal parties">Liberal parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_South_East_European_Network" title="Liberal South East European Network">Liberal South East European Network</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #C5C12B; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Liberal_parties_by_country" title="Liberal parties by country">Regional variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Europe" title="Liberalism in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_conservatism_in_Latin_America" title="Liberalism and conservatism in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Albania" title="Liberalism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Armenia" title="Liberalism in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Austria" title="Liberalism in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Belgium" title="Liberalism in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Bolivia" title="Liberalism in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Brazil" title="Liberalism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Bulgaria" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Canada" title="Liberalism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Chile" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_China" title="Liberalism in China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Liberalism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Colombia" title="Liberalism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Liberalism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Croatia" title="Liberalism in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cuba" title="Liberalism in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Cyprus" title="Liberalism in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Czechia" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism in Czechia">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Denmark" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_Ecuador" title="Liberalism and radicalism in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Egypt" title="Liberalism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Estonia" title="Liberalism and centrism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_centrism_in_Finland" title="Liberalism and centrism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_radicalism_in_France" title="Liberalism and radicalism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Georgia" title="Liberalism in Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Germany" title="Liberalism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Greece" title="Liberalism in Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venizelism" title="Venizelism">Venizelism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Honduras" 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class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberalism_sidebar" title="Template:Liberalism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberalism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Liberalism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberalism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>separation of church and state</b> is a philosophical and <a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">jurisprudential</a> concept for defining political distance in the relationship between <a href="/wiki/Religious_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious organizations">religious organizations</a> and the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a>. Conceptually, the term refers to the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">secular state</a> (with or without legally explicit church-state separation) and to <b>disestablishment</b>, the changing of an existing, formal relationship between the church and the state.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept originated among early Baptists in America. In 1644, Roger Williams, a puritan minister and founder of the state of Rhode Island and The First Baptist Church in America, was the first public official to call for "a wall or hedge of separation" between "the wilderness of the world" and "the garden of the church."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the concept is older, the exact phrase "separation of church and state" is derived from "wall of separation between Church & State," a term coined by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> in his 1802 letter to members of the Danbury Baptist association in the state of Connecticut.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept was promoted by <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a society, the degree of political separation between the church and the civil state is determined by the legal structures and prevalent legal views that define the proper relationship between organized religion and the state. The <a href="/wiki/Arm%27s_length_principle" title="Arm's length principle">arm's length principle</a> proposes a relationship wherein the two political entities interact as organizations each independent of the authority of the other. The strict application of the secular principle of <i><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_France" title="Secularism in France">laïcité</a></i> is used in France, while secular societies such as Denmark and England maintain a form of constitutional recognition of an official <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>. </p><p>The philosophy of the separation of the church from the civil state parallels the philosophies of <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disestablishmentarianism" title="Disestablishmentarianism">disestablishmentarianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_liberty" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious liberty">religious liberty</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">religious pluralism</a>. By way of these philosophies, the European states assumed some of the social roles of the church in form of the <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>, a social shift that produced a culturally secular population and <a href="/wiki/Public_sphere" title="Public sphere">public sphere</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, church–state separation varies from total separation, mandated by the country's political <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a>, as in <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Singapore" title="Religion in Singapore">Singapore</a>, to a state religion, as in <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_Maldives" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom of religion in the Maldives">the Maldives</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_the_concept_and_term">History of the concept and term</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_church_and_state&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of the concept and term"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The precise origin of the term itself dates to Jefferson and his correspondence with religious denominations, however, the entanglement of religion with government and the state dates back to antiquity when state and religion were often closely associated with one another.<sup id="cite_ref-Jefferson11_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jefferson11-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antiquity_and_late_antiquity">Antiquity and late antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_church_and_state&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Antiquity and late antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carlo_Crivelli_-_St._Augustine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Carlo_Crivelli_-_St._Augustine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/170px-Carlo_Crivelli_-_St._Augustine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="623" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Carlo_Crivelli_-_St._Augustine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/255px-Carlo_Crivelli_-_St._Augustine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Carlo_Crivelli_-_St._Augustine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/340px-Carlo_Crivelli_-_St._Augustine_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1141" data-file-height="4183" /></a><figcaption><i>St. Augustine</i> by <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Crivelli" title="Carlo Crivelli">Carlo Crivelli</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The entanglement of religion with the state has a long history dating back at least to the prosecution and conviction to death of Socrates for impiety in ancient Athens.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An important contributor to the discussion concerning the proper relationship between Church and state was <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">St. Augustine</a>, who in <i><a href="/wiki/City_of_God_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="City of God (book)">The City of God</a></i>, Book XIX, Chapter 17, examined the ideal relationship between the "earthly city" and the "city of God". In this work, Augustine posited that major points of overlap were to be found between the "earthly city" and the "city of God", especially as people need to live together and get along on earth. Thus, Augustine held, opposite to the separation of church and state, that it was the work of the "temporal city" to make it possible for a "heavenly city" to be established on earth.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_Europe">Medieval Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_church_and_state&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Medieval Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Church_and_state_in_medieval_Europe" title="Church and state in medieval Europe">Church and state in medieval Europe</a></div> <p>For centuries, monarchs ruled by the idea of <a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">divine right</a>. Sometimes this began to be used by a monarch to support the notion that the king ruled both his own kingdom and Church within its boundaries, a theory known as <a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">caesaropapism</a>. On the other side was the Catholic doctrine that the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a>, as the Vicar of Christ on earth, should have the ultimate authority over the Church, and indirectly over the state, with the forged <a href="/wiki/Donation_of_Constantine" title="Donation of Constantine">Donation of Constantine</a> used to justify and assert the <a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">political authority of the papacy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EMA_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EMA-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This divine authority was explicitly contested by Kings, in the like of the, 1164, <a href="/wiki/Constitutions_of_Clarendon" title="Constitutions of Clarendon">Constitutions of Clarendon</a>, which asserted the supremacy of Royal courts over Clerical, and with Clergy subject to prosecution, as any other subject of the English Crown; or the 1215 <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a> that asserted the supremacy of Parliament and juries over the English Crown; both were condemned by the Vatican.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, throughout the Middle Ages, the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> claimed the right to depose the Catholic kings of Western Europe and tried to exercise it, sometimes successfully, e.g. 1066, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold Godwinson</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sometimes not, e.g., in 1305 with <a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert the Bruce</a> of Scotland,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII of England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry III</a> of <a href="/wiki/Navarre" title="Navarre">Navarre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a> were a medieval sect that urged separation of church of state.<sup id="cite_ref-Sabuco_Waithe_Vintro_Zorita_2010_p._156_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sabuco_Waithe_Vintro_Zorita_2010_p._156-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the West the issue of the separation of church and state during the medieval period centered on monarchs who <a href="/wiki/Sphere_sovereignty" title="Sphere sovereignty">ruled in the secular sphere</a> but encroached on the Church's rule of the spiritual sphere. This unresolved contradiction in ultimate control of the Church led to power struggles and crises of leadership, notably in the <a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a>, which was resolved in the <a href="/wiki/Concordat_of_Worms" title="Concordat of Worms">Concordat of Worms</a> in 1122. By this concordat, the Emperor renounced the right to invest ecclesiastics with ring and crosier, the symbols of their spiritual power, and guaranteed election by the canons of cathedral or abbey and free consecration.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reformation">Reformation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_church_and_state&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Reformation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the beginning of the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> articulated a <a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_the_two_kingdoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctrine of the two kingdoms">doctrine of the two kingdoms</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a>, perhaps one of the most important modern proponents of the separation of church and state, Luther's doctrine of the two kingdoms marked the beginning of the modern conception of separation of church and state.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PapalPolitics2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/PapalPolitics2.JPG/220px-PapalPolitics2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/PapalPolitics2.JPG/330px-PapalPolitics2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/PapalPolitics2.JPG/440px-PapalPolitics2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="646" /></a><figcaption><i>Antichristus</i>, a woodcut by <a href="/wiki/Lucas_Cranach_the_Elder" title="Lucas Cranach the Elder">Lucas Cranach the Elder</a> of the pope using the temporal power to grant authority to a generously contributing ruler</figcaption></figure> <p>Those of the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Anabaptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptist">Anabaptists</a>) took Luther's ideas in new directions, most notably in the writings of <a href="/wiki/Michael_Sattler" title="Michael Sattler">Michael Sattler</a> (1490–1527), who agreed with Luther that there were two kingdoms, but differed in arguing that these two kingdoms should be separate, and hence baptized believers should not vote, serve in public office or participate in any other way with the "kingdom of the world". While there was a diversity of views in the early days of the Radical Reformation, in time Sattler's perspective became the normative position for most Anabaptists in the coming centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anabaptists came to teach that religion should never be compelled by state power, approaching the issue of church-state relations primarily from the position of protecting the church from the state.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1534, <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a>, angered by the <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VII" title="Pope Clement VII">Pope Clement VII</a>'s refusal to annul his marriage to <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Aragon" title="Catherine of Aragon">Catherine of Aragon</a>, decided to break with the Church and set himself as ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, unifying the feudal Clerical and Crown hierarchies under a single monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With periodic intermission, under Mary, Oliver Cromwell, and James II, the monarchs of Great Britain have retained ecclesiastical authority in the Church of England, since 1534, having the current title, <i><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Governor_of_the_Church_of_England" title="Supreme Governor of the Church of England">Supreme Governor of the Church of England</a></i>. The 1654 settlement, under <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">Commonwealth of England</a>, temporarily replaced Bishops and Clerical courts, with a <a href="/wiki/Commission_of_Triers" title="Commission of Triers">Commission of Triers</a>, and juries of Ejectors, to appoint and punish clergy in the English Commonwealth, later extended to cover Scotland. <a href="/wiki/Penal_law_(British)" title="Penal law (British)">Penal Laws</a> requiring ministers, and public officials to swear oaths and follow the Established faith, were disenfranchised, fined, imprisoned, or executed, for not conforming. </p><p>One of the results of the persecution in England was that some people fled Great Britain to be able to worship as they wished. After the American Colonies <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">revolted</a> against <a href="/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of the United Kingdom">George III of the United Kingdom</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Establishment_Clause" title="Establishment Clause">Establishment Clause</a> regarding the concept of the separation of church and state was developed but was never part of the original US Constitution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="John_Locke_and_the_Enlightenment">John Locke and the Enlightenment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_church_and_state&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: John Locke and the Enlightenment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Locke_by_Herman_Verelst.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/John_Locke_by_Herman_Verelst.jpg/220px-John_Locke_by_Herman_Verelst.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/John_Locke_by_Herman_Verelst.jpg/330px-John_Locke_by_Herman_Verelst.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/John_Locke_by_Herman_Verelst.jpg/440px-John_Locke_by_Herman_Verelst.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2137" data-file-height="2625" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a>, English <a href="/wiki/Political" class="mw-redirect" title="Political">political</a> <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a> argued for individual conscience, free from state control.</figcaption></figure> <p>The concept of separating church and state is often credited to the writings of English philosopher <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> (1632–1704).<sup id="cite_ref-AFP_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AFP-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams" title="Roger Williams">Roger Williams</a> was first in his 1636 writing of "Soul Liberty" where he coined the term "liberty of conscience". Locke would expand on this. According to his principle of the <a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">social contract</a>, Locke argued that the government lacked authority in the realm of individual conscience, as this was something rational people could not cede to the government for it or others to control. For Locke, this created a natural right in the liberty of conscience, which he argued must therefore remain protected from any government authority. These views on religious tolerance and the importance of individual conscience, along with his social contract, became particularly influential in the American colonies and the drafting of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his <i><a href="/wiki/A_Letter_Concerning_Toleration" title="A Letter Concerning Toleration">A Letter Concerning Toleration</a></i>, in which Locke also defended religious toleration among different Christian sects, Locke argued that ecclesiastical authority had to be distinct from the authority of the state, or "the magistrate". Locke reasoned that, because a church was a voluntary community of members, its authority could not extend to matters of state. He writes:<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It is not my business to inquire here into the original of the power or dignity of the clergy. This only I say, that, whencesoever their authority be sprung, since it is ecclesiastical, it ought to be confined within the bounds of the Church, nor can it in any manner be extended to civil affairs, because the Church itself is a thing absolutely separate and distinct from the commonwealth.</p></blockquote> <p>At the same period of the 17th century, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bayle" title="Pierre Bayle">Pierre Bayle</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Fideism" title="Fideism">fideists</a> were forerunners of the separation of Church and State, maintaining that faith was independent of reason.<sup id="cite_ref-Bayle11_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bayle11-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bayle22_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bayle22-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 18th century, the ideas of Locke and Bayle, in particular the separation of Church and State, became more common, promoted by the philosophers of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>. <a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a> already wrote in 1721 about religious tolerance and a degree of separation between religion and government.<sup id="cite_ref-DarienMcWhirter_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DarienMcWhirter-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a> defended some level of separation but ultimately subordinated the Church to the needs of the State<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Denis Diderot</a>, for instance, was a partisan of a strict separation of Church and State, saying "<i>the distance between the throne and the altar can never be too great</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jefferson_and_the_Bill_of_Rights">Jefferson and the Bill of Rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_church_and_state&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Jefferson and the Bill of Rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Establishment_Clause" title="Establishment Clause">Establishment Clause</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_Exercise_Clause" title="Free Exercise Clause">Free Exercise Clause</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Jefferson_by_Rembrandt_Peale,_1800.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Thomas_Jefferson_by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800.jpg/220px-Thomas_Jefferson_by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Thomas_Jefferson_by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800.jpg/330px-Thomas_Jefferson_by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Thomas_Jefferson_by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800.jpg/440px-Thomas_Jefferson_by_Rembrandt_Peale%2C_1800.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2512" data-file-height="2996" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>, the third <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a>, whose letter to the Danbury Baptists Association is often quoted in debates regarding the separation of church and state</figcaption></figure> <p>In English, the exact term is an offshoot of the phrase, "wall of separation between church and state", as written in <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>'s letter to the <a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_history_of_separation_of_church_and_state#American_Baptists" title="Baptists in the history of separation of church and state">Danbury Baptist Association</a> in 1802. In that letter, referencing the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>, Jefferson writes: </p> <blockquote><p>Believing with you that religion is a matter which lies solely between Man & his God, that he owes account to none other for his faith or his worship, that the legitimate powers of government reach actions only, & not opinions, I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their legislature should 'make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof,' thus building a wall of separation between Church and State.<sup id="cite_ref-Jefferson11_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jefferson11-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Jefferson was describing to the Baptists that the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">United States Bill of Rights</a> prevents the establishment of a national church, and in so doing they did not have to fear government interference in their right to expressions of religious conscience. The Bill of Rights, adopted in 1791 as ten amendments to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution of the United States</a>, was one of the earliest political expressions against the political establishment of religion. Others were the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Statute_for_Religious_Freedom" title="Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom">Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom</a>, also authored by Jefferson and adopted by Virginia in 1786; and the French <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_the_Man_and_of_the_Citizen_of_1789" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of the Rights of the Man and of the Citizen of 1789">Declaration of the Rights of the Man and of the Citizen of 1789</a>. </p><p>The metaphor "a wall of separation between Church and State" used by Jefferson in the above quoted letter became a part of the First Amendment jurisprudence of the U.S. Supreme Court. It was first used by Chief Justice Morrison Waite in <i><a href="/wiki/Reynolds_v._United_States" title="Reynolds v. United States">Reynolds v. United States</a></i> (1878). American historian <a href="/wiki/George_Bancroft" title="George Bancroft">George Bancroft</a> was consulted by Waite in the <i>Reynolds</i> case regarding the views on establishment by the framers of the U.S. constitution. Bancroft advised Waite to consult Jefferson. Waite then discovered the above quoted letter in a library after skimming through the index to Jefferson's collected works according to historian Don Drakeman.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_various_countries">In various countries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_church_and_state&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In various countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Secularism" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo-Secularism">Pseudo-Secularism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></div> <p>Countries have varying degrees of separation between government and religious institutions. Since the 1780s a number of countries have set up explicit barriers between church and state. The degree of actual separation between government and religion or religious institutions varies widely. In some countries the two institutions remain heavily interconnected. There are new conflicts in the post-Communist world.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (March 2008)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:State_Religions.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/State_Religions.svg/330px-State_Religions.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/State_Religions.svg/495px-State_Religions.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/State_Religions.svg/660px-State_Religions.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="4200" data-file-height="2150" /></a><figcaption>Countries with a state religion</figcaption></figure> <p>The many variations on separation can be seen in some countries with high degrees of religious freedom and tolerance combined with strongly secular political cultures which have still maintained state churches or financial ties with certain religious organizations into the 21st century. In England, there is a constitutionally established <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a> but <a href="/wiki/Religious_toleration" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious toleration">other faiths are tolerated</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/British_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarch">British monarch</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_governor_of_the_Church_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme governor of the Church of England">supreme governor of the Church of England</a>, and 26 bishops (<a href="/wiki/Lords_Spiritual" title="Lords Spiritual">Lords Spiritual</a>) sit in the upper house of government, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>. </p><p>In other kingdoms the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a> or <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> or other high-ranking official figures may be legally required to be a member of a given faith. Powers to appoint high-ranking members of the state churches are also often still vested in the worldly governments. These powers may be slightly anachronistic or superficial, however, and disguise the true level of religious freedom the nation possesses. In the case of Andorra there are two heads of state, neither of them native Andorrans. One is the Roman Catholic Bishop of Seu de Urgell, a town located in northern Spain. He has the title of Episcopalian Coprince (the other Coprince being the French Head of State). Coprinces enjoy political power in terms of law ratification and constitutional court designation, among others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_church_and_state&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_Australia" title="Separation of church and state in Australia">Separation of church and state in Australia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Section_116_of_the_Constitution_of_Australia" title="Section 116 of the Constitution of Australia">Section 116 of the Constitution of Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Australia" title="Catholic Church in Australia">Catholic Church in Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hbhiggins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black and white portrait of H. B. Higgins" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Hbhiggins.jpg/220px-Hbhiggins.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Hbhiggins.jpg/330px-Hbhiggins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Hbhiggins.jpg/440px-Hbhiggins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="894" data-file-height="1168" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/H._B._Higgins" title="H. B. Higgins">H. B. Higgins</a>, proponent of Section 116 in the Australian pre-Federation constitutional conventions</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia" title="Constitution of Australia">Constitution of Australia</a> prevents the Commonwealth from establishing any religion or requiring a religious test for any office: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Ch 5 § 116 The Commonwealth shall not make any law for establishing any religion, or for imposing any religious observance, or for prohibiting the free exercise of any religion, and no religious test shall be required as a qualification for any office or public trust under the Commonwealth.</p></blockquote> <p>The language is derived from the United States' constitution, but has been altered. Following the usual practice of the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court</a>, it has been interpreted far more narrowly than the equivalent US sections and no law has ever been struck down for contravening the section. Today, the Commonwealth Government provides broad-based funding to religious schools. The Commonwealth used to fund religious chaplains, but the High Court in <i><a href="/wiki/Williams_v_Commonwealth" title="Williams v Commonwealth">Williams v Commonwealth</a></i> found the funding agreement invalid under Section 61. However, the High Court found that Section 116 had no relevance, as the chaplains themselves did not hold office under the Commonwealth.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All Australian parliaments are opened with a Christian prayer, and the preamble to the Australian Constitution refers to "humbly relying on the blessing of Almighty God".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the Australian monarch is <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a>, also British monarch and Supreme Governor of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, his Australian title is unrelated to his religious office and he has no special role in the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Church_of_Australia" title="Anglican Church of Australia">Anglican Church of Australia</a>, despite being “by the Grace of God King of Australia”. The prohibition against religious tests has allowed former Anglican Archbishop of Brisbane <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hollingworth" title="Peter Hollingworth">Peter Hollingworth</a> to be appointed <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Governor-General of Australia</a>, the highest domestic constitutional officer; however, this was criticised.<sup id="cite_ref-hogan_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hogan-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite inclusion in the "States" chapter, Section 116 does not apply to states because of changes during drafting, and they are free to establish their own religions. Although no state has ever introduced a state church (<a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> restricted religious groups during the early colonial period), the legal body corresponding to many religious organisations is established by state legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have been two referendums to extend Section 116 to states, but both failed. In each case the changes were grouped with other changes and voters did not have the opportunity to expressly accept only one change. Most states permit broad exemptions to religious groups from anti-discrimination legislation; for example, the New South Wales act allowing same-sex couples to adopt children permits religious adoption agencies to refuse them.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The current situation, described as a "principle of state neutrality" rather than "separation of church and state",<sup id="cite_ref-hogan_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hogan-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has been criticised by both secularists and religious groups. On the one hand, secularists have argued that government neutrality to religions leads to a "flawed democrac[y]"<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or even a "pluralistic theocracy"<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the government cannot be neutral towards the religion of people who do not have one. On the other hand, religious groups and others have been concerned that state governments are restricting them from exercising their religion by <a href="/wiki/Racial_and_Religious_Tolerance_Act_2001#Criticism" title="Racial and Religious Tolerance Act 2001">preventing them from criticising other groups</a> and forcing them to do unconscionable acts.