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Apă minerală - Wikipedia

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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Considerații_generale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Considerații generale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Considerații_generale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modalitățile_de_utilizare_ale_apelor_minerale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modalitățile_de_utilizare_ale_apelor_minerale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Modalitățile de utilizare ale apelor minerale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modalitățile_de_utilizare_ale_apelor_minerale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clasificarea_apelor_minerale" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clasificarea_apelor_minerale"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Clasificarea apelor minerale</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clasificarea_apelor_minerale-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apele_minerale_îmbuteliate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apele_minerale_îmbuteliate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Apele minerale îmbuteliate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apele_minerale_îmbuteliate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Istoric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istoric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Istoric</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Istoric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apa_minerală_în_România" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apa_minerală_în_România"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Apa minerală în România</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apa_minerală_în_România-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliografie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referințe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referințe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Referințe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referințe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vezi_și" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vezi_și"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Vezi și</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vezi_și-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legături_externe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legături_externe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Legături externe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legături_externe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Comută cuprinsul</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Apă minerală</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 72 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">72 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineraalwater" title="Mineraalwater – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Mineraalwater" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مياه معدنية – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مياه معدنية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agua_mineral" title="Agua mineral – asturiană" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Agua mineral" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_su" title="Mineral su – azeră" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mineral su" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Мінеральная вада – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мінеральная вада" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Минерална вода – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Минерална вода" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF" title="খনিজ পানি – bengaleză" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="খনিজ পানি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%8F%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8D" title="གཏེར་ཆུ། – tibetană" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="གཏེར་ཆུ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dour_melar" title="Dour melar – bretonă" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Dour melar" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aigua_mineral" title="Aigua mineral – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aigua mineral" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miner%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_voda" title="Minerální voda – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Minerální voda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%B5r_mwynol" title="Dŵr mwynol – galeză" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Dŵr mwynol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralvand" title="Mineralvand – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mineralvand" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralwasser" title="Mineralwasser – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mineralwasser" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CE%BD%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%8C" title="Μεταλλικό νερό – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεταλλικό νερό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_water" title="Mineral water – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Mineral water" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralakvo" title="Mineralakvo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Mineralakvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agua_mineral" title="Agua mineral – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Agua mineral" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineraalvesi" title="Mineraalvesi – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mineraalvesi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ur_mineral" title="Ur