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It also provides comparisons in results between statistical and direct approaches and makes recommendations on how these can be reconciled with better understanding of the implicit assumptions in the approach for use in ship design and operation. Evolution over the latter years to support pertinent regulatory developments relating to flooding risk (safety level) assessment as well as research in this direction with a focus on passenger ships, have created a new focus that combines all flooding hazards (collision, bottom and side groundings) to assess potential loss of life as a means of guiding further r...","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"mujeeb ahmed"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2022-08-13","dateModified":null,"datePublished":"2021-01-01","headline":"Conception and Evolution of the Probabilistic Methods for Ship Damage Stability and Flooding Risk Assessment","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Computer Science","Probabilistic Logic","VM"],"locationCreated":null,"publication":"Journal of Marine Science and Engineering","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":"MDPI 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[{"id":89587094,"identifier":"Attachment_89587094","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":84633188,"created_at":"2022-08-13T09:06:07.351-07:00","from_world_paper_id":212410149,"updated_at":"2024-04-10T19:22:01.443-07:00","_data":{"abstract":"The paper provides a full description and explanation of the probabilistic method for ship damage stability assessment from its conception to date with focus on the probability of survival (s-factor), explaining pertinent assumptions and limitations and describing its evolution for specific application to passenger ships, using contemporary numerical and experimental tools and data. It also provides comparisons in results between statistical and direct approaches and makes recommendations on how these can be reconciled with better understanding of the implicit assumptions in the approach for use in ship design and operation. Evolution over the latter years to support pertinent regulatory developments relating to flooding risk (safety level) assessment as well as research in this direction with a focus on passenger ships, have created a new focus that combines all flooding hazards (collision, bottom and side groundings) to assess potential loss of life as a means of guiding further r...","publisher":"MDPI AG","publication_date":"2021,,","publication_name":"Journal of Marine Science and Engineering"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Conception and Evolution of the Probabilistic Methods for Ship Damage Stability and Flooding Risk Assessment","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [6012405]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":89587094,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Conception and Evolution of the Probabilistic Methods for Ship Damage Stability and Flooding Risk Assessment”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/89587094/mini_magick20220813-1-8ioe1g.png?1660406891" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Conception and Evolution of the Probabilistic Methods for Ship Damage Stability and Flooding Risk Assessment</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="6012405" href="https://independent.academia.edu/mujeebahmed"><img alt="Profile image of mujeeb ahmed" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />mujeeb ahmed</a></div><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2021, Journal of Marine Science and Engineering</p><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">The paper provides a full description and explanation of the probabilistic method for ship damage stability assessment from its conception to date with focus on the probability of survival (s-factor), explaining pertinent assumptions and limitations and describing its evolution for specific application to passenger ships, using contemporary numerical and experimental tools and data. It also provides comparisons in results between statistical and direct approaches and makes recommendations on how these can be reconciled with better understanding of the implicit assumptions in the approach for use in ship design and operation. Evolution over the latter years to support pertinent regulatory developments relating to flooding risk (safety level) assessment as well as research in this direction with a focus on passenger ships, have created a new focus that combines all flooding hazards (collision, bottom and side groundings) to assess potential loss of life as a means of guiding further r...</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":89587094,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/84633188/Conception_and_Evolution_of_the_Probabilistic_Methods_for_Ship_Damage_Stability_and_Flooding_Risk_Assessment"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" 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href="https://www.academia.edu/54777707/Damage_Survivability_of_Passenger_Ships_Re_Engineering_the_Safety_Factor">Damage Survivability of Passenger Ships—Re-Engineering the Safety Factor</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34245936" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DracosVassalos">Dracos Vassalos</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Safety, 2016</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Damage Survivability of Passenger Ships—Re-Engineering the Safety Factor","attachmentId":70977563,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/54777707/Damage_Survivability_of_Passenger_Ships_Re_Engineering_the_Safety_Factor","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" 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MODEL</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="10368488" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PiotrSzulczewski">Piotr Szulczewski</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">There is a need for developing improved methods of evaluating the safety of cargo ships that would quantify and assess the ship safety more comprehensively than current methods and further allow for a more direct comparison of ship designs safety-wise so that safety could become one of the goals of design process. 