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href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:MesajSayfam" title="Bu IP adresindeki düzenlemeler hakkında tartışma [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Mesaj</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="İçindekiler" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">İçindekiler</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">kenar çubuğuna taşı</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">gizle</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Giriş</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Ayrıca_bakınız" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ayrıca_bakınız"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Ayrıca bakınız</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ayrıca_bakınız-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kaynakça" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kaynakça"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Kaynakça</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kaynakça-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dış_bağlantılar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dış_bağlantılar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Dış bağlantılar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dış_bağlantılar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="İçindekiler" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="İçindekiler tablosunu değiştir" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">İçindekiler tablosunu değiştir</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Atomlararası potansiyel</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Başka bir dildeki sayfaya gidin. 10 dilde mevcut" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-10" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">10 dil</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B0%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="الجهد بين الذرات - Arapça" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الجهد بين الذرات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arapça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potencial_interat%C3%B2mic" title="Potencial interatòmic - Katalanca" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Potencial interatòmic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalanca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interatomic_potential" title="Interatomic potential - İngilizce" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Interatomic potential" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="İngilizce" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potencial_interat%C3%B3mico" title="Potencial interatómico - İspanyolca" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Potencial interatómico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="İspanyolca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potentiel_interatomique" title="Potentiel interatomique - Fransızca" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Potentiel interatomique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Fransızca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D6%83%D5%B8%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A4%D5%A5%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Միջատոմային փոխազդեցություն - Ermenice" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Միջատոմային փոխազդեցություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Ermenice" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E9%96%93%E3%83%9D%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AB" title="原子間ポテンシャル - Japonca" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="原子間ポテンシャル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japonca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Потенцијал за атомско заемодејство - Makedonca" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Потенцијал за атомско заемодејство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonca" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Межатомное взаимодействие - Rusça" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Межатомное взаимодействие" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusça" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">gizle</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Daha fazla seçenek" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Eylemler </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Atomlararas%C4%B1_potansiyel"><span>Oku</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomlararas%C4%B1_potansiyel&veaction=edit" title="Bu sayfayı değiştir [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Değiştir</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomlararas%C4%B1_potansiyel&action=edit" title="Bu sayfanın kaynak kodunu düzenleyin [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Kaynağı değiştir</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomlararas%C4%B1_potansiyel&action=history"><span>Geçmişi gör</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Genel </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:SayfayaBa%C4%9Flant%C4%B1lar/Atomlararas%C4%B1_potansiyel" title="Bu sayfaya bağlantı vermiş tüm viki sayfalarının listesi [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Sayfaya bağlantılar</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:%C4%B0lgiliDe%C4%9Fi%C5%9Fiklikler/Atomlararas%C4%B1_potansiyel" rel="nofollow" title="Bu sayfadan bağlantı verilen sayfalardaki son değişiklikler [k]" accesskey="k"><span>İlgili değişiklikler</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%C3%96zel:%C3%96zelSayfalar" title="Tüm özel sayfaların listesi [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Özel sayfalar</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomlararas%C4%B1_potansiyel&oldid=30256712" title="Bu sayfanın bu revizyonuna kalıcı bağlantı"><span>Kalıcı bağlantı</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomlararas%C4%B1_potansiyel&action=info" title="Bu sayfa hakkında daha fazla bilgi"><span>Sayfa bilgisi</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96zel:KaynakG%C3%B6ster&page=Atomlararas%C4%B1_potansiyel&id=30256712&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Bu sayfadan nasıl kaynak göstereceği hakkında bilgi"><span>Bu sayfayı kaynak göster</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96zel:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAtomlararas%25C4%25B1_potansiyel"><span>Kısaltılmış URL'yi al</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" 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class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Görünüm</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">kenar çubuğuna taşı</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">gizle</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Vikipedi, özgür ansiklopedi</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="tr" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Dosya:Morsepot_Cu.