mineral – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ur mineral" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8_%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C" title="آب معدنی – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آب معدنی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kivenn%C3%A4isvesi" title="Kivennäisvesi – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kivennäisvesi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eau_min%C3%A9rale_naturelle" title="Eau minérale naturelle – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Eau minérale naturelle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uisc%C3%AD_mianra%C3%AD" title="Uiscí mianraí – irlandeză" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Uiscí mianraí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auga_mineral" title="Auga mineral – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Auga mineral" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9D" title="מים מינרליים – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מים מינרליים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2" title="खनिज जल – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="खनिज जल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralna_voda" title="Mineralna voda – croată" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mineralna voda" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81sv%C3%A1nyv%C3%ADz" title="Ásványvíz – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ásványvíz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%BB%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80" title="Հանքային ջուր – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հանքային ջուր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_mineral" title="Air mineral – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Air mineral" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acqua_minerale" title="Acqua minerale – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Acqua minerale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8D%E3%83%A9%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BF%E3%83%BC" title="ミネラルウォーター – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミネラルウォーター" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banyu_mineral" title="Banyu mineral – javaneză" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Banyu mineral" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javaneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="მინერალური წყალი – georgiană" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მინერალური წყალი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D1%81%D1%83" title="Минерал су – kazahă" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Минерал су" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B4%91%EC%B2%9C%EC%88%98" title="광천수 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="광천수" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%83_%D1%81%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Минералдуу суулар – kârgâză" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Минералдуу суулар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kârgâză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqua_medicata" title="Aqua medicata – latină" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aqua medicata" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latină" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralinis_vanduo" title="Mineralinis vanduo – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mineralinis vanduo" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miner%C4%81l%C5%ABdens" title="Minerālūdens – letonă" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Minerālūdens" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Минерална вода – macedoneană" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Минерална вода" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoneană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_galian" title="Air galian – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Air galian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineraalwaeter" title="Mineraalwaeter – saxona de jos" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Mineraalwaeter" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="saxona de jos" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineraalwater" title="Mineraalwater – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mineraalwater" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralvatn" title="Mineralvatn – norvegiană nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mineralvatn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiană nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturlig_mineralvann" title="Naturlig mineralvann – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Naturlig mineralvann" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%96%E0%AC%A3%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9C_%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%B3" title="ଖଣିଜ ଜଳ – odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଖଣିଜ ଜଳ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Суар – osetă" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Суар" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woda_mineralna" title="Woda mineralna – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Woda mineralna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%87" title="کاني اوبه – paștună" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کاني اوبه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paștună" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81gua_mineral" title="Água mineral – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Água mineral" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Минеральная вода – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Минеральная вода" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Мінеральна вода – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Мінеральна