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It was shown that a computationally efficient quasi-dynamic method that addresses the main drawbacks of current regulations can be formulated for evaluating the exact risk levels at any stage of vessel's life.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW METHOD FOR ASSESSMENT OF SAFETY OF SHIPS IN DAMAGED CONDITIONS WITH USE OF THE MATHEMATICAL RISK CALCULATION MODEL","attachmentId":64330448,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/43998190/DEVELOPMENT_OF_A_NEW_METHOD_FOR_ASSESSMENT_OF_SAFETY_OF_SHIPS_IN_DAMAGED_CONDITIONS_WITH_USE_OF_THE_MATHEMATICAL_RISK_CALCULATION_MODEL","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/43998190/DEVELOPMENT_OF_A_NEW_METHOD_FOR_ASSESSMENT_OF_SAFETY_OF_SHIPS_IN_DAMAGED_CONDITIONS_WITH_USE_OF_THE_MATHEMATICAL_RISK_CALCULATION_MODEL"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="54259727" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/54259727/Simulation_based_analysis_method_for_damage_survivability_of_passenger_ships">Simulation-based analysis method for damage survivability of passenger ships</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="45724502" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PekkaRuponen">Pekka Ruponen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Ship Technology Research</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Simulation-based analysis method for damage survivability of passenger ships","attachmentId":70709316,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/54259727/Simulation_based_analysis_method_for_damage_survivability_of_passenger_ships","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/54259727/Simulation_based_analysis_method_for_damage_survivability_of_passenger_ships"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="84633199" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/84633199/Probabilistic_Damage_Stability_for_Passenger_Ships_The_p_Factor_Illusion_and_Reality">Probabilistic Damage Stability for Passenger Ships—The p-Factor Illusion and Reality</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="6012405" href="https://independent.academia.edu/mujeebahmed">mujeeb ahmed</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Marine Science and Engineering</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The paper complements an earlier publication by the authors addressing the probability of survival in the IMO framework for damage stability assessment, the s-factor. The focus here is on the probability of occurrence of a certain damage scenario (breach), conditional on its dimensions and location (centre and port or starboard side), the p-factor. Pertinent assumptions and limitations are explained, following its evolution for specific application to passenger ships. Attempts to provide analytical descriptions of the damage breach distributions as tetrahedra shapes positioned along the ship length whilst accounting for changes in ship geometry, structural arrangements, and subdivision for consumption by the wider profession has led to misconceptions and misunderstandings of what exactly the p-factor is in the context of probabilistic damage stability calculations. This is evidenced by the fact that the same original damage breach distributions, derived in Project HARDER, based on l...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Probabilistic Damage Stability for Passenger Ships—The p-Factor Illusion and Reality","attachmentId":89587104,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/84633199/Probabilistic_Damage_Stability_for_Passenger_Ships_The_p_Factor_Illusion_and_Reality","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/84633199/Probabilistic_Damage_Stability_for_Passenger_Ships_The_p_Factor_Illusion_and_Reality"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="112914701" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/112914701/A_method_for_the_direct_assessment_of_ship_collision_damage_and_flooding_risk_in_real_conditions">A method for the direct assessment of ship collision damage and flooding risk in real conditions</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="35541558" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Herv%C3%A9LeSourne">Hervé Le Sourne</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Ocean Engineering, 2021</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A method for the direct assessment of ship collision damage and flooding risk in real conditions","attachmentId":110010985,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/112914701/A_method_for_the_direct_assessment_of_ship_collision_damage_and_flooding_risk_in_real_conditions","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/112914701/A_method_for_the_direct_assessment_of_ship_collision_damage_and_flooding_risk_in_real_conditions"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="111237590" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/111237590/Design_and_Operational_Problems_of_Safety_of_Surface_Naval_and_Merchant_Ships_in_Damaged_Conditions">Design and Operational Problems of Safety of Surface Naval and Merchant Ships in Damaged Conditions</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="164299346" href="https://independent.academia.edu/Miros%C5%82awGerigk">Mirosław