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_church_and_state&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Azerbaijan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Azerbaijan_Republic_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Azerbaijan_Republic_map.png/220px-Azerbaijan_Republic_map.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/Azerbaijan_Republic_map.png 1.5x" data-file-width="328" data-file-height="339" /></a><figcaption>Azerbaijan and its main cities</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> is the dominant religion in Azerbaijan, with 96% of Azerbaijanis being <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>, Shia being in the majority. However, Azerbaijan is officially a secular state. According to the Constitution of Azerbaijan, the state and mosque are separate. Article 7 of the Constitution defines the Azerbaijani state as a democratic, legal, secular, unitary republic. Therefore, the Constitution provides freedom of religions and beliefs. </p><p>The Azerbaijani State Committee for Work with Religious Organizations controls the relations between the state and religions. </p><p>Ethnic minorities such as <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lezgis" class="mw-redirect" title="Lezgis">Lezgis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avars_(Caucasus)" title="Avars (Caucasus)">Avars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Udis" class="mw-redirect" title="Udis">Udis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a> with different religious beliefs to Islam all live in <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>. Several religions are practiced in Azerbaijan. There are many Orthodox and Catholic churches in different regions of Azerbaijan.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, the Azerbaijani government has been frequently accused of desecrating Armenian Christian heritage and appropriating Armenian churches on its territory.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (May 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_church_and_state&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rui_Barbosa2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Rui_Barbosa2.jpg/170px-Rui_Barbosa2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Rui_Barbosa2.jpg/255px-Rui_Barbosa2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Rui_Barbosa2.jpg/340px-Rui_Barbosa2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="618" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rui_Barbosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Rui Barbosa">Rui Barbosa</a> had a large influence upon the text adopted as the 1891 Constitution of Brazil.</figcaption></figure> <p>Brazil was a <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">colony</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a> from 1500 until the nation's <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Brazil" title="Independence of Brazil">independence</a> from Portugal, in 1822, during which time <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> was the official state religion. With the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a>, although Catholicism retained its status as the official creed, subsidized by the state, other religions were allowed to flourish, as the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Constitution_of_Brazil" title="History of the Constitution of Brazil">1824 Constitution</a> secured <a href="/wiki/Religious_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious freedom">religious freedom</a>. The fall of the Empire, in 1889, gave way to a Republican regime, and a Constitution was enacted in 1891, which severed the ties between church and state; Republican ideologues such as <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant_(Brazil)" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Constant (Brazil)">Benjamin Constant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ruy_Barbosa" title="Ruy Barbosa">Ruy Barbosa</a> were influenced by <a href="/wiki/La%C3%AFcit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Laïcité">laïcité</a> in France and the United States. The 1891 Constitutional separation of Church and State has been maintained ever since. The current <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Brazil" title="Constitution of Brazil">Constitution of Brazil</a>, in force since 1988, ensures the right to religious freedom, bans the establishment of state churches and any relationship of "dependence or alliance" of officials with religious leaders, except for "collaboration in the public interest, defined by law". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_church_and_state&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Religion in Canada</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quebec">Quebec</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_church_and_state&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Quebec"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/La%C3%AFcit%C3%A9#Québec" class="mw-redirect" title="Laïcité">Laïcité § Québec</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Canada" title="Catholic Church in Canada">Catholic Church in Canada</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_church_and_state&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_China" title="Religion in China">Religion in China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_China" title="Irreligion in China">Irreligion in China</a>, and <a href="/wiki/State_church" class="mw-redirect" title="State church">State church</a></div> <p>China, during the era of the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>, had established <a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucianism</a> as the official state ideology over that of <a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalism</a> of the preceding <a href="/wiki/Qin_dynasty" title="Qin dynasty">Qin dynasty</a> over two millennium ago.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In post-1949 modern-day China, owing to such historic experiences as the <a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> had no diplomatic relations with the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican</a> for over half a century, and maintained separation of the <a href="/wiki/Temple" title="Temple">temples</a> (be it a <a href="/wiki/Taoist_temple" title="Taoist temple">daoguan</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Buddhist temple</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">church</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosque</a>) from state affairs,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and although the Chinese government's methods are disputed by the Vatican,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> had accepted the ordination of a bishop who was pre-selected by the government for the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Patriotic_Catholic_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association">Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association</a> in 2007. However, a new ordination of a Catholic bishop in November 2010, according to <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>, has threatened to "damage ties" between China and the Vatican.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the People's Republic of China">Constitution of the People's Republic of China</a> guarantees, in its article 36, that:<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[...] No state organ, public organization or individual may compel citizens to believe in, or not to believe in, any religion; nor may they discriminate against citizens who believe in, or do not believe in, any religion. [...] No one may make use of religion to engage in activities that disrupt public order, impair the health of citizens or interfere with the educational system of the state. Religious bodies and religious affairs are not subject to any foreign domination.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_church_and_state&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hong_Kong" title="Religion in Hong Kong">Religion in Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Basic_Law" title="Hong Kong Basic Law">Hong Kong Basic Law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Sheng_Kung_Hui" title="Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui">Hong Kong Sheng Kung Hui</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Hong_Kong" title="Catholic Church in Hong Kong">Catholic Church in Hong Kong</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Macau">Macau</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_church_and_state&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Macau"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Macau" title="Religion in Macau">Religion in Macau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macau_Basic_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Macau Basic Law">Macau Basic Law</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Macau" title="Catholic Church in Macau">Catholic Church in Macau</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Croatia">Croatia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_church_and_state&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Croatia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Croatia" title="Religion in Croatia">Religion in Croatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Croatia" title="Catholic Church in Croatia">Catholic Church in Croatia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ustav_Republike_Hrvatske_br_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Ustav_Republike_Hrvatske_br_1.JPG/220px-Ustav_Republike_Hrvatske_br_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Ustav_Republike_Hrvatske_br_1.JPG/330px-Ustav_Republike_Hrvatske_br_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Ustav_Republike_Hrvatske_br_1.JPG/440px-Ustav_Republike_Hrvatske_br_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1113" data-file-height="1428" /></a><figcaption>"Constitution no. 1", which is kept in the great hall of the Palace of the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_the_Republic_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Court of the Republic of Croatia">Constitutional Court</a> and is used on the occasion of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Croatian_presidential_inauguration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Croatian presidential inauguration (page does not exist)">presidential inauguration</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a> in <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> is a right defined by the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatian Constitution">Constitution</a>, which also defines all religious communities as equal in front of the law and separated from the state. Principle of separation of church and state is enshrined in Article 41 which states: </p> <blockquote><p>All religious communities shall be equal before the law and clearly separated from the state. Religious communities shall be free, in compliance with law, to publicly conduct religious services, open schools, academies or other institutions, and welfare and charitable organizations and to manage them, and they shall enjoy the protection and assistance of the state in their activities.</p></blockquote> <p>Public schools allow religious teaching (<a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>: <i lang="hr">Vjeronauk</i>) in cooperation with religious communities having agreements with the state, but attendance is not mandated. Religion classes are organized widely in public elementary and secondary schools. </p><p>The public holidays also include religious festivals of: <a href="/wiki/Epiphany_(holiday)" title="Epiphany (holiday)">Epiphany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Easter_Monday" title="Easter Monday">Easter Monday</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Christi_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Corpus Christi Day">Corpus Christi Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assumption_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Assumption Day">Assumption Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Day" title="All Saints' Day">All Saints' Day</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Boxing_Day" title="Boxing Day">Boxing Day</a>. The primary holidays are based on the Catholic liturgical year, but other believers are allowed to celebrate other major religious holidays as well. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church_in_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church in Croatia">Roman Catholic Church in Croatia</a> receives state financial support and other benefits established in <a href="/wiki/Concordat" title="Concordat">concordats</a> between the Government and the Vatican. In an effort to further define their rights and privileges within a legal framework, the government has additional agreements with other 14 religious communities: <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian Orthodox Church</a> (SPC), <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Community_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Community of Croatia">Islamic Community of Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christian_Church_in_Croatia" title="Reformed Christian Church in Croatia">Reformed Christian Church in Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformed_Christian_Church_in_Croatia" title="Protestant Reformed Christian Church in Croatia">Protestant Reformed Christian Church in Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal Church">Pentecostal Church</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Union_of_Pentecostal_Churches_of_Christ&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Union of Pentecostal Churches of Christ (page does not exist)">Union of Pentecostal Churches of Christ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Adventist_Church&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian Adventist Church (page does not exist)">Christian Adventist Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baptist_Union_of_Croatia" title="Baptist Union of Croatia">Union of Baptist Churches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_God_(Cleveland,_Tennessee)" title="Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee)">Church of God</a>, <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Christ" title="Church of Christ">Church of Christ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Reformed Movement of Seventh-day Adventists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Orthodox_Church" title="Bulgarian Orthodox Church">Bulgarian Orthodox Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Orthodox_Church" title="Macedonian Orthodox Church">Macedonian Orthodox Church</a> and Croatian <a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic Church</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finland">Finland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_church_and_state&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Finland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Finland" title="Constitution of Finland">Constitution of Finland</a> declares that the organization and administration of the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_of_Finland" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland">Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland</a> is regulated in the Church Act, and the organization and administration of the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Finnish Orthodox Church">Finnish Orthodox Church</a> in the Orthodox Church Act. The Lutheran Church and the Orthodox Church thus have a special status in Finnish legislation compared to other religious bodies, and are variously referred to as either "national churches" or "state churches", although officially they do not hold such positions.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lutheran Church does not consider itself a state church, and prefers to use the term "national church".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Finnish Freethinkers Association has criticized the official endorsement of the two churches by the Finnish state, and has campaigned for the separation of church and state.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_church_and_state&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/La%C3%AFcit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Laïcité">Laïcité</a>, <a href="/wiki/1905_French_law_on_the_Separation_of_the_Churches_and_the_State" title="1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State">1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_France" title="Catholic Church in France">Catholic Church in France</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G%C3%A9rard_-_Signature_du_Concordat_entre_la_France_et_le_Saint-Si%C3%A8ge,_le_15_juillet_1801.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/G%C3%A9rard_-_Signature_du_Concordat_entre_la_France_et_le_Saint-Si%C3%A8ge%2C_le_15_juillet_1801.jpg/220px-G%C3%A9rard_-_Signature_du_Concordat_entre_la_France_et_le_Saint-Si%C3%A8ge%2C_le_15_juillet_1801.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/G%C3%A9rard_-_Signature_du_Concordat_entre_la_France_et_le_Saint-Si%C3%A8ge%2C_le_15_juillet_1801.jpg/330px-G%C3%A9rard_-_Signature_du_Concordat_entre_la_France_et_le_Saint-Si%C3%A8ge%2C_le_15_juillet_1801.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/G%C3%A9rard_-_Signature_du_Concordat_entre_la_France_et_le_Saint-Si%C3%A8ge%2C_le_15_juillet_1801.jpg/440px-G%C3%A9rard_-_Signature_du_Concordat_entre_la_France_et_le_Saint-Si%C3%A8ge%2C_le_15_juillet_1801.jpg 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="580" /></a><figcaption>The Signing of the <a href="/wiki/Concordat_of_1801" title="Concordat of 1801">Concordat of 1801</a> between France and the Holy See, 15 July 1801., which was repealed by the 1905 French law on the Separation of Church and State</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liberte-egalite-fraternite-tympanum-church-saint-pancrace-aups-var.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Liberte-egalite-fraternite-tympanum-church-saint-pancrace-aups-var.jpg/220px-Liberte-egalite-fraternite-tympanum-church-saint-pancrace-aups-var.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Liberte-egalite-fraternite-tympanum-church-saint-pancrace-aups-var.jpg/330px-Liberte-egalite-fraternite-tympanum-church-saint-pancrace-aups-var.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Liberte-egalite-fraternite-tympanum-church-saint-pancrace-aups-var.jpg/440px-Liberte-egalite-fraternite-tympanum-church-saint-pancrace-aups-var.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="340" /></a><figcaption>Motto of the French republic on the <a href="/wiki/Tympanum_(architecture)" title="Tympanum (architecture)">tympanum</a> of a church in <a href="/wiki/Aups" title="Aups">Aups</a>, Var département, which was installed after the 1905 law on the Separation of the State and the Church. Such inscriptions on a church are very rare; this one was restored during the 1989 bicentennial of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The French version of separation of church and state, called <i><a href="/wiki/La%C3%AFcit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Laïcité">laïcité</a></i>, is a product of French history and philosophy. It was formalized in a <a href="/wiki/1905_French_law_on_the_Separation_of_the_Churches_and_the_State" title="1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State">1905 law</a> providing for the separation of church and state, that is, the separation of religion from political power. </p><p>This model of a secularist state protects the religious institutions from state interference, but with public religious expression to some extent frowned upon. This aims to protect the public power from the influences of religious institutions, especially in public office. Religious views which contain no idea of public responsibility, or which consider religious opinion irrelevant to politics, are not impinged upon by this type of secularization of public discourse. </p><p>Former President <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a> criticised "negative <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">laïcité</i></span>" and talked about a "positive <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">laïcité</i></span>" that recognizes the contribution of faith to French culture, history and society, allows for faith in the public discourse and for government subsidies for faith-based groups.<sup id="cite_ref-christiantoday.com_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-christiantoday.com-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He visited the <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> in December 2007 and publicly emphasized France's <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_France" title="Catholic Church in France">Catholic</a> roots, while highlighting the importance of <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_thought" title="Freedom of thought">freedom of thought</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> advocating that <a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">faith</a> should come back into the <a href="/wiki/Public_sphere" title="Public sphere">public sphere</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande" title="François Hollande">François Hollande</a> took a very different position during the <a href="/wiki/2012_French_presidential_election" title="2012 French presidential election">2012 presidential election</a>, promising to insert the concept of <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">laïcité</i></span> into the constitution. In fact, the French constitution only says that the French Republic is "<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">laïque</i></span>" but no article in the 1905 law or in the constitution defines <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">laïcité</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nevertheless, there are certain entanglements in France which include: </p> <ul><li>The most significant example consists in two areas, <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moselle" title="Moselle">Moselle</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Local_law_in_Alsace%E2%80%93Moselle#Religion" title="Local law in Alsace–Moselle">Local law in Alsace–Moselle § Religion</a> for further detail), where the 1802 <a href="/wiki/Concordat#France" title="Concordat">Concordat</a> between France and the Holy See still prevails because the area was part of Germany when the <a href="/wiki/1905_French_law_on_the_Separation_of_the_Churches_and_the_State" title="1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State">1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State</a> was passed and the attempt of the laicist <a href="/wiki/Cartel_des_gauches" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartel des gauches">Cartel des gauches</a> in 1924 failed due to public protests. Catholic priests as well as the clergy of three other religions (the Lutheran <a href="/wiki/EPCAAL" class="mw-redirect" title="EPCAAL">EPCAAL</a>, the Calvinist <a href="/wiki/EPRAL" class="mw-redirect" title="EPRAL">EPRAL</a>, and Jewish <a href="/wiki/Consistory_(Judaism)" title="Consistory (Judaism)">consistories</a>) are paid by the state, and schools have religion courses. Moreover, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Metz" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Metz">Catholic bishops of Metz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Strasbourg" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Strasbourg">of Strasbourg</a> are named (or rather, formally appointed) by the French Head of State on proposition of the Pope. In the same way, the presidents of the two official Protestant churches are appointed by the State, after proposition by their respective Churches. This makes the French President the only temporal power in the world to formally have retained the right to appoint Catholic bishops, all other Catholic bishops being appointed by the Pope.</li> <li>In French Guiana the Royal Regulation of 1828 makes the French state pay for the Roman Catholic clergy, but not for the clergy of other religions.</li> <li>In the French oversea departments and territories since the 1939 décret Mandel the French State supports the Churches.</li> <li>The French President is <i>ex officio</i> a <a href="/wiki/Co-prince_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-prince of Andorra">co-prince of Andorra</a>, where Roman Catholicism has a status of state religion (the other co-prince being the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Urgell" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Urgell">Roman Catholic Bishop of Seu de Urgell</a>, Spain). Moreover, French heads of states are traditionally offered an honorary title of <a href="/wiki/Canon_(priest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon (priest)">Canon</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_St._John_Lateran" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of St. John Lateran">Papal Archbasilica of St. John Lateran</a>, Cathedral of Rome. Once this honour has been awarded to a newly elected president, France pays for a <i>choir vicar</i>, a priest who occupies the seat in the canonical chapter of the Cathedral in lieu of the president (all French presidents have been male and at least formally Roman Catholic, but if one were not, this honour could most probably not be awarded to him or her). The French President also holds a seat in a few other canonical chapters in France.</li> <li>Another example of the complex ties between France and the Catholic Church consists in the <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Pieux Établissements de la France à Rome et à Lorette</i></span>: five churches in Rome (<a href="/wiki/Trinit%C3%A0_dei_Monti" title="Trinità dei Monti">Trinità dei Monti</a>, St. Louis of the French, St. Ivo of the Bretons, St. Claude of the Free County of Burgundy, and St. Nicholas of the Lorrains) as well as a chapel in <a href="/wiki/Loreto,_Marche" title="Loreto, Marche">Loreto</a> belong to France, and are administered and paid for by a special foundation linked to the French embassy to the Holy See.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a>, a French overseas territory, national education is conceded to the diocese, which gets paid for it by the State.</li> <li>A further entanglement consists in liturgical honours accorded to French consular officials under Capitations with the Ottoman Empire which persist for example in Lebanon and in ownership of the Catholic cathedral in Smyrna (Izmir) and the extraterritoriality of St. Anne's in Jerusalem and more generally the diplomatic status of the Holy Places.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_church_and_state&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Germany" title="Religion in Germany">Religion in Germany</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S95CrucifixCourtroomNuremberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/S95CrucifixCourtroomNuremberg.jpg/220px-S95CrucifixCourtroomNuremberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/S95CrucifixCourtroomNuremberg.jpg/330px-S95CrucifixCourtroomNuremberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/S95CrucifixCourtroomNuremberg.jpg/440px-S95CrucifixCourtroomNuremberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1152" /></a><figcaption>Courtroom with Crucifix in Nuremberg, Germany, June 2016</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Basic_Law_for_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany">German constitution</a> guarantees <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Section_4_of_German_Basic_Law_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Section_4_of_German_Basic_Law-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but there is not a complete separation of church and state in Germany. Officially recognized religious bodies operate as <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Körperschaften des öffentlichen Rechts</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Statutory_corporation" title="Statutory corporation">corporations of public law</a>, as opposed to private). For recognized religious communities, some taxes (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Kirchensteuer</i></span>) are collected by the state;<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this is at the request of the religious community and a fee is charged for the service.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Religious instruction is an optional school subject in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-Section_4_of_German_Basic_Law_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Section_4_of_German_Basic_Law-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German State understands itself as neutral in matters of religious beliefs,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so no teacher can be forced to teach religion. But on the other hand, all who do teach religious instruction need an official permission by their religious community.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treaties with the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Concordats_with_individual_states_of_Germany" title="Concordats with individual states of Germany">concordats</a> whereas the treaties with Protestant Churches and umbrellas of Jewish congregations are called "state treaties". Both are the legal framework for cooperation between the religious bodies and the German State at the federal as well as at the state level.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greece">Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_church_and_state&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Greece, there is considerable controversy about the separation between the State and the Church, causing many debates in the public sphere regarding if there shall be a more radical change in the Article 3, which is maintaining the Greek Orthodox Church of Christ as the prevailing religion of the country. The actual debate concerning the separation of the Church from the State often becomes a tool for polarization in the political competition.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More specifically, Article 3 of the Greek constitution argues the following: </p> <ol><li>“The prevailing religion in Greece is that of the Greek Orthodox Church of Christ. The Orthodox Church of Greece, acknowledging our Lord Jesus Christ as its head, is inseparably united in doctrine with the Great Church of Christ in Constantinople and with every other Church of Christ of the same doctrine, observing unwaveringly, as they do the holy apostolic and synodal canons and sacred traditions. It is autocephalous and is administered by the Holy Synod of serving Bishops and the Permanent Holy Synod originating thereof and assembled as specified by the Statutory Charter of the Church in compliance with the provisions of the Patriarchal Tome of June 29, 1850 and the Synodal Act of September 4, 1928.</li> <li>The ecclesiastical regime existing in certain districts of the State shall not be deemed contrary to the provisions of the preceding paragraph.</li> <li>The text of the Holy Scripture shall be maintained unaltered. Official translation of the text into any other form of language, without prior sanction by the Autocephalous Church of Greece and the Great Church of Christ in Constantinople, is prohibited.”<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <p>Moreover, the controversial situation about the no separation between the State and the Church seems to affect the recognition of religious groups in the country as there seems to be no official mechanism for this process.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_church_and_state&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_India" title="Secularism in India">Secularism in India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_India" title="Religion in India">Religion in India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_India" title="Freedom of religion in India">Freedom of religion in India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></div> <p>Despite 80% of Indian population are <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_India" title="Hinduism in India">Hindus</a>, under the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a>, India is a secular country and there are no special provisions favouring specific religions in its constitution. <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> declared India is a secular state in order to avoid <a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a> and religious conflicts between <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_India" title="Islam in India">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> and other religions. Religious instructions are prohibited in schools wholly owned by the state. </p><p>As a result of such government power over religion, politicians are sometimes accused of playing <a href="/wiki/Votebank" title="Votebank">votebank</a> politics, i.e. of giving political support to issues for the sole purpose of gaining the votes of members of a particular community, including religious communities. Both the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> (INC) and the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> (BJP) have been accused of exploiting the people by indulging in vote bank politics. The <a href="/wiki/Shah_Bano_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Bano case">Shah Bano case</a>, a divorce lawsuit, generated much controversy when the Congress was accused of appeasing the Muslim orthodoxy by bringing in a parliamentary amendment to negate the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_India" title="Supreme Court of India">Supreme Court</a>'s decision. After the <a href="/wiki/2002_Gujarat_violence" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 Gujarat violence">2002 Gujarat violence</a>, there were allegations of political parties indulging in vote bank politics.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_church_and_state&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_Catholicism_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Roman Catholicism in Italy">History of Roman Catholicism in Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holy_See-Italy_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy See-Italy relations">Holy See-Italy relations</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> the principle of separation of church and state is enshrined in Article 7 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution</a>, which states:<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The State and the Catholic Church are independent and sovereign, each within its own sphere. Their relations are regulated by the Lateran pacts. Amendments to such Pacts which are accepted by both parties shall not require the procedure of constitutional amendments." