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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Study of the computational basis of learning and inference</div> <p><b>Computational cognition</b> (sometimes referred to as <b>computational cognitive science</b> or <b>computational psychology</b> or <b>cognitive simulation</b>) is the study of the <a href="/wiki/Computation" title="Computation">computational</a> basis of <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">learning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inference" title="Inference">inference</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_model" title="Mathematical model">mathematical modeling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_simulation" title="Computer simulation">computer simulation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Behaviorism" title="Behaviorism">behavioral</a> experiments. In psychology, it is an approach which develops computational models based on experimental results. It seeks to understand the basis behind the human method of <a href="/wiki/Information_processing_(psychology)" title="Information processing (psychology)">processing of information</a>. Early on computational cognitive scientists sought to bring back and create a scientific form of <a href="/wiki/Franz_Brentano" title="Franz Brentano">Brentano's</a> psychology.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Artificial_intelligence">Artificial intelligence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computational_cognition&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Artificial intelligence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></div> <p>There are two main purposes for the productions of artificial intelligence: to produce intelligent behaviors regardless of the quality of the results, and to model after intelligent behaviors found in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McCorduck_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCorduck-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the beginning of its existence, there was no need for artificial intelligence to emulate the same behavior as human cognition. Until 1960s, economist <a href="/wiki/Herbert_A._Simon" title="Herbert A. Simon">Herbert Simon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Allen_Newell" title="Allen Newell">Allen Newell</a> attempted to formalize human problem-solving skills by using the results of psychological studies to develop programs that implement the same problem-solving techniques as people would. Their works laid the foundation for <a href="/wiki/Symbolic_artificial_intelligence" title="Symbolic artificial intelligence">symbolic AI</a> and computational cognition, and even some advancements for <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">cognitive science</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">cognitive psychology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Haugeland_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haugeland-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The field of symbolic AI is based on the <a href="/wiki/Physical_symbol_systems_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical symbol systems hypothesis">physical symbol systems hypothesis</a> by Simon and Newell, which states that expressing aspects of cognitive intelligence can be achieved through the manipulation of <a href="/wiki/Physical_symbol_system" title="Physical symbol system">symbols</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Crevier_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crevier-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/John_McCarthy_(computer_scientist)" title="John McCarthy (computer scientist)">John McCarthy</a> focused more on the initial purpose of artificial intelligence, which is to break down the essence of logical and abstract reasoning regardless of whether or not human employs the same mechanism.<sup id="cite_ref-McCorduck_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCorduck-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the next decades, the progress made in artificial intelligence started to be focused more on developing logic-based and knowledge-based programs, veering away from the original purpose of symbolic AI. Researchers started to believe that symbolic artificial intelligence might never be able to imitate some intricate processes of human cognition like <a href="/wiki/Machine_perception" title="Machine perception">perception</a> or <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">learning</a>. The then perceived impossibility (since refuted <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) of implementing emotion in AI, was seen to be a stumbling block on the path to achieving human-like cognition with computers.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researchers began to take a “sub-symbolic” approach to create intelligence without specifically representing that knowledge. This movement led to the emerging discipline of <a href="/wiki/Computational_model" title="Computational model">computational modeling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Connectionism" title="Connectionism">connectionism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Computational_intelligence" title="Computational intelligence">computational intelligence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Crevier_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crevier-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Computational_modeling">Computational modeling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computational_cognition&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Computational modeling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Computational_model" title="Computational model">Computational model</a></div> <p>As it contributes more to the understanding of human cognition than artificial intelligence, computational cognitive modeling emerged from the need to define various cognition functionalities (like motivation, emotion, or perception) by representing them in computational models of mechanisms and processes.<sup id="cite_ref-Sun_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sun-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Computational models study <a href="/wiki/Complex_system" title="Complex system">complex systems</a> through the use of algorithms of many variables and extensive <a href="/wiki/Computational_resource" title="Computational resource">computational resources</a> to produce <a href="/wiki/Computer_simulation" title="Computer simulation">computer simulation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Simulations_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Simulations-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Simulation is achieved by adjusting the variables, changing one alone or even combining them together, to observe the effect on the outcomes. The results help experimenters make predictions about what would happen in the real system if those similar changes were to occur.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When computational models attempt to mimic human cognitive functioning, all the details of the function must be known for them to transfer and display properly through the models, allowing researchers to thoroughly understand and test an existing theory because no variables are vague and all variables are modifiable. Consider a <a href="/wiki/Atkinson%E2%80%93Shiffrin_memory_model" title="Atkinson–Shiffrin memory model">model of memory built by Atkinson and Shiffrin in 1968</a>, it showed how rehearsal leads to <a href="/wiki/Long-term_memory" title="Long-term memory">long-term memory</a>, where the information being rehearsed would be stored. Despite the advancement it made in revealing the function of memory, this model fails to provide answers to crucial questions like: how much information can be rehearsed at a time? How long does it take for information to transfer from rehearsal to long-term memory? Similarly, other computational models raise more questions about cognition than they answer, making their contributions much less significant for the understanding of human cognition than other cognitive approaches.<sup id="cite_ref-Eysenck_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eysenck-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An additional shortcoming of computational modeling is its reported lack of objectivity.