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Morsepot_Cu.png/300px-Morsepot_Cu.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Morsepot_Cu.png/450px-Morsepot_Cu.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Morsepot_Cu.png/600px-Morsepot_Cu.png 2x" data-file-width="884" data-file-height="783" /></a><figcaption> Atomlararası (2 atom) potansiyelin tipik şekli.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Atomlar arası potansiyeller</b>, uzayda belirli pozisyonlara sahip <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atomlardan</a> oluşan bir atom sisteminin <a href="/wiki/Potansiyel_enerji" title="Potansiyel enerji">potansiyel enerjisini</a> hesaplamak amaçlı kullanılan matematiksel <a href="/wiki/Fonksiyon" title="Fonksiyon">fonksiyonlardır</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AllenTildesley_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AllenTildesley-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lesar_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lesar-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brenner2000_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brenner2000-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Atomlar-arası potansiyeller, kimya, moleküler fizik ve malzeme fiziğindeki <a href="/wiki/Molek%C3%BCler_mekanik" title="Moleküler mekanik">moleküler mekanik</a> ve <a href="/wiki/Molek%C3%BCler_dinamik" title="Moleküler dinamik">moleküler dinamik</a> simülasyonlarının fiziksel temeli olarak çokça kullanılırlar. Bazen <a href="/wiki/Kohezyon_(kimya)" title="Kohezyon (kimya)">kohezyon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genle%C5%9Fme" title="Genleşme">termal genleşme</a> ve malzemelerin <a href="/wiki/Esneklik" title="Esneklik">elastik özellikleri</a> gibi etkilerle bağlantılı olarak <a href="/wiki/Esneklik" title="Esneklik">kullanılmaktadırlar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AshcroftMermin_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AshcroftMermin-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kittel_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kittel-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Daw93_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daw93-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tersoff_pp._6991–7000_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tersoff_pp._6991–7000-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FINNIS_2007_pp._133–153_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FINNIS_2007_pp._133–153-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sin12_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sin12-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ayrıca_bakınız"><span id="Ayr.C4.B1ca_bak.C4.B1n.C4.B1z"></span>Ayrıca bakınız</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomlararas%C4%B1_potansiyel&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: Ayrıca bakınız" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomlararas%C4%B1_potansiyel&action=edit&section=1" title="Bölümün kaynak kodunu değiştir: Ayrıca bakınız"><span>kaynağı değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molek%C3%BCler_dinamik" title="Moleküler dinamik">Moleküler dinamik</a></li> <li>Bağ sırası potansiyeli</li> <li>Etkili ortam teorisi</li> <li>Gömülü atom modeli</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lennard-Jones_potansiyeli" title="Lennard-Jones potansiyeli">Lennard-Jones potansiyeli</a></li> <li>Buckingham potansiyeli</li> <li>ReaxFF</li> <li>Kuvvet alanı (kimya)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kaynakça"><span id="Kaynak.C3.A7a"></span>Kaynakça</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomlararas%C4%B1_potansiyel&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: Kaynakça" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomlararas%C4%B1_potansiyel&action=edit&section=2" title="Bölümün kaynak kodunu değiştir: Kaynakça"><span>kaynağı değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r32805677">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-count:2}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-count:3}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-AllenTildesley-1"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-AllenTildesley_1-0">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text">M. P. Allen and D. J. Tildesley. Computer Simulation of Liquids. Oxford University Press, Oxford, England, 1989.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text">Daan Frenkel and Berend Smit. Understanding molecular simulation: from algorithms to applications. Academic Press, San Diego, second edition, 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lesar-3"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Lesar_3-0">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text">R. Lesar. Introduction to Computational Materials Science. Cambridge University Press, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brenner2000-4"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Brenner2000_4-0">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak dergi">Brenner (2000). "The Art and Science of an Analytic Potential". <i>Physica Status Solidi B</i>. <b>217</b> (1). ss. 23-40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Art+and+Science+of+an+Analytic+Potential&rft.pages=23-40&rft.date=2000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AAtomlararas%C4%B1+potansiyel" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AshcroftMermin-5"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-AshcroftMermin_5-0">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text">N. W. Ashcroft and N. D. Mermin. Solid State Physics.Saunders College, Philadelphia, 1976.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kittel-6"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Kittel_6-0">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text">Charles Kittel. Introduction to Solid State Physics. John Wiley & Sons, New York, third edition, 1968.