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_church_and_state&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Republic of Ireland">Constitution of the Republic of Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman_Catholicism_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Roman Catholicism in Ireland">History of Roman Catholicism in Ireland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Holy_See-Ireland_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy See-Ireland relations">Holy See-Ireland relations</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_church_and_state&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> became the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a> in Japan with the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a> in 1868, and suppression of other religions ensued.<sup id="cite_ref-japan2012_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-japan2012-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">American military occupation</a> (1945–52) "<a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a>" was considered to have been used as a propaganda tool to propel the Japanese people to war. The <a href="/wiki/Shinto_Directive" title="Shinto Directive">Shinto Directive</a> issued by the occupation government required that all state support for and involvement in any religious or Shinto institution or doctrine stop, including funding, coverage in textbooks, and official acts and ceremonies. </p><p>The new constitution adopted in 1947, Articles 20 and 89 of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Constitution">Japanese Constitution</a> protect freedom of religion, and prevent the government from compelling religious observances or using public money to benefit religious institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-japan2012_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-japan2012-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_church_and_state&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: South Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_South_Korea" title="Freedom of religion in South Korea">Freedom of religion in South Korea</a></div> <p>Freedom of religion in South Korea is provided for in the <a href="/wiki/South_Korean_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="South Korean Constitution">South Korean Constitution</a>, which mandates the separation of religion and state, and prohibits discrimination on the basis of religious beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite this, religious organizations play a major role and make strong influence in politics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mexico">Mexico</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_church_and_state&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Mexico"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/La%C3%AFcit%C3%A9#Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Laïcité">Laïcité § Mexico</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Holy_See-Mexico_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy See-Mexico relations">Holy See-Mexico relations</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unbalanced plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-unbalanced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">unbalanced</a> toward certain viewpoints</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_church_and_state&action=edit">improve the article</a> by adding information on neglected viewpoints, or discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Talk:Separation of church and state">talk page</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The issue of the role of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Mexico" title="Catholic Church in Mexico">Catholic Church in Mexico</a> has been highly divisive since the 1820s. Its large land holdings were especially a point of contention. Mexico was guided toward what was proclaimed a separation of church and state by <a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Benito Juárez</a> who, in 1859, attempted to eliminate the role of the Roman Catholic Church in the nation by appropriating its land and prerogatives.<sup id="cite_ref-mexhistory_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mexhistory-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LeyLerdoClements_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeyLerdoClements-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>President <a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Benito Juárez</a> confiscated church property, disbanded religious orders and he also ordered the separation of church and state<sup id="cite_ref-Stauffer2019_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stauffer2019-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His <a href="/wiki/Ju%C3%A1rez_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Juárez Law">Juárez Law</a>, formulated in 1855, restricting the legal rights of the church was later added to the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Constitution_of_the_United_Mexican_States_of_1857" title="Federal Constitution of the United Mexican States of 1857">Constitution of Mexico</a> in 1857.<sup id="cite_ref-CoerverPasztor2004_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CoerverPasztor2004-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1859 the <i><a href="/wiki/Ley_Lerdo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ley Lerdo">Ley Lerdo</a></i> was issued – purportedly separating church and state, but actually involving state intervention in Church matters by abolishing monastic orders, and nationalizing church property. </p><p>In 1926, after several years of the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Revolution" title="Mexican Revolution">Mexican Revolution</a> and insecurity, President <a href="/wiki/Plutarco_El%C3%ADas_Calles" title="Plutarco Elías Calles">Plutarco Elías Calles</a>, leader of the ruling <a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Party_(Mexico)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Revolutionary Party (Mexico)">National Revolutionary Party</a>, enacted the <a href="/wiki/Calles_Law" title="Calles Law">Calles Law</a>, which eradicated all the personal property of the churches, closed churches that were not registered with the State, and prohibited clerics from holding a public office. The law was unpopular; and several protesters from rural areas, fought against federal troops in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/Cristero_War" title="Cristero War">Cristero War</a>. After the war's end in 1929, President <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Portes_Gil" title="Emilio Portes Gil">Emilio Portes Gil</a> upheld a previous truce where the law would remain enacted, but not enforced, in exchange for the hostilities to end. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norway">Norway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_church_and_state&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An act approved in 2016 created the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Norway" title="Church of Norway">Church of Norway</a> as an independent legal entity, effective from 1 January 2017. Before 2017 all clergy were civil servants (employees of the central government).<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 21 May 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Parliament">Norwegian Parliament</a> passed a <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Norwegian Constitution">constitutional</a> amendment that granted the Church of Norway increased autonomy,<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and states that "the Church of Norway, an Evangelical-Lutheran church, remains Norway's people's church, and is supported by the State as such" ("people's church" or <span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">folkekirke</i></span> is also the name of the Danish state church, <a href="/wiki/Folkekirken" class="mw-redirect" title="Folkekirken">Folkekirken</a>), replacing the earlier expression which stated that "the Evangelical-Lutheran religion remains the public religion of the State." The final amendment passed by a vote of 162–3. The three dissenting votes were all from the <a href="/wiki/Centre_Party_(Norway)" title="Centre Party (Norway)">Centre Party</a>. </p><p>The constitution also says that Norway's values are based on its Christian and humanist heritage, and according to the Constitution, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Norwegian_monarchs#House_of_Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg-Glücksburg" title="List of Norwegian monarchs">King</a> is required to be Lutheran. The government will still provide funding for the church as it does with other faith-based institutions, but the responsibility for appointing bishops and provosts will now rest with the church instead of the government. Prior to 1997, the appointments of parish priests and residing chaplains was also the responsibility of the government, but the church was granted the right to hire such clergy directly with the new Church Law of 1997. The Church of Norway is regulated by its own law (<span title="Norwegian-language text"><i lang="no">kirkeloven</i></span>) and all municipalities are required by law to support the activities of the Church of Norway and municipal authorities are represented in its local bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippines">Philippines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_church_and_state&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Freedom of religion in the Philippines">Freedom of religion in the Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_the_Philippines" title="Secularism in the Philippines">Secularism in the Philippines</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Philippines" title="Religion in the Philippines">Religion in the Philippines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_Philippines" title="Catholic Church in the Philippines">Catholic Church in the Philippines</a></div> <p>In Article II "Declaration of Principles and State Policies", Section 6, the <a href="/wiki/1987_Constitution_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="1987 Constitution of the Philippines">1987 Constitution of the Philippines</a> declares, "The separation of Church and State shall be inviolable." This reasserts, with minor differences in wording and capitalization, a declaration made in Article XV, Section 15 of the 1973 Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-1987constII_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1987constII-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1973const_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1973const-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, Article III, Section 5 declares, "No law shall be made respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof. The free exercise and enjoyment of religious profession and worship, without discrimination or preference, shall forever be allowed. No religious test shall be required for the exercise of civil or political rights."; echoing Article IV, Section 8 of the 1973 Constitution verbatim.<sup id="cite_ref-1973const_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1973const-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-1987III_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1987III-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romania">Romania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_church_and_state&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Romania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Romania" title="Religion in Romania">Religion in Romania</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> is a secular state and has no state religion. However, the role of religion in society is regulated by several articles of the Romanian Constitution. </p><p>Art 29. Freedom of Conscience. (1) Freedom of thought and opinion, as well as freedom of religion, cannot be limited in any way. No one shall be coerced to adopt an opinion or adhere to a religious faith against their will. (5) Religious cults are autonomous in relation to the state, which provides support including the facilitation of religious assistance in the army, hospitals, penitentiaries, retirement homes and orphanages. </p><p>Art 32. Right to education (7) The state assures freedom of religious education, according to the requirements of each specific cult. In state schools, religious education is organized and guaranteed by law. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Saudi_Arabia">Saudi Arabia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_church_and_state&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Saudi Arabia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Legal_system_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Legal system of Saudi Arabia">Legal system of Saudi Arabia</a></div> <p>The legal system of Saudi Arabia is based on <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> law derived from the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a> (the traditions) of the <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Islamic prophet Muhammad</a>, and therefore no separation of mosque and state is present. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singapore">Singapore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_church_and_state&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Singapore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Singapore" title="Religion in Singapore">Religion in Singapore</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> is home to people of many religions and does not have any state religion. The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Singapore" title="Government of Singapore">government of Singapore</a> has attempted to avoid giving any specific religions priority over the rest. </p><p>In 1972 the Singapore government de-registered and banned the activities of Jehovah's Witnesses in Singapore. The Singaporean government claimed that this was justified because members of Jehovah's Witnesses refuse to perform military service (which is obligatory for all male citizens), salute the <a href="/wiki/Singaporean_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Singaporean flag">flag</a>, or swear oaths of allegiance to the state.<sup id="cite_ref-state.gov_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-state.gov-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Singapore has also banned all written materials published by the <a href="/wiki/International_Bible_Students_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="International Bible Students Association">International Bible Students Association</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Watchtower_Bible_and_Tract_Society_of_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Watchtower Bible and Tract Society of New York">Watchtower Bible and Tract Society</a>, both publishing arms of the Jehovah's Witnesses. A person who possesses a prohibited publication can be fined up to $2,000 Singapore dollars and jailed up to 12 months for a first conviction.<sup id="cite_ref-IRFR_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IRFR-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_church_and_state&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Spanish_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and the Spanish Civil War">Catholic Church and the Spanish Civil War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Spain" title="Catholic Church in Spain">Catholic Church in Spain</a></div> <p>In Spain, commentators have posited that the form of church-state separation enacted in France in 1905 and found in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1931" title="Spanish Constitution of 1931">Spanish Constitution of 1931</a> are of a "hostile" variety, noting that the hostility of the state toward the church was a cause of the breakdown of democracy and the onset of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Arguing_Comparative_Politics_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arguing_Comparative_Politics-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the end of the war, the Catholic Church regained an officially sanctioned, predominant position with <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">General Franco</a>. Religious freedom was guaranteed only <a href="/wiki/1966_Spanish_organic_law_referendum" title="1966 Spanish organic law referendum">in 1966</a>, nine years before the end of the regime. </p><p>Since 1978, according to the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Constitution">Spanish Constitution</a> (section 16.3) "No religion shall have a state character. The public authorities shall take into account the religious beliefs of Spanish society and shall consequently maintain appropriate cooperation relations with the Catholic Church and other confessions." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden">Sweden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_church_and_state&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Sweden" title="Church of Sweden">Church of Sweden</a> was instigated by <a href="/wiki/Gustav_I_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav I of Sweden">King Gustav I</a> (1523–60) and within the half century following his death had become established as a <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> state church with significant power in Swedish society, itself under the control of the state apparatus. A degree of freedom of worship (for foreign residents only) was achieved under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Gustav_III_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustav III of Sweden">Gustav III</a> (1771–92), but it was not until the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Dissenter_Acts_(Sweden)" title="Dissenter Acts (Sweden)">Dissenter Acts</a> of 1860 and 1874 that Swedish citizens were allowed to leave the state church – and then only provided that those wishing to do so first registered their adhesion to another, officially approved denomination. Following years of discussions that began in 1995, the Church of Sweden was finally separated from the state as from 1 January 2000. However, the separation was not fully completed. Although the status of state religion came to an end, the Church of Sweden nevertheless remains Sweden's national church, and as such is still regulated by the government through the law of the Church of Sweden. Therefore, it would be more appropriate to refer to a change of relation between state and church rather than a separation. Furthermore, the Swedish constitution still maintains that the Sovereign and the members of the royal family have to confess an evangelical Lutheran faith, which in practice means they need to be members of the Church of Sweden to remain in the line of succession. Thusly according to the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Cuius_regio,_eius_religio" title="Cuius regio, eius religio">cuius regio, eius religio</a> one could argue that the symbolic connection between state and church still remains.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_church_and_state&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Switzerland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Switzerland" title="Religion in Switzerland">Religion in Switzerland</a></div> <p>The articles 8 ("Equality before the law") and 15 ("Freedom of religion and conscience") of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Constitution_of_the_Swiss_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation">Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation</a> guarantees individual freedom of beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-CstCH_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CstCH-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It notably states that "No person may be forced to join or belong to a religious community, to participate in a religious act or to follow religious teachings".<sup id="cite_ref-CstCH_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CstCH-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Churches and state are separated at the federal level since 1848. However, the article 72 ("Church and state") of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Constitution_of_the_Swiss_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation">constitution</a> determine that "The regulation of the relationship between the church and the state is the responsibility of the cantons".<sup id="cite_ref-CstCH_89-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CstCH-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">cantons of Switzerland</a> recognise officially some churches (<a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Reformed_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss Reformed Church">Swiss Reformed Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic Church</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jewish congregations</a>). Other cantons, such as <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Geneva" title="Canton of Geneva">Geneva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a> are <i><a href="/wiki/La%C3%AFcit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Laïcité">laïques</a></i> (that is to say, secular). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taiwan">Taiwan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_church_and_state&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Taiwan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Taiwan" title="Religion in Taiwan">Religion in Taiwan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Constitution of the Republic of China">Constitution of the Republic of China</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_church_and_state&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Turkey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkey" title="Islam in Turkey">Islam in Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Turkey" title="Secularism in Turkey">Secularism in Turkey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationalism" title="Turkish nationalism">Turkish nationalism</a></div> <p>Turkey, whose population is overwhelmingly Muslim, is also considered to have practiced the <a href="/wiki/La%C3%AFcit%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Laïcité">laïcité</a> school of secularism since 1928, which the founding father <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_Reforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Atatürk's Reforms">policies</a> and theories became known as <a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a>. </p><p>Despite Turkey being an officially secular country, the Preamble of the Constitution states that "there shall be no interference whatsoever of the sacred religious feelings in State affairs and politics."<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to control the way religion is perceived by adherents, the State pays <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">imams</a>' wages (only for Sunni Muslims) and provides religious education (of the Sunni Muslim variety) in <a href="/wiki/Public_school_(government_funded)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public school (government funded)">public schools</a>. The State has a <a href="/wiki/Directorate_of_Religious_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Directorate of Religious Affairs">Directorate of Religious Affairs</a>, directly under the President bureaucratically, responsible for organizing the <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> Muslim religion – including what will and will not be mentioned in sermons given at <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosques</a>, especially on Fridays. Such an interpretation of secularism, where religion is under strict control of the State is very different from that of the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>, and is a good example of how secularism can be applied in a variety of ways in different regions of the world. The exercise of their religion in Turkey by the Greek Orthodox and the Armenian Apostolic communities is partly regulated by the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a>. No such official recognition extends to the Syriac communities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_church_and_state&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Disestablishmentarianism" title="Disestablishmentarianism">Disestablishmentarianism</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, a part of the worldwide <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Communion</a>, is an <a href="/wiki/Established_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Established church">established church</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/British_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarchy">British Sovereign</a> is the titular <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Governor_of_the_Church_of_England" title="Supreme Governor of the Church of England">supreme governor</a> and cannot be a Roman Catholic. Until the <a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_Crown_Act_2013" title="Succession to the Crown Act 2013">Succession to the Crown Act 2013</a>, the monarch could not be married to a Catholic. </p><p>Around a third of <a href="/wiki/State-funded_schools_(England)" title="State-funded schools (England)">state schools in England</a> have a religious affiliation, with the vast majority being Christian. At faith schools, the worship must be in accordance with the religion or religious denomination of the school.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In state run Christian schools in England, Wales and Northern Ireland (but not in privately run schools), there is a requirement for a daily act of worship that is "wholly or mainly of a Christian character", although in England, up to 76% of Christian affiliated faith schools do not comply with the law and the requirement is not enforced by <a href="/wiki/Ofsted" title="Ofsted">Ofsted</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Non-Christian faith schools are exempt (instead having to have their own form of worship) and sixth-form pupils (in England and Wales) and parents of younger pupils can opt out. Official reports have recommended removing the requirement entirely.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian2015_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian2015-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The High Court of the United Kingdom has ruled in favour of challenges, brought by pupil families supported by the <a href="/wiki/British_Humanist_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="British Humanist Association">British Humanist Association</a>, to secondary-level religious studies exam syllabuses that excluded non-religious worldviews.<sup id="cite_ref-guardian2015_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guardian2015-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In England, senior Church appointments are Crown appointments; the Church carries out state functions such as coronations; Anglican representatives have an automatic role on <a href="/wiki/Standing_Advisory_Council_on_Religious_Education" title="Standing Advisory Council on Religious Education">Standing Advisory Councils on Religious Education</a>; and 26 diocesan bishops have seats in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lords" title="House of Lords">House of Lords</a>, where they are known as the <a href="/wiki/Lords_Spiritual" title="Lords Spiritual">Lords Spiritual</a> as opposed to the <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">lay</a> <a href="/wiki/Lords_Temporal" title="Lords Temporal">Lords Temporal</a>. The Lords Spiritual have a significant influence when they vote as a bloc on certain issues, notably moral issues like abortion and <a href="/wiki/Euthanasia" title="Euthanasia">euthanasia</a>. The Anglican Church also has specific legal rights and responsibilities in solemnised marriages that are different from other faith organisations. Non-religious couples can have a <a href="/wiki/Civil_wedding" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil wedding">civil wedding</a> with no religious elements, but non-religious <a href="/wiki/Humanist_celebrant" title="Humanist celebrant">humanist weddings</a> are not yet legally recognised in their own right. Collective worship makes prayer and worship of a Christian character mandatory in all schools, but parents can remove their children from these lessons, and sixth formers have the right to opt out.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Source needed for whole sentence (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Scotland" title="Church of Scotland">Church of Scotland</a> (or Kirk) is the largest religious denomination in Scotland; however, unlike the Church of England it is <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> and (since 1921) not a branch of the state, with the Sovereign holding no formal role in the Church other than being an ordinary member. However, though the Kirk is disestablished, Scotland is not a secular polity. The Kirk remains a <a href="/wiki/National_church" title="National church">national church</a> to which the state has special obligations; it is conventional that the monarch, who is head of state, must attend the Church when he visits Scotland, and they swear in their accession oath to maintain and preserve the church. The state also gives numerous preferences to the Church of Scotland and Catholic Church, particularly in education. The <a href="/wiki/Blasphemy_law_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Blasphemy law in the United Kingdom">blasphemy law</a>, though it had fallen into disuse, was not abolished until 2024. Non-religious couples can have a <a href="/wiki/Civil_wedding" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil wedding">civil wedding</a> with no religious elements, and <a href="/wiki/Humanist_celebrant" title="Humanist celebrant">humanist weddings</a> have been legally recognised since 2005 and enshrined in Scottish law since 2017. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Church_in_Wales" title="Church in Wales">Church in Wales</a> was disestablished in 1920 (although certain border parishes remain part of the Established Church of England).<sup id="cite_ref-Enyedi2003_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Enyedi2003-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike the UK Government and to some extent the Scottish Government, the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Welsh Government</a> has no religious links, though state-funded religious schools are routinely approved in Wales. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">Church of Ireland</a> was disestablished as early as 1871. Publicly funded Schools in Northern Ireland are either State or Catholic maintained schools. State schools can be classed as: Controlled (by the Education Authority), Voluntary Grammar, Integrated and Special Schools. Irish-Medium Schools are operated by both the State and the Catholic Church. Despite the common notion of 'Protestant' and 'Catholic' Schools among many citizens, all State schools accept all religions without bias, with the exception of Integrated schools which require a set ratio of 40:40:20 Protestant, Catholic and Other (Mixed or non-Christian Religious).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Source needed for whole sentence (November 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> An identification with the "Protestant" or "Roman Catholic" community is sought on equal opportunities-monitoring forms regardless of actual personal religious beliefs; as the primary purpose is to monitor cultural discrimination by employers. Atheists should select which community they come from; however, participation is not compulsory. Religious Education is compulsory for all children up to the age of 16, with the four major Church denominational bodies (The Catholic Church, The Presbyterian Church in Ireland, The Church of Ireland and the Methodist Church) agreeing on the content of the syllabus, focussing on Christianity and Secular Ethics. World Religions have to be introduced between the ages of 11 and 14. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_church_and_state&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Accommodationism" title="Accommodationism">Accommodationism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States" title="Separation of church and state in the United States">Separation of church and state in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Madison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/James_Madison.jpg/170px-James_Madison.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/James_Madison.jpg/255px-James_Madison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/James_Madison.jpg/340px-James_Madison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2465" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a>, drafter of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment</a>, which was ratified in 1791, states that "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion or prohibiting the free exercise thereof." However, the phrase "separation of church and state" itself does not appear in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>. The states themselves were free to establish an official religion, and twelve out of the thirteen had official religions. The <a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">First Great Awakening</a> (c. 1730–1755) had increased religious diversity in the Thirteen Colonies, and this combined with the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> prompted the five southernmost states to disestablish the Church of England between 1776 and 1790.<sup id="cite_ref-mtsu_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mtsu-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Second_Great_Awakening" title="Second Great Awakening">Second Great Awakening</a> (starting c. 1790) further increased religious diversity and prompted another round of disestablishments including New Hampshire (1817), Connecticut (1818), and Massachusetts (1833).<sup id="cite_ref-mtsu_95-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mtsu-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The phrase of Jefferson (<a href="#Jefferson_and_the_Bill_of_Rights">see above</a>) was quoted by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> first in 1878, and then in a series of cases starting in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Supreme Court did not consider the question of how this applied to the states until 1947; when they did, in <i><a href="/wiki/Everson_v._Board_of_Education" title="Everson v. Board of Education">Everson v. Board of Education</a></i>, the court <a href="/wiki/Incorporation_of_the_Bill_of_Rights" title="Incorporation of the Bill of Rights">incorporated</a> the establishment clause, determining that it applied to the states and that a law enabling reimbursement for <a href="/wiki/Busing" class="mw-redirect" title="Busing">busing</a> to all schools (including parochial schools) was constitutional.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prior to its incorporation, unsuccessful attempts were made to amend the constitution to explicitly apply the establishment clause to states in the 1870s and 1890s.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The concept was argued to be implicit in the flight of <a href="/wiki/Roger_Williams_(theologian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Roger Williams (theologian)">Roger Williams</a> from religious oppression in the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Colony" title="Massachusetts Bay Colony">Massachusetts Bay Colony</a> to found the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Rhode_Island_and_Providence_Plantations" title="Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations">Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations</a> on the principle of state neutrality in matters of faith.