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Anderson_(psychologist)" title="John Robert Anderson (psychologist)">John Anderson</a> in his Adaptive Control of Thought-Rational (ACT-R) model uses the functions of computational models and the findings of cognitive science. The ACT-R model is based on the theory that the brain consists of several modules which perform specialized functions separate of each other.<sup id="cite_ref-Eysenck_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eysenck-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ACT-R model is classified as a <a href="/wiki/Cognitivism_(psychology)" title="Cognitivism (psychology)">symbolic</a> approach to cognitive science.<sup id="cite_ref-Polk_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Polk-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Connectionist_networks">Connectionist networks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computational_cognition&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Connectionist networks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Connectionism" title="Connectionism">Connectionism</a></div> <p>Another approach which deals more with the semantic content of cognitive science is connectionism or neural network modeling. Connectionism relies on the idea that the brain consists of simple units or nodes and the behavioral response comes primarily from the layers of connections between the nodes and not from the environmental stimulus itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Eysenck_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eysenck-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Connectionist network differs from computational modeling specifically because of two functions: <a href="/wiki/Neural_backpropagation" title="Neural backpropagation">neural back-propagation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parallel_processing_(psychology)" title="Parallel processing (psychology)">parallel-processing</a>. Neural back-propagation is a method utilized by connectionist networks to show evidence of learning. After a connectionist network produces a response, the simulated results are compared to real-life situational results. The feedback provided by the backward propagation of errors would be used to improve accuracy for the network's subsequent responses.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second function, parallel-processing, stemmed from the belief that knowledge and perception are not limited to specific modules but rather are distributed throughout the cognitive networks. The present of parallel distributed processing has been shown in psychological demonstrations like the <a href="/wiki/Stroop_effect" title="Stroop effect">Stroop effect</a>, where the brain seems to be analyzing the perception of color and meaning of language at the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-Rumelhart_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rumelhart-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this theoretical approach has been continually disproved because the two cognitive functions for color-perception and word-forming are operating separately and simultaneously, not parallel of each other.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohen_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohen-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The field of cognition may have benefitted from the use of connectionist networks, but setting up the neural network models can be quite a tedious task and the results may be less interpretable than the system they are trying to model. Therefore, the results may be used as evidence for a broad theory of cognition without explaining the particular process happening within the cognitive function. Other disadvantages of connectionism lie in the research methods it employs or hypothesis it tests as they have been proven inaccurate or ineffective often, taking connectionist models away from an accurate representation of how the brain functions. These issues cause neural network models to be ineffective on studying higher forms of information-processing, and hinder connectionism from advancing the general understanding of human cognition.<sup id="cite_ref-Garson_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garson-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computational_cognition&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGreen,_C.,_&_Sokal,_Michael_M.2000" class="citation journal cs1">Green, C., & Sokal, Michael M. (2000). "Dispelling the "Mystery" of Computational Cognitive Science". <i>History of Psychology</i>. <b>3</b> (1): 62–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F1093-4510.3.1.62">10.1037/1093-4510.3.1.62</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11624164">11624164</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Psychology&rft.atitle=Dispelling+the+%22Mystery%22+of+Computational+Cognitive+Science&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=62-66&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F1093-4510.3.1.62&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11624164&rft.au=Green%2C+C.%2C+%26+Sokal%2C+Michael+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputational+cognition" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLieto2021" class="citation book cs1">Lieto, Antonio (2021). <i>Cognitive Design for Artificial Minds</i>. 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Natick, MA: A. K. Peters, Ltd. pp. 100–101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56881-205-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56881-205-2"><bdi>978-1-56881-205-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pamelamc.com/html/machines_who_think.html">the original</a> on 2020-03-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New York, NY: BasicBooks. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aitumultuoushist00crev/page/145">145–215</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02997-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-465-02997-6"><bdi>978-0-465-02997-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=AI%3A+The+Tumultuous+Search+for+Artificial+Intelligence&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=145-215&rft.pub=BasicBooks&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-465-02997-6&rft.aulast=Crevier&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faitumultuoushist00crev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputational+cognition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMegill2014" class="citation journal cs1">Megill, J. 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"Russell's Structuralism and the Supposed Death of Computational Cognitive Science". <i>Minds and Machines</i>. <b>19</b> (2): 181–197. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11023-009-9155-5">10.1007/s11023-009-9155-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:195233608">195233608</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minds+and+Machines&rft.atitle=Russell%27s+Structuralism+and+the+Supposed+Death+of+Computational+Cognitive+Science.&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=181-197&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11023-009-9155-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A195233608%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Restrepo+Echavarria&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputational+cognition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Polk-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Polk_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolkSeifert2002" class="citation book cs1">Polk, Thad; Seifert, Colleen (2002). <i>Cognitive Modeling</i>. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-66116-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-66116-4"><bdi>978-0-262-66116-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cognitive+Modeling&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-262-66116-4&rft.aulast=Polk&rft.aufirst=Thad&rft.au=Seifert%2C+Colleen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputational+cognition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonPellioniszRosenfeld1993" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, James; Pellionisz, Andras; Rosenfeld, Edward (1993). <i>Neurocomputing 2: Directions for Research</i>. