CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:fb="http://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml" class="wf-loading"> <head prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns# fb: https://ogp.me/ns/fb# academia: https://ogp.me/ns/fb/academia#"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name=viewport content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <title>A.J. Melton | Nova Southeastern University - Academia.edu</title>  <link href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-production.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-194x194.png" sizes="194x194"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/android-chrome-192x192.png" sizes="192x192"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="manifest" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/manifest.json"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#2b5797"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/mstile-144x144.png"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <script> window.performance && window.performance.measure && window.performance.measure("Time To First Byte", "requestStart", "responseStart"); </script> <script> (function() { if (!window.URLSearchParams || !window.history || !window.history.replaceState) { return; } var searchParams = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search); var paramsToDelete = [ 'fs', 'sm', 'swp', 'iid', 'nbs', 'rcc', // related content category 'rcpos', // related content carousel position 'rcpg', // related carousel page 'rchid', // related content hit id 'f_ri', // research interest id, for SEO tracking 'f_fri', // featured research interest, for SEO tracking (param key without value) 'f_rid', // from research interest directory for SEO tracking 'f_loswp', // from research interest pills on LOSWP sidebar for SEO tracking 'rhid', // referrring hit id ]; if (paramsToDelete.every((key) => searchParams.get(key) === null)) { return; } paramsToDelete.forEach((key) => { searchParams.delete(key); }); var cleanUrl = new URL(window.location.href); cleanUrl.search = searchParams.toString(); history.replaceState({}, document.title, cleanUrl); })(); </script> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "profiles/works", 'action': "summary", 'controller_action': 'profiles/works#summary', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.sendUserTiming = function(timingName) { if (!(window.performance && window.performance.measure)) return; var entries = window.performance.getEntriesByName(timingName, "measure"); if (entries.length !== 1) return; var timingValue = Math.round(entries[0].duration); gtag('event', 'timing_complete', { name: timingName, value: timingValue, event_category: 'User-centric', }); }; window.sendUserTiming("Time To First Byte"); </script> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="CyzS23N0G0SUR9e1al92Ven9CLyPwbyhDUF_y81edBdLBaPHPpUjnayHNjm_szhU3Ecfmzs6C0W5r1Q3hg6HWg" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow-3d36c19b4875b226bfed0fcba1dcea3f2fe61148383d97c0465c016b8c969290.css" media="all" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/social/home-79e78ce59bef0a338eb6540ec3d93b4a7952115b56c57f1760943128f4544d42.css" media="all" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_page/figure_carousel-2004283e0948681916eefa74772df54f56cb5c7413d82b160212231c2f474bb3.css" media="all" /><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ProfilePage","mainEntity":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"A.J. Melton","url":"https://nova.academia.edu/AJMelton","image":"https://0.academia-photos.com/724188/2174204/2549609/s200_a.j..melton.jpg","sameAs":[]},"dateCreated":"2011-09-11T12:51:36-07:00","dateModified":"2017-09-19T04:33:32-07:00","name":"A.J. Melton","description":"","image":"https://0.academia-photos.com/724188/2174204/2549609/s200_a.j..melton.jpg","thumbnailUrl":"https://0.academia-photos.com/724188/2174204/2549609/s65_a.j..melton.jpg","primaryImageOfPage":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https://0.academia-photos.com/724188/2174204/2549609/s200_a.j..melton.jpg","width":200},"sameAs":[],"relatedLink":"https://www.academia.edu/6508392/The_Plutocracy_Democracy_American_Inequality_and_the_Rise_of_the_Plutocrats"}</script><link rel="stylesheet" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/heading-95367dc03b794f6737f30123738a886cf53b7a65cdef98a922a98591d60063e3.css" media="all" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/button-8c9ae4b5c8a2531640c354d92a1f3579c8ff103277ef74913e34c8a76d4e6c00.css" media="all" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/body-170d1319f0e354621e81ca17054bb147da2856ec0702fe440a99af314a6338c5.css" media="all" /><style type="text/css">@media(max-width: 567px){:root{--token-mode: Parity;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: #082f75;--button-primary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-primary-fill: #0645b1;--button-primary-text: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-primary-fill-press: #082f75;--button-primary-icon: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-inverse: #ffffff;--button-primary-text-inverse: #082f75;--button-primary-icon-inverse: #0645b1;--button-primary-fill-inverse-hover: #cddaef;--button-primary-stroke-inverse-pressed: #0645b1;--button-secondary-stroke-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-fill: #eef2f9;--button-secondary-text: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-press: #cddaef;--button-secondary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-secondary-stroke: #cddaef;--button-secondary-stroke-hover: #386ac1;--button-secondary-stroke-press: #0645b1;--button-secondary-text-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-icon: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-hover: #e6ecf7;--button-secondary-stroke-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-fill-inverse: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);--button-secondary-icon-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-icon-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-icon-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-text-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-inverse-hover: #043059;--button-xs-stroke: #141413;--button-xs-stroke-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-stroke-press: #082f75;--button-xs-stroke-inactive: #ebebee;--button-xs-text: #141413;--button-xs-text-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-text-press: #082f75;--button-xs-text-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-icon: #141413;--button-xs-icon-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-icon-press: #082f75;--button-xs-icon-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-fill: #ffffff;--button-xs-fill-hover: #f4f7fc;--button-xs-fill-press: #eef2f9;--buttons-button-text-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-button-focus: #0645b1;--buttons-button-icon-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 12px;--buttons-small-buttons-height: 44px;--buttons-small-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-only-width: 44px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-large-buttons-l-r-padding: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-height: 54px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-only-width: 54px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 8px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-height: 32px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-icon-size: 16px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-gap: 4px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--background-beige: #f9f7f4;--error-light: #fff2f2;--text-placeholder: #6d6d7d;--stroke-dark: #141413;--stroke-light: #dddde2;--stroke-medium: #535366;--accent-green: #ccffd4;--accent-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--accent-yellow: #f7ffcc;--accent-peach: #ffd4cc;--accent-violet: #f7ccff;--accent-purple: #f4f7fc;--text-primary: #141413;--secondary-brand: #141413;--text-hover: #0c3b8d;--text-white: #ffffff;--text-link: #0645b1;--text-press: #082f75;--success-light: #f0f8f1;--background-light-blue: #eef2f9;--background-white: #ffffff;--premium-dark: #877440;--premium-light: #f9f6ed;--stroke-white: #ffffff;--inactive-content: #b1b1ba;--annotate-light: #a35dff;--annotate-dark: #824acc;--grid: #eef2f9;--inactive-stroke: #ebebee;--shadow: rgba(34, 34, 51, 0.25);--text-inactive: #6d6d7d;--text-error: #b60000;--stroke-error: #b60000;--background-error: #fff2f2;--background-black: #141413;--icon-default: #141413;--icon-blue: #0645b1;--background-grey: #dddde2;--icon-grey: #b1b1ba;--text-focus: #082f75;--brand-colors-neutral-black: #141413;--brand-colors-neutral-900: #535366;--brand-colors-neutral-800: #6d6d7d;--brand-colors-neutral-700: #91919e;--brand-colors-neutral-600: #b1b1ba;--brand-colors-neutral-500: #c8c8cf;--brand-colors-neutral-400: #dddde2;--brand-colors-neutral-300: #ebebee;--brand-colors-neutral-200: #f8f8fb;--brand-colors-neutral-100: #fafafa;--brand-colors-neutral-white: #ffffff;--brand-colors-blue-900: #043059;--brand-colors-blue-800: #082f75;--brand-colors-blue-700: #0c3b8d;--brand-colors-blue-600: #0645b1;--brand-colors-blue-500: #386ac1;--brand-colors-blue-400: #cddaef;--brand-colors-blue-300: #e6ecf7;--brand-colors-blue-200: #eef2f9;--brand-colors-blue-100: #f4f7fc;--brand-colors-gold-500: #877440;--brand-colors-gold-400: #e9e3d4;--brand-colors-gold-300: #f2efe8;--brand-colors-gold-200: #f9f6ed;--brand-colors-gold-100: #f9f7f4;--brand-colors-error-900: #920000;--brand-colors-error-500: #b60000;--brand-colors-success-900: #035c0f;--brand-colors-green: #ccffd4;--brand-colors-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--brand-colors-yellow: #f7ffcc;--brand-colors-peach: #ffd4cc;--brand-colors-violet: #f7ccff;--brand-colors-error-100: #fff2f2;--brand-colors-success-500: #05b01c;--brand-colors-success-100: #f0f8f1;--text-secondary: #535366;--icon-white: #ffffff;--background-beige-darker: #f2efe8;--icon-dark-grey: #535366;--type-font-family-sans-serif: Roboto;--type-font-family-serif: Georgia;--type-font-family-mono: IBM Plex Mono;--type-weights-300: 300;--type-weights-400: 400;--type-weights-500: 500;--type-weights-700: 700;--type-sizes-12: 12px;--type-sizes-14: 14px;--type-sizes-16: 16px;--type-sizes-18: 18px;--type-sizes-20: 20px;--type-sizes-22: 22px;--type-sizes-24: 24px;--type-sizes-28: 28px;--type-sizes-30: 30px;--type-sizes-32: 32px;--type-sizes-40: 40px;--type-sizes-42: 42px;--type-sizes-48-2: 48px;--type-line-heights-16: 16px;--type-line-heights-20: 20px;--type-line-heights-23: 23px;--type-line-heights-24: 24px;--type-line-heights-25: 25px;--type-line-heights-26: 26px;--type-line-heights-29: 29px;--type-line-heights-30: 30px;--type-line-heights-32: 32px;--type-line-heights-34: 34px;--type-line-heights-35: 35px;--type-line-heights-36: 36px;--type-line-heights-38: 38px;--type-line-heights-40: 40px;--type-line-heights-46: 46px;--type-line-heights-48: 48px;--type-line-heights-52: 52px;--type-line-heights-58: 58px;--type-line-heights-68: 68px;--type-line-heights-74: 74px;--type-line-heights-82: 82px;--type-paragraph-spacings-0: 0px;--type-paragraph-spacings-4: 4px;--type-paragraph-spacings-8: 8px;--type-paragraph-spacings-16: 16px;--type-sans-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-xl-size: 32px;--type-sans-serif-xl-line-height: 46px;--type-sans-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-lg-size: 30px;--type-sans-serif-lg-line-height: 36px;--type-sans-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-md-line-height: 30px;--type-sans-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-size: 24px;--type-sans-serif-xs-font-weight: 700;--type-sans-serif-xs-line-height: 24px;--type-sans-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-sans-serif-xs-size: 18px;--type-sans-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-sm-line-height: 32px;--type-sans-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-sm-size: 20px;--type-body-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xl-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-line-height: 36px;--type-body-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-body-sm-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xs-size: 12px;--type-body-xs-line-height: 16px;--type-body-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-md-font-weight: 400;--type-body-md-size: 16px;--type-body-md-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-body-lg-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-line-height: 26px;--type-body-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-lg-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-lg-medium-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-medium-line-height: 32px;--type-body-lg-medium-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-md-medium-size: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-medium-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-sm-bold-font-weight: 