вода" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aba_minerale" title="Aba minerale – sardiniană" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Aba minerale" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardiniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralna_voda" title="Mineralna voda – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mineralna voda" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_water" title="Mineral water – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mineral water" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miner%C3%A1lna_voda" title="Minerálna voda – slovacă" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Minerálna voda" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralna_voda" title="Mineralna voda – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mineralna voda" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Минерална вода – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Минерална вода" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineralvatten" title="Mineralvatten – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mineralvatten" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="கனிம நீர் – tamilă" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கனிம நீர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88" title="น้ำแร่ – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="น้ำแร่" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_na_tubig" title="Mineral na tubig – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mineral na tubig" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maden_suyu" title="Maden suyu – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Maden suyu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%81%D1%83" title="Минераль су – tătară" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Минераль су" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tătară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%96_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Мінеральні води – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мінеральні води" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mineral_suvlar" title="Mineral suvlar – uzbecă" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mineral suvlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Bc_kho%C3%A1ng" title="Nước khoáng – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nước khoáng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%BF%E6%B3%89%E6%B0%B4" title="矿泉水 – chineză wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="矿泉水" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="chineză wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%A6%E6%B3%89%E6%B0%B4" title="礦泉水 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="礦泉水" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A4%A6%E6%B3%89%E6%B0%B4" title="礦泉水 – cantoneză" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="礦泉水" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantoneză" 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class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Izvor_de_ap%C4%83_mineral%C4%83_la_Bixad_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Izvor_de_ap%C4%83_mineral%C4%83_la_Bixad_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Izvor_de_ap%C4%83_mineral%C4%83_la_Bixad_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Izvor_de_ap%C4%83_mineral%C4%83_la_Bixad_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Izvor_de_ap%C4%83_mineral%C4%83_la_Bixad_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Izvor_de_ap%C4%83_mineral%C4%83_la_Bixad_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Izvor_de_ap%C4%83_mineral%C4%83_la_Bixad_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Izvor de apă minerală la Bixad</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Apa minerală</b> este o <a href="/wiki/Ap%C4%83_potabil%C4%83" title="Apă potabilă">apă potabilă</a> provenită dintr-o sursă naturală (<a href="/wiki/Izvor" title="Izvor">izvor</a>), sau formată artificial (sondă) și care prin structura ei fizică și <a href="/wiki/Compozi%C8%9Bie_chimic%C4%83" title="Compoziție chimică">compoziția chimică</a>, de obicei complexă, poate exercita efecte terapeutice. Are o compoziție chimică constantă, raportată la fluctuațiile anuale. </p><p><i>Food and Drug Administration <b>(FDA)</b></i> din <a href="/wiki/SUA" class="mw-redirect" title="SUA">SUA</a> consideră că este apă minerală acea <a href="/wiki/Ap%C4%83" title="Apă">apă</a> care conține cel puțin 250 de părți per milion solide <a href="/wiki/Dizolvare" title="Dizolvare">dizolvate</a> în total (TDS) și care provine de la un izvor (sau o sursă subterană) protejat <a href="/wiki/Geologie" title="Geologie">geologic</a> și fizic. Nici un fel de <a href="/wiki/Mineral" title="Mineral">minerale</a> nu pot fi adăugate la această apă.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Considerații_generale"><span id="Considera.C8.9Bii_generale"></span>Considerații generale</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ap%C4%83_mineral%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Considerații generale" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ap%C4%83_mineral%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Considerații generale"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>În sensul concret al termenului, apele minerale trebuie să aibă o anumită origine, să nu fie supuse unor modificări artificiale (exceptând adăugarea de <a href="/wiki/CO2" class="mw-redirect" title="CO2">CO<sub>2</sub></a>) și să se deosebească de <a href="/wiki/Ap%C4%83_potabil%C4%83" title="Apă potabilă">apa potabilă</a> prin felul și cantitatea componentelor, prin proprietățile fizice și prin calități le terapeutice certificate de o instituție științifică. </p><p>În sensul unui efect terapeutic, o apă minerală trebuie: </p> <ul><li>Să îndeplinească așadar anumite calități fizice de <a href="/wiki/Temperatur%C4%83" title="Temperatură">temperatură</a>, <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">p</a>H