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0262510752" title="Special:BookSources/978-0262510752"><bdi>978-0262510752</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neurocomputing+2%3A+Directions+for+Research&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0262510752&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Pellionisz%2C+Andras&rft.au=Rosenfeld%2C+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputational+cognition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rumelhart-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rumelhart_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRumelhartMcClelland1986" class="citation book cs1">Rumelhart, David; McClelland, James (1986). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/paralleldistribu00rume"><i>Parallel distributed processing, Vol. 1: Foundations</i></a></span>. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B008Q6LHXE">B008Q6LHXE</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parallel+distributed+processing%2C+Vol.+1%3A+Foundations&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB008Q6LHXE%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Rumelhart&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=McClelland%2C+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fparalleldistribu00rume&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputational+cognition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cohen-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cohen_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohenDunbarMcClelland1990" class="citation journal cs1">Cohen, Jonathan; Dunbar, Kevin; McClelland, James (1990). "On The Control Of Automatic Processes: A Parallel Distributed Processing Account Of The Stroop Effect". <i>Psychological Review</i>. <b>97</b> (3): 332–361. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.321.3453">10.1.1.321.3453</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0033-295x.97.3.332">10.1037/0033-295x.97.3.332</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2200075">2200075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Review&rft.atitle=On+The+Control+Of+Automatic+Processes%3A+A+Parallel+Distributed+Processing+Account+Of+The+Stroop+Effect&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=332-361&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.321.3453%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2200075&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2F0033-295x.97.3.332&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Dunbar%2C+Kevin&rft.au=McClelland%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputational+cognition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garson-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Garson_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarsonZalta2015" class="citation journal cs1">Garson, James; Zalta, Edward (Spring 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2015/entries/connectionism">"Connectionism"</a>. <i>The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</i>. Stanford University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Connectionism&rft.ssn=spring&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Garson&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Zalta%2C+Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Farchives%2Fspr2015%2Fentries%2Fconnectionism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputational+cognition" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computational_cognition&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_neural_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial neural network">Artificial neural network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_psychology" title="Mathematical psychology">Mathematical psychology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computational_cognition&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBusemeyerWangTownsendEidels2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Busemeyer" title="Jerome Busemeyer">Busemeyer, Jerome R.</a>; Wang, Zheng; <a href="/wiki/James_Townsend_(psychologist)" title="James Townsend (psychologist)">Townsend, James T.</a>; Eidels, Ami, eds. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9j47k5q9"><i>The Oxford handbook of computational and mathematical psychology</i></a>. Oxford library of psychology. Vol. 1. Oxford; New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199957996.001.0001">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199957996.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199957996" title="Special:BookSources/9780199957996"><bdi>9780199957996</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/894139948">894139948</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+handbook+of+computational+and+mathematical+psychology&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.series=Oxford+library+of+psychology&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F894139948&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199957996.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780199957996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F9j47k5q9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputational+cognition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChipman2017" class="citation book cs1">Chipman, Susan F., ed. (2017). "Part I. The new computational psychology: cognitive architectures and the computational modeling of cognition". <i>The Oxford handbook of cognitive science</i>. Oxford library of psychology. Vol. 1. Oxford; New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199842193.001.0001">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199842193.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199842193" title="Special:BookSources/9780199842193"><bdi>9780199842193</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/953823360">953823360</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Part+I.+The+new+computational+psychology%3A+cognitive+architectures+and+the+computational+modeling+of+cognition&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+handbook+of+cognitive+science&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.series=Oxford+library+of+psychology&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F953823360&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199842193.001.0001&rft.isbn=9780199842193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputational+cognition" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSun2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ron_Sun" title="Ron Sun">Sun, Ron</a>, ed. (2008). <i>The Cambridge handbook of computational psychology</i>. Cambridge, UK; New York: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511816772">10.1017/CBO9780511816772</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521857413" title="Special:BookSources/9780521857413"><bdi>9780521857413</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/153772906">153772906</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+handbook+of+computational+psychology&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK%3B+New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F153772906&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511816772&rft.isbn=9780521857413&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputational+cognition" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links_and_bibliography">External links and bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computational_cognition&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links and bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/cocosci/">MIT Computational Cognitive Science Group</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gureckislab.org/">NYU Computation and Cognition Lab</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cocosci.princeton.edu/">Princeton Computational Cognitive Science Lab</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cocolab.stanford.edu/">Stanford Computation and Cognition Lab</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://psiexp.ss.uci.edu/research/madlab.htm">UCI Memory and Decision Lab</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170613145105/http://psiexp.ss.uci.edu/research/madlab.htm">Archived</a> 2017-06-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ruccs.rutgers.edu/~jacob/feldman.html">Jacob Feldman</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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