700;--type-body-sm-bold-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-bold-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-bold-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-sm-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-sm-medium-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-medium-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-md-size: 32px;--type-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-md-line-height: 40px;--type-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-sm-size: 24px;--type-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-sm-line-height: 26px;--type-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-lg-size: 48px;--type-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-lg-line-height: 52px;--type-serif-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xs-size: 18px;--type-serif-xs-line-height: 24px;--type-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xl-size: 48px;--type-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-line-height: 58px;--type-mono-md-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-md-size: 22px;--type-mono-md-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-lg-size: 40px;--type-mono-lg-line-height: 40px;--type-mono-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-sm-size: 14px;--type-mono-sm-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--spacing-xs-4: 4px;--spacing-xs-8: 8px;--spacing-xs-16: 16px;--spacing-sm-24: 24px;--spacing-sm-32: 32px;--spacing-md-40: 40px;--spacing-md-48: 48px;--spacing-lg-64: 64px;--spacing-lg-80: 80px;--spacing-xlg-104: 104px;--spacing-xlg-152: 152px;--spacing-xs-12: 12px;--spacing-page-section: 80px;--spacing-card-list-spacing: 48px;--spacing-text-section-spacing: 64px;--spacing-md-xs-headings: 40px;--corner-radius-radius-lg: 16px;--corner-radius-radius-sm: 4px;--corner-radius-radius-md: 8px;--corner-radius-radius-round: 104px}}@media(min-width: 568px)and (max-width: 1279px){:root{--token-mode: Parity;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: #082f75;--button-primary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-primary-fill: #0645b1;--button-primary-text: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-primary-fill-press: #082f75;--button-primary-icon: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-inverse: #ffffff;--button-primary-text-inverse: #082f75;--button-primary-icon-inverse: #0645b1;--button-primary-fill-inverse-hover: #cddaef;--button-primary-stroke-inverse-pressed: #0645b1;--button-secondary-stroke-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-fill: #eef2f9;--button-secondary-text: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-press: #cddaef;--button-secondary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-secondary-stroke: #cddaef;--button-secondary-stroke-hover: #386ac1;--button-secondary-stroke-press: #0645b1;--button-secondary-text-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-icon: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-hover: #e6ecf7;--button-secondary-stroke-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-fill-inverse: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);--button-secondary-icon-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-icon-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-icon-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-text-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-inverse-hover: #043059;--button-xs-stroke: #141413;--button-xs-stroke-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-stroke-press: #082f75;--button-xs-stroke-inactive: #ebebee;--button-xs-text: #141413;--button-xs-text-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-text-press: #082f75;--button-xs-text-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-icon: #141413;--button-xs-icon-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-icon-press: #082f75;--button-xs-icon-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-fill: #ffffff;--button-xs-fill-hover: #f4f7fc;--button-xs-fill-press: #eef2f9;--buttons-button-text-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-button-focus: #0645b1;--buttons-button-icon-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 12px;--buttons-small-buttons-height: 44px;--buttons-small-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-only-width: 44px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-large-buttons-l-r-padding: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-height: 54px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-only-width: 54px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 8px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-height: 32px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-icon-size: 16px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-gap: 4px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--background-beige: #f9f7f4;--error-light: #fff2f2;--text-placeholder: #6d6d7d;--stroke-dark: #141413;--stroke-light: #dddde2;--stroke-medium: #535366;--accent-green: #ccffd4;--accent-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--accent-yellow: #f7ffcc;--accent-peach: #ffd4cc;--accent-violet: #f7ccff;--accent-purple: #f4f7fc;--text-primary: #141413;--secondary-brand: #141413;--text-hover: #0c3b8d;--text-white: #ffffff;--text-link: #0645b1;--text-press: #082f75;--success-light: #f0f8f1;--background-light-blue: #eef2f9;--background-white: #ffffff;--premium-dark: #877440;--premium-light: #f9f6ed;--stroke-white: #ffffff;--inactive-content: #b1b1ba;--annotate-light: #a35dff;--annotate-dark: #824acc;--grid: #eef2f9;--inactive-stroke: #ebebee;--shadow: rgba(34, 34, 51, 0.25);--text-inactive: #6d6d7d;--text-error: #b60000;--stroke-error: #b60000;--background-error: #fff2f2;--background-black: #141413;--icon-default: #141413;--icon-blue: #0645b1;--background-grey: #dddde2;--icon-grey: #b1b1ba;--text-focus: #082f75;--brand-colors-neutral-black: #141413;--brand-colors-neutral-900: #535366;--brand-colors-neutral-800: #6d6d7d;--brand-colors-neutral-700: #91919e;--brand-colors-neutral-600: #b1b1ba;--brand-colors-neutral-500: #c8c8cf;--brand-colors-neutral-400: #dddde2;--brand-colors-neutral-300: #ebebee;--brand-colors-neutral-200: #f8f8fb;--brand-colors-neutral-100: #fafafa;--brand-colors-neutral-white: #ffffff;--brand-colors-blue-900: #043059;--brand-colors-blue-800: #082f75;--brand-colors-blue-700: #0c3b8d;--brand-colors-blue-600: #0645b1;--brand-colors-blue-500: #386ac1;--brand-colors-blue-400: #cddaef;--brand-colors-blue-300: #e6ecf7;--brand-colors-blue-200: #eef2f9;--brand-colors-blue-100: #f4f7fc;--brand-colors-gold-500: #877440;--brand-colors-gold-400: #e9e3d4;--brand-colors-gold-300: #f2efe8;--brand-colors-gold-200: #f9f6ed;--brand-colors-gold-100: #f9f7f4;--brand-colors-error-900: #920000;--brand-colors-error-500: #b60000;--brand-colors-success-900: #035c0f;--brand-colors-green: #ccffd4;--brand-colors-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--brand-colors-yellow: #f7ffcc;--brand-colors-peach: #ffd4cc;--brand-colors-violet: #f7ccff;--brand-colors-error-100: #fff2f2;--brand-colors-success-500: #05b01c;--brand-colors-success-100: #f0f8f1;--text-secondary: #535366;--icon-white: #ffffff;--background-beige-darker: #f2efe8;--icon-dark-grey: #535366;--type-font-family-sans-serif: Roboto;--type-font-family-serif: Georgia;--type-font-family-mono: IBM Plex Mono;--type-weights-300: 300;--type-weights-400: 400;--type-weights-500: 500;--type-weights-700: 700;--type-sizes-12: 12px;--type-sizes-14: 14px;--type-sizes-16: 16px;--type-sizes-18: 18px;--type-sizes-20: 20px;--type-sizes-22: 22px;--type-sizes-24: 24px;--type-sizes-28: 28px;--type-sizes-30: 30px;--type-sizes-32: 32px;--type-sizes-40: 40px;--type-sizes-42: 42px;--type-sizes-48-2: 48px;--type-line-heights-16: 16px;--type-line-heights-20: 20px;--type-line-heights-23: 23px;--type-line-heights-24: 24px;--type-line-heights-25: 25px;--type-line-heights-26: 26px;--type-line-heights-29: 29px;--type-line-heights-30: 30px;--type-line-heights-32: 32px;--type-line-heights-34: 34px;--type-line-heights-35: 35px;--type-line-heights-36: 36px;--type-line-heights-38: 38px;--type-line-heights-40: 40px;--type-line-heights-46: 46px;--type-line-heights-48: 48px;--type-line-heights-52: 52px;--type-line-heights-58: 58px;--type-line-heights-68: 68px;--type-line-heights-74: 74px;--type-line-heights-82: 82px;--type-paragraph-spacings-0: 0px;--type-paragraph-spacings-4: 4px;--type-paragraph-spacings-8: 8px;--type-paragraph-spacings-16: 16px;--type-sans-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-xl-size: 42px;--type-sans-serif-xl-line-height: 46px;--type-sans-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-lg-size: 32px;--type-sans-serif-lg-line-height: 36px;--type-sans-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-md-line-height: 34px;--type-sans-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-size: 28px;--type-sans-serif-xs-font-weight: 700;--type-sans-serif-xs-line-height: 25px;--type-sans-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-sans-serif-xs-size: 20px;--type-sans-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-sm-line-height: 30px;--type-sans-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-sm-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xl-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-line-height: 36px;--type-body-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-body-sm-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xs-size: 12px;--type-body-xs-line-height: 16px;--type-body-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-md-font-weight: 400;--type-body-md-size: 16px;--type-body-md-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-body-lg-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-line-height: 26px;--type-body-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-lg-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-lg-medium-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-medium-line-height: 32px;--type-body-lg-medium-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-md-medium-size: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-medium-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-sm-bold-font-weight: 700;--type-body-sm-bold-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-bold-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-bold-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-sm-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-sm-medium-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-medium-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-md-size: 40px;--type-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-md-line-height: 48px;--type-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-sm-size: 28px;--type-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-sm-line-height: 32px;--type-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-lg-size: 58px;--type-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-lg-line-height: 68px;--type-serif-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xs-size: 18px;--type-serif-xs-line-height: 24px;--type-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xl-size: 74px;--type-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-line-height: 82px;--type-mono-md-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-md-size: 22px;--type-mono-md-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-lg-size: 40px;--type-mono-lg-line-height: 40px;--type-mono-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-sm-size: 14px;--type-mono-sm-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--spacing-xs-4: 4px;--spacing-xs-8: 8px;--spacing-xs-16: 16px;--spacing-sm-24: 24px;--spacing-sm-32: 32px;--spacing-md-40: 40px;--spacing-md-48: 48px;--spacing-lg-64: 64px;--spacing-lg-80: 80px;--spacing-xlg-104: 104px;--spacing-xlg-152: 152px;--spacing-xs-12: 12px;--spacing-page-section: 104px;--spacing-card-list-spacing: 48px;--spacing-text-section-spacing: 80px;--spacing-md-xs-headings: 40px;--corner-radius-radius-lg: 16px;--corner-radius-radius-sm: 4px;--corner-radius-radius-md: 8px;--corner-radius-radius-round: 104px}}@media(min-width: 1280px){:root{--token-mode: Parity;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: #082f75;--button-primary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-primary-fill: #0645b1;--button-primary-text: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-primary-fill-press: #082f75;--button-primary-icon: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-inverse: #ffffff;--button-primary-text-inverse: #082f75;--button-primary-icon-inverse: #0645b1;--button-primary-fill-inverse-hover: #cddaef;--button-primary-stroke-inverse-pressed: #0645b1;--button-secondary-stroke-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-fill: #eef2f9;--button-secondary-text: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-press: #cddaef;--button-secondary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-secondary-stroke: #cddaef;--button-secondary-stroke-hover: #386ac1;--button-secondary-stroke-press: #0645b1;--button-secondary-text-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-icon: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-hover: #e6ecf7;--button-secondary-stroke-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-fill-inverse: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);--button-secondary-icon-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-icon-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-icon-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-text-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-inverse-hover: #043059;--button-xs-stroke: #141413;--button-xs-stroke-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-stroke-press: #082f75;--button-xs-stroke-inactive: #ebebee;--button-xs-text: #141413;--button-xs-text-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-text-press: #082f75;--button-xs-text-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-icon: #141413;--button-xs-icon-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-icon-press: #082f75;--button-xs-icon-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-fill: #ffffff;--button-xs-fill-hover: #f4f7fc;--button-xs-fill-press: #eef2f9;--buttons-button-text-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-button-focus: #0645b1;--buttons-button-icon-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 12px;--buttons-small-buttons-height: 44px;--buttons-small-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-only-width: 44px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-large-buttons-l-r-padding: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-height: 54px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-only-width: 54px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 8px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-height: 32px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-icon-size: 16px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-gap: 4px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--background-beige: #f9f7f4;--error-light: #fff2f2;--text-placeholder: #6d6d7d;--stroke-dark: #141413;--stroke-light: #dddde2;--stroke-medium: #535366;--accent-green: #ccffd4;--accent-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--accent-yellow: #f7ffcc;--accent-peach: #ffd4cc;--accent-violet: #f7ccff;--accent-purple: #f4f7fc;--text-primary: #141413;--secondary-brand: #141413;--text-hover: #0c3b8d;--text-white: #ffffff;--text-link: #0645b1;--text-press: #082f75;--success-light: #f0f8f1;--background-light-blue: #eef2f9;--background-white: #ffffff;--premium-dark: #877440;--premium-light: #f9f6ed;--stroke-white: #ffffff;--inactive-content: #b1b1ba;--annotate-light: #a35dff;--annotate-dark: #824acc;--grid: #eef2f9;--inactive-stroke: #ebebee;--shadow: rgba(34, 34, 51, 0.25);--text-inactive: #6d6d7d;--text-error: #b60000;--stroke-error: #b60000;--background-error: #fff2f2;--background-black: #141413;--icon-default: #141413;--icon-blue: #0645b1;--background-grey: #dddde2;--icon-grey: #b1b1ba;--text-focus: #082f75;--brand-colors-neutral-black: #141413;--brand-colors-neutral-900: #535366;--brand-colors-neutral-800: #6d6d7d;--brand-colors-neutral-700: #91919e;--brand-colors-neutral-600: #b1b1ba;--brand-colors-neutral-500: #c8c8cf;--brand-colors-neutral-400: #dddde2;--brand-colors-neutral-300: #ebebee;--brand-colors-neutral-200: #f8f8fb;--brand-colors-neutral-100: #fafafa;--brand-colors-neutral-white: #ffffff;--brand-colors-blue-900: #043059;--brand-colors-blue-800: #082f75;--brand-colors-blue-700: #0c3b8d;--brand-colors-blue-600: #0645b1;--brand-colors-blue-500: #386ac1;--brand-colors-blue-400: #cddaef;--brand-colors-blue-300: #e6ecf7;--brand-colors-blue-200: #eef2f9;--brand-colors-blue-100: #f4f7fc;--brand-colors-gold-500: #877440;--brand-colors-gold-400: #e9e3d4;--brand-colors-gold-300: #f2efe8;--brand-colors-gold-200: #f9f6ed;--brand-colors-gold-100: #f9f7f4;--brand-colors-error-900: #920000;--brand-colors-error-500: #b60000;--brand-colors-success-900: #035c0f;--brand-colors-green: #ccffd4;--brand-colors-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--brand-colors-yellow: #f7ffcc;--brand-colors-peach: #ffd4cc;--brand-colors-violet: #f7ccff;--brand-colors-error-100: #fff2f2;--brand-colors-success-500: #05b01c;--brand-colors-success-100: #f0f8f1;--text-secondary: #535366;--icon-white: #ffffff;--background-beige-darker: #f2efe8;--icon-dark-grey: #535366;--type-font-family-sans-serif: Roboto;--type-font-family-serif: Georgia;--type-font-family-mono: IBM Plex Mono;--type-weights-300: 300;--type-weights-400: 400;--type-weights-500: 500;--type-weights-700: 700;--type-sizes-12: 12px;--type-sizes-14: 14px;--type-sizes-16: 16px;--type-sizes-18: 18px;--type-sizes-20: 20px;--type-sizes-22: 22px;--type-sizes-24: 24px;--type-sizes-28: 28px;--type-sizes-30: 30px;--type-sizes-32: 32px;--type-sizes-40: 40px;--type-sizes-42: 42px;--type-sizes-48-2: 48px;--type-line-heights-16: 16px;--type-line-heights-20: 20px;--type-line-heights-23: 23px;--type-line-heights-24: 24px;--type-line-heights-25: 25px;--type-line-heights-26: 26px;--type-line-heights-29: 29px;--type-line-heights-30: 30px;--type-line-heights-32: 32px;--type-line-heights-34: 34px;--type-line-heights-35: 35px;--type-line-heights-36: 36px;--type-line-heights-38: 38px;--type-line-heights-40: 40px;--type-line-heights-46: 46px;--type-line-heights-48: 48px;--type-line-heights-52: 52px;--type-line-heights-58: 58px;--type-line-heights-68: 68px;--type-line-heights-74: 74px;--type-line-heights-82: 82px;--type-paragraph-spacings-0: 0px;--type-paragraph-spacings-4: 4px;--type-paragraph-spacings-8: 8px;--type-paragraph-spacings-16: 16px;--type-sans-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-xl-size: 42px;--type-sans-serif-xl-line-height: 46px;--type-sans-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-lg-size: 32px;--type-sans-serif-lg-line-height: 38px;--type-sans-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-md-line-height: 34px;--type-sans-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-size: 28px;--type-sans-serif-xs-font-weight: 700;--type-sans-serif-xs-line-height: 25px;--type-sans-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-sans-serif-xs-size: 20px;--type-sans-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-sm-line-height: 30px;--type-sans-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-sm-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xl-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-line-height: 36px;--type-body-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-body-sm-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xs-size: 12px;--type-body-xs-line-height: 16px;--type-body-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-md-font-weight: 400;--type-body-md-size: 16px;--type-body-md-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-body-lg-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-line-height: 26px;--type-body-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-lg-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-lg-medium-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-medium-line-height: 32px;--type-body-lg-medium-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-md-medium-size: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-medium-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-sm-bold-font-weight: 700;--type-body-sm-bold-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-bold-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-bold-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-sm-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-sm-medium-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-medium-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-md-size: 40px;--type-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-md-line-height: 48px;--type-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-sm-size: 28px;--type-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-sm-line-height: 32px;--type-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-lg-size: 58px;--type-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-lg-line-height: 68px;--type-serif-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xs-size: 18px;--type-serif-xs-line-height: 24px;--type-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xl-size: 74px;--type-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-line-height: 82px;--type-mono-md-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-md-size: 22px;--type-mono-md-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-lg-size: 40px;--type-mono-lg-line-height: 40px;--type-mono-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-sm-size: 14px;--type-mono-sm-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--spacing-xs-4: 4px;--spacing-xs-8: 8px;--spacing-xs-16: 16px;--spacing-sm-24: 24px;--spacing-sm-32: 32px;--spacing-md-40: 40px;--spacing-md-48: 48px;--spacing-lg-64: 64px;--spacing-lg-80: 80px;--spacing-xlg-104: 104px;--spacing-xlg-152: 152px;--spacing-xs-12: 12px;--spacing-page-section: 152px;--spacing-card-list-spacing: 48px;--spacing-text-section-spacing: 80px;--spacing-md-xs-headings: 40px;--corner-radius-radius-lg: 16px;--corner-radius-radius-sm: 4px;--corner-radius-radius-md: 8px;--corner-radius-radius-round: 104px}}</style><link crossorigin="" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/" rel="preconnect" /><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,100..1000;1,9..40,100..1000&family=Gupter:wght@400;500;700&family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@300;400&family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20,400,0,0&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/common-57f9da13cef3fd4e2a8b655342c6488eded3e557e823fe67571f2ac77acd7b6f.css" media="all" /> <meta name="author" content="a.j. melton" /> <meta name="description" content="A.J. Melton, Nova Southeastern University: 36 Followers, 7 Following, 3 Research papers. Research interests: Race & Criminal Justice, Conflict Analysis and…" /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs" /> <script> var $controller_name = 'works'; var $action_name = "summary"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = 'b2f64df65d4428eb7ddac35c925c48a3d56bfbf7'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.Aedu = { hit_data: null }; window.Aedu.SiteStats = {"premium_universities_count":13886,"monthly_visitors":"31 million","monthly_visitor_count":31300000,"monthly_visitor_count_in_millions":31,"user_count":286560100,"paper_count":55203019,"paper_count_in_millions":55,"page_count":432000000,"page_count_in_millions":432,"pdf_count":16500000,"pdf_count_in_millions":16}; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1744075359000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1744075359000; window.Aedu.isUsingCssV1 = false; window.Aedu.enableLocalization = true; window.Aedu.activateFullstory = false; window.Aedu.serviceAvailability = { status: {"attention_db":"on","bibliography_db":"on","contacts_db":"on","email_db":"on","indexability_db":"on","mentions_db":"on","news_db":"on","notifications_db":"on","offsite_mentions_db":"on","redshift":"on","redshift_exports_db":"on","related_works_db":"on","ring_db":"on","user_tests_db":"on"}, serviceEnabled: function(service) { return this.status[service] === "on"; }, readEnabled: function(service) { return this.serviceEnabled(service) || this.status[service] === "read_only"; }, }; window.Aedu.viewApmTrace = function() { // Check if x-apm-trace-id meta tag is set, and open the trace in APM // in a new window if it is. var apmTraceId = document.head.querySelector('meta[name="x-apm-trace-id"]'); if (apmTraceId) { var traceId = apmTraceId.content; // Use trace ID to construct URL, an example URL looks like: // https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%31298410148923562634 var apmUrl = 'https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%3A' + traceId; window.open(apmUrl, '_blank'); } }; </script>  <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:100,100i,300,300i,400,400i,500,500i,700,700i,900,900i" rel="stylesheet"> <link rel="preload" href="//maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.3.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" as="style" onload="this.rel='stylesheet'"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/libraries-a9675dcb01ec4ef6aa807ba772c7a5a00c1820d3ff661c1038a20f80d06bb4e4.css" media="all" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/academia-9982828ed1de4777566441c35ccf7157c55ca779141fce69380d727ebdbbb926.css" media="all" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system_legacy-056a9113b9a0f5343d013b29ee1929d5a18be35fdcdceb616600b4db8bd20054.css" media="all" /> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/runtime-bundle-005434038af4252ca37c527588411a3d6a0eabb5f727fac83f8bbe7fd88d93bb.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/webpack_libraries_and_infrequently_changed.wjs-bundle-7a64a3c38a29bc41c7f849e23ebd5bcb2b2df1201e0997a11aeca732433c8f4f.