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class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/61403294/mini_magick20191202-15849-1lcilyp.png?1575342353" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Review of Ron Hendel and Jan Joosten, How Old is the Hebrew Bible: A Linguistic, Textual, and Historical Study</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="67809012" href="https://ciu.academia.edu/MattChristian"><img alt="Profile image of Matt Christian" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/67809012/18063574/125742954/s65_matt.christian.jpeg" />Matt Christian</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2020, Hebrew Higher Education 22</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">4 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { 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Appendix 1</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="9085" href="https://acu-au.academia.edu/IanYoung">Ian Young</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="22727517" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RobertRezetko">Robert Rezetko</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Chapter 1, "All Things Change: Language and Method" (pp. 1-10), underscores that languages and texts change, Biblical Hebrew (BH) and the Hebrew Bible (HB) were not stable entities, and linguistic and textual changes allow us to discern different temporal states of BH and the HB. A preliminary example illustrates how Hendel and Joosten (henceforth RH-JJ) believe textual criticism and diachronic linguistics complement each other: the likely older passive qal of ‫י‬ ‫ל‬ ‫ד‬ (yalad) as the ketiv in MT 2 Sam 3:2 and as a misvocalized pual in MT 2 Sam 3:5, versus the likely younger niphal form as the qere in 2 Sam 3:2 (Masoretic Text [MT]) and in 4QSam a and synoptic 1 Chr 3:1 (MT). Having considered this example of how BH changed over time, what RH-JJ consider a substantial resistance to historical linguistic inquiry in contemporary biblical scholarship is considered, and the focus falls on Carr's The Formation of the Hebrew Bible, and in particular on his analysis of the Song of Songs in which, they claim, he dismisses the evidence of language for dating. Chapter 2, "Kinds and Causes of Linguistic Change" (pp. 11-30), provides a partial sketch with illustrative examples of how BH changed, focusing on the kinds and causes of linguistic change, including phonological change, lexical and morphosyntactic change, and change due to language contact.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"2019b Young Rezetko Review of Hendel and Joosten How Old Is The Hebrew Bible? 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(All Documents)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="22727517" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RobertRezetko">Robert Rezetko</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="9085" href="https://acu-au.academia.edu/IanYoung">Ian Young</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Can the Ages of Biblical Literature be Discerned Without Literary Analysis? Review-Essay of Ronald Hendel and Jan Joosten, How Old is the Hebrew Bible? A Linguistic, Textual, and Historical Study (The Anchor Yale Bible Reference Library; New Haven/London: Yale University Press, 2018; xvi + 221). Hendel and Joosten’s book is chock-full of insightful observations on a multitude of linguistic, textual, and cultural/historical phenomena, and they argue cogently that the best method for dating biblical writings should include all three of these data sources. Nonetheless, their answer to the question, "How Old is the Hebrew Bible?," is unoriginal because they do little more than offer a sophisticated repackaging of the traditional linguistic dating approach and results, and it is also unsatisfactory because they eschew literary criticism in the formulation of their model of consilience for determining the ages of biblical literature.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"2019f Young Rezetko Review of Hendel and Joosten How Old Is The Hebrew Bible? 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Review-Essay of Ronald Hendel and Jan Joosten, How Old is the Hebrew Bible? A Linguistic, Textual, and Historical Study (The Anchor Yale Bible Reference Library; New Haven/London: Yale University Press, 2018; xvi + 221). Hendel and Joosten’s book is chock-full of insightful observations on a multitude of linguistic, textual, and cultural/historical phenomena, and they argue cogently that the best method for dating biblical writings should include all three of these data sources. Nonetheless, their answer to the question, "How Old is the Hebrew Bible?," is unoriginal because they do little more than offer a sophisticated repackaging of the traditional linguistic dating approach and results, and it is also unsatisfactory because they eschew literary criticism in the formulation of their model of consilience for determining the ages of biblical literature.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"2019a Young Rezetko Review of Hendel and Joosten How Old Is The Hebrew Bible?","attachmentId":58277538,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37994763/2019a_Young_Rezetko_Review_of_Hendel_and_Joosten_How_Old_Is_The_Hebrew_Bible","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/37994763/2019a_Young_Rezetko_Review_of_Hendel_and_Joosten_How_Old_Is_The_Hebrew_Bible"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="80358523" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/80358523/Review_of_Early_Biblical_Hebrew_Late_Biblical_Hebrew_and_Linguistic_Variability_A_Sociolinguistic_Evaluation_of_the_Linguistic_Dating_of_Biblical_Texts_VTSup_156_Leiden_Brill_2013_">Review of Early Biblical Hebrew, Late Biblical Hebrew, and Linguistic Variability: A Sociolinguistic Evaluation of the Linguistic Dating of Biblical Texts (VTSup, 156; Leiden: Brill, 2013)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="11162896" href="https://wels.academia.edu/KennethCherney">Kenneth Cherney</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Hebrew Scriptures, 2013</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This review was published by RBL 2006 by the Society of Biblical Literature. For more information on obtaining a subscription to RBL, please visit http://www.bookreviews.org/subscribe.asp. But although we can establish that the language has in general little significance for the literary history, there is one well-known exception. In the books of Chronicles, Ezra-Nehemiah, Daniel, Esther, and Ecclesiastes, there is one linguistic level that differs clearly from Standard Biblical Hebrew (SBH). We are indebted to A. Hurvitz in particular for his valuable research into Late Biblical Hebrew (LBH). He has gathered together the morphological, syntactical, phraseological, and lexematic characteristics of this linguistic stage and has described its difference from SBH, as well as the features it shares with Qumran Hebrew and Mishnaic Hebrew. The influence of Aramaic on LBH emerged clearly. Hurvitz used this finding to show that the language of the Priestly Code is SBH, not LBH. On the basis of this result, he considers it possible to maintain that the Priestly Code was composed in the preexilic period.