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<span>Role in animals</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Role_in_animals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Role in animals subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Role_in_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Specific_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specific_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Specific examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specific_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Role_in_smooth_muscle_contraction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_smooth_muscle_contraction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Role in smooth muscle contraction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_smooth_muscle_contraction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_metabolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_metabolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Role in metabolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_metabolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_short-term_and_long-term_memory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_short-term_and_long-term_memory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Role in short-term and long-term memory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_short-term_and_long-term_memory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Role in plants</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Role_in_plants-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Role in plants subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Role_in_plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-CMLs_(CaM-related_proteins)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CMLs_(CaM-related_proteins)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>CMLs (CaM-related proteins)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CMLs_(CaM-related_proteins)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plant_growth_and_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plant_growth_and_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Plant growth and development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plant_growth_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interaction_with_microbes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interaction_with_microbes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Interaction with microbes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interaction_with_microbes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nodule_formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nodule_formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Nodule formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nodule_formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pathogen_defense" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pathogen_defense"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Pathogen defense</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pathogen_defense-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abiotic_stress_response_in_plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abiotic_stress_response_in_plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Abiotic stress response in plants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abiotic_stress_response_in_plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plant_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plant_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Plant examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plant_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sorghum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sorghum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.1</span> <span>Sorghum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sorghum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arabidopsis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arabidopsis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.2</span> <span><i>Arabidopsis</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arabidopsis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Family members</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_calcium-binding_proteins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_calcium-binding_proteins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Other calcium-binding proteins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_calcium-binding_proteins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86" title="كالموديولين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كالموديولين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calmodulina" title="Calmodulina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Calmodulina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmodulin" title="Kalmodulin – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kalmodulin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calmodulin" title="Calmodulin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Calmodulin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calmodulina" title="Calmodulina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Calmodulina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="کالمودولین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کالمودولین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calmoduline" title="Calmoduline – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Calmoduline" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calmodailin" title="Calmodailin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Calmodailin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calmodulina" title="Calmodulina – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Calmodulina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B9%BC%EB%AA%A8%EB%93%88%EB%A6%B0" title="칼모듈린 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="칼모듈린" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calmodulina" title="Calmodulina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Calmodulina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9F" title="קלמודולין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קלמודולין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmodulinas" title="Kalmodulinas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kalmodulinas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmodulin" title="Kalmodulin – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kalmodulin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calmoduline" title="Calmoduline – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Calmoduline" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A2%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A5%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3" title="カルモジュリン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カルモジュリン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmodulina" title="Kalmodulina – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kalmodulina" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calmodulina" title="Calmodulina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Calmodulina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calmodulin%C4%83" title="Calmodulină – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Calmodulină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Кальмодулин – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кальмодулин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmodulin" title="Kalmodulin – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kalmodulin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmodulin" title="Kalmodulin – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Kalmodulin" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmodulin" title="Kalmodulin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kalmodulin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmoduliini" title="Kalmoduliini – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kalmoduliini" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Кальмодулін – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кальмодулін" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%92%99%E8%B0%83%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="钙调蛋白 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="钙调蛋白" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q409145#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Calmodulin%22">"Calmodulin"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Calmodulin%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Calmodulin%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Calmodulin%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Calmodulin%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Calmodulin%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2007</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Calmodulin</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Calmodulin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Calmodulin.png/220px-Calmodulin.