și osmolaritate</li> <li>Să îndeplinească anumite calități <a href="/wiki/Chimie" title="Chimie">chimice</a>:</li> <li>mineralizare &gt; 1g/l</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>prezența elementelor chimice cu acțiune <a href="/wiki/Farmacologie" title="Farmacologie">farmacologică</a> dovedită, în concentrație de minim: 1 g/l (CO<sub>2</sub>), 10 mg/l (<a href="/wiki/Fier" title="Fier">Fe</a>), 5 mg/l (<a href="/wiki/Brom" title="Brom">Br</a>), 1 mg/l(<a href="/wiki/Iod" title="Iod">I</a>), 1 mg/l (<a href="/wiki/Hidrogen_sulfurat" title="Hidrogen sulfurat">H<sub>2</sub>S</a>), 0.7 mg/l (<a href="/wiki/Argint" title="Argint">Ag</a>), <a href="/wiki/Fluor" title="Fluor">F</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">Mn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Litiu" title="Litiu">Li</a>, acid metaboric și acid salicilic</li> <li>compușii <a href="/wiki/Radioactivitate" title="Radioactivitate">radioactivi</a> să fie absenți sau prezenți în limite terapeutice acceptate (&lt;29 nCi= 1000 Bq)</li> <li>conținutul în <a href="/wiki/Gaz" title="Gaz">gaze</a> dizolvate cu efecte biologice să fie în concentrații stabile&#160;: 1 g/l (CO<sub>2</sub>), 1 mg/l (H<sub>2</sub>S)</li> <li>să aibă acțiuni fundamentate științific</li></ul></dd></dl> <p>Apele oligominerale sau oligometalice (acratice) se identifică prin: </p> <ul><li>mineralizare totală &lt; 1 g/l</li> <li>absența elementelor farmacologic active și a gazelor terapeutice în concentrații minime admise</li> <li>efecte clinice de tip terapeutic dovedite</li></ul> <p>Pentru a fi utilizate terapeutic, apele minerale trebuie să fie pure <a href="/wiki/Bacterie" title="Bacterie">bacteriologic</a> și să aibă un <a href="/wiki/Debit_volumic_de_curgere" title="Debit volumic de curgere">debit</a> care poate să asigure valorificarea prin metodologia indicată. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modalitățile_de_utilizare_ale_apelor_minerale"><span id="Modalit.C4.83.C8.9Bile_de_utilizare_ale_apelor_minerale"></span>Modalitățile de utilizare ale apelor minerale</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ap%C4%83_mineral%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Modalitățile de utilizare ale apelor minerale" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ap%C4%83_mineral%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Modalitățile de utilizare ale apelor minerale"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cura externă: balneație externă în bazine sau <a href="/wiki/Cad%C4%83" title="Cadă">cadă</a>, piscine și solarii, irigații medicinale, comprese. </p><p>Cura internă: crenoterapia (cura de băut), inhalații, pulverizații, gargarisme, irigații vaginale. </p><p>Pentru extragere de <a href="/wiki/Sare_(chimie)" title="Sare (chimie)">săruri</a> sau <a href="/wiki/Gaz" title="Gaz">gaze</a> pentru cură sau pentru industrializare. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clasificarea_apelor_minerale">Clasificarea apelor minerale</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ap%C4%83_mineral%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Clasificarea apelor minerale" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ap%C4%83_mineral%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Clasificarea apelor minerale"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>a) Pe baza originii în: ape de profunzime (juvenile, ce provin din apa de <a href="/wiki/Condensare" title="Condensare">condensare</a> a <a href="/wiki/Magm%C4%83" title="Magmă">magmelor</a> <a href="/wiki/Vulcan" title="Vulcan">vulcanice</a>), de suprafață (vadoase, provenite din <a href="/wiki/Precipita%C8%9Bie_(meteorologie)" title="Precipitație (meteorologie)">precipitații</a> <a href="/wiki/Infiltra%C8%9Bie" title="Infiltrație">infiltrate</a> în <a href="/wiki/Sol" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Sol">sol</a> și mineralizate la nivelul <a href="/wiki/Roc%C4%83" title="Rocă">rocilor</a>, pe fondul <a href="/wiki/Reactivitate_chimic%C4%83" title="Reactivitate chimică">reactivității</a> date de <a href="/wiki/CO2" class="mw-redirect" title="CO2">CO<sub>2</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/Ozon" title="Ozon">O<sub>3</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/Azot" title="Azot">N<sub>2</sub></a> provenit din <a href="/wiki/Atmosfera_P%C4%83m%C3%A2ntului" title="Atmosfera Pământului">atmosferă</a>), din <a href="/w/index.php?title=Strate_subterane&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Strate subterane — pagină inexistentă">pânzele subterane</a> captive (veterice, fosile, de <a href="/wiki/Z%C4%83c%C4%83m%C3%A2nt" title="Zăcământ">zăcământ</a>) </p><p>b) Pe baza vitezei de circulație în ape: cu dinamică mare (de cele mai multe ori <a href="/wiki/Bicarbonat_de_sodiu" title="Bicarbonat de sodiu">bicarbonatate</a>, la care circulația rapidă nu permite mineralizarea complexă cum ar fi dizolvarea <a href="/wiki/Iod" title="Iod">iodului</a> sau <a href="/wiki/Brom" title="Brom">bromului</a>, chiar dacă acestea sunt prezente în rocă), cu dinamică medie (<a href="/wiki/Sulfat" title="Sulfat">sulfatate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcar" title="Calcar">calcare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magneziu" title="Magneziu">magneziene</a>, slab mineralizate), cu dinamică redusă (<a href="/wiki/Sare" class="mw-disambig" title="Sare">sărate</a>, iodurate, bromurate) </p><p>c) Pe baza temperaturii în: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ape_termale" class="mw-redirect" title="Ape termale">Termale</a> (echivalent acratoterme la apele oligometalice), cu o <a href="/wiki/Temperatur%C4%83" title="Temperatură">temperatură</a> &gt; 20&#160;°C , indiferent de conținutul mineral: hipotermale (20-31&#160;°C), izotermale (32-38&#160;°C), hipertermale (&gt; 38&#160;°C)</li> <li>Reci (echivalent acratopege la apele oligometalice), cu o temperatură &lt; 20&#160;°C</li></ul> <p>d) Pe baza nivelul de mineralizare sunt </p> <ul><li>ape