Gerigk</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2007</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The paper regards various design and operational problems associated with survivability of surface naval and merchant ships using an alternative probabilistic methodology. This methodology is based on application of the performance-oriented and risk-based approaches. The performance-based approach requires to use the design and hydromechanics-based application methods. A measure of a ship safety in damaged conditions is either a risk or risk level. The risk is estimated using the risk analysis. Between the most important elements of risk analysis are the hazard identification, scenario development, quantitative risk assessment and risk control. The assessment of safety is based on the total risk management TRM approach including the risk assessment and risk management. The detailed discussion regarding the method and modeling will be submitted for publication by the Gdansk University of Technology in separate publication.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Design and Operational Problems of Safety of Surface Naval and Merchant Ships in Damaged Conditions","attachmentId":108828153,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/111237590/Design_and_Operational_Problems_of_Safety_of_Surface_Naval_and_Merchant_Ships_in_Damaged_Conditions","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/111237590/Design_and_Operational_Problems_of_Safety_of_Surface_Naval_and_Merchant_Ships_in_Damaged_Conditions"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="56528880" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/56528880/Probabilistic_analysis_of_damage_stability_of_ships_based_on_metamodels">Probabilistic analysis of damage stability of ships based on metamodels</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="120176564" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PetarGeorgiev13">Petar Georgiev</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2014</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Probabilistic analysis of damage stability of ships based on metamodels","attachmentId":71871619,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/56528880/Probabilistic_analysis_of_damage_stability_of_ships_based_on_metamodels","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/56528880/Probabilistic_analysis_of_damage_stability_of_ships_based_on_metamodels"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="92994667" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/92994667/Damage_stability_analysis_in_particular_flooding_situations_of_a_multipurpose_cargo_ship">Damage stability analysis in particular flooding situations of a multipurpose cargo ship</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="677270" href="https://cmu-edu.academia.edu/CostelStanca">Costel Stanca</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 2018</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Damage stability analysis in particular flooding situations of a multipurpose cargo ship","attachmentId":95855508,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/92994667/Damage_stability_analysis_in_particular_flooding_situations_of_a_multipurpose_cargo_ship","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/92994667/Damage_stability_analysis_in_particular_flooding_situations_of_a_multipurpose_cargo_ship"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="64755621" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/64755621/Damage_stability_requirements_for_passenger_ships_collision_risk_based_cost_benefit_assessment">Damage stability requirements for passenger ships : collision risk based cost benefit assessment</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34245936" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DracosVassalos">Dracos Vassalos</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2015</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Currently built passenger ships have to comply with SOLAS 2009 probabilistic damage stability requirements. There are, however, serious concerns regarding the sufficiency of these requirements with respect to the Required Subdivision Index R, which should properly account for the risk of People On Board (POB) and ship’s inherent survivability in case of loss of her watertight integrity. In recent years extensive research on determining the appropriate level of R using risk-based methods has been carried out. The urgency of the matter was reinforced by the quite recent Costa Concordia (2012) accident, even though this accident was not related to a collision event. This paper outlines the objectives, the methodology of work and first results of the ongoing studies funded by EMSA (EMSA III project) focusing on risk-based damage stability requirements for passenger ships. In compliance with IMO Formal Safety Assessment process a collision risk model is further developed based on the res...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Damage stability requirements for passenger ships : collision risk based cost benefit assessment","attachmentId":76643664,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/64755621/Damage_stability_requirements_for_passenger_ships_collision_risk_based_cost_benefit_assessment","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/64755621/Damage_stability_requirements_for_passenger_ships_collision_risk_based_cost_benefit_assessment"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":89587094,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":89587094,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_89587094" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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