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Calmodulin.png/330px-Calmodulin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Calmodulin.png/440px-Calmodulin.png 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="519" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">3D structure of Ca<sup>2+</sup>-bound calmodulin (<span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1OSA">1OSA</a></span>)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee">CaM</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/1OSA">1OSA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3"><a href="/wiki/Swiss-Prot" class="mw-redirect" title="Swiss-Prot">UniProt</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/P62158">P62158</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="background-color: #eee"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="float:none; clear:none; margin:0; border-width:0; border-collapse:collapse; text-align:left; width:100%"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ddd">Search for</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;">Structures</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swissmodel.expasy.org/repository/uniprot/P62158">Swiss-model</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background-color: #e7dcc3; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 2px 0 0;">Domains</th><td class="infobox-data" style="background-color: #eee; border:#fafafa 2px solid; border-width:3px 0 0 2px;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/protein/P62158">InterPro</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EFhandmotif.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/EFhandmotif.jpg/220px-EFhandmotif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/EFhandmotif.jpg/330px-EFhandmotif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/EFhandmotif.jpg/440px-EFhandmotif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7918" data-file-height="2967" /></a><figcaption>The helix–loop–helix structure of the calcium-binding <a href="/wiki/EF_hand" title="EF hand">EF hand</a> motif</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Calmodulin</b> (<b>CaM</b>) (an abbreviation for <b>cal</b>cium-<b>modul</b>ated prote<b>in</b>) is a multifunctional intermediate calcium-binding messenger protein expressed in all <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryotic cells</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is an intracellular target of the <a href="/wiki/Second_messenger_system" title="Second messenger system">secondary messenger</a> <a href="/wiki/Calcium_in_biology" title="Calcium in biology">Ca<sup>2+</sup></a>, and the binding of Ca<sup>2+</sup> is required for the activation of calmodulin. Once bound to Ca<sup>2+</sup>, calmodulin acts as part of a calcium <a href="/wiki/Signal_transduction" title="Signal transduction">signal transduction pathway</a> by modifying its interactions with various target proteins such as <a href="/wiki/Kinase" title="Kinase">kinases</a> or <a href="/wiki/Phosphatase" title="Phosphatase">phosphatases</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-uniprot_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uniprot-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calmodulin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Calmodulin is a small, highly conserved protein that is 148 amino acids long (16.7 kDa). The protein has two approximately symmetrical globular domains (the N- and C- domains) each containing a pair of <a href="/wiki/EF_hand" title="EF hand">EF hand</a> <a href="/wiki/Sequence_motif" title="Sequence motif">motifs</a><sup id="cite_ref-OZHAc_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OZHAc-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> separated by a flexible linker region for a total of four Ca<sup>2+</sup> binding sites, two in each globular domain.<sup id="cite_ref-CA3BC_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CA3BC-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Ca<sup>2+</sup>-free state, the helices that form the four EF-hands are collapsed in a compact orientation, and the central linker is disordered;<sup id="cite_ref-OZHAc_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OZHAc-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CA3BC_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CA3BC-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the Ca<sup>2+</sup>-saturated state, the EF-hand helices adopt an open orientation roughly perpendicular to one another, and the central linker forms an extended alpha-helix in the crystal structure,<sup id="cite_ref-OZHAc_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OZHAc-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CA3BC_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CA3BC-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but remains largely disordered in solution.<sup id="cite_ref-CYhOa_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CYhOa-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The C-domain has a higher binding affinity for Ca<sup>2+</sup> than the N-domain.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kPKSE_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kPKSE-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Calmodulin is structurally quite similar to <a href="/wiki/Troponin_C" title="Troponin C">troponin C</a>, another Ca<sup>2+</sup>-binding protein containing four EF-hand motifs.<sup id="cite_ref-OZHAc_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OZHAc-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, troponin C contains an additional alpha-helix at its N-terminus, and is constitutively bound to its target, <a href="/wiki/Troponin_I" title="Troponin I">troponin I</a>. It therefore does not exhibit the same diversity of target recognition as does calmodulin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Importance_of_flexibility_in_calmodulin">Importance of flexibility in calmodulin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calmodulin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Importance of flexibility in calmodulin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Calmodulin's ability to recognize a tremendous range of target proteins is due in large part to its structural flexibility.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the flexibility of the central linker domain, the N- and C-domains undergo open-closed conformational cycling in the Ca<sup>2+</sup>-bound state.<sup id="cite_ref-CYhOa_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CYhOa-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calmodulin also exhibits great structural variability, and undergoes considerable conformational fluctuations, when bound to targets.<sup id="cite_ref-Tidow_2013_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tidow_2013-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, the predominantly hydrophobic nature of binding between calmodulin and most of its targets allows for recognition of a broad range of target protein sequences.<sup id="cite_ref-Tidow_2013_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tidow_2013-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together, these features allow calmodulin to recognize some 300 target proteins<sup id="cite_ref-vCsmX_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vCsmX-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> exhibiting a variety of CaM-binding sequence motifs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanism">Mechanism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calmodulin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mechanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calmodulin_Binding_sites.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Calmodulin_Binding_sites.gif/220px-Calmodulin_Binding_sites.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Calmodulin_Binding_sites.gif/330px-Calmodulin_Binding_sites.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Calmodulin_Binding_sites.gif/440px-Calmodulin_Binding_sites.gif 2x" data-file-width="615" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>This images shows conformational changes in calmodulin. On the left is calmodulin without calcium and on the right is calmodulin with calcium. Sites that bind target proteins are indicated by red stars.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calmodulin_C-terminal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Calmodulin_C-terminal.jpg/220px-Calmodulin_C-terminal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Calmodulin_C-terminal.jpg/330px-Calmodulin_C-terminal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Calmodulin_C-terminal.jpg/440px-Calmodulin_C-terminal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Solution structure of Ca<sup>2+</sup>-calmodulin <i>C</i>-terminal domain</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calmodulin_N-terminal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Calmodulin_N-terminal.jpg/220px-Calmodulin_N-terminal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Calmodulin_N-terminal.jpg/330px-Calmodulin_N-terminal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Calmodulin_N-terminal.jpg/440px-Calmodulin_N-terminal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Solution structure of Ca<sup>2+</sup>-calmodulin <i>N</i>-terminal domain</figcaption></figure> <p>Binding of Ca<sup>2+</sup> by the EF-hands causes an opening of the N- and C-domains, which exposes hydrophobic target-binding surfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-CA3BC_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CA3BC-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These surfaces interact with complementary nonpolar segments on target proteins, typically consisting of groups of bulky hydrophobic amino acids separated by 10–16 polar and/or basic amino acids.