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/core_webpack.wjs-bundle-ef4ba5811ea871f7e9f674b9b10bc9fb675929aca8742390266794a354dbb563.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/sentry.wjs-bundle-5fe03fddca915c8ba0f7edbe64c194308e8ce5abaed7bffe1255ff37549c4808.js"></script> <script> jade = window.jade || {}; jade.helpers = window.$h; jade._ = window._; </script>  <script id="tag-manager-head-root">(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer_old','GTM-5G9JF7Z');</script>  <script> window.gptadslots = []; window.googletag = window.googletag || {}; window.googletag.cmd = window.googletag.cmd || []; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> // TODO(jacob): This should be defined, may be rare load order problem. // Checking if null is just a quick fix, will default to en if unset. // Better fix is to run this immedietely after I18n is set. if (window.I18n != null) { I18n.defaultLocale = "en"; I18n.locale = "en"; I18n.fallbacks = true; } </script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://nova.academia.edu/AJMelton" /> </head>   <body class='c-profiles/works a-summary logged_out'>  <div id="fb-root"></div><script>window.fbAsyncInit = function() { FB.init({ appId: "2369844204", version: "v8.0", status: true, cookie: true, xfbml: true }); // Additional initialization code. if (window.InitFacebook) { // facebook.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitFacebook(); } else { // Set a flag for facebook.ts to find when it loads. window.academiaAuthReadyFacebook = true; } };</script><script>window.fbAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function if (window.FB) { return; } (function(d, s, id){ var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) {return;} js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = "//connect.facebook.net/en_US/sdk.js"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); }(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk')); } if (!window.defer_facebook) { // Autoload if not deferred window.fbAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.fbAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="google-root"></div><script>window.loadGoogle = function() { if (window.InitGoogle) { // google.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitGoogle("331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"); } else { // Set a flag for google.ts to use when it loads. window.GoogleClientID = "331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"; } };</script><script>window.googleAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function (function(d) { var js; var id = 'google-jssdk'; var ref = d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) { return; } js = d.createElement('script'); js.id = id; js.async = true; js.onload = loadGoogle; js.src = "https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client" ref.parentNode.insertBefore(js, ref); }(document)); } if (!window.defer_google) { // Autoload if not deferred window.googleAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.googleAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="tag-manager-body-root">  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5G9JF7Z" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>   <script> window.addEventListener('load', function() { if (document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]')) { document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]').addEventListener('click', function() { gtag('event', 'click', { event_category: 'button', event_label: 'Log In' }) }) } }); </script> </div> <script>var _comscore = _comscore || []; _comscore.push({ c1: "2", c2: "26766707" }); (function() { var s = document.createElement("script"), el = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.async = true; s.src = (document.location.protocol == "https:" ? "https://sb" : "http://b") + ".scorecardresearch.com/beacon.js"; el.parentNode.insertBefore(s, el); })();</script><img src="https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=26766707&cv=2.0&cj=1" style="position: absolute; visibility: hidden" /> <div id='react-modal'></div> <div class='DesignSystem'> <a class='u-showOnFocus' href='#site'> Skip to main content </a> </div> <div id="upgrade_ie_banner" style="display: none;"><p>Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.</p><p>To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to <a href="https://www.academia.edu/upgrade-browser">upgrade your browser</a>.</p></div><script>// Show this banner for all versions of IE if (!!window.MSInputMethodContext || /(MSIE)/.test(navigator.userAgent)) { document.getElementById('upgrade_ie_banner').style.display = 'block'; }</script> <div class="DesignSystem bootstrap ShrinkableNav"><div class="navbar navbar-default main-header"><div class="container-wrapper" id="main-header-container"><div class="container"><div class="navbar-header"><div class="nav-left-wrapper u-mt0x"><div class="nav-logo"><a data-main-header-link-target="logo_home" href="https://www.academia.edu/"><img class="visible-xs-inline-block" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg" width="24" height="24" /><img width="145.2" height="18" class="hidden-xs" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015.svg" /></a></div><div class="nav-search"><div class="SiteSearch-wrapper select2-no-default-pills"><form class="js-SiteSearch-form DesignSystem" action="https://www.academia.edu/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"><i class="SiteSearch-icon fa fa-search u-fw700 u-positionAbsolute u-tcGrayDark"></i><input class="js-SiteSearch-form-input SiteSearch-form-input form-control" data-main-header-click-target="search_input" name="q" placeholder="Search" type="text" value="" /></form></div></div></div><div class="nav-right-wrapper pull-right"><ul class="NavLinks js-main-nav list-unstyled"><li class="NavLinks-link"><a class="js-header-login-url Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" id="nav_log_in" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="NavLinks-link u-p0x"><a class="Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li></ul><button class="hidden-lg hidden-md hidden-sm u-ml4x navbar-toggle collapsed" data-target=".js-mobile-header-links" data-toggle="collapse" type="button"><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span></button></div></div><div class="collapse navbar-collapse js-mobile-header-links"><ul class="nav navbar-nav"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"><a href="#">more&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li><li><ul class="js-mobile-nav-expand-section nav navbar-nav u-m0x collapse"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><i class="fa fa-briefcase"></i> We're Hiring!</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/hc/en-us"><i class="fa fa-question-circle"></i> Help Center</a></li><li class="js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 dropup" style="display:none"><a href="#">less&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><script>(function(){ var $moreLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"); var $lessLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger"); var $section = $('.js-mobile-nav-expand-section'); $moreLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.hide(); $lessLink.show(); $section.collapse('show'); }); $lessLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.show(); $lessLink.hide(); $section.collapse('hide'); }); })() if ($a.is_logged_in() || false) { new Aedu.NavigationController({ el: '.js-main-nav', showHighlightedNotification: false }); } else { $(".js-header-login-url").attr("href", $a.loginUrlWithRedirect()); } Aedu.autocompleteSearch = new AutocompleteSearch({el: '.js-SiteSearch-form'});</script></div></div> <div id='site' class='fixed'> <div id="content" class="clearfix"> <script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var $dismissible = $(".dismissible_banner"); $dismissible.click(function(ev) { $dismissible.hide(); }); });</script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/profile.wjs-bundle-22f593e15b34dde432ed67364e357866e1e929c94823b5291a6fbafd638fca6a.js" defer="defer"></script><script>$viewedUser = Aedu.User.set_viewed( {"id":724188,"first_name":"A.J.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Melton","page_name":"AJMelton","domain_name":"nova","created_at":"2011-09-11T12:51:36.991-07:00","display_name":"A.J. Melton","url":"https://nova.academia.edu/AJMelton","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/724188/2174204/2549609/s65_a.j..melton.jpg","has_photo":true,"department":{"id":17386,"name":"Conflict Analysis and Resolution","url":"https://nova.academia.edu/Departments/Conflict_Analysis_and_Resolution/Documents","university":{"id":89,"name":"Nova Southeastern University","url":"https://nova.academia.edu/"}},"position":"Graduate Student","position_id":3,"is_analytics_public":false,"interests":[{"id":546448,"name":"Race \u0026 Criminal Justice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Criminal_Justice"},{"id":73105,"name":"Conflict Analysis and Resolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conflict_Analysis_and_Resolution"},{"id":9730,"name":"Apartheid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Apartheid"},{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History"},{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology"}]} ); if ($a.is_logged_in() && $viewedUser.is_current_user()) { $('body').addClass('profile-viewed-by-owner'); } $socialProfiles = []</script><div id="js-react-on-rails-context" style="display:none" data-rails-context="{"inMailer":false,"i18nLocale":"en","i18nDefaultLocale":"en","href":"https://nova.academia.edu/AJMelton","location":"/AJMelton","scheme":"https","host":"nova.academia.edu","port":null,"pathname":"/AJMelton","search":null,"httpAcceptLanguage":null,"serverSide":false}"></div> <div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate" data-props="{}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate-react-component-d2392b05-01eb-4a83-a66d-e0db9a22c0ac"></div> <div id="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate-react-component-d2392b05-01eb-4a83-a66d-e0db9a22c0ac"></div> <div class="DesignSystem"><div class="onsite-ping" id="onsite-ping"></div></div><div class="profile-user-info DesignSystem"><div class="social-profile-container"><div class="left-panel-container"><div class="user-info-component-wrapper"><div class="user-summary-cta-container"><div class="user-summary-container"><div class="social-profile-avatar-container"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="A.J. Melton" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/724188/2174204/2549609/s200_a.j..melton.jpg" /></div><div class="title-container"><h1 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-sm">A.J. Melton</h1><div class="affiliations-container fake-truncate js-profile-affiliations"><div><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://nova.academia.edu/">Nova Southeastern University</a>, <a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://nova.academia.edu/Departments/Conflict_Analysis_and_Resolution/Documents">Conflict Analysis and Resolution</a>, <span class="u-tcGrayDarker">Graduate Student</span></div></div></div></div><div class="sidebar-cta-container"><button class="ds2-5-button hidden profile-cta-button grow js-profile-follow-button" data-broccoli-component="user-info.follow-button" data-click-track="profile-user-info-follow-button" data-follow-user-fname="A.J." data-follow-user-id="724188" data-follow-user-source="profile_button" data-has-google="false"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">add</span>Follow</button><button class="ds2-5-button hidden profile-cta-button grow js-profile-unfollow-button" data-broccoli-component="user-info.unfollow-button" data-click-track="profile-user-info-unfollow-button" data-unfollow-user-id="724188"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">done</span>Following</button></div></div><div class="user-stats-container"><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-followers"><p class="label">Followers</p><p class="data">36</p></div></a><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-followees" data-broccoli-component="user-info.followees-count" data-click-track="profile-expand-user-info-following"><p class="label">Following</p><p class="data">7</p></div></a><span><div class="stat-container"><p class="label"><span class="js-profile-total-view-text">Public Views</span></p><p class="data"><span class="js-profile-view-count"></span></p></div></span></div><div class="suggested-academics-container"><div class="suggested-academics--header"><h3 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-xs">Related Authors</h3></div><ul class="suggested-user-card-list" data-nosnippet="true"><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JolyonWurr"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Jolyon Wurr related author profile picture" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/123646/33055/30386/s200_jolyon.wurr.jpeg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JolyonWurr">Jolyon Wurr</a></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://touro.academia.edu/RossZucker"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Ross Zucker related author profile picture" border="0" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://touro.academia.edu/RossZucker">Ross Zucker</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Touro University</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://msj.academia.edu/MDLitonjua"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="MD Litonjua related author profile picture" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/1576119/72257393/85674722/s200_md.litonjua.