cu mineralizãri de peste 1 g/l substanțe solide dizolvate: medie (1-15 g/l), <a href="/wiki/Concentra%C8%9Bie" title="Concentrație">concentrate</a> (15-35 g/l), foarte concentrate (35-150 g/l), de mare concentrație (peste 150g/l)</li> <li>ape cu mineralizãri sub 1 g/l substanțe solide dizolvate sau oligominerale, subîmpărțite la rândul lor în funcție de compoziție sau temperatură</li></ul> <p>e) Pe baza <a href="/wiki/Presiune_osmotic%C4%83" title="Presiune osmotică">presiunii osmotice</a> comparată cu soluția izotonă de ser fiziologic (NaCl 9,5 g&#160;% , 325 moli/l) în: hipotone, izotone, hipertone </p><p>f) Pe baza <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a>-ului în: alcaline sau <a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">acide</a> </p><p>g) Pe baza complexității în simple sau mixte </p><p>h) Pe baza compoziției chimice în: </p> <ul><li>Apele alcaline și alcalino-pământoase</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li>Apele alcaline au ionul bicarbonic legat de <a href="/wiki/Cation" title="Cation">cationii</a> de <a href="/wiki/Sodiu" title="Sodiu">Na</a> și <a href="/wiki/Potasiu" title="Potasiu">K</a>, având originea în <a href="/wiki/Roc%C4%83_sedimentar%C4%83" title="Rocă sedimentară">rocile sedimentare</a> care conțin <a href="/wiki/Carbona%C8%9Bi" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbonați">carbonați</a>. Se găsesc rar ape alcaline pure, frecvent fiind alcaline mixte (conțin <a href="/wiki/Calciu" title="Calciu">calciu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magneziu" title="Magneziu">magneziu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fier" title="Fier">fier</a>, CO2), cu mineralizare slabă.</li> <li>Apele alcalino-pământoase au ionul bicarbonic legat de cationii de <a href="/wiki/Calciu" title="Calciu">Ca</a> și <a href="/wiki/Magneziu" title="Magneziu">Mg</a> și de obicei în asociere cu: <a href="/wiki/NaCl" class="mw-redirect" title="NaCl">NaCl</a> (cloruro-sodice), CO<sub>2</sub> (carbogazoase), H<sub>2</sub>S [[Sulfuri [grupă de minerale)|sulfuroase]]), <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ionul</a> <a href="/wiki/Sulfat" title="Sulfat">sulfat</a> (sulfatate), Fe (feruginoase), având caracter mixt</li></ul></dd></dl> <ul><li>Apele cloruro-sodice sau sărate conțin minim 1g NaCl/l, au ca origine rocile sedimentare bogate în sare și conțin de obicei și alte substanțe (iod, brom, calciu, magneziu, fier, ionul sulfat) precum și gaze</li> <li>Apele iodurate: în practică nu există pure, ci în asociații cloruro-sodice, datorită originii comune sedimentare, sau în cele mixte, alacaline, clorurate, sulfuroase.</li> <li>Apele sulfatate provin din depozite bogate în <a href="/wiki/Gips" class="mw-redirect" title="Gips">gips</a>. Sunt sodice (glauberiene), magneziene (amare), calcice (ghipsoase) , <a href="/wiki/Vitriol" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitriol">vitriolice</a> (combinații cu Fe) și <a href="/wiki/Alaun" title="Alaun">alaunice</a> (combinații cu <a href="/wiki/Aluminiu" title="Aluminiu">Al</a>)</li> <li>Apele feruginoase sunt de obicei carbogazoase sau mixte, fiind instabile datorită tendinței la <a href="/wiki/Oxidare" title="Oxidare">oxidare</a> a ionilor de Fe<sup>2+</sup> în Fe<sup>3+</sup>, ceea ce îi face greu resorbabili. Se preferă așadar cura la izvor. Originea lor este în <a href="/wiki/Roc%C4%83_magmatic%C4%83" title="Rocă magmatică">rocile eruptive</a> sau <a href="/wiki/Roc%C4%83_sedimentar%C4%83" title="Rocă sedimentară">sedimentare</a> prin ape de infiltrație ce conțin întotdeauna și CO<sub>2</sub>.</li> <li>Apele <a href="/wiki/Arsenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsenic">arsenicale</a> actual sunt scoase din uz datorită limitei de <a href="/wiki/Toxicitate" title="Toxicitate">toxicitate</a> în <a href="/wiki/Ap%C4%83_potabil%C4%83" title="Apă potabilă">apa potabilă</a> (0.2&#160;mg <a href="/wiki/Arsen" title="Arsen">As</a>/l)</li> <li>Apele sulfuroase provin din depozite de gips sau bitum, dar pot proveni și din acțiuni <a href="/wiki/Redox" class="mw-redirect" title="Redox">reducătoare</a> exercitate de <a href="/wiki/Bacterie" title="Bacterie">bacterii</a> asupra substanțelor organice. Sunt limpezi și incolore la izvor, dar în contact cu <a href="/wiki/Aer" title="Aer">aerul</a>, hidrogenul sulfurat se oxidează, ceea ce duce la precipitarea <a href="/wiki/Sulf" title="Sulf">sulfului</a>, de aceea tratamentul cu aceste ape se face la sursă.</li> <li>Apele carbogazoase datorită creșterii capacității de dizolvare în prezența <a href="/wiki/Acid_carbonic" title="Acid carbonic">acidului carbonic</a>, sunt de obicei mixte: bicarbonatate, cloruro-sodice, feruginoase, sulfuroase</li> <li>Apele radioactive care sunt de obicei <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">radonice</a>, sunt folosite numai în cura externă și se împart după gradul de <a href="/wiki/Radioactivitate" title="Radioactivitate">radioactivitate</a> (1 UM = 3.16 x 10<sup>-10</sup> Curie/l) în intens (&gt; 100 UM), moderat (50-100 UM) și slab concentrate (&lt; 50 UM)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Apele_minerale_îmbuteliate"><span id="Apele_minerale_.C3.AEmbuteliate"></span>Apele minerale îmbuteliate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ap%C4%83_mineral%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Apele minerale îmbuteliate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ap%C4%83_mineral%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Apele minerale îmbuteliate"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Se mai numesc și ape minerale de masă. Ele trebuie să aibă un <a href="/wiki/Gust_(sim%C8%9B)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gust (simț)">gust</a> plăcut, să nu depună în sticlă <a href="/wiki/Precipitare_(chimic%C4%83)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitare (chimică)">precipitat</a> și să nu aibă efecte nocive, chiar dacă sunt consumate în cantități mari. </p><p>De principiu <a href="/wiki/Sticl%C4%83" title="Sticlă">sticla</a> trebuie să fie