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daw93-7"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Daw93_7-0">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak dergi">Daw (1993). "The embedded-atom method: a review of theory and applications". <i>Materials Science Reports</i>. <b>9</b> (7–8). ss. 251-310.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+embedded-atom+method%3A+a+review+of+theory+and+applications&rft.pages=251-310&rft.date=1993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AAtomlararas%C4%B1+potansiyel" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tersoff_pp._6991–7000-8"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Tersoff_pp._6991–7000_8-0">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak dergi">Tersoff (15 Nisan 1988). "New empirical approach for the structure and energy of covalent systems". <i>Physical Review B</i>. <b>37</b> (12). American Physical Society (APS). ss. 6991-7000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+empirical+approach+for+the+structure+and+energy+of+covalent+systems&rft.pages=6991-7000&rft.pub=American+Physical+Society+%28APS%29&rft.date=1988-04-15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AAtomlararas%C4%B1+potansiyel" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FINNIS_2007_pp._133–153-9"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-FINNIS_2007_pp._133–153_9-0">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak dergi">FINNIS (2007). "Bond-order potentials through the ages". <i>Progress in Materials Science</i>. <b>52</b> (2–3). Elsevier BV. ss. 133-153.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bond-order+potentials+through+the+ages&rft.pages=133-153&rft.pub=Elsevier+BV&rft.date=2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AAtomlararas%C4%B1+potansiyel" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sin12-10"><strong><a href="#cite_ref-Sin12_10-0">^</a></strong> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="kaynak dergi">Sinnott (2012). "Three decades of many-body potentials in materials research". <i>MRS Bulletin</i>. <b>37</b> (5). Cambridge University Press (CUP). ss. 469-473.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Three+decades+of+many-body+potentials+in+materials+research&rft.pages=469-473&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press+%28CUP%29&rft.date=2012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ftr.wikipedia.org%3AAtomlararas%C4%B1+potansiyel" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dış_bağlantılar"><span id="D.C4.B1.C5.9F_ba.C4.9Flant.C4.B1lar"></span>Dış bağlantılar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomlararas%C4%B1_potansiyel&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Değiştirilen bölüm: Dış bağlantılar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>değiştir</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Atomlararas%C4%B1_potansiyel&action=edit&section=3" title="Bölümün kaynak 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<li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Termal_rezervuar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Termal rezervuar (sayfa mevcut değil)">Termal rezervuar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Is%C4%B1_aktar%C4%B1m%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Isı aktarımı">Isı aktarımı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Is%C4%B1_s%C4%B1%C4%9Fas%C4%B1" title="Isı sığası">Isı sığası</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hacim_(termodinamik)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hacim (termodinamik) (sayfa mevcut değil)">Hacim (termodinamik)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Termodinamik_denge" title="Termodinamik denge">Termodinamik denge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Is%C4%B1l_denge" title="Isıl denge">Isıl denge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutlak_s%C4%B1cakl%C4%B1k" title="Mutlak sıcaklık">Mutlak sıcaklık</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yal%C4%B1t%C4%B1lm%C4%B1%C5%9F_sistem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yalıtılmış sistem (sayfa mevcut değil)">Yalıtılmış sistem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entropi" title="Entropi">Entropi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serbest_entropi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serbest entropi (sayfa mevcut değil)">Serbest entropi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entropi_kuvveti&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Entropi kuvveti (sayfa mevcut değil)">Entropi kuvveti</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negentropi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Negentropi (sayfa mevcut değil)">Negentropi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0%C5%9F_(fizik)" title="İş (fizik)">İş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekserji" title="Ekserji">Ekserji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entalpi" title="Entalpi">Entalpi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Çeşitler</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinetik_enerji" title="Kinetik enerji">Kinetik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0%C3%A7_enerji" title="İç enerji">İç</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Termal_enerji" title="Termal enerji">Termal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potansiyel_enerji" title="Potansiyel enerji">Potansiyel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yer%C3%A7ekimi_enerjisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yerçekimi enerjisi">Yerçekimsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esneklik_enerjisi" title="Esneklik enerjisi">Esneklik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elektriksel_potansiyel_enerji" title="Elektriksel potansiyel enerji">Elektriksel potansiyel enerji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekanik_enerji" title="Mekanik enerji">Mekanik</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Atomlararası potansiyel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elektrik_enerjisi" title="Elektrik enerjisi">Elektrik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manyetik_enerji" title="Manyetik enerji">Manyetik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0yonla%C5%9Fma_enerjisi" title="İyonlaşma enerjisi">İyonlaşma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C5%9F%C4%B1n%C4%B1m_enerjisi" title="Işınım