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Williams was motivated by historical abuse of governmental power and believed that government must remove itself from anything that touched upon human beings' relationship with God, advocating a "hedge or wall of Separation between the Garden of the Church and the Wilderness of the world" in order to keep religion pure.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through his work Rhode Island's charter was confirmed by <a href="/wiki/King_Charles_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King Charles II of England">King Charles II of England</a>, which explicitly stated that no one was to be "molested, punished, disquieted, or called in question, for any differences in opinion, in matters of religion". </p><p>Williams is credited with helping to shape the church and state debate in England and influencing such men as <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a> and particularly John Locke, whose work was studied closely by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and other framers of the U.S. Constitution. Williams theologically derived his views mainly from Scripture and his motive is seen as religious, but Jefferson's advocation of religious liberty is seen as political and social.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though no states currently have an established religion, almost all of the state constitutions invoke God and some originally required officeholders to believe in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Trinity" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Trinity">Holy Trinity</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_treaties_and_court_decisions">Early treaties and court decisions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_church_and_state&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Early treaties and court decisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Treaty_of_Paris">The Treaty of Paris</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_church_and_state&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: The Treaty of Paris"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris (1783)</a></div> <p>In 1783, the United States signed a treaty with <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a> that was promulgated "in the name of the Most Holy and Undivided Trinity".<sup id="cite_ref-BittkerIdlemanRavitch_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BittkerIdlemanRavitch-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was dipped in religious language, crediting "'Divine Providence' with having disposed the two parties to 'forget all past misunderstandings,' and is dated 'in the year of our Lord' 1783".<sup id="cite_ref-BittkerIdlemanRavitch_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BittkerIdlemanRavitch-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Treaty_of_Tripoli">The Treaty of Tripoli</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_church_and_state&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: The Treaty of Tripoli"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tripoli" title="Treaty of Tripoli">Treaty of Tripoli</a></div> <p>In 1797, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> ratified a treaty with <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a> that stated in Article 11: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>As the Government of the United States of America is not, in any sense, founded on the Christian religion; as it has in itself no character of enmity against the laws, religion, or tranquility, of <a href="/wiki/Musulman" class="mw-redirect" title="Musulman">Mussulmen</a>; and, as the said States never entered into any war, or act of hostility against any <a href="/wiki/Mohammedan" title="Mohammedan">Mahometan</a> nation, it is declared by the parties, that no pretext arising from religious opinions, shall ever produce an interruption of the harmony existing between the two countries.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>According to Frank Lambert, Professor of History at <a href="/wiki/Purdue_University" title="Purdue University">Purdue University</a>, the assurances in Article 11 were: </p> <blockquote><p>...intended to allay the fears of the Muslim state by insisting that religion would not govern how the treaty was interpreted and enforced. President <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> and the Senate made clear that the pact was between two sovereign states, not between two religious powers.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Supporters of the separation of church and state argue that this treaty, which was ratified by the Senate, confirms that the government of the United States was specifically intended to be religiously neutral.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treaty was submitted by President Adams and unanimously ratified by the Senate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Church_of_the_Holy_Trinity_v._United_States">Church of the Holy Trinity v. United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_church_and_state&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Church of the Holy Trinity v. United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Trinity_v._United_States#Christian_nation" title="Church of the Holy Trinity v. United States">Church of the Holy Trinity v. United_States § Christian_nation</a></div> <p>In the 1892 case <i><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Trinity_v._United_States" title="Church of the Holy Trinity v. United States">Church of the Holy Trinity v. United States</a></i>, Supreme Court Justice <a href="/wiki/Justice_David_Brewer" class="mw-redirect" title="Justice David Brewer">David Brewer</a> wrote for a unanimous Court that "no purpose of action against religion can be imputed to any legislation, state or national, because this is a religious people. ... [T]his is a Christian nation."<sup id="cite_ref-Finkelman_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finkelman-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Legal historian <a href="/wiki/Paul_Finkelman" title="Paul Finkelman">Paul Finkelman</a> writes that: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Brewer, the son of a Congregationalist missionary to Asia Minor, quoted several colonial charters, state constitutions, and court decisions that referred to the importance of Christian belief in the affairs of the American people; cited the practice of various legislative bodies of beginning their sessions with prayer, and noted the large number of churches and Christian charitable organizations that exist in every community in the country as evidence that this is a Christian nation. In doing so, Brewer expressed the prevailing nineteenth-century Protestant view that America is a Christian nation.<sup id="cite_ref-Finkelman_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finkelman-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Use_of_the_phrase">Use of the phrase</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_church_and_state&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Use of the phrase"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The phrase "separation of church and state" is derived from a letter written by President <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> in 1802 to <a href="/wiki/Danbury_Baptists" class="mw-redirect" title="Danbury Baptists">Baptists from Danbury, Connecticut</a>, and published in a Massachusetts newspaper soon thereafter. In that letter, referencing the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">First Amendment to the United States Constitution</a>, Jefferson writes: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Believing with you that religion is a matter which lies solely between Man & his God, that he owes account to none other for his faith or his worship, that the legitimate powers of government reach actions only, & not opinions, I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their legislature should "make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof", thus building a wall of separation between Church & State.<sup id="cite_ref-Jefferson11_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jefferson11-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Another early user of the term was <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a>, the principal drafter of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">United States Bill of Rights</a>. In a 1789 debate in the House of Representatives regarding the draft of the First Amendment, the following was said: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>August 15, 1789. Mr. [Peter] Sylvester [of New York] had some doubts. … He feared it [the First Amendment] might be thought to have a tendency to abolish religion altogether. … Mr. [Elbridge] Gerry [of Massachusetts] said it would read better if it was that "no religious doctrine shall be established by law." … Mr. [James] Madison [of Virginia] said he apprehended the meaning of the words to be, that "Congress should not establish a religion, and enforce the legal observation of it by law." … [T]he State[s] … seemed to entertain an opinion that under the clause of the Constitution. … it enabled them [Congress] to make laws of such a nature as might … establish a national religion; to prevent these effects he presumed the amendment was intended. … Mr. Madison thought if the word "National" was inserted before religion, it would satisfy the minds of honorable gentlemen. … He thought if the word "national" was introduced, it would point the amendment directly to the object it was intended to prevent.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Madison contended "Because if Religion be exempt from the authority of the Society at large, still less can it be subject to that of the Legislative Body."<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several years later he wrote of "total separation of the church from the state".<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Strongly guarded as is the separation between Religion & Govt in the Constitution of the United States", Madison wrote,<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and he declared, "practical distinction between Religion and Civil Government is essential to the purity of both, and as guaranteed by the Constitution of the United States."<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a letter to <a href="/wiki/Edward_Livingston" title="Edward Livingston">Edward Livingston</a> Madison further expanded: </p> <blockquote><p>We are teaching the world the great truth that Govts. do better without Kings & Nobles than with them. The merit will be doubled by the other lesson that Religion flourishes in greater purity, without than with the aid of Govt.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Jefferson%27s_Grave_Site.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Thomas_Jefferson%27s_Grave_Site.jpg/220px-Thomas_Jefferson%27s_Grave_Site.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Thomas_Jefferson%27s_Grave_Site.jpg/330px-Thomas_Jefferson%27s_Grave_Site.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Thomas_Jefferson%27s_Grave_Site.jpg/440px-Thomas_Jefferson%27s_Grave_Site.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>'s tombstone. The inscription, as he stipulated, reads, "Here was buried Thomas Jefferson, author of ... the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Statute_for_Religious_Freedom" title="Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom">Statute of Virginia for Religious Freedom</a> ...."</figcaption></figure> <p>This attitude is further reflected in the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Statute_for_Religious_Freedom" title="Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom">Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom</a>, originally authored by Jefferson and championed by Madison, and guaranteeing that no one may be compelled to finance any religion or denomination: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>… no man shall be compelled to frequent or support any religious worship, place, or ministry whatsoever, nor shall be enforced, restrained, molested, or burthened in his body or goods, nor shall otherwise suffer on account of his religious opinions or belief; but that all men shall be free to profess, and by argument to maintain, their opinion in matters of religion, and that the same shall in no wise diminish enlarge, or affect their civil capacities.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Under the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>, the treatment of religion by the government is broken into two clauses: the <a href="/wiki/Establishment_clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Establishment clause">establishment clause</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Free_exercise_clause" class="mw-redirect" title="Free exercise clause">free exercise clause</a>. Both are discussed in regard to whether certain state actions would amount to an impermissible government establishment of religion. </p><p>The phrase was also mentioned in an eloquent letter written by President <a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> on July 10, 1843.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1960 presidential campaign the potential influence of the Catholic Church on John F. Kennedy's presidency was raised. If elected, it would be the first time that a Catholic would occupy the highest office in the United States. <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, in his <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Address_of_Senator_John_F._Kennedy_to_the_Greater_Houston_Ministerial_Association" class="extiw" title="s:Address of Senator John F. Kennedy to the Greater Houston Ministerial Association">Address to the Greater Houston Ministerial Association</a> on 12 September 1960, addressed the question directly, saying: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I believe in an America where the separation of church and state is absolute – where no Catholic prelate would tell the President (should he be Catholic) how to act, and no Protestant minister would tell his parishioners for whom to vote – where no church or church school is granted any public funds or political preference – and where no man is denied public office merely because his religion differs from the President who might appoint him or the people who might elect him. I believe in an America that is officially neither Catholic, Protestant nor Jewish – where no public official either requests or accepts instructions on public policy from the Pope, the National Council of Churches or any other ecclesiastical source – where no religious body seeks to impose its will directly or indirectly upon the general populace or the public acts of its officials – and where religious liberty is so indivisible that an act against one church is treated as an act against all. […] I do not speak for my church on public matters – and the church does not speak for me. Whatever issue may come before me as President – on birth control, divorce, censorship, gambling or any other subject – I will make my decision in accordance with these views, in accordance with what my conscience tells me to be the national interest, and without regard to outside religious pressures or dictates. And no power or threat of punishment could cause me to decide otherwise. But if the time should ever come – and I do not concede any conflict to be even remotely possible – when my office would require me to either violate my conscience or violate the national interest, then I would resign the office; and I hope any conscientious public servant would do the same.</p></blockquote> <p>The United States Supreme Court has referenced the separation of church and state metaphor more than 25 times, though not always fully embracing the principle, saying "the metaphor itself is not a wholly accurate description of the practical aspects of the relationship that in fact exists between church and state".<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/Reynolds_v._United_States" title="Reynolds v. United States">Reynolds</a></i>, the Court denied the free exercise claims of Mormons in the Utah territory who claimed <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a> was an aspect of their religious freedom. The Court used the phrase again by Justice Hugo Black in 1947 in <i><a href="/wiki/Everson_v._Board_of_Education" title="Everson v. Board of Education">Everson</a></i>. In a minority opinion in <i><a href="/wiki/Wallace_v._Jaffree" title="Wallace v. Jaffree">Wallace v. Jaffree</a></i>, Justice Rehnquist presented the view that the establishment clause was intended to protect local establishments of religion from federal interference. Rehnquist made numerous citations of cases that rebutted the idea of a total wall of separation between Church and State. A result of such reasoning was Supreme Court support for government payments to faith-based community projects. <a href="/wiki/Justice_Scalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Justice Scalia">Justice Scalia</a> has criticized the metaphor as a bulldozer removing religion from American public life.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pledge_of_Allegiance">Pledge of Allegiance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_church_and_state&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Pledge of Allegiance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Critics of the American <a href="/wiki/Pledge_of_Allegiance_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pledge of Allegiance (United States)">Pledge of Allegiance</a> have argued that the use of the phrase "under God" violates the separation of church and state. While the pledge was created by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bellamy" title="Francis Bellamy">Francis Bellamy</a> in 1891, in 1954, the <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_Columbus" title="Knights of Columbus">Knights of Columbus</a>, a Catholic organization, campaigned with other groups to have the words "under God" added to the pledge. On June 14, 1954, President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Eisenhower" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwight Eisenhower">Dwight Eisenhower</a> signed the bill to make the addition.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since then, critics have challenged the existence of the phrase in the Pledge. In 2004, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Newdow" title="Michael Newdow">Michael Newdow</a>, an ordained <a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">atheist</a> minister of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Life_Church" title="Universal Life Church">Universal Life Church</a> challenged a Californian law which required students to recite the pledge. He said the law violated the First Amendment's Establishment Clause. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the school system in <i><a href="/wiki/Elk_Grove_Unified_School_District_v._Newdow" title="Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow">Elk Grove Unified School District v. Newdow</a></i> due to the fact that the father could not claim sufficient custody of the child over his ex-wife who was the legal guardian and had opposed the lawsuit.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uruguay">Uruguay</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_church_and_state&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Uruguay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> the principle of separation of church and state is enshrined together with the religious freedom in Article 5 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Uruguay" title="Constitution of Uruguay">Constitution</a>, which states: "All religious cults are free in Uruguay. The State does not support any religion. It recognizes the Catholic Church the domain of all temples that have been totally or partially built with funds from the National Treasury, excepting only the chapels intended for the service of asylums, hospitals, prisons or other public establishments. It also declares temples exempt from all types of taxes dedicated to the worship of various religions."<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The separation between church and state was officially declared in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Uruguay_of_1918" title="Constitution of Uruguay of 1918">Constitution of 1918</a> and preserved in the following ones.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">secularization</a> of the country, however, began at the beginning of the 20th century during the first administration of President <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Batlle_y_Ord%C3%B3%C3%B1ez" title="José Batlle y Ordóñez">José Batlle y Ordoñez</a> as part of the reforms that sought the firm positioning of the State in the public sphere.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The measures included the prohibition of religious symbols in public hospitals and government buildings, as well as the suppression of religious teaching in public schools.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religious_views">Religious views</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_church_and_state&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Religious views"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_church_and_state&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The separation of mosque and state happened very early on in Islamic history. Muslim scholars were endowed and separated from the state, which they became very critical of. The state needed the <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">scholars</a> to legitimize their rule while the scholars did not need the state. Thus, the scholars were generally independent, with some bumps in history like the <a href="/wiki/Mihna" title="Mihna">mihna</a> being the exception rather than the rule. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bulliet" title="Richard Bulliet">Richard Bulliet</a> writes that during the colonial and <a href="/wiki/Postcolonialism" title="Postcolonialism">postcolonial</a> periods of the Muslim world, a main goal of the political tyrants was to remove the independence of the scholars via removing their economic and social independence. The Constitution of Medina which is often discussed as an early form of secular governance, providing equal religious and ocmunal rights to Muslims, Jewish people, and pagans while treating them as together in the identity of the nation state.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_church_and_state&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Ahmadiyya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_Muslim_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmadiyya Muslim Community">Ahmadiyya Muslim Community</a>'s understanding of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, Islamic principles state that the politics of government should be separate from the doctrine of religion. Special preference should not be given to a Muslim over a non-Muslim.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_church_and_state&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Christian_state" title="Christian state">Christian state</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christian_Reconstructionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Reconstructionism">Christian Reconstructionism</a></div> <p>Historically, the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> have deemed a close relationship between church and state desirable wherever possible as per the 2105 of the <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Orthodox churches have historically at times formed a "<a href="/wiki/Symphonia" title="Symphonia">symphonia</a>" with the state, whether de jure or de facto. On the other hand, while some Protestants hold views similar to those above, some <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestants</a> refuse to vote, carry arms, or participate in civil government in any way, often leading to their persecution, as happened to <a href="/wiki/Anabaptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptist">Anabaptists</a>, their descendants including the <a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a>, in the 20th Century. Anabaptist Protestants and <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Persecution of Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a>, in many countries, believing by not participating they are closer to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of God">Kingdom of God</a>, since "<a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> answered (<a href="/wiki/Pilate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilate">Pilate</a>), 'My kingdom is not of this world: if my kingdom were of this world, then would my servants fight (to defend him).' " – <a href="/wiki/John_18" title="John 18">John 18</a>:36. For them, the term "<a href="/wiki/Christian_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian nation">Christian nation</a>" cannot be a valid governmental position, leaving only Christian people, possibly in Christian communities, beyond which are the "things which are Caesar's" – <a href="/wiki/Matthew_22:21" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew 22:21">Matthew 22:21</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Methodism">Methodism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_church_and_state&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Methodism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In its section on National Reform, the <i>Book of Discipline</i> of the <a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Wesleyan_Methodist_Connection" title="Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection">Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Connection</a> states, with respect to Church and state relations:<sup id="cite_ref-AWMC2014_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AWMC2014-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WMC1896_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMC1896-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It shall be the duty of the ministers and members of the Wesleyan Methodist Connection to use their influence in every feasible manner in favor of a more complete recognition of the authority of Almighty God, in the secular and civil relations, both of society and of government, and the authority of our Lord Jesus Christ as King of nations as well as King of saints.<sup id="cite_ref-AWMC2014_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AWMC2014-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WMC1896_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMC1896-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>As such, the Allegheny Wesleyan Methodist Church advocates for Bible reading in public schools, chaplaincies in the Armed Forces and in Congress, <a href="/wiki/Blue_law" title="Blue law">blue laws</a> (reflecting historic Methodist belief in <a href="/wiki/Sunday_Sabbatarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunday Sabbatarianism">Sunday Sabbatarianism</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Christian_amendment" title="Christian amendment">amendments that advance the recognition of God</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AWMC2014_130-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AWMC2014-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WMC1896_131-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMC1896-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reformed">Reformed</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_church_and_state&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Reformed"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Reformed tradition of Christianity (<a href="/wiki/Congregationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregationalist">Congregationalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Continental_Reformed" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental Reformed">Continental Reformed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> denominations) have also addressed the issue of the relationship between the Church and state. In its 1870 <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_polity#General_assembly" title="Presbyterian polity">General Assembly</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Presbyterian Church in the United States">Presbyterian Church in the United States</a> stated:<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson1902_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson1902-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We should regard the successful attempt to expel all religious instruction and influence from our public schools as an evil of the first magnitude. Nor do we see how this can be done without inflicting a deadly wound upon the intellectual and moral life of the nation…We look upon the state as an ordinance of God, and not a mere creature of the popular will; and, under its high responsibility to the Supreme Ruler of the world, we hold it to be both its right and bound duty to educate its children in those elementary principles of knowledge and virtue which are essential to its own security and well-being. The union of church and state is indeed against our American theory and constitutions of government; but the most intimate union of the state with the saving and conservative forces of Christianity is one of the oldest customs of the country, and has always ranked a vital article of our political faith.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson1902_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson1902-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Catholicism">Catholicism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_church_and_state&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Catholicism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first full articulation of the Catholic doctrine on the principles of the relationship of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> to the state (at the time, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a>) is contained in the document <a href="/wiki/Famuli_vestrae_pietatis" title="Famuli vestrae pietatis">Famuli vestrae pietatis</a>, written by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Pope Gelasius I</a> to the Emperor, which states that the Church and the state should work together in society, that the state should recognize the Church's role in society, with the Church holding superiority in moral matters and the state having superiority in temporal matters. Monsignor John A. Ryan speaks of this Catholic doctrine thusly: "If there is only one true religion, and if its possession is the most important good in life, for states as well as individuals, then the public profession, protection, and promotion of this religion, and the legal prohibition of all direct assaults upon it, becomes one of the most obvious and fundamental duties of the state. For it is the business of the state to safeguard and promote human welfare in all departments of life." </p><p>In the 1864 <a href="/wiki/Syllabus_of_Errors" title="Syllabus of Errors">Syllabus of Errors</a>, issued by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a>, the idea that "the Church ought to be separated from the State, and the State from the Church" is condemned.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his 1906 encyclical, <a href="/wiki/Vehementer_Nos" title="Vehementer Nos">Vehementer Nos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a> condemns separation, writing: </p> <blockquote><p>That the State must be separated from the Church is a thesis absolutely false, a most pernicious error. Based, as it is, on the principle that the State must not recognize any religious cult, it is in the first place guilty of a great injustice to God; for the Creator of man is also the Founder of human societies, and preserves their existence as He preserves our own. We owe Him, therefore, not only a private cult, but a public and social worship to honor Him.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Gaudium_et_spes" title="Gaudium et spes">Gaudium et spes</a></i> ("Joy and Hope"), the 1965 Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World, noted that "... the Church has always had the duty of scrutinizing the signs of the times and of interpreting them in the light of the Gospel."<sup id="cite_ref-gaudium_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gaudium-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mission of the Church recognized that the realities of secularization and pluralism exist despite the traditional teaching on confessional statehood. Because of this reality of secularisation, it also recognized and encouraged the role of the laity in the life of the Church in the secular world, viewing the laity as much-needed agents of change in order to bring about a transformation of society more in line with Catholic teaching. "This council exhorts Christians, as citizens of two cities, to strive to discharge their earthly duties conscientiously and in response to the Gospel spirit.".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaudium_et_Spes§43_136-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaudium_et_Spes§43-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was further expanded in <i><a href="/wiki/Apostolicam_Actuositatem" title="Apostolicam Actuositatem">Apostolicam Actuositatem</a></i>, Decree on the Apostolate of the Laity, of 18 November 1965. </p><p><i>Apostolicam Actuositatem</i>, the Second Vatican Council's "Decree on the Apostolate of the Laity", was issued 18 November 1965. The purpose of this document was to encourage and guide lay people in their Christian service. "Since the laity, in accordance with their state of life, live in the midst of the world and its concerns, they are called by God to exercise their apostolate in the world like leaven, with the ardor of the Spirit of Christ."<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Francis_Arinze" title="Francis Arinze">Francis Cardinal Arinze</a> explains that lay persons "...are called by Baptism to witness to Christ in the secular sphere of life; that is in the family, in work and leisure, in science and cultural, in politics and government, in trade and mass media, and in national and international relations".<sup id="cite_ref-Arinze_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arinze-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic teaching</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Dignitatis_Humanae" class="mw-redirect" title="Dignitatis Humanae">Dignitatis Humanae</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Second Vatican Council</a>'s Declaration on Religious Freedom (1986), states that all people are entitled to a degree of religious freedom as long as public order is not disturbed and that constitutional law should recognize such freedom.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "If, in view of peculiar circumstances obtaining among peoples, special civil recognition is given to one religious community in the constitutional order of society, it is at the same time imperative that the right of all citizens and religious communities to religious freedom should be recognized and made effective in practice.