de culoare închisă (pentru a evita efectele destabilizante ale <a href="/wiki/Lumin%C4%83" title="Lumină">luminii</a>). </p><p>Majoritatea apelor de masă conțin CO<sub>2</sub>. Uneori pentru a crește stabilitatea compușilor în <a href="/wiki/Solu%C8%9Bie" class="mw-redirect" title="Soluție">soluție</a>, apele de masă se încarcă artificial cu acesta. De asemeni, pentru a evita precipitarea unele ape sunt deferizate. </p><p>În multe locuri, termenul de "apă minerală" descrie cotidian orice tip de apă minerală cu efervescență (uzual carbogazoasă) îmbuteliată, pentru a o deosebi de <a href="/wiki/Ap%C4%83_potabil%C4%83" title="Apă potabilă">apă potabilă</a> de la robinet. Apa minerală fără efervescență este identificată cu termenul de <i><a href="/wiki/Ap%C4%83_plat%C4%83" title="Apă plată">apă plată</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istoric">Istoric</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ap%C4%83_mineral%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Istoric" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ap%C4%83_mineral%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Istoric"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" align="right" border="1"> <tbody><tr> <th>Țara</th> <th>Litri/Persoană </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Italia" title="Italia">Italia</a></td> <td align="center">198.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a></td> <td align="center">155.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Spania" title="Spania">Spania</a></td> <td align="center">136.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Belgia" title="Belgia">Belgia</a></td> <td align="center">129.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C8%9Ba" title="Franța">Franța</a></td> <td align="center">121.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Elve%C8%9Bia" title="Elveția">Elveția</a></td> <td align="center">118.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Grecia" title="Grecia">Grecia</a></td> <td align="center">105.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Ungaria" title="Ungaria">Ungaria</a></td> <td align="center">102.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></td> <td align="center">96.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Portugalia" title="Portugalia">Portugalia</a></td> <td align="center">94.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Slovacia" title="Slovacia">Slovacia</a></td> <td align="center">75.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Polonia" title="Polonia">Polonia</a></td> <td align="center">61.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/Regatul_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Regatul Unit">Regatul Unit</a></td> <td align="center">26.2 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><i>Din celelate țări <br />nu sunt date despre<br /> consumul de apă.</i> </th></tr></tbody></table> <p>În mod tradițional, apele minerale au fost folosite sau au fost consumate direct de la sursa lor, adesea denumite „cure cu ape” sau „cure vindecătoare”, în locuri precum <a href="/wiki/Sta%C8%9Biune_balnear%C4%83" title="Stațiune balneară">stațiuni de tratament</a>, spa sau băi ori izvoare. Termenul de <i>spa</i> a fost folosit pentru a determina locul în care apa a fost consumată ca băutură și folosită pentru scăldat; termenul de <i>îmbăiere</i> înseamnă locul unde această apă specială a fost folosită în primul rând pentru scăldat, pentru terapie, sau pentru activitățile de recreere; iar termenul de <i>izvor</i> a fost folosit pentru locul în care această apă putea fi consumată. Din timpuri străvechi s-au dezvoltat centre turistice active în jurul majorității acestor locuri cu surse de apă minerală, cum ar fi la <a href="/wiki/Vichy" title="Vichy">Vichy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fran%C8%9Ba" title="Franța">Franța</a>), <a href="/wiki/Spa" title="Spa">Spa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Belgia" title="Belgia">Belgia</a>) și <a href="/wiki/Bath" class="mw-disambig" title="Bath">Bath</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anglia" title="Anglia">Anglia</a>). Dezvoltarea <a href="/wiki/Turism" title="Turism">turistică</a> a dus la apariția de orașe <a href="/wiki/Spa" title="Spa">spa</a> și de hoteluri de hidroterapie (de multe ori cunoscute sub prescurtarea de "hidro"). </p><p>În timpurile moderne, se obișnuiește ca apa minerală să fie îmbuteliată direct de la sursă și să fie distribuită pentru consum. A călători la locul care deține o sursă de apă minerală pentru a avea acces direct la această sursă este în prezent mai dificil, iar în multe cazuri chiar nu este posibil (din cauza drepturilor exclusive de proprietate comercială asupra acestor izvoare). Există mai mult de 3.000 de mărci de apă minerală la nivel mondial disponibile în lumea întreagă.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Apa_minerală_în_România"><span id="Apa_mineral.C4.83_.C3.AEn_Rom.C3.A2nia"></span>Apa minerală în România</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ap%C4%83_mineral%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Modifică secțiunea: Apa minerală în România" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ap%C4%83_mineral%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Apa minerală în România"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>În <a href="/wiki/Rom%C3%A2nia" title="România">România</a> se găsesc numeroase izvoare de apă minerală, în <a href="/wiki/Sta%C8%9Biune_balnear%C4%83" title="Stațiune balneară">stațiuni balneare</a> ca: <a href="/wiki/Govora" class="mw-disambig" title="Govora">Govora</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C4%83ciulata" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Căciulata">Căciulata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ol%C4%83ne%C8%99ti,_V%C3%A2lcea" title="Olănești, Vâlcea">Olănești</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C4%83lim%C4%83ne%C8%99ti" title="Călimănești">Călimănești</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bibor%C8%9Beni" class="mw-redirect" title="Biborțeni">Biborțeni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zizin" class="mw-redirect" title="Zizin">Zizin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bodoc" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodoc">Bodoc</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A2lcele" class="mw-disambig" title="Vâlcele">Vâlcele</a>, <a