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://msj.academia.edu/MDLitonjua">MD Litonjua</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Mount St. Joseph University</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HARRISNOTTAS"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="HARRIS ( K O N S T A N T I N O S ) NOTTAS related author profile picture" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/100457366/21997818/21577772/s200_harris.nottas.jpeg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HARRISNOTTAS">HARRIS ( K O N S T A N T I N O S ) NOTTAS</a></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AuthorsElisabethEFBradfordInesJentzschJuanCarlosGomez"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="CO AUTHORS DTMS ET AL D T M S AS WELL AS MANY OTHER ANAGRAMS related author profile picture" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" src="https://gravatar.com/avatar/b485dd7e6ab4c2a553b14602ef60b22a?s=200" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AuthorsElisabethEFBradfordInesJentzschJuanCarlosGomez">CO AUTHORS DTMS ET AL D T M S AS WELL AS MANY OTHER ANAGRAMS</a></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MurielRouyer"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Muriel Rouyer related author profile picture" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/21929795/6100577/6917143/s200_muriel.rouyer.jpg_oh_6987936b7d1dc253ce0dd84a8ab97383_oe_551391af___gda___1423126600_16e171753e2dbeedfcdff2702f368c07" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MurielRouyer">Muriel Rouyer</a></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://auckland.academia.edu/TimothyKuhner"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Timothy K Kuhner related author profile picture" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/45160649/11994033/13363000/s200_timothy.kuhner.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://auckland.academia.edu/TimothyKuhner">Timothy K Kuhner</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">The University of Auckland</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DwightAnderson3"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Dwight Anderson related author profile picture" border="0" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DwightAnderson3">Dwight Anderson</a></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ParthaBanerjee21"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Partha Banerjee related author profile picture" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/100525881/21941441/113341144/s200_partha.banerjee.jpeg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ParthaBanerjee21">Partha Banerjee</a></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://yorku.academia.edu/FareedKhan"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Fareed Khan related author profile picture" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/3937514/1471486/165097676/s200_fareed.khan.png" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://yorku.academia.edu/FareedKhan">Fareed Khan</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">York University</p></div></div></ul></div><style type="text/css">.suggested-academics--header h3{font-size:16px;font-weight:500;line-height:20px}</style><div class="ri-section"><div class="ri-section-header"><span>Interests</span></div><div class="ri-tags-container"><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="724188" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Race_and_Criminal_Justice"><div id="js-react-on-rails-context" style="display:none" data-rails-context="{"inMailer":false,"i18nLocale":"en","i18nDefaultLocale":"en","href":"https://nova.academia.edu/AJMelton","location":"/AJMelton","scheme":"https","host":"nova.academia.edu","port":null,"pathname":"/AJMelton","search":null,"httpAcceptLanguage":null,"serverSide":false}"></div> <div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Race \u0026 Criminal Justice"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-503b7f3e-9b71-49f5-a203-5a2a92940e91"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-503b7f3e-9b71-49f5-a203-5a2a92940e91"></div> </a><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="724188" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conflict_Analysis_and_Resolution"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Conflict Analysis and Resolution"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-7a499a57-69a1-4825-8357-74800bd540f1"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-7a499a57-69a1-4825-8357-74800bd540f1"></div> </a><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="724188" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["History"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-aec8fb2a-565c-445d-b058-9aaccd474e96"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-aec8fb2a-565c-445d-b058-9aaccd474e96"></div> </a><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="724188" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Psychology"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-a0b09f79-7704-4641-afec-1e06e491241f"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-a0b09f79-7704-4641-afec-1e06e491241f"></div> </a></div></div></div></div><div class="right-panel-container"><div class="user-content-wrapper"><div class="uploads-container" id="social-redesign-work-container"><div class="upload-header"><h2 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-xs">Uploads</h2></div><div class="documents-container backbone-social-profile-documents" style="width: 100%;"><div class="u-taCenter"></div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane active" id="all"><div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Papers" id="Papers"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Papers by A.J. Melton</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="6508392"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/6508392/The_Plutocracy_Democracy_American_Inequality_and_the_Rise_of_the_Plutocrats"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Plutocracy Democracy: American Inequality and the Rise of the Plutocrats" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/33285296/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/6508392/The_Plutocracy_Democracy_American_Inequality_and_the_Rise_of_the_Plutocrats">The Plutocracy Democracy: American Inequality and the Rise of the Plutocrats</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Tea Party supporters are wealthier and well-educated than the general public, and are no more or ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Tea Party supporters are wealthier and well-educated than the general public, and are no more or less afraid of falling into a lower socioeconomic class, according to the latest New York Times/CBS News poll. They hold more conservative views on a range of issues than Republicans generally. They are also more likely to describe themselves as</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="98b89f759be99054929510bf3d32ecee" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":33285296,"asset_id":6508392,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33285296/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="6508392"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="6508392"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6508392; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6508392]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6508392]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6508392; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='6508392']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "98b89f759be99054929510bf3d32ecee" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=6508392]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":6508392,"title":"The Plutocracy Democracy: American Inequality and the Rise of the Plutocrats","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"Tea Party supporters are wealthier and well-educated than the general public, and are no more or less afraid of falling into a lower socioeconomic class, according to the latest New York Times/CBS News poll. They hold more conservative views on a range of issues than Republicans generally. They are also more likely to describe themselves as","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":33285296},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6508392/The_Plutocracy_Democracy_American_Inequality_and_the_Rise_of_the_Plutocrats","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2014-03-22T13:42:17.224-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":724188,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":33285296,"title":"","file_type":"doc","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/33285296/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Plutocracy_Democracy.doc","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33285296/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"The_Plutocracy_Democracy_American_Inequa.doc","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/33285296/Plutocracy_Democracy.doc?1738110198=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_Plutocracy_Democracy_American_Inequa.doc\u0026Expires=1744078959\u0026Signature=IWqQ~7iWYTKLsYjbuaMXQ-tVMkED3lDSQ2dpnOuUjOfkzsO-tS3iognRumHlHgB6iWlMzj76bRV-85B4E4xzh5vbG9ZB8hlUlEpqZBXvKCieNxfGUfNRN5Ql8DUMnNgo6KP00~y-R~ujNklEdLgpYqYQh2OEjpQOIufvyFa~bINX0be0qTs3Zmvo-3Dto-Zgh-dhQXW-TS2lMWoPK-CfwiHnhOhPFlk-I6DTwp2r3Yvh-e3dYzv6VY1Ivn7nu1CeBnMYwaRYtM1cISmjv8GQScMBAcg6EnBFlLV8wkweOEJBR26iCrqaBtxnZXzGzCjAa8exBwwrKovQU5KpSKSKsA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"The_Plutocracy_Democracy_American_Inequality_and_the_Rise_of_the_Plutocrats","translated_slug":"","page_count":21,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Tea Party supporters are wealthier and well-educated than the general public, and are no more or less afraid of falling into a lower socioeconomic class, according to the latest New York Times/CBS News poll. They hold more conservative views on a range of issues than Republicans generally. They are also more likely to describe themselves as","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":724188,"first_name":"A.J.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Melton","page_name":"AJMelton","domain_name":"nova","created_at":"2011-09-11T12:51:36.991-07:00","display_name":"A.J. Melton","url":"https://nova.academia.edu/AJMelton"},"attachments":[{"id":33285296,"title":"","file_type":"doc","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/33285296/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Plutocracy_Democracy.doc","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33285296/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"The_Plutocracy_Democracy_American_Inequa.doc","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/33285296/Plutocracy_Democracy.doc?1738110198=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_Plutocracy_Democracy_American_Inequa.doc\u0026Expires=1744078959\u0026Signature=IWqQ~7iWYTKLsYjbuaMXQ-tVMkED3lDSQ2dpnOuUjOfkzsO-tS3iognRumHlHgB6iWlMzj76bRV-85B4E4xzh5vbG9ZB8hlUlEpqZBXvKCieNxfGUfNRN5Ql8DUMnNgo6KP00~y-R~ujNklEdLgpYqYQh2OEjpQOIufvyFa~bINX0be0qTs3Zmvo-3Dto-Zgh-dhQXW-TS2lMWoPK-CfwiHnhOhPFlk-I6DTwp2r3Yvh-e3dYzv6VY1Ivn7nu1CeBnMYwaRYtM1cISmjv8GQScMBAcg6EnBFlLV8wkweOEJBR26iCrqaBtxnZXzGzCjAa8exBwwrKovQU5KpSKSKsA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-6508392-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="4151709"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/4151709/South_African_Apartheid_A_Struggle_for_New_Order"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of South African Apartheid: A Struggle for New Order" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/31659188/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/4151709/South_African_Apartheid_A_Struggle_for_New_Order">South African Apartheid: A Struggle for New Order</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This paper deconstructs the various conflicts that arose as a result of the democratic transition...