<sup id="cite_ref-vCsmX_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vCsmX-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tidow_2013_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tidow_2013-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The flexible central domain of calmodulin allows the protein to wrap around its target, although alternate modes of binding are known. "Canonical" targets of calmodulin, such as myosin light-chain kinases and <a href="/wiki/CaMKII" class="mw-redirect" title="CaMKII">CaMKII</a>, bind only to the Ca<sup>2+</sup>-bound protein, whereas some proteins, such as <a href="/wiki/Sodium_channel" title="Sodium channel">NaV channels</a> and <a href="/wiki/IQ-motif" class="mw-redirect" title="IQ-motif">IQ-motif</a> proteins, also bind to calmodulin in the absence of Ca<sup>2+</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tidow_2013_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tidow_2013-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Binding of calmodulin induces conformational rearrangements in the target protein via "mutually induced fit",<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading to changes in the target protein's function. </p><p>Calcium binding by calmodulin exhibits considerable <a href="/wiki/Cooperativity" title="Cooperativity">cooperativity</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-OZHAc_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OZHAc-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kPKSE_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kPKSE-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making calmodulin an unusual example of a monomeric (single-chain) <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_binding" title="Cooperative binding">cooperative binding</a> protein. Furthermore, target binding alters the binding affinity of calmodulin toward Ca<sup>2+</sup> ions,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which allows for complex <a href="/wiki/Allosteric" class="mw-redirect" title="Allosteric">allosteric</a> interplay between Ca<sup>2+</sup> and target binding interactions.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This influence of target binding on Ca<sup>2+</sup> affinity is believed to allow for Ca<sup>2+</sup> activation of proteins that are constitutively bound to calmodulin, such as small-conductance Ca<sup>2+</sup>-activated potassium (SK) channels.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although calmodulin principally operates as a Ca<sup>2+</sup> binding protein, it also coordinates other metal ions. For example, in the presence of typical intracellular concentrations of Mg<sup>2+</sup> (0.5–1.0 mM) and resting concentrations of Ca<sup>2+</sup> (100 nM), calmodulin's Ca<sup>2+</sup> binding sites are at least partially saturated by Mg<sup>2+</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This Mg<sup>2+</sup> is displaced by the higher concentrations of Ca<sup>2+</sup> generated by signaling events. Similarly, Ca<sup>2+</sup> may itself be displaced by other metal ions, such as the trivalent lanthanides, that associate with calmodulin's binding pockets even more strongly than Ca<sup>2+</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-Brittain-1976_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brittain-1976-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though such ions distort calmodulin's structure<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are generally not physiologically relevant due to their scarcity <i>in vivo</i>, they have nonetheless seen wide scientific use as reporters of calmodulin structure and function.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Brittain-1976_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brittain-1976-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_in_animals">Role in animals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calmodulin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Role in animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Calmodulin mediates many crucial processes such as <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">apoptosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smooth_muscle" title="Smooth muscle">smooth muscle</a> contraction, intracellular movement, <a href="/wiki/Short-term_memory" title="Short-term memory">short-term</a> and <a href="/wiki/Long-term_memory" title="Long-term memory">long-term memory</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Immune_response" title="Immune response">immune response</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-McDowall_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDowall-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calcium participates in an <a href="/wiki/Cell_signaling" title="Cell signaling">intracellular signaling</a> system by acting as a diffusible second messenger to the initial stimuli. It does this by binding various targets in the cell including a large number of <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ion_channel" title="Ion channel">ion channels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aquaporin" title="Aquaporin">aquaporins</a> and other proteins.<sup id="cite_ref-uniprot_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uniprot-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calmodulin is expressed in many cell types and can have different subcellular locations, including the <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasm" title="Cytoplasm">cytoplasm</a>, within <a href="/wiki/Organelle" title="Organelle">organelles</a>, or associated with the <a href="/wiki/Plasma_membrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma membrane">plasma</a> or organelle membranes, but it is always found intracellularly.<sup id="cite_ref-McDowall_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDowall-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the proteins that calmodulin binds are unable to bind calcium themselves, and use calmodulin as a calcium sensor and signal transducer. Calmodulin can also make use of the calcium stores in the <a href="/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum" title="Endoplasmic reticulum">endoplasmic reticulum</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sarcoplasmic_reticulum" title="Sarcoplasmic reticulum">sarcoplasmic reticulum</a>. Calmodulin can undergo post-translational modifications, such as <a href="/wiki/Phosphorylation" title="Phosphorylation">phosphorylation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acetylation" title="Acetylation">acetylation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methylation" title="Methylation">methylation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proteolytic_cleavage" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteolytic cleavage">proteolytic cleavage</a>, each of which has potential to modulate its actions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specific_examples">Specific examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calmodulin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Specific examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Role_in_smooth_muscle_contraction">Role in smooth muscle contraction</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calmodulin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Role in smooth muscle contraction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Calmodulin_bound_to_MLC_Kinase.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Calmodulin_bound_to_MLC_Kinase.jpg/220px-Calmodulin_bound_to_MLC_Kinase.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Calmodulin_bound_to_MLC_Kinase.jpg/330px-Calmodulin_bound_to_MLC_Kinase.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Calmodulin_bound_to_MLC_Kinase.jpg/440px-Calmodulin_bound_to_MLC_Kinase.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Calmodulin bound to a peptide from MLC kinase (<span class="plainlinks"><a href="/wiki/Protein_Data_Bank" title="Protein Data Bank">PDB</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rcsb.org/structure/2LV6">2LV6</a></span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Calmodulin plays an important role in <a href="/wiki/Excitation_contraction_coupling" class="mw-redirect" title="Excitation contraction coupling">excitation contraction (EC) coupling</a> and the initiation of the cross-bridge cycling in <a href="/wiki/Smooth_muscle_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Smooth muscle tissue">smooth muscle</a>, ultimately causing smooth muscle contraction.