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, the document reiterated that the Church "leaves untouched traditional Catholic doctrine on the moral duty of men and societies toward the true religion and toward the one Church of Christ". The traditional teaching of the duty of society towards the Church is described in the current edition of the Catechism of the Catholic Church, number 2105.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pope John Paul II, in his 2005 letter to the Bishops of France proposed that not only is Separation of State and Church permissible, it is in fact a part of the Church's Social Doctrine. The Pope writes: </p><p>"Correctly understood, the principle of <i>laïcité</i> (secularity), to which your Country is deeply attached, is also part of the social teaching of the Church. It recalls the need for a clear division of powers (cf. <i>Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church,</i> nn. 571–572) that echoes Christ's invitation to his disciples: "Render to Caesar the things that are Caesar's, and to God the things that are God's" (Lk 20: 25). For its part, just as the non-denominational status of the State implies the civil Authority's abstention from interference in the life of the Church and of the various religions, in the spiritual realm it enables all society's members to work together at the service of all and of the national community. Likewise, as the Second Vatican Ecumenical Council recalled, the management of temporal power is not the Church's vocation for: "The Church, by reason of her role and competence, is not identified with any political community nor bound by ties to any political system" (Pastoral Constitution <i>Gaudium et Spes,</i> n. 76 2; cf. n. 42). Yet, at the same time, it is important that all work in the general interest and for the common good. The council also stated: "The political community and the Church... each serves the personal and social vocation of the same human beings. This service will redound the more effectively to the welfare of all insofar as both institutions practise better cooperation" (<i>ibid.</i> 3)" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/letters/2005/documents/hf_jp-ii_let_20050211_french-bishops.html">LETTER OF POPE JOHN PAUL II TO THE BISHOPS OF FRANCE</a> </p><p>The Catholic Church takes the position that the Church itself has a proper role in guiding and informing consciences, explaining the <a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">natural law</a>, and judging the moral integrity of the state, thereby serving as check to the power of the state.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Church teaches that the <a href="/wiki/Dignitatis_humanae#The_fundamental_right_to_religious_liberty" title="Dignitatis humanae">right of individuals to religious freedom</a> is an essential dignity. </p><p>Catholic philosopher Thomas Storck argues that, once a society becomes "Catholicised" and adopts the Church as the state religion, it is further morally bound: "'the just requirements of public order' vary considerably between a Catholic state and a religiously neutral state. If a neutral state can prohibit polygamy, even though it is a restriction on religious freedom, then a Catholic state can likewise restrict the public activity of non-Catholic groups. "The just requirements of public order" can be understood only in the context of a people's traditions and modes of living, and in a Catholic society would necessarily include that social unity based upon a recognition of the Catholic Church as the religion of society, and the consequent exclusion of all other religions from public life. Western secular democracies, committed to freedom of religion for all sects, find no contradiction in proscribing polygamy, although some religions permit it, because its practice is contrary to the traditions and mores of these nations. A Catholic country can certainly similarly maintain its own manner of life.", further:<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>If, under consideration of historical circumstances among peoples, special civil recognition is given to one religious community in the constitutional order of a society, it is necessary at the same time that the right of all citizens and religious communities to religious freedom should be acknowledged and maintained.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Church takes stances on current political issues, and tries to influence legislation on matters it considers relevant. For example, the Catholic bishops in the United States adopted a plan in the 1970s calling for efforts aimed at a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_amendment" title="Constitutional amendment">Constitutional amendment</a> providing "<a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">protection for the unborn</a> child to the maximum degree possible".<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Benedict XVI regards modern idea of freedom (meaning the Church should be free from governmental coercion and overtly political influence from the state) as a legitimate product of the Christian environment,<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a similar way to Jacques Le Goff.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, contrary to the French historian,<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Pope rejects the conception of religion as just a private affair.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Friendly_and_hostile_separation">Friendly and hostile separation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_church_and_state&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Friendly and hostile separation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholars have distinguished between what can be called "friendly" and "hostile" separations of church and state.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The friendly type limits the interference of the church in matters of the state but also limits the interference of the state in church matters.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hostile variety, by contrast, seeks to confine religion purely to the home or church and limits religious education, religious rites of passage and public displays of faith.<sup id="cite_ref-MaierBruhn2004p111_152-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MaierBruhn2004p111-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The hostile model of secularism arose with the <a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a> and is typified in the <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Persecution of Christians in Mexico">Mexican Revolution</a>, its resulting <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Constitution">Constitution</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/First_Portuguese_Republic" title="First Portuguese Republic">First Portuguese Republic</a> of 1910, and in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1931" title="Spanish Constitution of 1931">Spanish Constitution of 1931</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hostile model exhibited during these events can be seen as approaching the type of <a href="/wiki/Political_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Political religion">political religion</a> seen in <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian state">totalitarian states</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MaierBruhn2004p111_152-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MaierBruhn2004p111-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The French separation of 1905<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Spanish separation of 1931 have been characterized as the two most hostile of the twentieth century, although the current church-state relations in both countries are considered generally friendly.<sup id="cite_ref-Arguing_Comparative_Politics_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Arguing_Comparative_Politics-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, France's former President <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a> at the beginning of his term considered his country's current state of affairs a "negative <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">laïcité</i></span>" and wanted to develop a "positive <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">laïcité</i></span>" more open to religion.<sup id="cite_ref-christiantoday.com_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-christiantoday.com-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concerns of the state toward religion have been seen by some as one cause of the civil war in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War#Constitution_of_1931" title="Spanish Civil War">Spain</a><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Cristero_War" title="Cristero War">Mexico</a>. </p><p>The French Catholic philosopher and drafter of the <i><a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maritain" title="Jacques Maritain">Jacques Maritain</a>, noted the distinction between the models found in France and in the mid-twentieth century United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Christ_And_Culture_Revisited_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christ_And_Culture_Revisited-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He considered the U.S. model of that time to be more amicable because it had both "sharp distinction and actual cooperation" between church and state, what he called a "historical treasure" and admonished the United States, "Please to God that you keep it carefully, and do not let your concept of separation veer round to the European one."<sup id="cite_ref-Christ_And_Culture_Revisited_157-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Christ_And_Culture_Revisited-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Alexis de Tocqueville</a>, another French observer, tended to make the same distinction: "In the U.S., from the beginning, politics and religion were in accord, and they have not ceased to be so since."<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_church_and_state&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/31px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/47px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/62px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1905_French_law_on_the_Separation_of_the_Churches_and_the_State" title="1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State">1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidisestablishmentarianism" title="Antidisestablishmentarianism">Antidisestablishmentarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists_in_the_history_of_separation_of_church_and_state" title="Baptists in the history of separation of church and state">Baptists in the history of separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">Caesaropapism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Reconstructionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Reconstructionism">Christian Reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donatism" title="Donatism">Donatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Waynesville_Baptist_Church" title="East Waynesville Baptist Church">East Waynesville Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_by_country" title="Freedom of religion by country">Freedom of religion by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_theory" title="Institutional theory">Institutional theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulturkampf" title="Kulturkampf">Kulturkampf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonsectarian" title="Nonsectarian">Nonsectarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Humanist_Association" title="Norwegian Humanist Association">Norwegian Humanist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principled_Distance" title="Principled Distance">Principled Distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_religion" title="Sociology of religion">Sociology of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_bank_independence" title="Central bank independence">Central bank independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_control_of_the_military" title="Civil control of the military">Civil control of the military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_service#Civil_service_independence" title="Civil service">Civil service independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Editorial_independence" title="Editorial independence">Editorial independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_media" title="Independent media">Independent media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_independence" title="Judicial independence">Judicial independence</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_church_and_state&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States</i> (1992), Kermit D. Hall, Ed. pp. 717–726</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://firstamendment.mtsu.edu/article/establishment-clause-separation-of-church-and-state/">"Establishment Clause: Separation of Church and State"</a>. <i>The Free Speech Center</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Free+Speech+Center&rft.atitle=Establishment+Clause%3A+Separation+of+Church+and+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffirstamendment.mtsu.edu%2Farticle%2Festablishment-clause-separation-of-church-and-state%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/9806/danpre.html">"Jefferson's Letter to the Danbury Baptists (June 1998) - Library of Congress Information Bulletin"</a>. <i>www.loc.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.loc.gov&rft.atitle=Jefferson%27s+Letter+to+the+Danbury+Baptists+%28June+1998%29+-+Library+of+Congress+Information+Bulletin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Floc%2Flcib%2F9806%2Fdanpre.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-hccc-worldhistory2/chapter/the-enlightenment/">"The Enlightenment | History of Western Civilization II"</a>. <i>courses.lumenlearning.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417213938/https://courses.lumenlearning.com/suny-hccc-worldhistory2/chapter/the-enlightenment/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=courses.lumenlearning.com&rft.atitle=The+Enlightenment+%26%23124%3B+History+of+Western+Civilization+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcourses.lumenlearning.com%2Fsuny-hccc-worldhistory2%2Fchapter%2Fthe-enlightenment%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=separationism">Separationism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200807030106/http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=separationism">Archived</a> 2020-08-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn">Princeton University WordNet</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160508073028/http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn">Archived</a> May 8, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> reads: "separationism: advocacy of a policy of strict separation of church and state."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jefferson11-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jefferson11_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jefferson11_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jefferson11_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJefferson1802" class="citation web cs1">Jefferson, Thomas (1 January 1802). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/9806/danpre.html">"Jefferson's Letter to the Danbury Baptists"</a>. U.S. Library of Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191004225307/https://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/9806/danpre.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jefferson%27s+Letter+to+the+Danbury+Baptists&rft.pub=U.S.+Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1802-01-01&rft.aulast=Jefferson&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Floc%2Flcib%2F9806%2Fdanpre.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plato, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Socrates" title="The Death of Socrates">The Death of Socrates</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Feldman (2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EMA-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EMA_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vauchez, Andre (2001). <a href="//archive.org/details/encyclopediaofmi0001unse_z7y7/page/444/mode/2up" class="extiw" title="iarchive:encyclopediaofmi0001unse z7y7/page/444/mode/2up"><i>Encyclopedia of the Middle Ages</i></a>. Routledge. p. 445. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1579582821" title="Special:BookSources/978-1579582821">978-1579582821</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.bl.uk/digitisedmanuscripts/2015/08/shameful-and-demeaning-the-annulment-of-magna-carta.html">"Shameful and Demeaning: The Annulment of Magna Carta"</a>. <i>blogs.bl.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211024171731/https://blogs.bl.uk/digitisedmanuscripts/2015/08/shameful-and-demeaning-the-annulment-of-magna-carta.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=blogs.bl.uk&rft.atitle=Shameful+and+Demeaning%3A+The+Annulment+of+Magna+Carta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.bl.uk%2Fdigitisedmanuscripts%2F2015%2F08%2Fshameful-and-demeaning-the-annulment-of-magna-carta.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/learn/teaching-resources/story-of-1066/collectible-2/">"1066: Pope Alexander II"</a>. <i>English Heritage</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211009212721/https://www.english-heritage.org.uk/learn/teaching-resources/story-of-1066/collectible-2/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=English+Heritage&rft.atitle=1066%3A+Pope+Alexander+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.english-heritage.org.uk%2Flearn%2Fteaching-resources%2Fstory-of-1066%2Fcollectible-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill1972" class="citation journal cs1">Hill, Rosalind M. T. (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/studies-in-church-history/article/abs/belief-and-practice-as-illustrated-by-john-xxiis-excommunication-of-robert-bruce/6EDFF5DBD6F9C3E70CAAD7E88A5DD842">"Belief and practice as illustrated by John XXII's excommunication of Robert Bruce"</a>. <i>Studies in Church History</i>. <b>8</b>: 135–138. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0424208400005477">10.1017/S0424208400005477</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0424-2084">0424-2084</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:170796943">170796943</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029003547/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/studies-in-church-history/article/abs/belief-and-practice-as-illustrated-by-john-xxiis-excommunication-of-robert-bruce/6EDFF5DBD6F9C3E70CAAD7E88A5DD842">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Church+History&rft.atitle=Belief+and+practice+as+illustrated+by+John+XXII%27s+excommunication+of+Robert+Bruce&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=135-138&rft.date=1972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A170796943%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0424-2084&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0424208400005477&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Rosalind+M.+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fstudies-in-church-history%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fbelief-and-practice-as-illustrated-by-john-xxiis-excommunication-of-robert-bruce%2F6EDFF5DBD6F9C3E70CAAD7E88A5DD842&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott1877" class="citation book cs1">Elliott, Charles (1877) [1851]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/delineationroma01elligoog"><i>Delineation of Roman Catholicism: Drawn from the authentic and acknowledged standards of the Church of Rome</i></a>. Lane & Scott. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/delineationroma01elligoog/page/n169">165</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Delineation+of+Roman+Catholicism%3A+Drawn+from+the+authentic+and+acknowledged+standards+of+the+Church+of+Rome&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Lane+%26+Scott&rft.date=1877&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdelineationroma01elligoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sabuco_Waithe_Vintro_Zorita_2010_p._156-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sabuco_Waithe_Vintro_Zorita_2010_p._156_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSabucoWaitheVintroZorita2010" class="citation book cs1">Sabuco, O.; Waithe, M.E.; Vintro, M.C.; Zorita, C.A. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9S7GrKO69p0C&pg=PA156"><i>New Philosophy of Human Nature: Neither Known to Nor Attained by the Great Ancient Philosophers, Which Will Improve Human Life and Health</i></a>. University of Illinois Press. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-09231-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-09231-2"><bdi>978-0-252-09231-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1983). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lawrevolutionfor0000berm"><i>Law and Revolution: The Formation of the Western Legal Tradition</i></a></span>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674517741" title="Special:BookSources/0674517741"><bdi>0674517741</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/185405865">185405865</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Law+and+Revolution%3A+The+Formation+of+the+Western+Legal+Tradition&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F185405865&rft.isbn=0674517741&rft.aulast=Berman&rft.aufirst=Harold+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flawrevolutionfor0000berm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadison1865" class="citation book cs1">Madison, James (1865). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lettersandother01madigoog"><i>Madison to Schaeffer, 1821</i></a>. J.B. Lippincott & Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lettersandother01madigoog/page/n311">242</a>–243.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Madison+to+Schaeffer%2C+1821&rft.pages=242-243&rft.pub=J.B.+Lippincott+%26+Company&rft.date=1865&rft.aulast=Madison&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flettersandother01madigoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mhsc.ca/index.php?content=http://www.mhsc.ca/mennos/bchurchstate.htm">"MHSC"</a>. <i>www.mhsc.ca</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210501010110/https://mhsc.ca/index.php?content=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mhsc.ca%2Fmennos%2Fbchurchstate.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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October 1990. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220510124449/https://www.christianitytoday.com/history/issues/issue-28/1525-anabaptist-movement-begins.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Christian+History+%26%23124%3B+Learn+the+History+of+Christianity+%26+the+Church&rft.atitle=1525+The+Anabaptist+Movement+Begins&rft.date=1990-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2Fhistory%2Fissues%2Fissue-28%2F1525-anabaptist-movement-begins.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Church-State_Relations">"Church-State Relations – GAMEO"</a>. <i>gameo.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170323145256/http://gameo.org/index.php?title=Church-State_Relations">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"The Anabaptists and Religious Liberty in the Sixteenth Century." <i>Mennonite Quarterly Review</i> 29 (1955): 83–100.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080320002225/http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon41.html">"Henry VIII: 1509–47 AD"</a>. Britannia History. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon41.html">the original</a> on 20 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 March</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Henry+VIII%3A+1509%E2%80%9347+AD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannia.com%2Fhistory%2Fmonarchs%2Fmon41.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AFP-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AFP_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Feldman, Noah (2005). <i>Divided by God</i>. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, pg. 29 ("It took <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> to translate the demand for liberty of conscience into a systematic argument for distinguishing the realm of government from the realm of religion.")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Feldman, Noah (2005). <i>Divided by God</i>. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLocke1689" class="citation web cs1">Locke, John (1689). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Letter_Concerning_Toleration">"A Letter Concerning Toleration"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413105812/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Letter_Concerning_Toleration">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Letter+Concerning+Toleration&rft.date=1689&rft.aulast=Locke&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FA_Letter_Concerning_Toleration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bayle11-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bayle11_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTinsley2001" class="citation book cs1">Tinsley, Barbara Sher (2001). <i>Pierre Bayle's Reformation : conscience and criticism on the eve of the Enlightenment</i>. Selinsgrove, Pa.: Susquehanna University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1575910438" title="Special:BookSources/1575910438"><bdi>1575910438</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pierre+Bayle%27s+Reformation+%3A+conscience+and+criticism+on+the+eve+of+the+Enlightenment&rft.place=Selinsgrove%2C+Pa.&rft.pub=Susquehanna+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1575910438&rft.aulast=Tinsley&rft.aufirst=Barbara+Sher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bayle22-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bayle22_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayle2000" class="citation book cs1">Bayle, Pierre (2000) [1st ed 1682]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UueopQAmgzUC&pg=PR23"><i>Various Thoughts on Occasion of a Comet</i></a>. SUNY Press. p. 332. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791492734" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791492734"><bdi>978-0791492734</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200820001204/https://books.google.com/books?id=UueopQAmgzUC&pg=PR23">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Various+Thoughts+on+Occasion+of+a+Comet&rft.pages=332&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0791492734&rft.aulast=Bayle&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUueopQAmgzUC%26pg%3DPR23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DarienMcWhirter-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DarienMcWhirter_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcWhirter1994" class="citation book cs1">McWhirter, Darien (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/separationofchur00mcwh"><i>Exploring the separation of church and state</i></a></span>. Phoenix, Ariz.: Oryx Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0897748520" title="Special:BookSources/978-0897748520"><bdi>978-0897748520</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+the+separation+of+church+and+state&rft.place=Phoenix%2C+Ariz.&rft.pub=Oryx+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0897748520&rft.aulast=McWhirter&rft.aufirst=Darien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fseparationofchur00mcwh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasters2000" class="citation book cs1">Masters, Voltaire. Transl. by Brian (2000). <i>Treatise on tolerance [and other writings]</i>. Cambridge [u.a.]: Cambridge Univ. 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Ed. by John Hope; <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wokler" title="Robert Wokler">Wokler, Robert</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LdUHUTTq_l8C&q=the+distance+between+the+throne+and+the+altar+can+never+be+too+great&pg=PA83"><i>Political writings</i></a> (Reprint ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 225. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521369118" title="Special:BookSources/0521369118"><bdi>0521369118</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210312045522/https://books.google.com/books?id=LdUHUTTq_l8C&q=the+distance+between+the+throne+and+the+altar+can+never+be+too+great&pg=PA83">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2001, May 16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.australianreview.net/digest/2001/05/hogan.html">Separation of church and state?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160310121449/http://www.australianreview.net/digest/2001/05/hogan.html">Archived</a> March 10, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>Australian Review of Public Affairs</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adoption+Bill+Passed+in+NSW&rft.pub=The+Advocate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.advocate.com%2FNews%2FDaily_News%2F2010%2F09%2F03%2FNSW_Parliament_Passes_Adoption_Bill%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/nsw/num_act/aasca2010n66377/">Adoption Amendment (Same Sex Couples) Act 2010</a></i> (NSW).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wallace, M. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Early+Han+Dynasty&rft.pub=Library.thinkquest.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.thinkquest.org%2F12255%2Flibrary%2Fdynasty%2FearlyHan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ilookchina.net/2011/01/06/separation-of-church-and-state-%E2%80%94-part-13/">"Separation of Church and State – Part 1/3"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Separation+of+Church+and+State+%E2%80%93+Part+1%2F3&rft.pub=Ilookchina.net&rft.date=2011-01-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Filookchina.net%2F2011%2F01%2F06%2Fseparation-of-church-and-state-%25E2%2580%2594-part-13%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/pope-ok-s-communist-chosen-bishop-in-china-report-1.638601">"Pope OK's Communist-chosen bishop in China: report"</a>. <i>CBC News</i>. 18 January 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628225757/http://www.cbc.ca/news/world/story/2007/01/18/benedict-china-070118.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC+News&rft.atitle=Pope+OK%27s+Communist-chosen+bishop+in+China%3A+report&rft.date=2007-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fpope-ok-s-communist-chosen-bishop-in-china-report-1.638601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-11786359">"Vatican warning on China bishop"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 18 November 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220511193051/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-11786359">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Vatican+warning+on+China+bishop&rft.date=2010-11-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-pacific-11786359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.people.com.cn/92824/92845/92875/6442436.html">"China's Policy on Religion"</a>. English.people.com.cn. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170708061748/http://en.people.cn/92824/92845/92875/6442436.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China%27s+Policy+on+Religion&rft.pub=English.people.com.cn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.people.com.cn%2F92824%2F92845%2F92875%2F6442436.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.people.cn/constitution/constitution.html">Constitution of the People's Republic of China (1982)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160919004520/http://en.people.cn/constitution/constitution.html">Archived</a> September 19, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, English translation (page visited on 17 December 2015).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTemperman2020" class="citation book cs1">Temperman, Jeroen (19 August 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200819135005/https://books.google.com/books?id=Khag6tbsIn4C&pg=PA45&lpg=PA45&dq=constitution+of+finland+church+act&source=bl&ots=SyaSALeKWe&sig=i9jOA2Ja-zalh7G-KT3JGBj6vKQ&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi1uYX6ronOAhVMWywKHY7DCxgQ6AEIKjAC#v=onepage&q=constitution+of+finland+church+act&f=false"><i>State-Religion Relationships and Human Rights Law: Towards a Right to ... – Jeroen Temperman – Google Books</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004181489" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004181489"><bdi>978-9004181489</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Khag6tbsIn4C&dq=constitution+of+finland+church+act&pg=PA45">the original</a> on 19 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State-Religion+Relationships+and+Human+Rights+Law%3A+Towards+a+Right+to+...+%E2%80%93+Jeroen+Temperman+%E2%80%93+Google+Books&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2020-08-19&rft.isbn=978-9004181489&rft.aulast=Temperman&rft.aufirst=Jeroen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKhag6tbsIn4C%26dq%3Dconstitution%2Bof%2Bfinland%2Bchurch%2Bact%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://evl.fi/EVLfi.nsf/Documents/85BBFB4816F713BEC2256FEA003A7232">"Valtiokirkko purettu kansankirkoksi"</a> [State Church Dismantled into National Church]. <i>evl.fi</i> (in Finnish). Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland. 24 November 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160628125115/http://evl.fi/EVLfi.nsf/Documents/85BBFB4816F713BEC2256FEA003A7232">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=evl.fi&rft.atitle=Valtiokirkko+purettu+kansankirkoksi&rft.date=2006-11-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fevl.fi%2FEVLfi.nsf%2FDocuments%2F85BBFB4816F713BEC2256FEA003A7232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Eroakirkosta.fi" title="Eroakirkosta.fi">Eroakirkosta.fi</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eroakirkosta.fi/media/taustatietoa/toiminta-ajatus.html">Palvelun tavoite: Kirkko on erotettava valtiosta</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307032405/http://eroakirkosta.fi/media/taustatietoa/toiminta-ajatus.html">Archived</a> March 7, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-christiantoday.com-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-christiantoday.com_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-christiantoday.com_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beita, Peter B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christiantoday.com/article/french.presidents.religious.mixing.riles.critics/16423.htm">French President's religious mixing riles critics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160420223313/http://www.christiantoday.com/article/french.presidents.religious.mixing.riles.critics/16423.htm">Archived</a> April 20, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Christianity Today, January 23, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christiantoday.com/article/sarkozy.breaks.french.taboo.on.church.and.politics/15760.htm">"Sarkozy breaks French taboo on church and politics"</a>. Christiantoday.com. 23 December 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120207184301/http://www.christiantoday.com/article/sarkozy.breaks.french.taboo.on.church.and.politics/15760.