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This paper deconstructs the various conflicts that arose as a result of the democratic transition and regime change in South Africa. To explain the spawn of conflicts that evolved as a direct result President F.W. De Klerks decision to "unban" the anti-apartheid political organizations like the African National Congress (ANC), free Nelson Mandela, and abolish apartheid; I will use four (4) approaches: Conflict Spiral Model, Contender-Defender Model, Power Imbalance, and Social Identity. Each approach will identify the main components of the conflict and a comparative analysis will provide a comprehensive understanding of South Africa's paradigm shift.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="05131c1869170a422db4d7038b42a663" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":31659188,"asset_id":4151709,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31659188/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="4151709"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4151709"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4151709; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4151709]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4151709]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4151709; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='4151709']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "05131c1869170a422db4d7038b42a663" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=4151709]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":4151709,"title":"South African Apartheid: A Struggle for New Order","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"This paper deconstructs the various conflicts that arose as a result of the democratic transition and regime change in South Africa. To explain the spawn of conflicts that evolved as a direct result President F.W. De Klerks decision to \"unban\" the anti-apartheid political organizations like the African National Congress (ANC), free Nelson Mandela, and abolish apartheid; I will use four (4) approaches: Conflict Spiral Model, Contender-Defender Model, Power Imbalance, and Social Identity. Each approach will identify the main components of the conflict and a comparative analysis will provide a comprehensive understanding of South Africa's paradigm shift.","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":31659188},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4151709/South_African_Apartheid_A_Struggle_for_New_Order","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2013-07-31T23:54:25.221-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":724188,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":31659188,"title":"","file_type":"doc","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/31659188/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"South_Africa_Paper_ACA.doc","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31659188/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"South_African_Apartheid_A_Struggle_for_N.doc","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/31659188/South_Africa_Paper_ACA.doc?1738079937=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSouth_African_Apartheid_A_Struggle_for_N.doc\u0026Expires=1744078959\u0026Signature=FOEbMX~xEsAmvzZT1sBS3hqRY4F1l93laBYNtikYBQc4nbIET8X1N1FxPte55XMYM4Sw~T3tTbWo-dYSvpByKch8DJTY2MkjCLXHusodLcmixGCV1qLA3AvF7gEBrHChM75f4fjEolNaEs~EBFXWH77vPWIhFXnkw1uHnHIP~8HqfXrdAvqunyjyfYj4zNjf8W0ijXjG9mFjvbZW5mbPMJYoDdliQ8G2RhyZPN4X0YGG299H6K2SkruoSkukdsLgC6OVmSpyTpoYYTBcvPwxR5llCoWRi6jkmd2u9X7HkTnhVN67iBpJkE-Tbml5Uwjnev8MD8TrMN7W3J2a9dJBMg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"South_African_Apartheid_A_Struggle_for_New_Order","translated_slug":"","page_count":27,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"This paper deconstructs the various conflicts that arose as a result of the democratic transition and regime change in South Africa. To explain the spawn of conflicts that evolved as a direct result President F.W. De Klerks decision to \"unban\" the anti-apartheid political organizations like the African National Congress (ANC), free Nelson Mandela, and abolish apartheid; I will use four (4) approaches: Conflict Spiral Model, Contender-Defender Model, Power Imbalance, and Social Identity. Each approach will identify the main components of the conflict and a comparative analysis will provide a comprehensive understanding of South Africa's paradigm shift.","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":724188,"first_name":"A.J.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Melton","page_name":"AJMelton","domain_name":"nova","created_at":"2011-09-11T12:51:36.991-07:00","display_name":"A.J. Melton","url":"https://nova.academia.edu/AJMelton"},"attachments":[{"id":31659188,"title":"","file_type":"doc","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/31659188/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"South_Africa_Paper_ACA.doc","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31659188/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"South_African_Apartheid_A_Struggle_for_N.doc","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/31659188/South_Africa_Paper_ACA.doc?1738079937=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSouth_African_Apartheid_A_Struggle_for_N.doc\u0026Expires=1744078959\u0026Signature=FOEbMX~xEsAmvzZT1sBS3hqRY4F1l93laBYNtikYBQc4nbIET8X1N1FxPte55XMYM4Sw~T3tTbWo-dYSvpByKch8DJTY2MkjCLXHusodLcmixGCV1qLA3AvF7gEBrHChM75f4fjEolNaEs~EBFXWH77vPWIhFXnkw1uHnHIP~8HqfXrdAvqunyjyfYj4zNjf8W0ijXjG9mFjvbZW5mbPMJYoDdliQ8G2RhyZPN4X0YGG299H6K2SkruoSkukdsLgC6OVmSpyTpoYYTBcvPwxR5llCoWRi6jkmd2u9X7HkTnhVN67iBpJkE-Tbml5Uwjnev8MD8TrMN7W3J2a9dJBMg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":9730,"name":"Apartheid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Apartheid"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-4151709-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="4147987"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/4147987/Race_and_the_Color_Line"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Race and the Color Line" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/31656667/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/4147987/Race_and_the_Color_Line">Race and the Color Line</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="3398c7a41875c143a8586f7d00298c8c" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":31656667,"asset_id":4147987,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31656667/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="4147987"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4147987"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4147987; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4147987]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4147987]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4147987; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='4147987']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "3398c7a41875c143a8586f7d00298c8c" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=4147987]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":4147987,"title":"Race and the Color Line","translated_title":"","metadata":{"ai_abstract":"The exploration of race and the color line reveals a complicated interplay between scientific discourse and social constructs. While historical and contemporary views on race have often reinforced notions of genetic inferiority, modern scholars argue against these ideas, emphasizing the socially constructed nature of racial categories. The essay examines how post-colonial theory and race theory have evolved, highlighting the ongoing effects of white supremacy ideology and the importance of critically analyzing race in contemporary society."},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4147987/Race_and_the_Color_Line","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2013-07-31T11:51:29.125-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":724188,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":31656667,"title":"","file_type":"doc","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/31656667/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Race_and_the_Color_Line_ACA.doc","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31656667/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Race_and_the_Color_Line.doc","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/31656667/Race_and_the_Color_Line_ACA.doc?1738079829=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DRace_and_the_Color_Line.doc\u0026Expires=1744078959\u0026Signature=C-IQZDfIuX0GQK4OaODYqKMu31asDbLoQxWvD6Wg5gEIylj8erdFY-~l-XoUHRQ-~FBRFmdVZEa20d48YaZiTVKz32BFLA14M-RQylyYIgMCV~JggzWtv8eUJwDP1zs1qkn0-On~IDqtTEtio1UIbox11USRjW1BOl-lTCk0E0rNoARMBVj3o4ScydAh5SlMnjoJSmT88pEwm2EhrVdzm2tbflyIhxWy54CFBLJBTpGU5-hwvgha0UJrE2Eekjic9Tt658Mt0umSrNjTs8xjbKeN3HO5aLD5V8YKt8AKLYbv8yaMw-zomtqLN8OC6C1WQa7b2MZSh9McXeZIA~Ugag__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Race_and_the_Color_Line","translated_slug":"","page_count":23,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":null,"impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":724188,"first_name":"A.J.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Melton","page_name":"AJMelton","domain_name":"nova","created_at":"2011-09-11T12:51:36.991-07:00","display_name":"A.J. Melton","url":"https://nova.academia.edu/AJMelton"},"attachments":[{"id":31656667,"title":"","file_type":"doc","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/31656667/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Race_and_the_Color_Line_ACA.doc","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31656667/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Race_and_the_Color_Line.doc","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/31656667/Race_and_the_Color_Line_ACA.doc?1738079829=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DRace_and_the_Color_Line.doc\u0026Expires=1744078959\u0026Signature=C-IQZDfIuX0GQK4OaODYqKMu31asDbLoQxWvD6Wg5gEIylj8erdFY-~l-XoUHRQ-~FBRFmdVZEa20d48YaZiTVKz32BFLA14M-RQylyYIgMCV~JggzWtv8eUJwDP1zs1qkn0-On~IDqtTEtio1UIbox11USRjW1BOl-lTCk0E0rNoARMBVj3o4ScydAh5SlMnjoJSmT88pEwm2EhrVdzm2tbflyIhxWy54CFBLJBTpGU5-hwvgha0UJrE2Eekjic9Tt658Mt0umSrNjTs8xjbKeN3HO5aLD5V8YKt8AKLYbv8yaMw-zomtqLN8OC6C1WQa7b2MZSh9McXeZIA~Ugag__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-4147987-figures'); } }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="652973" id="papers"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="6508392"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/6508392/The_Plutocracy_Democracy_American_Inequality_and_the_Rise_of_the_Plutocrats"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The Plutocracy Democracy: American Inequality and the Rise of the Plutocrats" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/33285296/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/6508392/The_Plutocracy_Democracy_American_Inequality_and_the_Rise_of_the_Plutocrats">The Plutocracy Democracy: American Inequality and the Rise of the Plutocrats</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Tea Party supporters are wealthier and well-educated than the general public, and are no more or ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Tea Party supporters are wealthier and well-educated than the general public, and are no more or less afraid of falling into a lower socioeconomic class, according to the latest New York Times/CBS News poll. They hold more conservative views on a range of issues than Republicans generally. They are also more likely to describe themselves as</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="98b89f759be99054929510bf3d32ecee" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":33285296,"asset_id":6508392,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33285296/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="6508392"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="6508392"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6508392; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6508392]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=6508392]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 6508392; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='6508392']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "98b89f759be99054929510bf3d32ecee" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=6508392]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":6508392,"title":"The Plutocracy Democracy: American Inequality and the Rise of the Plutocrats","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"Tea Party supporters are wealthier and well-educated than the general public, and are no more or less afraid of falling into a lower socioeconomic class, according to the latest New York Times/CBS News poll. They hold more conservative views on a range of issues than Republicans generally. They are also more likely to describe themselves as","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":33285296},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6508392/The_Plutocracy_Democracy_American_Inequality_and_the_Rise_of_the_Plutocrats","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2014-03-22T13:42:17.224-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":724188,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":33285296,"title":"","file_type":"doc","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/33285296/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Plutocracy_Democracy.doc","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33285296/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"The_Plutocracy_Democracy_American_Inequa.doc","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/33285296/Plutocracy_Democracy.doc?1738110198=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_Plutocracy_Democracy_American_Inequa.doc\u0026Expires=1744078959\u0026Signature=IWqQ~7iWYTKLsYjbuaMXQ-tVMkED3lDSQ2dpnOuUjOfkzsO-tS3iognRumHlHgB6iWlMzj76bRV-85B4E4xzh5vbG9ZB8hlUlEpqZBXvKCieNxfGUfNRN5Ql8DUMnNgo6KP00~y-R~ujNklEdLgpYqYQh2OEjpQOIufvyFa~bINX0be0qTs3Zmvo-3Dto-Zgh-dhQXW-TS2lMWoPK-CfwiHnhOhPFlk-I6DTwp2r3Yvh-e3dYzv6VY1Ivn7nu1CeBnMYwaRYtM1cISmjv8GQScMBAcg6EnBFlLV8wkweOEJBR26iCrqaBtxnZXzGzCjAa8exBwwrKovQU5KpSKSKsA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"The_Plutocracy_Democracy_American_Inequality_and_the_Rise_of_the_Plutocrats","translated_slug":"","page_count":21,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Tea Party supporters are wealthier and well-educated than the general public, and are no more or less afraid of falling into a lower socioeconomic class, according to the latest New York Times/CBS News poll. They hold more conservative views on a range of issues than Republicans generally. They are also more likely to describe themselves as","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":724188,"first_name":"A.J.