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Review of Early Biblical Hebrew, Late Biblical Hebrew, and Linguistic Variability: A Sociolinguistic Evaluation of the Linguistic Dating of Biblical Texts (VTSup, 156; Leiden: Brill, 2013)","attachmentId":86767056,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/80358523/Review_of_Early_Biblical_Hebrew_Late_Biblical_Hebrew_and_Linguistic_Variability_A_Sociolinguistic_Evaluation_of_the_Linguistic_Dating_of_Biblical_Texts_VTSup_156_Leiden_Brill_2013_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/80358523/Review_of_Early_Biblical_Hebrew_Late_Biblical_Hebrew_and_Linguistic_Variability_A_Sociolinguistic_Evaluation_of_the_Linguistic_Dating_of_Biblical_Texts_VTSup_156_Leiden_Brill_2013_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="45473010" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/45473010/RIVAL_METHODOLOGIES_FOR_DATING_BIBLICAL_TEXTS_A_review_of_How_Old_is_the_Hebrew_Bible_A_Linguistic_Textual_and_Historical_Study">RIVAL METHODOLOGIES FOR DATING BIBLICAL TEXTS A review of How Old is the Hebrew Bible? A Linguistic, Textual, and Historical Study</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5311698" href="https://wustl.academia.edu/PamelaBarmash">Pamela Barmash</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Hebrew Studies, 2020</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"RIVAL METHODOLOGIES FOR DATING BIBLICAL TEXTS A review of How Old is the Hebrew Bible? A Linguistic, Textual, and Historical Study","attachmentId":65975312,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/45473010/RIVAL_METHODOLOGIES_FOR_DATING_BIBLICAL_TEXTS_A_review_of_How_Old_is_the_Hebrew_Bible_A_Linguistic_Textual_and_Historical_Study","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/45473010/RIVAL_METHODOLOGIES_FOR_DATING_BIBLICAL_TEXTS_A_review_of_How_Old_is_the_Hebrew_Bible_A_Linguistic_Textual_and_Historical_Study"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="32127528" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/32127528/Biblical_Hebrew_Studies_in_Chronology_and_Typology">Biblical Hebrew: Studies in Chronology and Typology</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="846685" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AlanMillard">Alan Millard</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Theological Studies, 2005</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The book is handsomely presented, although somewhat marred by numerous typographical errors, and could well become a basic textbook on its subject. Modest bibliographies are presented in the footnotes, but the volume overall is well served by copious indexes of authors, texts, and subjects. It deserves to become a well-used handbook, since every chapter provides starting points for further reflection. At times one is left disagreeing with the interpretation given, but probably that simply reflects that no theodicy is altogether likely to prove satisfying.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Biblical Hebrew: Studies in Chronology and Typology","attachmentId":61422005,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/32127528/Biblical_Hebrew_Studies_in_Chronology_and_Typology","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/32127528/Biblical_Hebrew_Studies_in_Chronology_and_Typology"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="91956404" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/91956404/An_Introduction_to_the_Hebrew_Bible_A_Thematic_Approach">An Introduction to the Hebrew Bible: A Thematic Approach</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="10086740" href="https://rmc.academia.edu/DonaldPolaski">Donald Polaski</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2008</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">the Hebrew Bible An Introduction to ATHEMATICAPPROACH Sandra L. Gravett Karla G. Bohmbach FV Greifenhagen Donald C. Polaski ... An Introduction to the Hebrew Bible A THEMATIC APPROACH Sandra L. Gravett Karla G. Bohmbach FV Greifenhagen Donald C. Polaski ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"An Introduction to the Hebrew Bible: A Thematic Approach","attachmentId":95096785,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/91956404/An_Introduction_to_the_Hebrew_Bible_A_Thematic_Approach","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/91956404/An_Introduction_to_the_Hebrew_Bible_A_Thematic_Approach"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="50219508" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/50219508/Review_of_Miles_V_Van_Pelt_Biblical_Hebrew_A_Compact_Guide_2nd_ed_Grand_Rapids_MI_Zondervan_2019">Review of Miles V. Van Pelt. Biblical Hebrew: A Compact Guide. 2nd ed. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2019.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="183282" href="https://utoronto.academia.edu/RobertHolmstedt">Robert Holmstedt</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Review of Biblical Literature, 2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">I have long been aware of the existence of the Biblical language teaching and learning materials that Miles Van Pelt has written or co-written for Zondervan. From the introductory Biblical Hebrew textbook to vocabulary cards, charts, a graded reader (co-written with Gary D. Pratico), and a comparative textbook of English and Hebrew grammar to a similar push into Biblical Aramaic, the Zondervan Language Basics series that Van Pelt has helped to create is impressive in both scope and presentation quality. Through the multiple editions, the works have achieved a pleasing aesthetic: the balance of the English and Hebrew fonts is attractive and easy on the eyes; the materials, binding, and sizes of the various volumes just seems right to the hand. I suspect that the authors are tempted, with some justification, to look at their fruits and say, "it is good." I applaud the clear commitment to teaching biblical languages, mastery of which remains the first step in serious biblical interpretation.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Review of Miles V. Van Pelt. Biblical Hebrew: A Compact Guide. 2nd ed. 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J. Noonan, Advances in the Study of Biblical Hebrew and Aramaic: New Insights for Reading the Old Testament. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Academic. 2020.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34281316" href="https://cambridge.academia.edu/IanAtkinson">Ian Atkinson</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Northwest Semitic Languages., 2021</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Review of B. J. Noonan, Advances in the Study of Biblical Hebrew and Aramaic: New Insights for Reading the Old Testament. 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