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sarkozy+breaks+French+taboo+on+church+and+politics&rft.pub=Christiantoday.com&rft.date=2007-12-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christiantoday.com%2Farticle%2Fsarkozy.breaks.french.taboo.on.church.and.politics%2F15760.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130215164402/http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/1200356.htm">"French president rejects calls for secular values to be in constitution"</a>. <i>Catholic News</i>. 27 January 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/1200356.htm">the original</a> on 15 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Catholic+News&rft.atitle=French+president+rejects+calls+for+secular+values+to+be+in+constitution&rft.date=2012-01-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicnews.com%2Fdata%2Fstories%2Fcns%2F1200356.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Section_4_of_German_Basic_Law-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Section_4_of_German_Basic_Law_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Section_4_of_German_Basic_Law_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Section 4 of German Basic Law</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Binder, Gerhard/Wagner, Jürgen, Grundwissen Grundgesetz.p 165.Klett.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">1.5% to 4.5% of the amount collected, depending on the state (<i>Land</i>)<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeifSpeth2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Leif, Thomas; Speth, Rudolf, eds. (2006). <i>Die fünfte Gewalt: Lobbyismus in Deutschland</i> [<i>The Fifth Estate: Lobbyism in Germany</i>] (in German). VL Verlag. p. 262. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3531150338" title="Special:BookSources/978-3531150338"><bdi>978-3531150338</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+f%C3%BCnfte+Gewalt%3A+Lobbyismus+in+Deutschland&rft.pages=262&rft.pub=VL+Verlag&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3531150338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Binder, Gerhard/Wagner, Jürgen, Grundwissen Grundgesetz.p 17. Klett.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120406093500/http://www.erzbistum-koeln.de/schule-hochschule/religionspaedagogik/kb/index.html">"Kirchliche Bevollmächtigung"</a>. Erzbistum-koeln.de. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.erzbistum-koeln.de/schule-hochschule/religionspaedagogik/kb/index.html">the original</a> on 6 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kirchliche+Bevollm%C3%A4chtigung&rft.pub=Erzbistum-koeln.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.erzbistum-koeln.de%2Fschule-hochschule%2Freligionspaedagogik%2Fkb%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christian, Hermes, Konkordate im vereinigten Deutschland. Grünewald.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaryotakisAntonopoulosSaridou2019" class="citation journal cs1">Karyotakis, Minos-Athanasios; Antonopoulos, Nikos; Saridou, Theodora (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17646%2FKOME.75672.31">"A case study in news articles, users comments and a Facebook group for Article 3 of the Greek Constitution"</a>. <i>Kome</i>. <b>7</b> (2): 37–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17646%2FKOME.75672.31">10.17646/KOME.75672.31</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kome&rft.atitle=A+case+study+in+news+articles%2C+users+comments+and+a+Facebook+group+for+Article+3+of+the+Greek+Constitution&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=37-56&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17646%2FKOME.75672.31&rft.aulast=Karyotakis&rft.aufirst=Minos-Athanasios&rft.au=Antonopoulos%2C+Nikos&rft.au=Saridou%2C+Theodora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.17646%252FKOME.75672.31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hellenicparliament.gr/UserFiles/f3c70a23-7696-49db-9148-f24dce6a27c8/001-156%20aggliko.pdf"><i>The Constitution of Greece</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Athens: Hellenic Parliament. 2008. pp. 20–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9605600730" title="Special:BookSources/978-9605600730"><bdi>978-9605600730</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191211221015/https://www.hellenicparliament.gr/UserFiles/f3c70a23-7696-49db-9148-f24dce6a27c8/001-156%20aggliko.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 11 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+of+Greece&rft.place=Athens&rft.pages=20-21&rft.pub=Hellenic+Parliament&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-9605600730&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hellenicparliament.gr%2FUserFiles%2Ff3c70a23-7696-49db-9148-f24dce6a27c8%2F001-156%2520aggliko.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVilaçaPaceFursethPettersson2016" class="citation book cs1">Vilaça, Helena; Pace, Enzo; Furseth, Inger; Pettersson, Per (2016). <i>The Changing Soul of Europe, Religions and Migrations in Northern and Southern Europe</i>. United Kingdom: Routledge. pp. 69–88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1315614502" title="Special:BookSources/978-1315614502"><bdi>978-1315614502</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Changing+Soul+of+Europe%2C+Religions+and+Migrations+in+Northern+and+Southern+Europe&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=69-88&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1315614502&rft.aulast=Vila%C3%A7a&rft.aufirst=Helena&rft.au=Pace%2C+Enzo&rft.au=Furseth%2C+Inger&rft.au=Pettersson%2C+Per&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimes_News_Network2002" class="citation news cs1">Times News Network (25 March 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ahmedabad/Togadia-wants-parties-to-stop-vote-bank-politics/articleshow/4806609.cms">"Togadia wants parties to stop 'vote bank politics'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121016145512/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2002-03-25/ahmedabad/27127436_1_vhp-leader-togadia-hindus">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=Togadia+wants+parties+to+stop+%27vote+bank+politics%27&rft.date=2002-03-25&rft.au=Times+News+Network&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fahmedabad%2FTogadia-wants-parties-to-stop-vote-bank-politics%2Farticleshow%2F4806609.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161127152449/http://www.quirinale.it/qrnw/costituzione/pdf/costituzione_inglese.pdf">"The Italian Constitution"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The official website of the Presidency of the Italian Republic. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.quirinale.it/qrnw/costituzione/pdf/costituzione_inglese.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 November 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Italian+Constitution&rft.pub=The+official+website+of+the+Presidency+of+the+Italian+Republic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.quirinale.it%2Fqrnw%2Fcostituzione%2Fpdf%2Fcostituzione_inglese.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-japan2012-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-japan2012_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-japan2012_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_B._Van_Winkle2012" class="citation web cs1">Andrew B. Van Winkle (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.law.washington.edu/dspace-law/bitstream/handle/1773.1/1120/21PRPLJ363.pdf?sequence=1">"Separation of Religion and State in Japan: A Pragmatic Interpretation of Articles 20 and 89 of the Japanese Constitution"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Pacific Rim Law & Policy Journal</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160609204622/https://digital.law.washington.edu/dspace-law/bitstream/handle/1773.1/1120/21PRPLJ363.pdf?sequence=1">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Rim+Law+%26+Policy+Journal&rft.atitle=Separation+of+Religion+and+State+in+Japan%3A+A+Pragmatic+Interpretation+of+Articles+20+and+89+of+the+Japanese+Constitution&rft.date=2012&rft.au=Andrew+B.+Van+Winkle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.law.washington.edu%2Fdspace-law%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F1773.1%2F1120%2F21PRPLJ363.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150428111210/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/religious-freedom-in-south-korea">"Religious Freedom in South Korea"</a>. Berkley Center for Religion, Peace and World Affairs. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/essays/religious-freedom-in-south-korea">the original</a> on 28 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religious+Freedom+in+South+Korea&rft.pub=Berkley+Center+for+Religion%2C+Peace+and+World+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fberkleycenter.georgetown.edu%2Fessays%2Freligious-freedom-in-south-korea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mexhistory-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mexhistory_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071017111717/http://history-world.org/mexico.htm">"Mexico, A brief History"</a>. history-world.org. Archived from the original on 17 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mexico%2C+A+brief+History&rft.pub=history-world.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory-world.org%2Fmexico.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LeyLerdoClements-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LeyLerdoClements_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClements" class="citation web cs1">Clements, Greg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070314043156/http://historicaltextarchive.com/sections.php?op=viewarticle">"Ley Lerdo"</a>. historicaltextarchive.com. 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Stauffer (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NuK5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4"><i>Victory on Earth or in Heaven: Mexico's Religionero Rebellion</i></a>. University of New Mexico Press. pp. 4–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0826361288" title="Special:BookSources/978-0826361288"><bdi>978-0826361288</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417210429/https://books.google.com/books?id=NuK5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Victory+on+Earth+or+in+Heaven%3A+Mexico%27s+Religionero+Rebellion&rft.pages=4-&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0826361288&rft.au=Brian+A.+Stauffer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNuK5DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CoerverPasztor2004-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CoerverPasztor2004_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDon_M._CoerverSuzanne_B._PasztorRobert_Buffington2004" class="citation book cs1">Don M. Coerver; Suzanne B. Pasztor; Robert Buffington (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YSred4NyOKoC&pg=PA245"><i>Mexico: An Encyclopedia of Contemporary Culture and History</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 245–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1576071328" title="Special:BookSources/978-1576071328"><bdi>978-1576071328</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201022165709/https://books.google.com/books?id=YSred4NyOKoC&pg=PA245">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mexico%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Contemporary+Culture+and+History&rft.pages=245-&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1576071328&rft.au=Don+M.+Coerver&rft.au=Suzanne+B.+Pasztor&rft.au=Robert+Buffington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYSred4NyOKoC%26pg%3DPA245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.regjeringen.no/no/aktuelt/offisielt-fra-statsradet/id2501869/">Offisielt frå statsrådet 27. mai 2016</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170909185939/https://www.regjeringen.no/no/aktuelt/offisielt-fra-statsradet/id2501869/">Archived</a> 2017-09-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> regjeringen.no «Sanksjon av Stortingets vedtak 18. mai 2016 til lov om endringer i kirkeloven (omdanning av Den norske kirke til eget rettssubjekt m.m.) Lovvedtak 56 (2015–2016) Lov nr. 17 Delt ikraftsetting av lov 27. mai 2016 om endringer i kirkeloven (omdanning av Den norske kirke til eget rettssubjekt m.m.). Loven trer i kraft fra 1. januar 2017 med unntak av romertall I § 3 nr. 8 første og fjerde ledd, § 3 nr. 10 annet punktum og § 5 femte ledd, som trer i kraft 1. juli 2016.»</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stortinget.no/no/Saker-og-publikasjoner/Vedtak/Beslutninger/Lovvedtak/2015-2016/vedtak-201516-056/">Lovvedtak 56 (2015–2016) Vedtak til lov om endringer i kirkeloven (omdanning av Den norske kirke til eget rettssubjekt m.m.)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180703220253/https://stortinget.no/no/Saker-og-publikasjoner/Vedtak/Beslutninger/Lovvedtak/2015-2016/vedtak-201516-056/">Archived</a> 2018-07-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Stortinget.no</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thelocal.no/20120521/norway-separates-church-and-state">"Norway separates church and state"</a>. 21 May 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130512065905/http://www.thelocal.no/page/view/norway-separates-church-and-state#.UPFSb-Q0VPE">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Norway+separates+church+and+state&rft.date=2012-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thelocal.no%2F20120521%2Fnorway-separates-church-and-state&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Church_of_Norway#Legal_status" title="Church of Norway">"Church of Norway"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1987constII-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1987constII_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/the-philippine-constitutions/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-article-ii/">"The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines – Article II"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220511193054/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-article-ii/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+1987+Constitution+of+the+Republic+of+the+Philippines+%E2%80%93+Article+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialgazette.gov.ph%2Fthe-philippine-constitutions%2Fthe-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines%2Fthe-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-article-ii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1973const-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1973const_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1973const_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/the-philippine-constitutions/the-amended-1973-constitution/">"The Amended 1973 Constitution"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220511193059/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-amended-1973-constitution-2/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Amended+1973+Constitution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialgazette.gov.ph%2Fthe-philippine-constitutions%2Fthe-amended-1973-constitution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1987III-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1987III_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/the-philippine-constitutions/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-article-iii/">"The 1987 Constitution of the Republic of the Philippines – Article III"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220511193054/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/constitutions/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines/the-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-article-iii/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+1987+Constitution+of+the+Republic+of+the+Philippines+%E2%80%93+Article+III&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialgazette.gov.ph%2Fthe-philippine-constitutions%2Fthe-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines%2Fthe-1987-constitution-of-the-republic-of-the-philippines-article-iii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-state.gov-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-state.gov_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2001/5732.htm">"Singapore"</a>. <i>U.S. Department of State</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200122134142/https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2001/5732.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=Singapore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2001-2009.state.gov%2Fg%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2F2001%2F5732.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Singapore", <i>International Religious Freedom Report 2004</i>, U. S. Department of State, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20040917024849/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2004/35427.htm">As Retrieved 2010-03-11</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IRFR-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IRFR_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"2010 International Religious Freedom Report 2010: Singapore", U.S. State Department, November 17, 2010, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20110104231744/http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2010/148893.htm">As Retrieved 2011-1-15</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arguing_Comparative_Politics-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Arguing_Comparative_Politics_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Arguing_Comparative_Politics_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stepan, Alfred, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nR2tF4k1PXUC">Arguing Comparative Politics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160914183055/https://books.google.com/books?id=nR2tF4k1PXUC&dq">Archived</a> September 14, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, p. 221, Oxford University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libro.uca.edu/payne2/payne25.htm">"Chapter 25: A History of Spain and Portugal, vol. 2"</a>. <i>libro.uca.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220319201254/https://libro.uca.edu/payne2/payne25.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=libro.uca.edu&rft.atitle=Chapter+25%3A+A+History+of+Spain+and+Portugal%2C+vol.+2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibro.uca.edu%2Fpayne2%2Fpayne25.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlsen2000" class="citation magazine cs1">Olsen, Ted (1 January 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2000/januaryweb-only/11.0.html">"Swedish Church State Separate"</a>. <i>Christianity Today</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160119060652/http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2000/januaryweb-only/11.0.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Christianity+Today&rft.atitle=Swedish+Church+State+Separate&rft.date=2000-01-01&rft.aulast=Olsen&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianitytoday.com%2Fct%2F2000%2Fjanuaryweb-only%2F11.0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CstCH-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CstCH_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CstCH_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CstCH_89-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.admin.ch/opc/en/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html">Federal Constitution of the Swiss Confederation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160621000507/https://www.admin.ch/opc/en/classified-compilation/19995395/index.html">Archived</a> June 21, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, status as of 14 June 2015, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Chancellery_of_Switzerland" title="Federal Chancellery of Switzerland">Federal Chancellery of Switzerland</a> (page visited on 17 December 2015).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060810204816/http://www.tbmm.gov.tr/english/constitution.htm">"The Constitution of the Republic of Turkey"</a>. Turkish Grand National Assembly (TBMM). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tbmm.gov.tr/english/constitution.htm">the original</a> on 10 August 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Constitution+of+the+Republic+of+Turkey&rft.pub=Turkish+Grand+National+Assembly+%28TBMM%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tbmm.gov.tr%2Fenglish%2Fconstitution.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.educationcompany.co.uk/knowledge-bank/uk-education-data/governance-affiliations/">Religious affiliation (faith schools)</a>. The Education Company</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWyatt2015" class="citation web cs1">Wyatt, Caroline (23 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-35161361">"Does daily worship count for anything?"</a>. <i>BBC News Online</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220511193054/https://www.bbc.com/news/education-35161361">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Online&rft.atitle=Does+daily+worship+count+for+anything%3F&rft.date=2015-12-23&rft.aulast=Wyatt&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Feducation-35161361&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian2015-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guardian2015_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guardian2015_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSherwood2015" class="citation news cs1">Sherwood, Harriet (6 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/education/2015/dec/06/religious-teaching-school-assemblies-axe-report">"Top judge leads calls to scrap mandatory daily Christian worship in UK schools"</a>. <i>The Observer</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170730065258/https://www.theguardian.com/education/2015/dec/06/religious-teaching-school-assemblies-axe-report">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=Top+judge+leads+calls+to+scrap+mandatory+daily+Christian+worship+in+UK+schools&rft.date=2015-12-06&rft.aulast=Sherwood&rft.aufirst=Harriet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Feducation%2F2015%2Fdec%2F06%2Freligious-teaching-school-assemblies-axe-report&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Enyedi2003-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Enyedi2003_94-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadeleyEnyedi2003" class="citation book cs1">Madeley, John T. S.; Enyedi, Zsolt (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n5Brda6FmswC"><i>Church and state in contemporary Europe: the chimera of neutrality</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n5Brda6FmswC&pg=PA203">203</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0714653945" title="Special:BookSources/978-0714653945"><bdi>978-0714653945</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150919035809/https://books.google.com/books?id=n5Brda6FmswC">Archived</a> from the original on 19 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Church+and+state+in+contemporary+Europe%3A+the+chimera+of+neutrality&rft.pages=203&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0714653945&rft.aulast=Madeley&rft.aufirst=John+T.+S.&rft.au=Enyedi%2C+Zsolt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn5Brda6FmswC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mtsu-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mtsu_95-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mtsu_95-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mtsu.edu/first-amendment/article/801/established-churches-in-early-america">The First Amendment Encyclopedia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William M. Wiecek, <i>The birth of the modern Constitution: the United States Supreme Court, 1941–1953</i> (Cambridge U.P., 2006) pp. 261–264</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kermit Hall, ed. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cY3er3ilgjcC">The Oxford companion to the Supreme Court of the United States</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304134840/https://books.google.com/books?id=cY3er3ilgjcC">Archived</a> March 4, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> (2005) pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cY3er3ilgjcC&pg=PA303">303–304</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304130907/https://books.google.com/books?id=cY3er3ilgjcC&pg=PA303">Archived</a> March 4, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip Hamburger, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q6Axd76IE1UC"><i>Separation of Church and State</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160624192830/https://books.google.com/books?id=q6Axd76IE1UC&dq">Archived</a> June 24, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. pp. 10–11, 287–334, 342, Harvard University Press, 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kermit Hall, ed. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cY3er3ilgjcC">The Oxford companion to the Supreme Court of the United States</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304134840/https://books.google.com/books?id=cY3er3ilgjcC">Archived</a> March 4, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> (2005) pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cY3er3ilgjcC&pg=PA262">262–263</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304134731/https://books.google.com/books?id=cY3er3ilgjcC&pg=PA262">Archived</a> March 4, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamilton2002" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, Neil A. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jZymqT1HmqAC"><i>Rebels and renegades: a chronology of social and political dissent in the United States</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Taylor & Francis. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jZymqT1HmqAC&pg=PA11">11</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415936392" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415936392"><bdi>978-0415936392</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131108113951/http://books.google.com/books?id=jZymqT1HmqAC">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rebels+and+renegades%3A+a+chronology+of+social+and+political+dissent+in+the+United+States&rft.pages=11&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0415936392&rft.aulast=Hamilton&rft.aufirst=Neil+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjZymqT1HmqAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBercovitchPatell1997" class="citation book cs1">Bercovitch, Sacvan; Patell, Cyrus R. K. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s3j5JV-SEOMC"><i>The Cambridge History of American Literature: 1590–1820</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s3j5JV–SEOMC&pg=PA196">https://books.google.com/books?id=s3j5JV–SEOMC&pg=PA196</a> 196–197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521585712" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521585712"><bdi>978-0521585712</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417193835/https://books.google.com/books?id=s3j5JV-SEOMC">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+American+Literature%3A+1590%E2%80%931820&rft.pages=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds3j5JV-SEOMC%26pg%3DPA196+196-197&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0521585712&rft.aulast=Bercovitch&rft.aufirst=Sacvan&rft.au=Patell%2C+Cyrus+R.+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds3j5JV-SEOMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamburger2009" class="citation book cs1">Hamburger, Philip (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q6Axd76IE1UC"><i>Separation of Church and State</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q6Axd76IE1UC&dq=williams+%22hedge+or+wall+of+Separation+between+the+Garden+of+the+Church+and+the+Wilderness+of+the+world%22&pg=PA45">45</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674038189" title="Special:BookSources/978-0674038189"><bdi>978-0674038189</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160430051204/https://books.google.com/books?id=q6Axd76IE1UC">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Separation+of+Church+and+State&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0674038189&rft.aulast=Hamburger&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq6Axd76IE1UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarry2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Barry, John M. (January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131128201726/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/God-Government-and-Roger-Williams-Big-Idea.html">"Roger Williams and the Creation of the American Soul"</a>. <i>Smithsonian</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history-archaeology/God-Government-and-Roger-Williams-Big-Idea.html">the original</a> on 28 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Smithsonian&rft.atitle=Roger+Williams+and+the+Creation+of+the+American+Soul&rft.date=2012-01&rft.aulast=Barry&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Fhistory-archaeology%2FGod-Government-and-Roger-Williams-Big-Idea.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BittkerIdlemanRavitch-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BittkerIdlemanRavitch_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BittkerIdlemanRavitch_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBittkerIdlemanRavitch2015" class="citation book cs1">Bittker, Boris I.; Idleman, Scott C.; Ravitch, Frank S. (2015). <i>Religion and the State in American Law</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107071827" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107071827"><bdi>978-1107071827</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+the+State+in+American+Law&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1107071827&rft.aulast=Bittker&rft.aufirst=Boris+I.&rft.au=Idleman%2C+Scott+C.&rft.au=Ravitch%2C+Frank+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For full text see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/bar1796t.asp">"The Barbary Treaties 1786–1816; Treaty of Peace and Friendship, Signed at Tripoli November 4, 1796" Avalon Project</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110810205612/http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/bar1796t.asp">Archived</a> August 10, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambert2005" class="citation book cs1">Lambert, Frank (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press.princeton.edu/chapters/i7500.html">"Introduction"</a>. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foundin_lam_2003_00_2547"><i>The Founding Fathers and the Place of Religion in America</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691126029" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691126029"><bdi>978-0691126029</bdi></a>. <q>By their actions, the Founding Fathers made clear that their primary concern was religious freedom, not the advancement of a state religion. Individuals, not the government, would define religious faith and practice in the United States. Thus the Founders ensured that in no official sense would America be a Christian Republic. Ten years after the Constitutional Convention ended its work, the country assured the world that the United States was a secular state, and that its negotiations would adhere to the rule of law, not the dictates of the Christian faith. The assurances were contained in the Treaty of Tripoli of 1797 and were intended to allay the fears of the Muslim state by insisting that religion would not govern how the treaty was interpreted and enforced. John Adams and the Senate made clear that the pact was between two sovereign states, not between two religious powers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Founding+Fathers+and+the+Place+of+Religion+in+America&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0691126029&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.princeton.edu%2Fchapters%2Fi7500.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">F. Forrester Church. <i>The separation of church and state</i> (2004) p. 121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Finkelman-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Finkelman_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Finkelman_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelman2003" class="citation book cs1">Finkelman, Paul (2003). <i>Religion and American Law: An Encyclopedia</i>. Routledge. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1136919565" title="Special:BookSources/978-1136919565"><bdi>978-1136919565</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+American+Law%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1136919565&rft.aulast=Finkelman&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Debates and Proceedings in the Congress of the United States</i> (Washington, D.C.: Gales & Seaton, 1834, Vol. I pp. 757–759, August 15, 1789</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/amendI_religions43.html">"James Madison, Memorial and Remonstrance against Religious Assessments"</a>. Press-pubs.uchicago.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120419061114/http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/founders/documents/amendI_religions43.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=James+Madison%2C+Memorial+and+Remonstrance+against+Religious+Assessments&rft.pub=Press-pubs.uchicago.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpress-pubs.uchicago.edu%2Ffounders%2Fdocuments%2FamendI_religions43.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(March 2, 1819 letter to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Walsh_(diplomat)" title="Robert Walsh (diplomat)">Robert Walsh</a>), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambert2003" class="citation book cs1">Lambert, Frank (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1qse4fZ6eQgC"><i>The founding fathers and the place of religion in America</i></a>. Princeton University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/foundin_lam_2003_00_2547/page/288">288</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691088297" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691088297"><bdi>978-0691088297</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170102211121/https://books.google.com/books?id=1qse4fZ6eQgC">Archived</a> from the original on 2 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+founding+fathers+and+the+place+of+religion+in+America&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0691088297&rft.aulast=Lambert&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1qse4fZ6eQgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadison" class="citation web cs1">Madison, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constitution.org/jm/18191213_monopolies.htm">"Monopolies Perpetuities Corporations – Ecclesiastical Endowments"</a>. constitution.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010151047/http://www.constitution.org/jm/18191213_monopolies.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monopolies+Perpetuities+Corporations+%E2%80%93+Ecclesiastical+Endowments&rft.pub=constitution.org&rft.aulast=Madison&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.constitution.org%2Fjm%2F18191213_monopolies.