enerjisi">Işınım</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%C4%9Flanma_enerjisi" title="Bağlanma enerjisi">Bağlanma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCkleer_ba%C4%9Flanma_enerjisi" title="Nükleer bağlanma enerjisi">Nükleer bağlanma enerjisi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yer%C3%A7ekimsel_ba%C4%9Flanma_enerjisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yerçekimsel bağlanma enerjisi (sayfa mevcut değil)">Yerçekimsel bağlanma enerjisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuantum_renk_dinami%C4%9Fi_ba%C4%9Flanma_enerjisi" title="Kuantum renk dinamiği bağlanma enerjisi">Kuantum renk dinamiği bağlanma enerjisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karanl%C4%B1k_enerji" title="Karanlık enerji">Karanlık</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96z_(fizik)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Öz (fizik) (sayfa mevcut değil)">Öz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hayalet_enerji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hayalet enerji (sayfa mevcut değil)">Hayalet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Negatif_enerji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Negatif enerji (sayfa mevcut değil)">Negatif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimyasal_enerji" title="Kimyasal enerji">Kimyasal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durgun_enerji" class="mw-redirect" title="Durgun enerji">Durgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ses_enerjisi" title="Ses enerjisi">Ses enerjisi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Y%C3%BCzey_enerjisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yüzey enerjisi (sayfa mevcut değil)">Yüzey enerjisi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bo%C5%9Fluk_enerjisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boşluk enerjisi (sayfa mevcut değil)">Boşluk enerjisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%B1f%C4%B1r_noktas%C4%B1_enerjisi" title="Sıfır noktası enerjisi">Sıfır noktası enerjisi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enerji_ta%C5%9F%C4%B1y%C4%B1c%C4%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enerji taşıyıcı (sayfa mevcut değil)">Enerji taşıyıcılar</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radyasyon" title="Radyasyon">Radyasyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entalpi" title="Entalpi">Entalpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekanik_dalga" title="Mekanik dalga">Mekanik dalga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ses_dalgalar%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Ses dalgaları">Ses dalgaları</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yak%C4%B1t" title="Yakıt">Yakıt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fosil_yak%C4%B1t" title="Fosil yakıt">Fosil yakıt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Is%C4%B1" title="Isı">Isı</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gizli_%C4%B1s%C4%B1" title="Gizli ısı">Gizli ısı</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0%C5%9F_(fizik)" title="İş (fizik)">İş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elektrik" title="Elektrik">Elektrik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pil" title="Pil">Pil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kondansat%C3%B6r" title="Kondansatör">Kondansatör</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Birincil_enerji" title="Birincil enerji">Birincil enerji</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fosil_yak%C4%B1t" title="Fosil yakıt">Fosil yakıt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6m%C3%BCr" title="Kömür">Kömür</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrol" title="Petrol">Petrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Do%C4%9Fal_gaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Doğal gaz">Doğal gaz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCkleer_yak%C4%B1t" title="Nükleer yakıt">Nükleer yakıt</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Do%C4%9Fal_uranyum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doğal uranyum (sayfa mevcut değil)">Doğal uranyum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C5%9F%C4%B1n%C4%B1m_enerjisi" title="Işınım enerjisi">Işınım enerjisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCne%C5%9F_enerjisi" title="Güneş enerjisi">Güneş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCzg%C3%A2r_g%C3%BCc%C3%BC" title="Rüzgâr gücü">Rüzgâr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidrolik_g%C3%BC%C3%A7" title="Hidrolik güç">Hidrolik güç</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okyanus_enerjisi" title="Okyanus enerjisi">Okyanus enerjisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeotermal_enerji" title="Jeotermal enerji">Jeotermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biyoenerji" title="Biyoenerji">Biyoenerji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yer%C3%A7ekimi_enerjisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Yerçekimi enerjisi">Yerçekimi enerjisi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enerji_sistemi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enerji sistemi (sayfa mevcut değil)">Enerji sistemi</a><br />bileşenleri</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enerji_sistemleri_m%C3%BChendisli%C4%9Fi" title="Enerji sistemleri mühendisliği">Enerji mühendisliği</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrol_rafinerisi" title="Petrol rafinerisi">Petrol rafinerisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BC%C3%A7_(elektrik)" title="Güç (elektrik)">Elektrik gücü</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosil_yak%C4%B1tl%C4%B1_elektrik_santrali&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fosil yakıtlı elektrik santrali (sayfa mevcut değil)">Fosil yakıtlı elektrik santrali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kojenerasyon" title="Kojenerasyon">Kojenerasyon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entegre_gazla%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rma_kombine_%C3%A7evrim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Entegre gazlaştırma kombine çevrim (sayfa mevcut değil)">Entegre gazlaştırma kombine çevrim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCkleer_enerji" title="Nükleer enerji">Nükleer enerji</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCkleer_enerji_santrali" title="Nükleer enerji santrali">Nükleer enerji