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Melton","page_name":"AJMelton","domain_name":"nova","created_at":"2011-09-11T12:51:36.991-07:00","display_name":"A.J. Melton","url":"https://nova.academia.edu/AJMelton"},"attachments":[{"id":33285296,"title":"","file_type":"doc","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/33285296/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Plutocracy_Democracy.doc","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/33285296/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"The_Plutocracy_Democracy_American_Inequa.doc","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/33285296/Plutocracy_Democracy.doc?1738110198=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_Plutocracy_Democracy_American_Inequa.doc\u0026Expires=1744078959\u0026Signature=IWqQ~7iWYTKLsYjbuaMXQ-tVMkED3lDSQ2dpnOuUjOfkzsO-tS3iognRumHlHgB6iWlMzj76bRV-85B4E4xzh5vbG9ZB8hlUlEpqZBXvKCieNxfGUfNRN5Ql8DUMnNgo6KP00~y-R~ujNklEdLgpYqYQh2OEjpQOIufvyFa~bINX0be0qTs3Zmvo-3Dto-Zgh-dhQXW-TS2lMWoPK-CfwiHnhOhPFlk-I6DTwp2r3Yvh-e3dYzv6VY1Ivn7nu1CeBnMYwaRYtM1cISmjv8GQScMBAcg6EnBFlLV8wkweOEJBR26iCrqaBtxnZXzGzCjAa8exBwwrKovQU5KpSKSKsA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-6508392-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="4151709"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/4151709/South_African_Apartheid_A_Struggle_for_New_Order"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of South African Apartheid: A Struggle for New Order" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/31659188/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/4151709/South_African_Apartheid_A_Struggle_for_New_Order">South African Apartheid: A Struggle for New Order</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This paper deconstructs the various conflicts that arose as a result of the democratic transition...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This paper deconstructs the various conflicts that arose as a result of the democratic transition and regime change in South Africa. To explain the spawn of conflicts that evolved as a direct result President F.W. De Klerks decision to "unban" the anti-apartheid political organizations like the African National Congress (ANC), free Nelson Mandela, and abolish apartheid; I will use four (4) approaches: Conflict Spiral Model, Contender-Defender Model, Power Imbalance, and Social Identity. Each approach will identify the main components of the conflict and a comparative analysis will provide a comprehensive understanding of South Africa's paradigm shift.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="05131c1869170a422db4d7038b42a663" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":31659188,"asset_id":4151709,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31659188/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="4151709"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4151709"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4151709; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4151709]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4151709]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4151709; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='4151709']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "05131c1869170a422db4d7038b42a663" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=4151709]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":4151709,"title":"South African Apartheid: A Struggle for New Order","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"This paper deconstructs the various conflicts that arose as a result of the democratic transition and regime change in South Africa. To explain the spawn of conflicts that evolved as a direct result President F.W. De Klerks decision to \"unban\" the anti-apartheid political organizations like the African National Congress (ANC), free Nelson Mandela, and abolish apartheid; I will use four (4) approaches: Conflict Spiral Model, Contender-Defender Model, Power Imbalance, and Social Identity. Each approach will identify the main components of the conflict and a comparative analysis will provide a comprehensive understanding of South Africa's paradigm shift.","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":31659188},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4151709/South_African_Apartheid_A_Struggle_for_New_Order","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2013-07-31T23:54:25.221-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":724188,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":31659188,"title":"","file_type":"doc","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/31659188/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"South_Africa_Paper_ACA.doc","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31659188/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"South_African_Apartheid_A_Struggle_for_N.doc","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/31659188/South_Africa_Paper_ACA.doc?1738079937=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSouth_African_Apartheid_A_Struggle_for_N.doc\u0026Expires=1744078959\u0026Signature=FOEbMX~xEsAmvzZT1sBS3hqRY4F1l93laBYNtikYBQc4nbIET8X1N1FxPte55XMYM4Sw~T3tTbWo-dYSvpByKch8DJTY2MkjCLXHusodLcmixGCV1qLA3AvF7gEBrHChM75f4fjEolNaEs~EBFXWH77vPWIhFXnkw1uHnHIP~8HqfXrdAvqunyjyfYj4zNjf8W0ijXjG9mFjvbZW5mbPMJYoDdliQ8G2RhyZPN4X0YGG299H6K2SkruoSkukdsLgC6OVmSpyTpoYYTBcvPwxR5llCoWRi6jkmd2u9X7HkTnhVN67iBpJkE-Tbml5Uwjnev8MD8TrMN7W3J2a9dJBMg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"South_African_Apartheid_A_Struggle_for_New_Order","translated_slug":"","page_count":27,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"This paper deconstructs the various conflicts that arose as a result of the democratic transition and regime change in South Africa. To explain the spawn of conflicts that evolved as a direct result President F.W. De Klerks decision to \"unban\" the anti-apartheid political organizations like the African National Congress (ANC), free Nelson Mandela, and abolish apartheid; I will use four (4) approaches: Conflict Spiral Model, Contender-Defender Model, Power Imbalance, and Social Identity. Each approach will identify the main components of the conflict and a comparative analysis will provide a comprehensive understanding of South Africa's paradigm shift.","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":724188,"first_name":"A.J.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Melton","page_name":"AJMelton","domain_name":"nova","created_at":"2011-09-11T12:51:36.991-07:00","display_name":"A.J. Melton","url":"https://nova.academia.edu/AJMelton"},"attachments":[{"id":31659188,"title":"","file_type":"doc","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/31659188/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"South_Africa_Paper_ACA.doc","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31659188/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"South_African_Apartheid_A_Struggle_for_N.doc","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/31659188/South_Africa_Paper_ACA.doc?1738079937=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DSouth_African_Apartheid_A_Struggle_for_N.doc\u0026Expires=1744078959\u0026Signature=FOEbMX~xEsAmvzZT1sBS3hqRY4F1l93laBYNtikYBQc4nbIET8X1N1FxPte55XMYM4Sw~T3tTbWo-dYSvpByKch8DJTY2MkjCLXHusodLcmixGCV1qLA3AvF7gEBrHChM75f4fjEolNaEs~EBFXWH77vPWIhFXnkw1uHnHIP~8HqfXrdAvqunyjyfYj4zNjf8W0ijXjG9mFjvbZW5mbPMJYoDdliQ8G2RhyZPN4X0YGG299H6K2SkruoSkukdsLgC6OVmSpyTpoYYTBcvPwxR5llCoWRi6jkmd2u9X7HkTnhVN67iBpJkE-Tbml5Uwjnev8MD8TrMN7W3J2a9dJBMg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":9730,"name":"Apartheid","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Apartheid"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-4151709-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="4147987"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/4147987/Race_and_the_Color_Line"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Race and the Color Line" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/31656667/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/4147987/Race_and_the_Color_Line">Race and the Color Line</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="3398c7a41875c143a8586f7d00298c8c" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":31656667,"asset_id":4147987,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31656667/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="4147987"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4147987"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4147987; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4147987]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4147987]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4147987; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='4147987']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "3398c7a41875c143a8586f7d00298c8c" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=4147987]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":4147987,"title":"Race and the Color Line","translated_title":"","metadata":{"ai_abstract":"The exploration of race and the color line reveals a complicated interplay between scientific discourse and social constructs. While historical and contemporary views on race have often reinforced notions of genetic inferiority, modern scholars argue against these ideas, emphasizing the socially constructed nature of racial categories. The essay examines how post-colonial theory and race theory have evolved, highlighting the ongoing effects of white supremacy ideology and the importance of critically analyzing race in contemporary society."},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4147987/Race_and_the_Color_Line","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2013-07-31T11:51:29.125-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":724188,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":31656667,"title":"","file_type":"doc","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/31656667/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Race_and_the_Color_Line_ACA.doc","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31656667/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Race_and_the_Color_Line.doc","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/31656667/Race_and_the_Color_Line_ACA.doc?1738079829=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DRace_and_the_Color_Line.doc\u0026Expires=1744078959\u0026Signature=C-IQZDfIuX0GQK4OaODYqKMu31asDbLoQxWvD6Wg5gEIylj8erdFY-~l-XoUHRQ-~FBRFmdVZEa20d48YaZiTVKz32BFLA14M-RQylyYIgMCV~JggzWtv8eUJwDP1zs1qkn0-On~IDqtTEtio1UIbox11USRjW1BOl-lTCk0E0rNoARMBVj3o4ScydAh5SlMnjoJSmT88pEwm2EhrVdzm2tbflyIhxWy54CFBLJBTpGU5-hwvgha0UJrE2Eekjic9Tt658Mt0umSrNjTs8xjbKeN3HO5aLD5V8YKt8AKLYbv8yaMw-zomtqLN8OC6C1WQa7b2MZSh9McXeZIA~Ugag__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Race_and_the_Color_Line","translated_slug":"","page_count":23,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":null,"impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":724188,"first_name":"A.J.","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Melton","page_name":"AJMelton","domain_name":"nova","created_at":"2011-09-11T12:51:36.991-07:00","display_name":"A.J. Melton","url":"https://nova.academia.edu/AJMelton"},"attachments":[{"id":31656667,"title":"","file_type":"doc","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/31656667/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Race_and_the_Color_Line_ACA.doc","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31656667/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Race_and_the_Color_Line.doc","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/31656667/Race_and_the_Color_Line_ACA.doc?1738079829=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DRace_and_the_Color_Line.doc\u0026Expires=1744078959\u0026Signature=C-IQZDfIuX0GQK4OaODYqKMu31asDbLoQxWvD6Wg5gEIylj8erdFY-~l-XoUHRQ-~FBRFmdVZEa20d48YaZiTVKz32BFLA14M-RQylyYIgMCV~JggzWtv8eUJwDP1zs1qkn0-On~IDqtTEtio1UIbox11USRjW1BOl-lTCk0E0rNoARMBVj3o4ScydAh5SlMnjoJSmT88pEwm2EhrVdzm2tbflyIhxWy54CFBLJBTpGU5-hwvgha0UJrE2Eekjic9Tt658Mt0umSrNjTs8xjbKeN3HO5aLD5V8YKt8AKLYbv8yaMw-zomtqLN8OC6C1WQa7b2MZSh9McXeZIA~Ugag__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-4147987-figures'); } }); </script> </div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/google_contacts-0dfb882d836b94dbcb4a2d123d6933fc9533eda5be911641f20b4eb428429600.