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(1811 letter to Baptist Churches)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reachandteach.com/content/article.php?story=20030829111914471">"Madison's letter to Edward Livingston, July 10, 1822"</a>. Reachandteach.com. 28 August 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120403082712/http://www.reachandteach.com/content/article.php?story=20030829111914471">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Madison%27s+letter+to+Edward+Livingston%2C+July+10%2C+1822&rft.pub=Reachandteach.com&rft.date=2003-08-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.reachandteach.com%2Fcontent%2Farticle.php%3Fstory%3D20030829111914471&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. F. Maclear, <i>Church and state in the modern age: a documentary history</i> (1995) p. 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tyler wrote, "The United States have adventured upon a great and noble experiment, which is believed to have been hazarded in the absence of all previous precedent – that of total separation of Church and State. No religious establishment by law exists among us. The conscience is left free from all restraint and each is permitted to worship his Maker after his own judgment. The offices of the Government are open alike to all. No tithes are levied to support an established Hierarchy, nor is the fallible judgment of man set up as the sure and infallible creed of faith. The Mahommedan, if he will to come among us would have the privilege guaranteed to him by the constitution to worship according to the Koran; and the East Indian might erect a shrine to Brahma if it so pleased him. Such is the spirit of toleration inculcated by our political Institutions . … The Hebrew persecuted and down trodden in other regions takes up his abode among us with none to make him afraid . … and the Aegis of the Government is over him to defend and protect him. Such is the great experiment which we have cried, and such are the happy fruits which have resulted from it; our system of free government would be imperfect without it.") quoted in Nicole Guétin, <i>Religious ideology in American politics: a history</i> (2009) p. 85</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">* See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://supreme.justia.com/us/465/668/case.html"><i>Lynch v. Donnelly</i>, 465 U.S. 668, 673</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111025052330/http://supreme.justia.com/us/465/668/case.html">Archived</a> October 25, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (1984): "The concept of a 'wall' of separation is a useful figure of speech probably deriving from views of Thomas Jefferson. . . . [b]ut the metaphor itself is not a wholly accurate description of the practical aspects of the relationship that in fact exists between church and state." <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://supreme.justia.com/us/413/756/case.html"><i>Committee for Public Education & Religious Liberty v. Nyquist</i>, 413 U.S. 756, 760</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111025052900/http://supreme.justia.com/us/413/756/case.html">Archived</a> October 25, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (1973):</li></ul> <blockquote><p>Yet, despite Madison's admonition and the 'sweep of the absolute prohibitions' of the Clauses, this Nation's history has not been one of entirely sanitized separation between Church and State. It has never been thought either possible or desirable to enforce a regime of total separation.</p></blockquote> <ul><li>Patrick M. Garry, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssrn.com/abstract=1139183"><i>The Myth of Separation: America's Historical Experience with Church and State</i>, 33 Hofstra L. Rev. 475, 486</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303203040/https://ssrn.com/abstract=1139183">Archived</a> March 3, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (2004) (noting that "the strict separationist view was wholly rejected by every justice on the Marshall and Taney courts.")</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=343&invol=306"><i>Zorach v. Clauson</i>, 343 U.S. 306, 312</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130619025257/http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=343&invol=306">Archived</a> June 19, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (U.S. 1952): "The First Amendment, however, does not say that in every and all respects there shall be a separation of Church and State.".</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=403&invol=602"><i>Lemon v. Kurtzman</i>, 403 U.S. 602</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140401193740/http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/cgi-bin/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=403&invol=602">Archived</a> April 1, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (1971): "Our prior holdings do not call for total separation between church and state; total separation is not possible in an absolute sense."</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Lee_v._Weisman" title="Lee v. Weisman">Lee v. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vatican.va&rft.atitle=Vehementer+Nos+%28February+11%2C+1906%29+%26%23124%3B+PIUS+X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fpius-x%2Fen%2Fencyclicals%2Fdocuments%2Fhf_p-x_enc_11021906_vehementer-nos.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gaudium-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gaudium_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaudium_et_Spes" class="citation book cs1">Pope Paul VI (7 December 1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110411023509/https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_cons_19651207_gaudium-et-spes_en.html"><i>Gaudium et Spes</i></a>. §4. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_cons_19651207_gaudium-et-spes_en.html">the original</a> on 11 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gaudium+et+Spes&rft.pages=%C2%A74&rft.date=1965-12-07&rft.au=Pope+Paul+VI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fhist_councils%2Fii_vatican_council%2Fdocuments%2Fvat-ii_cons_19651207_gaudium-et-spes_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGaudium_et_Spes§43-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGaudium_et_Spes§43_136-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGaudium_et_Spes">Gaudium et Spes</a>, §43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150625142206/https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_decree_19651118_apostolicam-actuositatem_en.html">"Apostolicam actuositatem"</a>. <i>www.vatican.va</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_decree_19651118_apostolicam-actuositatem_en.html">the original</a> on 25 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vatican.va&rft.atitle=Apostolicam+actuositatem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fhist_councils%2Fii_vatican_council%2Fdocuments%2Fvat-ii_decree_19651118_apostolicam-actuositatem_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arinze-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Arinze_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kFJLAgAAQBAJ&dq=apostolicam+actuositatem&pg=PA4">Francis Cardinal Arinze, <i>The Layperson's Distinctive Role</i>, Ignatius Press, 2013</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160207045727/https://books.google.com/books?id=kFJLAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&lpg=PA4&dq=apostolicam+actuositatem&source=bl&ots=wgiYufBDE8&sig=qE0JCL4nvLqkHtM6HyBCBw0FRq4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiYjr_Yp6rJAhUIcBoKHV2jAws4KBDoAQgcMAA#v=onepage&q=apostolicam%20actuositatem&f=false">Archived</a> 2016-02-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1586177805" title="Special:BookSources/978-1586177805">978-1586177805</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArinze2013" class="citation book cs1">Arinze, Francis Cardinal (13 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180812111716/https://books.google.com/books?id=kFJLAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA4&lpg=PA4&dq=apostolicam%20actuositatem&source=bl&ots=wgiYufBDE8&sig=qE0JCL4nvLqkHtM6HyBCBw0FRq4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiYjr_Yp6rJAhUIcBoKHV2jAws4KBDoAQgcMAA"><i>The Layperson's Distinctive Role</i></a>. Ignatius Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1586177805" title="Special:BookSources/978-1586177805"><bdi>978-1586177805</bdi></a>. Archived from the original on 12 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Layperson%27s+Distinctive+Role&rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&rft.date=2013-08-13&rft.isbn=978-1586177805&rft.aulast=Arinze&rft.aufirst=Francis+Cardinal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkFJLAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dapostolicam%2520actuositatem%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Calo, Zachary A., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www4.samford.edu/lillyhumanrights/papers/Calo_Catholic.pdf">Catholic Social Thought, Political Liberalism, and the Idea of Human Rights</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100621203728/http://www4.samford.edu/lillyhumanrights/papers/Calo_Catholic.pdf">Archived</a> June 21, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, pp. 18–19, Samford University, November 2004</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120211202206/https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_decl_19651207_dignitatis-humanae_en.html">"Dignitatis humanae"</a>. <i>www.vatican.va</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_decl_19651207_dignitatis-humanae_en.html">the original</a> on 11 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vatican.va&rft.atitle=Dignitatis+humanae&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Farchive%2Fhist_councils%2Fii_vatican_council%2Fdocuments%2Fvat-ii_decl_19651207_dignitatis-humanae_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1993 edition, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p3s2c1a1.htm">https://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p3s2c1a1.htm</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190925062519/http://www.vatican.va/archive/ccc_css/archive/catechism/p3s2c1a1.htm">Archived</a> 2019-09-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grasso, Kenneth L. and Robert P. Hunt, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gRNcvjNxXfYC">Catholicism and religious freedom: contemporary reflections on Vatican II's declaration on religious liberty</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160520111726/https://books.google.com/books?id=gRNcvjNxXfYC&dq">Archived</a> May 20, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, p. 6, Rowman & Littlefield, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ewtn.com/library/ANSWERS/FR89103.HTM">"THE PROBLEM OF RELIGIOUS LIBERTY: A NEW PROPOSAL"</a>. <i>"Faith & Reason". Christendom Press</i>. 1989. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160310131008/https://www.ewtn.com/library/ANSWERS/FR89103.HTM">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%22Faith+%26+Reason%22.+Christendom+Press&rft.atitle=THE+PROBLEM+OF+RELIGIOUS+LIBERTY%3A+A+NEW+PROPOSAL&rft.date=1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Flibrary%2FANSWERS%2FFR89103.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Murray, John Courtney and J. Leon Hooper, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T8FKWmD_pKMC">Religious liberty: Catholic struggles with pluralism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160423214619/https://books.google.com/books?id=T8FKWmD_pKMC&pg">Archived</a> April 23, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, pp. 213–214, Westminster John Knox Press, 1993</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCurran2010" class="citation web cs1">Curran, Charles (29 November 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ncronline.org/news/politics/us-catholic-bishops-and-abortion-legislation">"National Catholic Reporter online, 29 November 2010"</a>. Ncronline.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120718052822/http://ncronline.org/news/politics/us-catholic-bishops-and-abortion-legislation">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Catholic+Reporter+online%2C+29+November+2010&rft.pub=Ncronline.org&rft.date=2010-11-29&rft.aulast=Curran&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fncronline.org%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fus-catholic-bishops-and-abortion-legislation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger. "Theology and the Church's Political Stance". In: Church, Ecumenism and Politics: New Essays in Ecclesiology (NY: Crossroad, 1988, p. 162).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Les convictions européennes de l'historien Jacques Le Goff." La vie, 01/04/2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lavie.fr/actualite/les-convictions-europeennes-de-l-historien-jacques-le-goff-01-04-2014-51510_3.php">"Les convictions européennes de l'historien Jacques le Goff – Actualité – la Vie"</a>. April 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150507200453/http://www.lavie.fr/actualite/les-convictions-europeennes-de-l-historien-jacques-le-goff-01-04-2014-51510_3.php">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Les+convictions+europ%C3%A9ennes+de+l%27historien+Jacques+le+Goff+%E2%80%93+Actualit%C3%A9+%E2%80%93+la+Vie&rft.date=2014-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lavie.fr%2Factualite%2Fles-convictions-europeennes-de-l-historien-jacques-le-goff-01-04-2014-51510_3.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Jacques Le Goff: "Mes héros ne meurent jamais"." L' Obs, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/essais/20140401.OBS2148/jacques-le-goff-mes-heros-ne-meurent-jamais.html">"Jacques le Goff : "Mes héros ne meurent jamais"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. April 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304083328/http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/essais/20140401.OBS2148/jacques-le-goff-mes-heros-ne-meurent-jamais.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jacques+le+Goff+%3A+%22Mes+h%C3%A9ros+ne+meurent+jamais%22&rft.date=2014-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbibliobs.nouvelobs.com%2Fessais%2F20140401.OBS2148%2Fjacques-le-goff-mes-heros-ne-meurent-jamais.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Religion Not Just a Private Affair, Affirms Pontiff." Zenit, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zenit.org/en/articles/religion-not-just-a-private-affair-affirms-pontiff">"Religion Not Just a Private Affair, Affirms Pontiff | ZENIT – the World Seen from Rome"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151121192623/http://www.zenit.org/en/articles/religion-not-just-a-private-affair-affirms-pontiff">Archived</a> from the original on 21 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Religion+Not+Just+a+Private+Affair%2C+Affirms+Pontiff+%26%23124%3B+ZENIT+%E2%80%93+the+World+Seen+from+Rome&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zenit.org%2Fen%2Farticles%2Freligion-not-just-a-private-affair-affirms-pontiff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaier2004" class="citation book cs1">Maier, Hans (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wozo1W7giZQC"><i>Totalitarianism and Political Religions</i></a>. trans. Jodi Bruhn. Routledge. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wozo1W7giZQC&pg=PA109">109</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0714685291" title="Special:BookSources/0714685291"><bdi>0714685291</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161222083413/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wozo1W7giZQC">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Totalitarianism+and+Political+Religions&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0714685291&rft.aulast=Maier&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWozo1W7giZQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaier2004">Maier 2004</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wozo1W7giZQC&pg=PA110">110</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MaierBruhn2004p111-152"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MaierBruhn2004p111_152-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MaierBruhn2004p111_152-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaier2004">Maier 2004</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wozo1W7giZQC&pg=PA111">111</a> 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMaier2004">Maier 2004</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wozo1W7giZQC&pg=PA106">106</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martinez-Torron, Javier. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111021131720/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3736/is_200101/ai_n8950497/">"Freedom of religion in the case law of the Spanish Constitutional court"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090104035352/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3736/is_200101/ai_n8950497/pg_2">pg. 2</a>, <i>Brigham Young University Law Review</i>, 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Félix Fénéon,<i> Nouvelles en trois lignes, 1906 </i>, éditeur Libella, collection Libretto, 162 pages, Paris, 2019 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2369144465" title="Special:BookSources/978-2369144465">978-2369144465</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne,_Stanley_G.1973" class="citation book cs1">Payne, Stanley G. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120723131833/http://libro.uca.edu/payne2/payne25.htm">"Ch. 25: The Second Spanish Republic"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libro.uca.edu/payne2/spainport2.htm"><i>A History of Spain and Portugal, Volume 2</i></a>. University of Wisconsin Press. p. 632. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libro.uca.edu/payne2/payne25.htm">the original</a> on 23 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ch.+25%3A+The+Second+Spanish+Republic&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Spain+and+Portugal%2C+Volume+2&rft.pages=632&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.au=Payne%2C+Stanley+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibro.uca.edu%2Fpayne2%2Fpayne25.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020914233431/http://libro.uca.edu/title.htm">"Title Catalog"</a>. <i>Library of Iberian Resources Online</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libro.uca.edu/title.htm">the original</a> on 14 September 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Iberian+Resources+Online&rft.atitle=Title+Catalog&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibro.uca.edu%2Ftitle.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Christ_And_Culture_Revisited-157"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Christ_And_Culture_Revisited_157-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Christ_And_Culture_Revisited_157-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarson,_D._A.2008" class="citation book cs1">Carson, D. A. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pIwE74bxvpAC"><i>Christ And Culture Revisited</i></a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0802831743" title="Special:BookSources/978-0802831743"><bdi>978-0802831743</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160512113715/https://books.google.com/books?id=pIwE74bxvpAC&dq">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christ+And+Culture+Revisited&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0802831743&rft.au=Carson%2C+D.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpIwE74bxvpAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">de Tocqueville, Alexis, <i>Democracy in America</i>, edited and translated by Harvey Mansfield and Delba Winthrop, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2000.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_church_and_state&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellarmine1902" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Bellarmine, Robert</a> (1902). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Sermons from the Latins/Sermon 56"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Sermons_from_the_Latins/Sermon_56">"Sermon 56: Church and State." </a></span>. <i>Sermons from the Latins</i>. Benziger Brothers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sermon+56%3A+Church+and+State.&rft.btitle=Sermons+from+the+Latins&rft.pub=Benziger+Brothers&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Bellarmine&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Feldman, Noah. "Religion and the Earthly City", <i>Social Research</i>, Winter 2009, Vol. 76 Issue 4, pp. 989–1000</li> <li>Tomas Jeffersons Journal</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuznicki2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Kuznicki, Jason (2008). "Separation of Church and State". In <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hamowy" title="Ronald Hamowy">Hamowy, Ronald</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC"><i>The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism</i></a>. Thousand Oaks, CA: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">Sage</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>. pp. 458–460. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412965811.n280">10.4135/9781412965811.n280</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1412965804" title="Special:BookSources/978-1412965804"><bdi>978-1412965804</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008009151">2008009151</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/750831024">750831024</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Separation+of+Church+and+State&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Libertarianism&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+CA&rft.pages=458-460&rft.pub=Sage%3B+Cato+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F750831024&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008009151&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781412965811.n280&rft.isbn=978-1412965804&rft.aulast=Kuznicki&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyxNgXs3TkJYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeparation+of+church+and+state" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Taylor, Charles. "The Polysemy of the Secular", <i>Social Research</i>, Winter 2009, Vol. 76 Issue 4, pp. 1143–1166</li> <li>Temple, William, Abp. <i>Christianity and the State</i>. London: Macmillan and Co., 1928.</li> <li>Whitman, James Q. "Separating Church and State: The Atlantic Divide", <i>Historical Reflections</i>, Winter 2008, Vol. 34 Issue 3, pp. 86–104</li> <li>McGowan, Barry, "How to Separate Church & State: A Manual from the Trenches", Hufton Mueller, LLC. (2012). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0615638027" title="Special:BookSources/978-0615638027">978-0615638027</a></li> <li>Stone, Geoffrey R., "The World of the Framers: A Christian Nation?", <i>UCLA Law Review</i>, 56 (October 2008), 1–26.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Separation_of_church_and_state&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Separation_of_church_and_state" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rationalrevolution.net/articles/history_of_the_separation_of_chu.htm">History of the Separation of Church and State in America</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoah_Feldman2002" class="citation web cs1">Noah Feldman (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080625032915/http://www.undergodprocon.org/pdf/feldman.pdf">"The Intellectual Origins of the Establishment Clause"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Christianity_and_politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Christianity and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Christian left</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Render_unto_Caesar" title="Render unto Caesar">Render unto Caesar</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_kingdoms_doctrine" title="Two kingdoms doctrine">Two kingdoms doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_left" title="Evangelical left">Evangelical left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christian feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_libertarianism" title="Christian libertarianism">Christian libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Christianity" title="Libertarian Christianity">Libertarian Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianism">Christianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">National Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Christian pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Political Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism" title="Christian reconstructionism">Christian reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoconservatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoconservatism">Theoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_corporatism" title="Christian corporatism">Christian corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian socialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian communism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Zionism" title="Christian Zionism">Christian Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fascism" title="Christian fascism">Christofascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Patriot_movement" title="Christian Patriot movement">Christian Patriot movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_realism" title="Christian realism">Christian realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Identity" title="Christian Identity">Identity Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_influence_of_Evangelicalism_in_Latin_America" title="Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America">Political influence of Evangelicalism in Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Catholicism" title="Liberal Catholicism">Liberal Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_abortion" title="Christianity and abortion">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_homosexuality" title="Christianity and homosexuality">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Poverty and wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Christianity and environmentalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_theology" title="Dominion theology">Dominion theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology_in_China" title="Political theology in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minjung_theology" title="Minjung theology">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology_in_the_Middle_East" title="Political theology in the Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology_in_sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Political theology in sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Gospel" title="Social Gospel">Social Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symphonia_(theology)" title="Symphonia (theology)">Symphonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_orthodoxy" title="Radical orthodoxy">Radical orthodoxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_mission" title="Integral mission">Integral mission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_state" title="Christian state">Christian state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">Caesaropapism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_republic" title="Christian republic">Christian republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_genetically_modified_foods#Christianity" title="Religious views on genetically modified foods">Christian views on genetically modified foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Christianity and other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_religion" title="Civil religion">Civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statement_on_Social_Justice_and_the_Gospel" title="Statement on Social Justice and the Gospel">Dallas Statement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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theology">Comparative theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">Dogmatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religious_pluralism" title="History of religious pluralism">History of religious pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusivism" title="Inclusivism">Inclusivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indifferentism" title="Indifferentism">Indifferentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interfaith_dialogue" title="Interfaith dialogue">Interfaith dialogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interfaith_marriage" title="Interfaith marriage">Interfaith marriage</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mirari_vos" title="Mirari vos">Mirari vos</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_relativism" title="Moral relativism">Moral relativism</a> vs <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist School">Traditionalist School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(politics)" title="Confessionalism (politics)">Confessionalism (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multifaith_space" title="Multifaith space">Multifaith space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_religious_belonging" title="Multiple religious belonging">Multiple religious belonging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennialism">Perennialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Platonists" title="Cambridge Platonists">Cambridge Platonists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_religion" title="Philosophy of religion">Philosophy of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_pluralism" title="Religious pluralism">Religious pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_syncretism" title="Religious syncretism">Religious syncretism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_but_not_religious" title="Spiritual but not religious">Spiritual but not religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">Syncretism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toleration" title="Toleration">Toleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Persons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eknath_Easwaran" title="Eknath Easwaran">Eknath Easwaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Dupuis_(Jesuit)" title="Jacques Dupuis (Jesuit)">Jacques Dupuis (Jesuit)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hick" title="John Hick">John Hick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj_Muhammad_Legenhausen" title="Hajj Muhammad Legenhausen">Hajj Muhammad Legenhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Courtney_Murray" title="John Courtney Murray">John Courtney Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Swedenborg" title="Emanuel Swedenborg">Emanuel Swedenborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_F._Knitter" title="Paul F. Knitter">Paul F. Knitter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Buddhism and Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Buddhism and Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_teachings" title="Three teachings">Three teachings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Religion_in_politics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Religion_and_politics" title="Template:Religion and politics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Religion_and_politics" title="Template talk:Religion and politics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Religion_and_politics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Religion and politics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion_in_politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_politics" title="Religion in politics">Religion in politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="General_concepts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">General concepts</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">Anti-clericalism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism_and_Freemasonry" title="Anti-clericalism and Freemasonry">Anti-clericalism and Freemasonry</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesaropapism" title="Caesaropapism">Caesaropapism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_religion" title="Civil religion">Civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clericalism" title="Clericalism">Clericalism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(politics)" title="Confessionalism (politics)">Confessionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_references_to_God" title="Constitutional references to God">Constitutional references to God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine rule">Divine rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Spirituality" class="mw-redirect" title="Engaged Spirituality">Engaged Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Feminist theology</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">Thealogy</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist theology</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identity_politics" title="Identity politics">Identity politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organized_secularism" title="Organized secularism">Organized secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Political religion">Political religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious anarchism">Religious anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry#Religious_anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Religious anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_anti-Zionism" title="Religious anti-Zionism">Religious anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_communism" title="Religious communism">Religious communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_humanism" title="Religious humanism">Religious humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_law" title="Religious law">Religious law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_nationalism" title="Religious nationalism">Religious nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Religious_attitudes" title="Pacifism">Religious pacifism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_peacebuilding" title="Religion and peacebuilding">Religion and peacebuilding</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_police" title="Religious police">Religious police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_rejection_of_politics" title="Religious rejection of politics">Religious rejection of politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_segregation" title="Religious segregation">Religious segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism#Religious" title="Separatism">Religious separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_socialism" title="Religious socialism">Religious socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_views_on_same-sex_marriage" title="Religious views on same-sex marriage">Religious views on same-sex marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_humanism" title="Secular humanism">Secular humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_liberalism" title="Secular liberalism">Secular liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_state" title="Secular state">Secular state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularity" title="Secularity">Secularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularization" title="Secularization">Secularization</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Secular_religion" title="Secular religion">Secular religion</a></small></li> <li><small><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Separation of church and