<sup id="cite_ref-Tansey-1994_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tansey-1994-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to activate contraction of smooth muscle, the head of the <a href="/wiki/Myosin_light_chain" title="Myosin light chain">myosin light chain</a> must be phosphorylated. This phosphorylation is done by <a href="/wiki/Myosin_light-chain_kinase" title="Myosin light-chain kinase">myosin light chain (MLC) kinase</a>. This MLC kinase is activated by a calmodulin when it is bound by calcium, thus making smooth muscle contraction dependent on the presence of calcium, through the binding of calmodulin and activation of MLC kinase.<sup id="cite_ref-Tansey-1994_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tansey-1994-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another way that calmodulin affects muscle contraction is by controlling the movement of Ca<sup>2+</sup> across both the cell and <a href="/wiki/Sarcoplasmic_reticulum" title="Sarcoplasmic reticulum">sarcoplasmic reticulum</a> membranes. The <a href="/wiki/Calcium_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcium channels">Ca<sup>2+</sup> channels</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ryanodine_receptor" title="Ryanodine receptor">ryanodine receptor</a> of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, can be inhibited by calmodulin bound to calcium, thus affecting the overall levels of calcium in the cell.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calcium pumps take calcium out of the cytoplasm or store it in the <a href="/wiki/Endoplasmic_reticulum" title="Endoplasmic reticulum">endoplasmic reticulum</a> and this control helps regulate many downstream processes. </p><p>This is a very important function of calmodulin because it indirectly plays a role in every physiological process that is affected by <a href="/wiki/Smooth_muscle_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Smooth muscle tissue">smooth muscle</a> contraction such as digestion and contraction of arteries (which helps distribute blood and regulate <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Role_in_metabolism">Role in metabolism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calmodulin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Role in metabolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Calmodulin plays an important role in the activation of <a href="/wiki/Phosphorylase_kinase" title="Phosphorylase kinase">phosphorylase kinase</a>, which ultimately leads to <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> being cleaved from <a href="/wiki/Glycogen" title="Glycogen">glycogen</a> by <a href="/wiki/Glycogen_phosphorylase" title="Glycogen phosphorylase">glycogen phosphorylase</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nishizawa-1988_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nishizawa-1988-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Calmodulin also plays an important role in <a href="/wiki/Lipid_metabolism" title="Lipid metabolism">lipid metabolism</a> by affecting <a href="/wiki/Calcitonin_gene-related_peptide" title="Calcitonin gene-related peptide">calcitonin</a>. Calcitonin is a polypeptide hormone that lowers blood Ca<sup>2+</sup> levels and activates <a href="/wiki/G_protein" title="G protein">Gs protein</a> cascades that leads to the generation of cAMP. The actions of calcitonin can be blocked by inhibiting the actions of calmodulin, suggesting that calmodulin plays a crucial role in the activation of calcitonin.<sup id="cite_ref-Nishizawa-1988_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nishizawa-1988-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Role_in_short-term_and_long-term_memory">Role in short-term and long-term memory</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calmodulin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Role in short-term and long-term memory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ca2%2B/calmodulin-dependent_protein_kinase_II" title="Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II">Ca<sup>2+</sup>/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II</a> (CaMKII) plays a crucial role in a type of synaptic plasticity known as <a href="/wiki/Long-term_potentiation" title="Long-term potentiation">long-term potentiation</a> (LTP) which requires the presence of calcium/calmodulin. CaMKII contributes to the <a href="/wiki/Phosphorylation" title="Phosphorylation">phosphorylation</a> of an <a href="/wiki/AMPA_receptor" title="AMPA receptor">AMPA receptor</a> which increases the sensitivity of AMPA receptors.<sup id="cite_ref-Lledo-1995_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lledo-1995-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, research shows that inhibiting CaMKII interferes with LTP.<sup id="cite_ref-Lledo-1995_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lledo-1995-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_in_plants">Role in plants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calmodulin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Role in plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Calmodulin" title="Special:EditPage/Calmodulin">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sorghum_bicolor_(4171536532).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Sorghum_bicolor_%284171536532%29.jpg/220px-Sorghum_bicolor_%284171536532%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Sorghum_bicolor_%284171536532%29.jpg/330px-Sorghum_bicolor_%284171536532%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Sorghum_bicolor_%284171536532%29.jpg/440px-Sorghum_bicolor_%284171536532%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">Sorghum</a> plant contains temperature-responsive genes. These <a href="/wiki/Genes" class="mw-redirect" title="Genes">genes</a> help the plant <a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">adapt</a> in extreme weather conditions such as hot and dry <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">environments</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>While yeasts have only a single CaM gene, plants and vertebrates contain an evolutionarily conserved form of CaM genes. The difference between plants and animals in Ca<sup>2+</sup> signaling is that the plants contain an extended family of the CaM in addition to the evolutionarily conserved form.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Calmodulins play an essential role in plant development and adaptation to environmental stimuli. </p><p>Calcium plays a key role in the structural integrity of the cell wall and the membrane system of the cell. However, high calcium levels can be toxic to a plant's cellular energy metabolism and, hence, the Ca<sup>2+</sup> concentration in the cytosol is maintained at a submicromolar level by removing the cytosolic Ca<sup>2+</sup> to either the <a href="/wiki/Apoplast" title="Apoplast">apoplast</a> or the lumen of the intracellular organelles. Ca<sup>2+</sup> pulses created due to increased influx and efflux act as cellular signals in response to external stimuli such as hormones, light, gravity, abiotic stress factors and also interactions with pathogens.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CMLs_(CaM-related_proteins)"><span id="CMLs_.28CaM-related_proteins.29"></span>CMLs (CaM-related proteins)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calmodulin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: CMLs (CaM-related proteins)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Plants contain CaM-related proteins (CMLs) apart from the typical CaM proteins. The CMLs have about 15% amino acid similarity with the typical CaMs. <i><a href="/wiki/Arabidopsis_thaliana" title="Arabidopsis thaliana">Arabidopsis thaliana</a></i> contains about 50 different CML genes which leads to the question of what purpose these diverse ranges of proteins serve in the cellular function. All plant species exhibit this diversity in the CML genes. The different CaMs and CMLs differ in their affinity to bind and activate the CaM-regulated enzymes <i>in vivo</i>. The CaM or CMLs are also found to be located in different organelle compartments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plant_growth_and_development">Plant growth and development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calmodulin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Plant growth and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i>Arabidopsis,</i> the protein <a href="/w/index.php?title=DWF1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DWF1 (page does not exist)">DWF1</a> plays an enzymatic role in the biosynthesis of brassinosteroids, steroid hormones in plants that are required for growth. An interaction occurs between CaM and DWF1,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title=""An interaction" is not specific enough (March 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and DWF1 being unable to bind CaM is unable to produce a regular growth phenotype in plants. Hence, CaM is essential for the DWF1 function in plant growth. </p><p>CaM binding proteins are also known to regulate reproductive development