href="/wiki/Covasna" title="Covasna">Covasna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borsec" title="Borsec">Borsec</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A2ngeorz" title="Sângeorz">Sângeorz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vatra_Dornei" title="Vatra Dornei">Vatra Dornei</a>, Băile <a href="/wiki/Sl%C4%83nic-Moldova" title="Slănic-Moldova">Slănic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipova" title="Lipova">Lipova</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografie">Bibliografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ap%C4%83_mineral%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Modifică secțiunea: Bibliografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ap%C4%83_mineral%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Bibliografie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lege-online.ro/lr-HOTARARE-1154-2004-(54598).html">HG 1154 din 23 iulie 2004 privind aprobarea Normelor tehnice unitare pentru realizarea documentațiilor complexe de atestare a funcționãrii stațiunilor balneare, climatice și balneoclimatice și de organizare a întregii activitãți de utilizare a factorilor naturali</a> accesat 2012.09.29</li></ul> <ul><li>Cura balneoclimaterică, indicații și contraindicații, Autor colectiv sub egida Ministerului Sănătății, Editura Medicală, București, 1986</li> <li>Ghidul stațiunilor balneoclimatice din România, L. Munteanu C. Stoicescu L. Grigore, Editura Sport-Turism, București, 1978</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/57843398/BALNEOCLIMATOLOGIE">Curs Balneoclimatologie</a> accesat 2012.09.29</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/58368304/Curs-Balneoclimatoterapie?query=bioclimat">Curs Balneoclimatoterapie</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130729125057/http://www.scribd.com/doc/58368304/Curs-Balneoclimatoterapie?query=bioclimat">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2013-07-29">29 iulie 2013</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. accesat 2012.09.29</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referințe"><span id="Referin.C8.9Be"></span>Referințe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ap%C4%83_mineral%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Modifică secțiunea: Referințe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ap%C4%83_mineral%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Referințe"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Testimony/ucm170932.htm">FDA, US Food and Drug Administration, <i>Regulamentul de îmbuteliere a apei: Apendice:</i> "Apa minerală"</a> Restabilit la 2010-03-28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mineralwaters.org/">Ape minerale în lume</a> accesat 2012.09.29</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vezi_și"><span id="Vezi_.C8.99i"></span>Vezi și</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ap%C4%83_mineral%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Modifică secțiunea: Vezi și" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ap%C4%83_mineral%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Vezi și"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ap%C4%83_potabil%C4%83" title="Apă potabilă">Apă potabilă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ap%C4%83_plat%C4%83" title="Apă plată">Apă plată</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lista_apelor_minerale_naturale_din_Rom%C3%A2nia" title="Lista apelor minerale naturale din România">Lista apelor minerale naturale din România</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sta%C8%9Biune_balnear%C4%83" title="Stațiune balneară">Stațiune balneară</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legături_externe"><span id="Leg.C4.83turi_externe"></span>Legături externe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ap%C4%83_mineral%C4%83&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Modifică secțiunea: Legături externe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ap%C4%83_mineral%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Legături externe"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint" style="clear:right;border:solid #aaa 1px;margin:0 0 1em 1em;font-size:90%;background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f8f9f9);color:color:var(--color-base, #000);width:230px;padding:2px;spacing:2px;text-align:center;float:right"><div style="float:left;vertical-align:middle"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Commons"><img alt="Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption>Commons</figcaption></figure></div><div style="margin-left:35px;line-height:normal;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> conține materiale multimedia legate de <span class="plainlinks"><b><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:mineral_waters?uselang=ro">Apă minerală</a></b></span></div></div> <div class="noprint" style="clear: right; border: solid #aaa 1px; margin: 0 0 1em 1em; font-size: 90%; background: #f9f9f9; width: 230px; padding: 2px; spacing: 2px; text-align: center; float: right;"> <div style="float: left;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Wiktionary-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikţionar"><img alt="Wikţionar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/30px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/45px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Wikţionar</figcaption></figure></div> <div style="margin-left: 35px; line-height:normal;">Caută „<b><a href="https://ro.wiktionary.org/wiki/ap%C4%83" class="extiw" title="wikt:apă">apă</a></b>” în <a href="/wiki/Wik%C8%9Bionar" title="Wikționar">Wikționar</a>, dicționarul liber.