santrali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radyoizotop_termoelektrik_jenerat%C3%B6r" title="Radyoizotop termoelektrik jeneratör">Radyoizotop termoelektrik jeneratör</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCne%C5%9F_g%C3%BCc%C3%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Güneş gücü (sayfa mevcut değil)">Güneş gücü</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fotovoltaik_sistem" title="Fotovoltaik sistem">Fotovoltaik sistem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yek-odakl%C4%B1_g%C3%BCne%C5%9F_enerjisi_santralleri" class="mw-redirect" title="Yek-odaklı güneş enerjisi santralleri">Yek-odaklı güneş enerjisi santralleri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Termal_g%C3%BCne%C5%9F_enerjisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Termal güneş enerjisi (sayfa mevcut değil)">Termal güneş enerjisi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCne%C5%9F_enerji_kulesi" title="Güneş enerji kulesi">Güneş enerji kulesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCne%C5%9F_f%C4%B1r%C4%B1n%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Güneş fırını">Güneş fırını</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCzg%C3%A2r_g%C3%BCc%C3%BC" title="Rüzgâr gücü">Rüzgâr gücü</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCzg%C3%A2r_%C3%A7iftli%C4%9Fi" title="Rüzgâr çiftliği">Rüzgâr çiftliği</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=U%C3%A7an_r%C3%BCzg%C3%A2r_enerjisi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uçan rüzgâr enerjisi (sayfa mevcut değil)">Uçan rüzgâr enerjisi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidrolik_g%C3%BC%C3%A7" title="Hidrolik güç">Hidrolik güç</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hidroelektrik" title="Hidroelektrik">Hidroelektrik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dalga_tarlas%C4%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dalga tarlası (sayfa mevcut değil)">Dalga tarlası</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelgit_enerjisi" title="Gelgit enerjisi">Gelgit enerjisi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeotermal_elektrik" title="Jeotermal elektrik">Jeotermal elektrik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biyok%C3%BCtle" title="Biyokütle">Biyokütle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kullanım ve<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enerji_tedari%C4%9Fi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enerji tedariği (sayfa mevcut değil)">tedarik</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enerji_t%C3%BCketimi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enerji tüketimi (sayfa mevcut değil)">Enerji tüketimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enerji_depolama" title="Enerji depolama">Enerji depolama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCnya_enerji_t%C3%BCketimi" title="Dünya enerji tüketimi">Dünya enerji tüketimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enerji_g%C3%BCvencesi" title="Enerji güvencesi">Enerji güvencesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enerji_tasarrufu" title="Enerji tasarrufu">Enerji tasarrufu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enerji_verimlili%C4%9Fi" title="Enerji verimliliği">Enerji verimliliği</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ula%C5%9F%C4%B1mda_enerji_verimlili%C4%9Fi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ulaşımda enerji verimliliği (sayfa mevcut değil)">Ulaşım</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tar%C4%B1mda_enerji_verimlili%C4%9Fi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tarımda enerji verimliliği (sayfa mevcut değil)">Tarım</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yenilenebilir_enerji" title="Yenilenebilir enerji">Yenilenebilir enerji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCrd%C3%BCr%C3%BClebilir_enerji" title="Sürdürülebilir enerji">Sürdürülebilir enerji</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enerji_politikas%C4%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enerji politikası (sayfa mevcut değil)">Enerji politikası</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enerji_geli%C5%9Fimi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enerji gelişimi (sayfa mevcut değil)">Enerji gelişimi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=D%C3%BCnya_enerji_tedari%C4%9Fi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dünya enerji tedariği (sayfa mevcut değil)">Dünya enerji tedariği</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCney_Amerika%27da_enerji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Güney Amerika'da enerji (sayfa mevcut değil)">Güney Amerika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuzey_Amerika%27da_enerji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuzey Amerika'da enerji (sayfa mevcut değil)">Kuzey Amerika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avrupa%27da_enerji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avrupa'da enerji (sayfa mevcut değil)">Avrupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Asya%27da_enerji" title="Kategori:Asya'da enerji">Asya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Afrika%27da_enerji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afrika'da enerji (sayfa mevcut değil)">Afrika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Avustralya%27da_enerji&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avustralya'da enerji (sayfa mevcut değil)">Avustralya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diğer</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jevons_paradoksu" title="Jevons paradoksu">Jevons paradoksu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karbon_ayak_izi" title="Karbon ayak izi">Karbon ayak izi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Kategori"><img alt="Kategori" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Symbol_category.svg/16px-Symbol_category.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Symbol_category.svg/24px-Symbol_category.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Symbol_category.svg/32px-Symbol_category.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span><b><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Enerji" title="Kategori:Enerji">Kategori</a></b> • <span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons sayfası"><img alt="Commons sayfası" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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