in plants. For instance, the CaM-binding protein kinase in tobacco acts as a negative regulator of flowering. However, these CaM-binding protein kinase are also present in the shoot <a href="/wiki/Apical_Meristem" class="mw-redirect" title="Apical Meristem">apical meristem</a> of tobacco and a high concentration of these kinases in the meristem causes a delayed transition to flowering in the plant. </p><p><i>S</i>-locus receptor kinase (SRK) is another protein kinase that interacts with CaM. SRK is involved in the self-incompatibility responses involved in pollen-pistil interactions in <i><a href="/wiki/Brassica" title="Brassica">Brassica</a></i>. </p><p>CaM targets in <i>Arabidopsis</i> are also involved in pollen development and fertilization. Ca<sup>2+</sup> transporters are essential for <a href="/wiki/Pollen_tube" title="Pollen tube">pollen tube</a> growth. Hence, a constant Ca<sup>2+</sup> gradient is maintained at the apex of pollen tube for elongation during the process of fertilization. Similarly, CaM is also essential at the pollen tube apex, where its primarily role involves the guidance of the pollen tube growth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interaction_with_microbes">Interaction with microbes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calmodulin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Interaction with microbes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nodule_formation">Nodule formation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calmodulin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Nodule formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ca<sup>2+</sup> plays an important role in nodule formation in legumes. Nitrogen is an essential element required in plants and many legumes, unable to fix nitrogen independently, pair symbiotically with nitrogen-fixing bacteria that reduce nitrogen to ammonia. This legume-<i><a href="/wiki/Rhizobium" title="Rhizobium">Rhizobium</a></i> interaction establishment requires the Nod factor that is produced by the <i>Rhizobium</i> bacteria. The <a href="/wiki/Nod_factor" title="Nod factor">Nod factor</a> is recognized by the root hair cells that are involved in the nodule formation in legumes. Ca<sup>2+</sup> responses of varied nature are characterized to be involved in the Nod factor recognition. There is a Ca<sup>2+</sup> flux at the tip of the root hair initially followed by repetitive oscillation of Ca<sup>2+</sup> in the cytosol and also Ca<sup>2+</sup> spike occurs around the nucleus. DMI3, an essential gene for Nod factor signaling functions downstream of the Ca<sup>2+</sup> spiking signature, might be recognizing the Ca<sup>2+</sup> signature. Further, several CaM and CML genes in <i><a href="/wiki/Medicago" title="Medicago">Medicago</a></i> and <i>Lotus</i> are expressed in nodules. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pathogen_defense">Pathogen defense</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calmodulin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Pathogen defense"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the diverse range of defense strategies plants utilize against pathogens, Ca<sup>2+</sup> signaling is very common. Free Ca<sup>2+</sup> levels in the cytoplasm increases in response to a pathogenic infection. Ca<sup>2+</sup> signatures of this nature usually activate the plant defense system by inducing defense-related genes and the hypersensitive cell death. CaMs, CMLs and CaM-binding proteins are some of the recently identified elements of the plant defense signaling pathways. Several CML genes in <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>, bean and tomato are responsive to pathogens. CML43 is a CaM-related protein that, as isolated from APR134 gene in the disease-resistant leaves of <i>Arabidopsis</i> for gene expression analysis, is rapidly induced when the leaves are inoculated with <i><a href="/wiki/Pseudomonas_syringae" title="Pseudomonas syringae">Pseudomonas syringae</a></i>. These genes are also found in tomatoes (<i>Solanum lycopersicum</i>). The CML43 from the APR134 also binds to Ca<sup>2+</sup> ions in vitro which shows that CML43 and APR134 are, hence, involved in the Ca<sup>2+</sup>-dependent signaling during the plant immune response to bacterial pathogens.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CML9 expression in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> is rapidly induced by phytopathogenic bacteria, <a href="/wiki/Flagellin" title="Flagellin">flagellin</a> and salicylic acid.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Expression of soybean SCaM4 and SCaM5 in transgenic <i>tobacco</i> and <i>Arabidopsis</i> causes an activation of genes related to pathogen resistance and also results in enhanced resistance to a wide spectrum of pathogen infection. The same is not true for soybean SCaM1 and SCaM2 that are highly conserved CaM isoforms. The <i>At</i>BAG6 protein is a CaM-binding protein that binds to CaM only in the absence of Ca<sup>2+</sup> and not in the presence of it. <i>At</i>BAG6 is responsible for the hypersensitive response of programmed cell death in order to prevent the spread of pathogen infection or to restrict pathogen growth. Mutations in the CaM binding proteins can lead to severe effects on the defense response of the plants towards pathogen infections. Cyclic nucleotide-gated channels (CNGCs) are functional protein channels in the plasma membrane that have overlapping CaM binding sites transport divalent cations such as Ca<sup>2+</sup>. However, the exact role of the positioning of the CNGCs in this pathway for plant defense is still unclear. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abiotic_stress_response_in_plants">Abiotic stress response in plants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calmodulin&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Abiotic stress response in plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Change in intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> levels is used as a signature for diverse responses towards mechanical stimuli, osmotic and salt treatments, and cold and heat shocks. Different root cell types show a different Ca<sup>2+</sup> response to osmotic and salt stresses and this implies the cellular specificities of Ca<sup>2+</sup> patterns. In response to external stress CaM activates glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) that catalyzes the conversion of <span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">L</span></span>-glutamate to GABA. A tight control on the GABA synthesis is important for plant development and, hence, increased GABA levels can essentially affect plant development. Therefore, external stress can affect plant growth and development and CaM are involved in that pathway controlling this effect.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plant_examples">Plant examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calmodulin&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Plant examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sorghum">Sorghum</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calmodulin&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sorghum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The plant <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a> is well established model organism and can adapt in hot and dry environments. For this reason, it is used as a model to study calmodulin's role in plants.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanchez_2002_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez_2002-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sorghum contains seedlings that express a <a href="/wiki/Glycine" title="Glycine">glycine</a>-rich <a href="/wiki/RNA-binding_protein" title="RNA-binding protein">RNA-binding protein</a>, SbGRBP. This particular protein can be modulated by using heat as a stressor. Its unique location in the cell nucleus and cytosol demonstrates interaction with calmodulin that requires the use of Ca<sup>2+</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By exposing the plant to versatile <a href="/wiki/Stress_(biology)" title="Stress (biology)">stress</a> conditions, it can cause different <a href="/wiki/Proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Proteins">proteins</a> that enable the plant cells to tolerate environmental changes to become repressed. These modulated stress proteins are shown to interact with CaM. The <i>CaMBP</i> genes <a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">expressed</a> in the sorghum are depicted as a “model crop” for researching the tolerance to heat and <a href="/wiki/Drought_stress" class="mw-redirect" title="Drought stress">drought stress</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Arabidopsis"><i>Arabidopsis</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calmodulin&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Arabidopsis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In an <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> study, hundreds of different proteins demonstrated the possibility to bind to CaM in plants.