</div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pmgeiser.ch/mineral/index.php?func=country">Ape minerale în lume: Lista de mărci de ape minerale în funcție de țară</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070612133431/http://www.pmgeiser.ch/mineral/index.php?func=country">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2007-06-12">12 iunie 2007</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eupedia.com/europe/european_mineral_waters.shtml"><i>Analiza</i> Eupedia: <i>Lista de mărci europene de apă minerală cu analizarea mineralelor</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.finewaters.com/">Ape pure: <i>Apa îmbuteliată - Resursa Înțelegere globală</i> </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revistamagazin.ro/content/view/6705/30/">Câteva povești nemuritoare cu biografii legendare</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120622024659/http://www.revistamagazin.ro/content/view/6705/30">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2012-06-22">22 iunie 2012</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., 24 decembrie 2008, Dorin Marian, <i>Revista Magazin</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://incomemagazine.ro/articles/pericolele-din-apa-minerala">Pericolele din apa minerala</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140309020937/http://incomemagazine.ro/articles/pericolele-din-apa-minerala">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2014-03-09">9 martie 2014</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., 1 mai 2012, Alexandra Grigore, <i>Income Magazine</i></li></ul> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"> <tbody><tr> <th style=";" colspan="3" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000); white-space:nowrap; ;"><span style=";;border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Format:RMFB" title="Format:RMFB"><span title="Vizualizare format" style=";;border:none;;">v</span></a>&#160;<span style="font-size:80%;">•</span>&#160;<a href="/w/index.php?title=Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:RMFB&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Discuție Format:RMFB — pagină inexistentă"><span title="Discuție format" style=";;border:none;;">d</span></a>&#160;<span style="font-size:80%;">•</span>&#160;<a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:RMFB&amp;action=edit"><span title="Acest format se poate modifica. Folosiți butonul de previzualizare înainte de a salva." style=";;border:none;;">m</span></a></span></div></div><span class="" style="font-size: 110%;"><a href="/wiki/Reabilitare_medical%C4%83" title="Reabilitare medicală">Reabilitare medicală</a></span> </th></tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Specialit%C4%83%C8%9Bi_medicale" title="Categorie:Specialități medicale">Specialități medicale</a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> </div> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="width:100%;;;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Medicin%C4%83_de_Reabilitare" title="Medicină de Reabilitare">Medicină de Reabilitare</a></div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Dizabilitate" title="Dizabilitate">Dizabilitate</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Kinetoterapie" title="Kinetoterapie">Kinetoterapie</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Masaj" title="Masaj">Masaj</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ortez%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Orteză — pagină inexistentă">Orteză</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Protez%C4%83" title="Proteză">Proteză</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32;</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medicin%C4%83_Fizic%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Medicină Fizică — pagină inexistentă">Medicină Fizică</a></div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Fizioterapie" title="Fizioterapie">Fizioterapie</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32;</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;"><a href="/wiki/Balneologie" title="Balneologie">Balneologie</a></div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Apă minerală</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Bioclimat" title="Bioclimat">Bioclimat</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cura_balneoclimatic%C4%83&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Cura balneoclimatică — pagină inexistentă">Cura balneoclimatică</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lac_(rol_terapeutic)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lac (rol terapeutic) — pagină inexistentă">Lac (rol terapeutic)</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Litoral_marin_(rol_terapeutic)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Litoral marin (rol terapeutic) — pagină inexistentă">Litoral marin (rol terapeutic)</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Mofet%C4%83" title="Mofetă">Mofetă</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Peloid" title="Peloid">Peloid</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Salin%C4%83_(rol_terapeutic)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Salină (rol terapeutic) — pagină inexistentă">Salină (rol terapeutic)</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Sta%C8%9Biune_balnear%C4%83" title="Stațiune balneară">Stațiune balneară</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32;</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";padding-left:0em;padding-right:0em;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.75em;">Vezi și</div> </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Protetic%C4%83_medical%C4%83" title="Protetică medicală">Protetică medicală</a>&#160;<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#183;</span>&#32; <a href="/wiki/Protetic%C4%83_(stomatologie)" title="Protetică 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