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $('.js-google-connect-button').click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); GoogleContacts.authorize_and_show_contacts(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordClickthrough("WowProfileImportContactsPrompt"); }); $('.js-update-biography-button').click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordClickthrough("UpdateUserBiographyPrompt"); $.ajax({ url: $r.api_v0_profiles_update_about_path({ subdomain_param: 'api', about: "", }), type: 'PUT', success: function(response) { location.reload(); } }); }); $('.js-work-creator-button').click(function (e) { e.preventDefault(); window.location = $r.upload_funnel_document_path({ source: encodeURIComponent(""), }); }); $('.js-video-upload-button').click(function (e) { e.preventDefault(); window.location = $r.upload_funnel_video_path({ source: encodeURIComponent(""), }); }); $('.js-do-this-later-button').click(function() { $(this).closest('.js-profile-nag-panel').remove(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordDismissal("WowProfileImportContactsPrompt"); }); $('.js-update-biography-do-this-later-button').click(function(){ $(this).closest('.js-profile-nag-panel').remove(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordDismissal("UpdateUserBiographyPrompt"); }); $('.wow-profile-mentions-upsell--close').click(function(){ $('.wow-profile-mentions-upsell--panel').hide(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordDismissal("WowProfileMentionsUpsell"); }); $('.wow-profile-mentions-upsell--button').click(function(){ Aedu.Dismissibles.recordClickthrough("WowProfileMentionsUpsell"); }); new WowProfile.SocialRedesignUserWorks({ initialWorksOffset: 20, allWorksOffset: 20, maxSections: 1 }) }); </script> </div></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile_edit-5ea339ee107c863779f560dd7275595239fed73f1a13d279d2b599a28c0ecd33.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/add_coauthor-22174b608f9cb871d03443cafa7feac496fb50d7df2d66a53f5ee3c04ba67f53.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/tab-dcac0130902f0cc2d8cb403714dd47454f11fc6fb0e99ae6a0827b06613abc20.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb window.ae = window.ae || {}; window.ae.WowProfile = window.ae.WowProfile || {}; if(Aedu.User.current && Aedu.User.current.id === $viewedUser.id) { window.ae.WowProfile.current_user_edit = {}; new WowProfileEdit.EditUploadView({ el: '.js-edit-upload-button-wrapper', model: window.$current_user, }); new AddCoauthor.AddCoauthorsController(); } var userInfoView = new WowProfile.SocialRedesignUserInfo({ recaptcha_key: "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB" }); WowProfile.router = new WowProfile.Router({ userInfoView: userInfoView }); Backbone.history.start({ pushState: true, root: "/" + $viewedUser.page_name }); new WowProfile.UserWorksNav() }); </script> </div> <div class="bootstrap login"><div class="modal fade login-modal" id="login-modal"><div class="login-modal-dialog modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><button class="close close" data-dismiss="modal" type="button"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><h4 class="modal-title text-center"><strong>Log In</strong></h4></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><button class="btn btn-fb btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-facebook-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 19px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="facebook-square" class="svg-inline--fa fa-facebook-square fa-w-14" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M400 32H48A48 48 0 0 0 0 80v352a48 48 0 0 0 48 48h137.25V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.27c-30.81 0-40.42 19.12-40.42 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V480H400a48 48 0 0 0 48-48V80a48 48 0 0 0-48-48z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Facebook</strong></small></button><br /><button class="btn btn-google btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-google-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 22px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="google-plus" class="svg-inline--fa fa-google-plus fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256,8C119.1,8,8,119.1,8,256S119.1,504,256,504,504,392.9,504,256,392.9,8,256,8ZM185.3,380a124,124,0,0,1,0-248c31.3,0,60.1,11,83,32.3l-33.6,32.6c-13.2-12.9-31.3-19.1-49.4-19.1-42.9,0-77.2,35.5-77.2,78.1S142.3,334,185.3,334c32.6,0,64.9-19.1,70.1-53.3H185.3V238.1H302.2a109.2,109.2,0,0,1,1.9,20.7c0,70.8-47.5,121.2-118.8,121.2ZM415.5,273.8v35.5H380V273.8H344.5V238.3H380V202.8h35.5v35.5h35.2v35.5Z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Google</strong></small></button><br /><style type="text/css">.sign-in-with-apple-button { width: 100%; height: 52px; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid black; cursor: pointer; } .sign-in-with-apple-button > div { margin: 0 auto; / This centers the Apple-rendered button horizontally }</style><script src="https://appleid.cdn-apple.com/appleauth/static/jsapi/appleid/1/en_US/appleid.auth.js" type="text/javascript"></script><div class="sign-in-with-apple-button" data-border="false" data-color="white" id="appleid-signin"><span   ="Sign Up with Apple" class="u-fs11"></span></div><script>AppleID.auth.init({ clientId: 'edu.academia.applesignon', scope: 'name email', redirectURI: 'https://www.academia.edu/sessions', state: "a6d5f8ccc70764fd14f3302682a8b624ccc5fd19f862fd8b926626381d191284", });</script><script>// Hacky way of checking if on fast loswp if (window.loswp == null) { (function() { const Google = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Google; const Facebook = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Facebook; if (Google) { new Google({ el: '#login-google-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } if (Facebook) { new Facebook({ el: '#login-facebook-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } })(); }</script></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><div class="hr-heading login-hr-heading"><span class="hr-heading-text">or</span></div></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><form class="js-login-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/sessions" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="9GrySN3epHIFLt6tDRTgy98RqXBtSFjr2duWMAjl-ke0Q4NUkD-cqz3uPyHY-K7K6qu-V9mz7w9tNb3MQ7UJCg" autocomplete="off" /><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-email-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Email</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-email-input" name="login" type="email" /></div><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-password-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Password</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-password-input" name="password" type="password" /></div><input type="hidden" name="post_login_redirect_url" id="post_login_redirect_url" value="https://nova.academia.edu/AJMelton" autocomplete="off" /><div class="checkbox"><label><input type="checkbox" name="remember_me" id="remember_me" value="1" checked="checked" /><small style="font-size: 12px; margin-top: 2px; display: inline-block;">Remember me on this computer</small></label></div><br><input type="submit" name="commit" value="Log In" class="btn btn-primary btn-block btn-lg js-login-submit" data-disable-with="Log In" /></br></form><script>typeof window?.Aedu?.recaptchaManagedForm === 'function' && window.Aedu.recaptchaManagedForm( document.querySelector('.js-login-form'), document.querySelector('.js-login-submit') );</script><small style="font-size: 12px;"><br />or <a data-target="#login-modal-reset-password-container" data-toggle="collapse" href="javascript:void(0)">reset password</a></small><div class="collapse" id="login-modal-reset-password-container"><br /><div class="well margin-0x"><form class="js-password-reset-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/reset_password" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="JX_OJgOaVDf5WN1aSlgnTHy5dBdAAxIKChSs-b1x3bBlVr86Tnts7sGYPNaftGlNSQNjMPT4pe6--ocF9iEu_Q" autocomplete="off" /><p>Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.</p><div class="form-group"><input class="form-control" name="email" type="email" /></div><script src="https://recaptcha.net/recaptcha/api.js" async defer></script> <script> var invisibleRecaptchaSubmit = function () { var closestForm = function (ele) { var curEle = ele.parentNode; while (curEle.nodeName !== 'FORM' && curEle.nodeName !== 'BODY'){ curEle = curEle.parentNode; } return curEle.nodeName === 'FORM' ? curEle : null }; var eles = document.getElementsByClassName('g-recaptcha'); if (eles.length > 0) { var form = closestForm(eles[0]); if (form) { form.submit(); } } }; </script> <input type="submit" data-sitekey="6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj" data-callback="invisibleRecaptchaSubmit" class="g-recaptcha btn btn-primary btn-block" value="Email me a link" value=""/> </form></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/collapse-45805421cf446ca5adf7aaa1935b08a3a8d1d9a6cc5d91a62a2a3a00b20b3e6a.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $("#login-modal-reset-password-container").on("shown.bs.collapse", function() { $(this).find("input[type=email]").focus(); }); }); </script> </div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"><div class="text-center"><small style="font-size: 12px;">Need an account? <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Click here to sign up</a></small></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// If we are on subdomain or non-bootstrapped page, redirect to login page instead of showing modal (function(){ if (typeof $ === 'undefined') return; var host = window.location.hostname; if ((host === $domain || host === "www."+$domain) && (typeof $().modal === 'function')) { $("#nav_log_in").click(function(e) { // Don't follow the link and open the modal e.preventDefault(); $("#login-modal").on('shown.bs.modal', function() { $(this).find("#login-modal-email-input").focus() }).modal('show'); }); } })()</script> <div class="bootstrap" id="footer"><div class="footer-content clearfix text-center padding-top-7x" style="width:100%;"><ul class="footer-links-secondary footer-links-wide list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/topics">Topics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/journals">Academia.edu Journals</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg style="width: 13px; height: 13px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg> <strong>We're Hiring!</strong></a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/hc/en-us"><svg style="width: 12px; height: 12px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg> <strong>Help Center</strong></a></li></ul><ul class="footer-links-tertiary list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li class="small">Find new research papers in:</li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences">Health Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences">Earth Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="DesignSystem" id="credit" style="width:100%;"><ul class="u-pl0x footer-links-legal list-inline"><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li>Academia ©2025</li></ul></div><script> //<![CDATA[ window.detect_gmtoffset = true; window.Academia && window.Academia.set_gmtoffset && Academia.set_gmtoffset('/gmtoffset'); //]]> </script> <div id='overlay_background'></div> <div id='bootstrap-modal-container' class='bootstrap'></div> <div id='ds-modal-container' class='bootstrap DesignSystem'></div> <div id='full-screen-modal'></div> </div> </body> </html>