<sup id="cite_ref-Sanchez_2002_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sanchez_2002-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_members">Family members</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calmodulin&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Family members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calmodulin_1" title="Calmodulin 1">Calmodulin 1</a> (<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=CALM1">CALM1</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CALM2" title="CALM2">Calmodulin 2</a> (<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=CALM2">CALM2</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CALM3" title="CALM3">Calmodulin 3</a> (<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=CALM3">CALM3</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CALM1P1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CALM1P1 (page does not exist)">calmodulin 1 pseudogene 1</a> (<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=CALM1P1">CALM1P1</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CALML3" title="CALML3">Calmodulin-like 3</a> (<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=CALML3">CALML3</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CALML4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CALML4 (page does not exist)">Calmodulin-like 4</a> (<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=CALML4">CALML4</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CALML5" title="CALML5">Calmodulin-like 5</a> (<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=CALML5">CALML5</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CALML6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CALML6 (page does not exist)">Calmodulin-like 6</a> (<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genenames.org/tools/search/#!/genes?query=CALML6">CALML6</a></i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_calcium-binding_proteins">Other calcium-binding proteins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calmodulin&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Other calcium-binding proteins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Calmodulin belongs to one of the two main groups of calcium-binding proteins, called <a href="/wiki/EF_hand" title="EF hand">EF hand</a> proteins. The other group, called <a href="/wiki/Annexin" title="Annexin">annexins</a>, bind calcium and <a href="/wiki/Phospholipid" title="Phospholipid">phospholipids</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Lipocortin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipocortin">lipocortin</a>. Many other proteins bind calcium, although binding calcium may not be considered their principal function in the cell. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calmodulin&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Protein_kinase" title="Protein kinase">Protein kinase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAMK" title="CAMK">Ca<sup>2+</sup>/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calmodulin&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStevens1983" class="citation journal cs1">Stevens FC (August 1983). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-03-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EF-Hand+Calcium-Binding+Proteins+Data+Library&rft.atitle=Home+Page+for+Calmodulin&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Chazin%2C+W&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstructbio.vanderbilt.edu%2Fcabp_database%2Fgeneral%2Fprot_pages%2Fcalmod.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalmodulin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIkura2000" class="citation journal cs1">Ikura M (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927044015/http://calcium.uhnres.utoronto.ca/ctdb/ctdb/home.html">"Calmodulin Target Database"</a>. <i>Journal of Structural and Functional Genomics</i>. <b>1</b> (1). Ontario Cancer Institute, University of Toronto: 8–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2Fa%3A1011320027914">10.1023/a:1011320027914</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12836676">12836676</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23097597">23097597</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://calcium.uhnres.utoronto.ca/ctdb/ctdb/home.html">the original</a> on 2011-09-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-03-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Structural+and+Functional+Genomics&rft.atitle=Calmodulin+Target+Database&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=8-14&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23097597%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12836676&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2Fa%3A1011320027914&rft.aulast=Ikura&rft.aufirst=Mitsuhiko&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcalcium.uhnres.utoronto.ca%2Fctdb%2Fctdb%2Fhome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACalmodulin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=Calmodulin">Calmodulin</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/InterPro" title="InterPro">InterPro</a>: <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ebi.ac.uk/interpro/entry/IPR015754">IPR015754</a></i></li> <li>Proteopedia page for <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.proteopedia.org/wiki/index.php/Calmodulin">Calmodulin</a> and its <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.proteopedia.org/wiki/index.php/Calmodulin_in_motion">conformational change</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Muscle_tissue" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Muscle tissue"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Muscle_tissue" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Muscle_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle tissue">Muscle tissue</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Smooth_muscle_tissue" class="mw-redirect" title="Smooth muscle tissue">Smooth<br /> muscle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Calmodulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vascular_smooth_muscle" title="Vascular smooth muscle">Vascular smooth muscle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Striated_muscle_tissue" title="Striated muscle tissue">Striated<br /> muscle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Skeletal_striated_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Skeletal striated muscle">Skeletal<br /> muscle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Costamere" title="Costamere">Costamere</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Dystrophin-associated_protein_complex" title="Dystrophin-associated protein complex">DAPC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Membrane/<br />extracellular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="DAP:" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dystrophin-associated_protein" title="Dystrophin-associated protein">DAP</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarcoglycan" title="Sarcoglycan">Sarcoglycan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SGCA" title="SGCA">SGCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SGCB" title="SGCB">SGCB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta-sarcoglycan" title="Delta-sarcoglycan">SGCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SGCE" title="SGCE">SGCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SGCG" title="SGCG">SGCG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SGCZ" title="SGCZ">SGCZ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystroglycan" title="Dystroglycan">Dystroglycan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sarcospan" title="Sarcospan">Sarcospan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laminin,_alpha_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Laminin, alpha 2">Laminin, alpha 2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intracellular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dystrophin" title="Dystrophin">Dystrophin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystrobrevin" title="Dystrobrevin">Dystrobrevin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DTNA" class="mw-redirect" title="DTNA">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTNB" class="mw-redirect" title="DTNB">B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntrophin" title="Syntrophin">Syntrophin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syntrophin,_alpha_1" title="Syntrophin, alpha 1">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNTB1" title="SNTB1">B1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNTB2" title="SNTB2">B2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNTG1" title="SNTG1">G1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SNTG2" title="SNTG2">G2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncoilin" title="Syncoilin">Syncoilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysbindin" title="Dysbindin">Dysbindin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synemin" title="Synemin">Synemin/desmuslin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold"><i>related:</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NOS1" title="NOS1">NOS1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caveolin_3" title="Caveolin 