state</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_left" title="Spiritual left">Spiritual left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">State atheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">State religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theonomy" title="Theonomy">Theonomy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Christianity_and_politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Christianity and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaine_Amendment" title="Blaine Amendment">Blaine Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#Catholics" title="Anti-communism">Christian anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_Freemasonry_within_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to Freemasonry within Christianity">Christian anti-Masonry</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Papal_ban_of_Freemasonry" title="Papal ban of Freemasonry">Papal ban</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism#Christian" title="Anti-Zionism">Christian anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism#Christianity" title="Corporatism">Christian corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_egalitarianism" title="Christian egalitarianism">Christian egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Christian environmentalism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_environmentalism" title="Evangelical environmentalism">Evangelical environmentalism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fascism" title="Christian fascism">Christian fascism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/German_Christians_(movement)" title="German Christians (movement)">German Christians (movement)</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">National Catholicism</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Positive_Christianity" title="Positive Christianity">Positive Christianity</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reich_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reich Church">Protestant Reich Church</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christian feminism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Mormon_feminism" title="Mormon feminism">Mormon feminism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_humanism" title="Christian humanism">Christian humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian law">Christian law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Christian left</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Evangelical_left" title="Evangelical left">Evangelical left</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_libertarianism" title="Christian libertarianism">Christian libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Christian pacifism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Peacemaking#Christianity" title="Peacemaking">Christian peacemaking</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism" title="Christian reconstructionism">Christian reconstructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_republic" title="Christian republic">Christian republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_socialism" title="Christian socialism">Christian socialism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Christian_Socialism_in_Utah" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Socialism in Utah">In Utah</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_state" title="Christian state">Christian state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Zionism" title="Christian Zionism">Christian Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpinism" title="Cisalpinism">Cisalpinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominion Theology">Dominion Theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Febronianism" title="Febronianism">Febronianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallicanism" title="Gallicanism">Gallicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_politics" title="Maronite politics">Maronite politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicianism" title="Phoenicianism">Phoenicianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal state">Papal state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillarisation" title="Pillarisation">Pillarisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Political Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_state" title="Relations between the Catholic Church and the state">Relations between the Catholic Church and the state</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Church%E2%80%93state_relations_in_Argentina" class="mw-redirect" title="Church–state relations in Argentina">In Argentina</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphere_sovereignty" title="Sphere sovereignty">Sphere sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subsidiarity_(Catholicism)" title="Subsidiarity (Catholicism)">Subsidiarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_power_(papal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporal power (papal)">Temporal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Neo-ultramontanism" title="Neo-ultramontanism">Neo-ultramontanism</a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Islam_and_politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">Islam and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hui_pan-nationalism" title="Hui pan-nationalism">Hui pan-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Human Rights in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate" title="Imamate">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic anarchism">Islamic anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_Freemasonry#Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Suppression of Freemasonry">Islamic anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism#Muslim" title="Anti-Zionism">Islamic anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic democracy">Islamic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic fascism">Islamic fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia law</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Application_of_Islamic_law_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Application of Islamic law by country">by country</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_nationalism" title="Pakistani nationalism">In Pakistan</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Muslim_nationalism_in_South_Asia" title="Muslim nationalism in South Asia">In South Asia</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism_in_Islam" title="Pacifism in Islam">Islamic pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Islamic socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_supporters_of_Israel" title="Muslim supporters of Israel">Islamic Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Islamism" title="Criticism of Islamism">Criticism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamization">Islamization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khilafat" class="mw-redirect" title="Khilafat">Khilafat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro-Islam" title="Petro-Islam">Petro-Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_quietism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political quietism">Political quietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Talibanization" title="Talibanization">Talibanization</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-nation_theory" title="Two-nation theory">Two-nation theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Judaism_and_politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Judaism_and_politics" title="Judaism and politics">Judaism and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halachic_state" title="Halachic state">Halachic state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_anarchism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish anarchism">Jewish anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism#Jewish_anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Jewish anti-Zionism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Haredim_and_Zionism" title="Haredim and Zionism">Haredim</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Autonomism" title="Jewish Autonomism">Jewish Autonomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_and_democratic_state" title="Jewish and democratic state">Jewish democracy</a></li> <li>Jewish fascism <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Kahanism" title="Kahanism">Kahanism</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Revisionist Maximalism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish law">Jewish law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_left" title="Jewish left">Jewish left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism#Judaism" title="Pacifism">Jewish pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Jewish political movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_right" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish right">Jewish right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_secularism" title="Jewish secularism">Jewish secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_socialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish socialism">Jewish socialism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Bundism" title="Bundism">Bundism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poale_Zion" title="Poale Zion">Poale Zion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Zionism" title="Religious Zionism">Religious</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Agudath_Israel" title="World Agudath Israel">World Agudath Israel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Hinduism_and_politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu politics">Hinduism and politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhand_Bharat" title="Akhand Bharat">Akhand Bharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India#Hindu_feminism" title="Feminism in India">Hindu feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism#Religion" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Hindu law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Hindu modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Hindu_Rashtra" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu Rashtra">Hindu Rashtra</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Panun_Kashmir" title="Panun Kashmir">Panun Kashmir</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Bangabhumi" title="Bangabhumi">Bangabhumi</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_revolution" title="Hindu revolution">Hindu revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_revivalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu revivalism">Hindu revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_and_environmentalism#Hinduism" title="Religion and environmentalism">Hindu environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_humanism_(India)" title="Integral humanism (India)">Integral humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Aryans" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Aryans">Indigenous Aryans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama#Rama_Rajya" title="Rama">Rama Rajya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffronisation" title="Saffronisation">Saffronisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhi_(Hinduism)" title="Shuddhi (Hinduism)">Shuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_civil_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniform civil code">Uniform civil code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Buddhism_and_politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Buddhism and politics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism#Buddhists" title="Anti-communism">Buddhist anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_feminism" title="Buddhist feminism">Buddhist feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist law">Buddhist law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Buddhism#Nationalism" title="Criticism of Buddhism">Buddhist nationalism</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Nichirenism" title="Nichirenism">Nichirenism</a></small></li> <li><small><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Buddhist socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanistic Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_civil_religion" title="American civil religion">American civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disestablishmentarianism" title="Disestablishmentarianism">Disestablishmentarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult_(ancient_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial cult (ancient Rome)">Imperial cult</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_ancient_Rome" title="Religion in ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottgl%C3%A4ubig" title="Gottgläubig">Gottgläubig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalistan_movement" title="Khalistan movement">Khalistan movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaiming_(Neopaganism)" title="Reclaiming (Neopaganism)">Neopaganist feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_aspects_of_Nazism" title="Religious aspects of Nazism">Religious aspects of Nazism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creativity_(religion)" title="Creativity (religion)">Creativity (religion)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lists_of_countries_by_laws_and_law_enforcement_rankings" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Law_country_lists" title="Template:Law country lists"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Law_country_lists" title="Template talk:Law country lists"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Law_country_lists" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Law country lists"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lists_of_countries_by_laws_and_law_enforcement_rankings" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories" title="Lists of sovereign states and dependent territories">Lists of countries</a> by <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">laws</a> and <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement" title="Law enforcement">law enforcement</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_international_rankings" title="List of international rankings">rankings</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Age of</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Candidacy for political office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_consent" title="Age of consent">Consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_criminal_responsibility" title="Age of criminal responsibility">Criminal responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_drinking_age" title="Legal drinking age">Drinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minimum_driving_ages" title="List of minimum driving ages">Driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_majority" title="Age of majority">Majority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriageable_age" title="Marriageable age">Marriage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_age_in_the_United_States" title="Marriage age in the United States">in the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retirement_age" title="Retirement age">Retirement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_retirement" title="Mandatory retirement">Mandatory retirement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School-leaving_age" title="School-leaving age">School-leaving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S._history_of_tobacco_minimum_purchase_age_by_state" title="U.S. history of tobacco minimum purchase age by state">in the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_age" title="Voting age">Voting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_suffrage" title="Youth suffrage">Youth suffrage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_working_age" title="Legal working age">Working</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Drugs and <br />alcohol</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_and_precursor_laws_by_country_or_territory" title="Drug and precursor laws by country or territory">Drug and precursor laws by country or territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_drink" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcoholic drink">Alcohol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_alcohol_consumption_per_capita" title="List of countries by alcohol consumption per capita">Alcohol consumption</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bath_salts_(drug)" title="Bath salts (drug)">Bath salts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mephedrone#Legal_status" title="Mephedrone">Legal status of Mephedrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylone#Legal_status" title="Methylone">Legal status of Methylone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylenedioxypyrovalerone#Legality" title="Methylenedioxypyrovalerone">Legal status of MPDV</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_prevalence_of_cocaine_use" title="List of countries by prevalence of cocaine use">Cocaine use</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_cocaine" title="Legal status of cocaine">Legality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methamphetamine" title="Methamphetamine">Methamphetamine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_methamphetamine" title="Legal status of methamphetamine">Legality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_prevalence_of_opiates_use" title="List of countries by prevalence of opiates use">Opiate use</a></li> <li>Psychedelics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amanita#Psychoactive_species" title="Amanita">Amanita mushroom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_psychoactive_Amanita_mushrooms" title="Legal status of psychoactive Amanita mushrooms">Legality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayahuasca" title="Ayahuasca">Ayahuasca</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_ayahuasca_by_country" title="Legal status of ayahuasca by country">Legality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">Cannabis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cannabis" title="Legality of cannabis">Legality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annual_cannabis_use_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Annual cannabis use by country">Annual use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_lifetime_cannabis_use_by_country" title="Adult lifetime cannabis use by country">Lifetime use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibogaine" title="Ibogaine">Ibogaine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_ibogaine_by_country" title="Legal status of ibogaine by country">Legality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LSD" title="LSD">LSD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LSD#Legal_status" title="LSD">Legality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psilocybin_mushroom" title="Psilocybin mushroom">Psilocybin mushroom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_psilocybin_mushrooms" title="Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms">Legality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvia_divinorum" title="Salvia divinorum">Salvia divinorum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_Salvia_divinorum" title="Legal status of Salvia divinorum">Legality</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Death</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_euthanasia" title="Legality of euthanasia">Legality of euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_killings_by_law_enforcement_officers_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="List of killings by law enforcement officers by country">Law enforcement killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_legislation" title="Suicide legislation">Legality of suicide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_suicide" title="Assisted suicide">Legality of assisted suicide</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Overview_of_gun_laws_by_nation" title="Overview of gun laws by nation">Guns</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_firearm-related_death_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by firearm-related death rate">Deaths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percent_of_households_with_guns_by_country" title="Percent of households with guns by country">Households</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overview_of_gun_laws_by_nation" title="Overview of gun laws by nation">Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estimated_number_of_civilian_guns_per_capita_by_country" title="Estimated number of civilian guns per capita by country">Ownership</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Punishment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_by_country" title="Capital punishment by country">Death penalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_incarceration_rate" title="List of countries by incarceration rate">Incarceration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_imprisonment" title="Life imprisonment">Life imprisonment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Policing" class="mw-redirect" title="Policing">Policing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_abuse" title="Prisoner abuse">Prisoner abuse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_number_of_police_officers" title="List of countries and dependencies by number of police officers">Size of police forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Obscenity" title="Obscenity">Obscenity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incest" title="Incest">Incest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_incest" title="Legality of incest">Laws</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornography_laws_by_region" title="Pornography laws by region">Pornography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_child_pornography" title="Legality of child pornography">Child pornography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_fictional_pornography_depicting_minors" title="Legal status of fictional pornography depicting minors">Fictional pornography depicting minors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulated_child_pornography" title="Simulated child pornography">Simulated child pornography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_pornography#Legal_status" title="Internet pornography">Internet pornography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_by_region" title="Prostitution by region">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking" title="Sex trafficking">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_assault" title="Sexual assault">Sexual assault</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laws_regarding_child_sexual_abuse" title="Laws regarding child sexual abuse">Child sexual abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_regarding_rape" title="Laws regarding rape">Rape</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodomy_law" title="Sodomy law">Sodomy law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reproduction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_law" title="Abortion law">Abortion law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minors_and_abortion" title="Minors and abortion">Minors and abortion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_law" title="Adoption law">Adoption law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_adoption" title="International adoption">International adoption</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_cloning#Current_law" title="Human cloning">Human cloning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_human_sterilization_by_country" title="Legal status of human sterilization by country">Sterilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrogacy_laws_by_country" title="Surrogacy laws by country">Surrogacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Censorship</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_by_country" title="Censorship by country">Censorship by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_censorship" title="Book censorship">Book censorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_books_banned_by_governments" title="List of books banned by governments">by country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartographic_censorship" title="Cartographic censorship">Cartographic censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_censorship" title="Film censorship">Film censorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banned_films" title="List of banned films">by country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">Internet censorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_and_surveillance_by_country" title="Internet censorship and surveillance by country">by country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_LGBT_issues" class="mw-redirect" title="Censorship of LGBT issues">Censorship of LGBT issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_censorship" title="Political censorship">Political censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_censorship" title="Television censorship">Television censorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_censorship#List_of_banned_television_series" title="Television censorship">by country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_controversies" title="Video game controversies">Video gaming censorship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banned_video_games_by_country" title="List of banned video games by country">by country</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Human rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_rights" title="Children's rights">Children's rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children_in_the_military" title="Children in the military">Children in the military</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_human_rights" title="Intersex human rights">Intersex rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legal_status_of_same-sex_marriage" title="Legal status of same-sex marriage">Same-sex marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking" title="Human trafficking">Human trafficking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement" title="Freedom of movement">Freedom of movement</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_movement#Examples_by_jurisdiction" title="Freedom of movement">By country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedoms_of_the_air" title="Freedoms of the air">In the air</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_abode" title="Right of abode">Abode</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Environmental_law" title="Environmental law">environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_rights" title="Air rights">Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administration_(probate_law)" title="Administration (probate law)">Estate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_law" title="Land law">Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_rights" title="Mineral rights">Minerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_law" title="Mining law">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_law" title="Mortgage law">Mortgage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_right" title="Water right">Water</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riparian_water_rights" title="Riparian water rights">Riparian water</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commercial_law" title="Commercial law">Business</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Competition_law" title="Competition law">Competition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mergers_and_acquisitions" title="Mergers and acquisitions">Mergers and acquisitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_law" title="Corporate law">Corporate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_liability" title="Corporate liability">Corporate liability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_cryptocurrency_by_country_or_territory" title="Legality of cryptocurrency by country or territory">Legality of cryptocurrency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Violence</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment" title="Corporal punishment">Corporal punishment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment_in_the_home" title="Corporal punishment in the home">At home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_corporal_punishment" title="School corporal punishment">At school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_corporal_punishment" title="Judicial corporal punishment">In court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_by_country_or_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights by country or territory">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_brutality" title="Police brutality">Police brutality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_smoking_age" title="Legal smoking age">Smoking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_law" title="Alcohol law">Alcohol law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder" title="Murder">Murder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:International_ownership_conventions" title="Template:International ownership conventions">International<br />ownership</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_waters" title="International waters">International waters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_law" title="Admiralty law">Admiralty law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">UN Convention on the Law of the Sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Indicators" title="World Intellectual Property Indicators">World Intellectual Property Indicators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_ownership" title="Foreign ownership">Foreign ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_copyright_treaties" title="International copyright treaties">International copyright treaties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_rights_by_country_or_territory" title="Animal rights by country or territory">Animal rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_law" title="Immigration law">Immigration law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_legal_systems" title="List of national legal systems">National legal systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_law" title="Religious law">Religious law</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application_of_Sharia_by_country" title="Application of Sharia by country">Sharia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Justice_Project" title="World Justice Project">World Justice Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:center"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_rankings" title="List of international rankings">List of international rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_by_country" title="Lists by country">Lists by country</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Investiture_Controversy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Investiture_Controversy" title="Template:Investiture Controversy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Investiture_Controversy" title="Template talk:Investiture Controversy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Investiture_Controversy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Investiture Controversy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Investiture_Controversy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atto_(archbishop_of_Milan)" title="Atto (archbishop of Milan)">Atto (archbishop of Milan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Callixtus_II" title="Pope Callixtus II">Pope Callixtus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipope_Clement_III" title="Antipope Clement III">Antipope Clement III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlembald" title="Erlembald">Erlembald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotofredo_da_Castiglione" title="Gotofredo da Castiglione">Gotofredo da Castiglione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_VII" title="Pope Gregory VII">Pope Gregory VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_da_Velate" title="Guido da Velate">Guido da Velate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_England" title="Henry I of England">Henry I of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_V,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor">Henry V, Holy Roman Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_of_Tuscany" title="Matilda of Tuscany">Matilda of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Paschal_II" title="Pope Paschal II">Pope Paschal II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_of_Rheinfelden" title="Rudolf of Rheinfelden">Rudolf of Rheinfelden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Documents<br />and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concordat_of_Worms" title="Concordat of Worms">Concordat of Worms</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dictatus_papae" title="Dictatus papae">Dictatus papae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donation_of_Constantine" title="Donation of Constantine">Donation of Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">Excommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Langensalza_(1075)" title="Battle of Langensalza (1075)">First Battle of Langensalza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="First Council of the Lateran">First Council of the Lateran</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_nomine_Domini" title="In nomine Domini">In nomine Domini</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxon_revolt_of_1077%E2%80%931088" title="Saxon revolt of 1077–1088">Saxon revolt of 1077–1088</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_Reform" title="Gregorian Reform">Gregorian Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Norman conquest of southern Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Rome_(1084)" title="Sack of Rome (1084)">Sack of Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_to_Canossa" title="Road to Canossa">Walk to Canossa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_and_state_in_medieval_Europe" title="Church and state in medieval Europe">Church and state in medieval Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_celibacy" title="Clerical celibacy">Clerical celibacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College of Cardinals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dominium_mundi" title="Dominium mundi">Dominium mundi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture" title="Investiture">Investiture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Papacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donation_of_Pepin" title="Donation of Pepin">Donation of Pepin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simony" title="Simony">Simony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Libellus_de_imperatoria_potestate_in_urbe_Roma" title="Libellus de imperatoria potestate in urbe Roma">Libellus de imperatoria potestate in urbe Roma</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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