3">Caveolin 3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sarcomere" title="Sarcomere">Sarcomere</a>/<br />(a, i, and h bands;<br />z and m lines)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myofilament" title="Myofilament">Myofilament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actin" title="Actin">thin filament/actin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myosin" title="Myosin">thick filament/myosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titin" title="Titin">elastic filament/titin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebulin" title="Nebulin">nebulin</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tropomyosin" title="Tropomyosin">Tropomyosin</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Troponin" title="Troponin">Troponin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Troponin_T" title="Troponin T">T</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troponin_C" title="Troponin C">C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troponin_I" title="Troponin I">I</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">Connective tissue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epimysium" title="Epimysium">Epimysium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_fascicle" title="Muscle fascicle">Fascicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perimysium" title="Perimysium">Perimysium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endomysium" title="Endomysium">Endomysium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue_in_skeletal_muscle" class="mw-redirect" title="Connective tissue in skeletal muscle">Connective tissue in skeletal muscle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neuromuscular_junction" title="Neuromuscular junction">Neuromuscular junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_unit" title="Motor unit">Motor unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_spindle" title="Muscle spindle">Muscle spindle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excitation%E2%80%93contraction_coupling" class="mw-redirect" title="Excitation–contraction coupling">Excitation–contraction coupling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sliding_filament_mechanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Sliding filament mechanism">Sliding filament mechanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_muscle" title="Cardiac muscle">Cardiac<br /> muscle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myocardium" class="mw-redirect" title="Myocardium">Myocardium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercalated_disc" title="Intercalated disc">Intercalated disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebulette" title="Nebulette">Nebulette</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Both</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fiber</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skeletal_muscle" title="Skeletal muscle">Muscle fiber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intrafusal_muscle_fiber" title="Intrafusal muscle fiber">intrafusal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrafusal_muscle_fiber" title="Extrafusal muscle fiber">extrafusal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myofibril" title="Myofibril">Myofibril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microfilament" title="Microfilament">Microfilament</a>/<a href="/wiki/Myofilament" title="Myofilament">Myofilament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcomere" title="Sarcomere">Sarcomere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cells</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myoblast" class="mw-redirect" title="Myoblast">Myoblast</a>/<a href="/wiki/Muscle_cell" title="Muscle cell">Muscle cell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myosatellite_cell" title="Myosatellite cell">Myosatellite cell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desmin" title="Desmin">Desmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcoplasm" title="Sarcoplasm">Sarcoplasm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcolemma" title="Sarcolemma">Sarcolemma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T-tubule" title="T-tubule">T-tubule</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcoplasmic_reticulum" title="Sarcoplasmic reticulum">Sarcoplasmic reticulum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other/<br />ungrouped</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myotilin" class="mw-redirect" title="Myotilin">Myotilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telethonin" title="Telethonin">Telethonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysferlin" title="Dysferlin">Dysferlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukutin" title="Fukutin">Fukutin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukutin-related_protein" title="Fukutin-related protein">Fukutin-related protein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cell_signaling:_calcium_signaling_and_calcium_metabolism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Calcium_signaling" title="Template:Calcium signaling"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Calcium_signaling" title="Template talk:Calcium signaling"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Calcium_signaling" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Calcium signaling"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cell_signaling:_calcium_signaling_and_calcium_metabolism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cell_signaling" title="Cell signaling">Cell signaling</a>: <a href="/wiki/Calcium_signaling" title="Calcium signaling">calcium signaling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calcium_metabolism" title="Calcium metabolism">calcium metabolism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">Cell membrane</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adhesion_molecules" class="mw-redirect" title="Adhesion molecules">Adhesion molecules</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadherin" title="Cadherin">Cadherins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CDH1_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="CDH1 (gene)">CDH1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDH2" class="mw-redirect" title="CDH2">CDH2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDH3_(gene)" title="CDH3 (gene)">CDH3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDH4" title="CDH4">CDH4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDH5" class="mw-redirect" title="CDH5">CDH5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDH6" title="CDH6">CDH6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDH7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CDH7 (page does not exist)">CDH7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDH8" title="CDH8">CDH8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDH9" title="CDH9">CDH9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDH10" title="CDH10">CDH10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDH11" title="CDH11">CDH11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDH12" title="CDH12">CDH12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDH13" class="mw-redirect" title="CDH13">CDH13</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CDH14&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CDH14 (page does not exist)">CDH14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDH15" title="CDH15">CDH15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDH16" title="CDH16">CDH16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDH17" title="CDH17">CDH17</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel" title="Calcium channel">Calcium channels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ligand-gated_ion_channel" title="Ligand-gated ion channel">Ligand-gated</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5-HT3_receptor" title="5-HT3 receptor">5-HT3 receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionotropic_glutamate_receptor" title="Ionotropic glutamate receptor">Ionotropic glutamate receptors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AMPA_receptor" title="AMPA receptor">AMPA receptors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kainate_receptor" title="Kainate receptor">Kainate receptors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NMDA_receptor" title="NMDA receptor">NMDA receptors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2X_purinoreceptor" title="P2X purinoreceptor">P2X receptors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltage-gated_calcium_channel" title="Voltage-gated calcium channel">Voltage-gated</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L-type_calcium_channel" title="L-type calcium channel">L</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-type_calcium_channel" title="N-type calcium channel">N</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P-type_calcium_channel" title="P-type calcium channel">P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-type_calcium_channel" title="R-type calcium channel">R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-type_calcium_channel" title="T-type calcium channel">T</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transient_receptor_potential_channel" title="Transient receptor potential channel">TRP channels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TRPA_(ion_channel)" title="TRPA (ion channel)">TRPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPC" title="TRPC">TRPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRPV" title="TRPV">TRPV</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ion_transporter" title="Ion transporter">Calcium pumps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sodium-calcium_exchanger" title="Sodium-calcium exchanger">Sodium-calcium exchangers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SLC3A2" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC3A2">SLC3A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC8A1" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC8A1">SLC8A1</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/GPCR" class="mw-redirect" title="GPCR">GPCRs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium-sensing_receptor" title="Calcium-sensing receptor">Calcium-sensing receptor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Annexin" title="Annexin">Annexins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annexin_A1" title="Annexin A1">A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexin_A2" title="Annexin A2">A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexin_A3" title="Annexin A3">A3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexin_A4" title="Annexin A4">A4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexin_A5" title="Annexin A5">A5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexin_A6" title="Annexin A6">A6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexin_A7" title="Annexin A7">A7</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annexin_A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annexin A8 (page does not exist)">A8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANXA8L2" title="ANXA8L2">A8-L2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexin_A9" title="Annexin A9">A9</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annexin_A10&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annexin A10 (page does not exist)">A10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexin_A11" title="Annexin A11">A11</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annexin_A12&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annexin A12 (page does not exist)">A12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexin_A13" title="Annexin A13">A13</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intracellular <a href="/wiki/Signal_transduction" title="Signal transduction">signaling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_messengers" class="mw-redirect" title="Second messengers">Second messengers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inositol_triphosphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Inositol triphosphate">IP3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicotinic_acid_adenine_dinucleotide_phosphate" title="Nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate">NAADP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclic_ADP-ribose" title="Cyclic ADP-ribose">cADPR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ryanodine-Inositol_1,4,5-triphosphate_receptor_calcium_channels" title="Ryanodine-Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor calcium channels">Intracellular channels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inositol_trisphosphate_receptor" title="Inositol trisphosphate receptor">IP3 receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryanodine_receptor" title="Ryanodine receptor">Ryanodine receptor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium-induced_calcium_release" title="Calcium-induced calcium release">Calcium-induced calcium release</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intracellular pumps</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SERCA" title="SERCA">SERCA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATP2A1" title="ATP2A1">ATP2A1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATP2A2" title="ATP2A2">ATP2A2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATP2A3" title="ATP2A3">ATP2A3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium-calcium_exchanger" title="Sodium-calcium exchanger">Sodium-calcium exchangers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SLC8B1" title="SLC8B1">SLC8B1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SLC24A5" class="mw-redirect" title="SLC24A5">SLC24A5</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intracellular_calcium-sensing_proteins" title="Intracellular calcium-sensing proteins">Sensors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chelator" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelator">chelators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calbindin" title="Calbindin">Calbindin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Calmodulin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CALM1" class="mw-redirect" title="CALM1">CALM1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CALM2" title="CALM2">CALM2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CALM3" title="CALM3">CALM3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CALML3" title="CALML3">CALML3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CALML5" title="CALML5">CALML5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calsequestrin" title="Calsequestrin">Calsequestrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calretinin" title="Calretinin">Calretinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelsolin" title="Gelsolin">Gelsolin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuronal_calcium_sensor" title="Neuronal calcium sensor">Neuronal calcium sensors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calsenilin" title="Calsenilin">Calsenilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequenin" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequenin">Frequenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanylate_cyclase_activator" title="Guanylate cyclase activator">GUCA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GUCA1A" title="GUCA1A">1A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GUCA1B" title="GUCA1B">1B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocalcin" title="Hippocalcin">Hippocalcin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurocalcin" title="Neurocalcin">Neurocalcin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recoverin" title="Recoverin">Recoverin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VSNL1" class="mw-redirect" title="VSNL1">Visinin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvalbumin" title="Parvalbumin">Parvalbumin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phospholamban" title="Phospholamban">Phospholamban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarcalumenin" title="Sarcalumenin">Sarcalumenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synaptotagmin" title="Synaptotagmin">Synaptotagmins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SYT1" title="SYT1">SYT1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SYT2" title="SYT2">SYT2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SYT3" title="SYT3">SYT3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SYT4" title="SYT4">SYT4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SYT5" title="SYT5">SYT5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SYT6" title="SYT6">SYT6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SYT7" title="SYT7">SYT7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SYT9" title="SYT9">SYT9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SYT11" title="SYT11">SYT11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SYT13" title="SYT13">SYT13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SYT14" class="mw-redirect" title="SYT14">SYT14</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S100_protein" title="S100 protein">S100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S100P" title="S100P">S100P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troponin_C" title="Troponin C">Troponin C</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TNNC1" class="mw-redirect" title="TNNC1">TNNC1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TNNC2" class="mw-redirect" title="TNNC2">TNNC2</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Calcium-dependent <a href="/wiki/Chaperone_(protein)" title="Chaperone (protein)">chaperones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calreticulin" title="Calreticulin">Calreticulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calnexin" title="Calnexin">Calnexin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HSPA5" class="mw-redirect" title="HSPA5">HSPA5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HSP90B1" title="HSP90B1">HSP90B1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Calcium-dependent <a href="/wiki/Kinase" title="Kinase">kinases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calmodulin-dependent_kinase" class="mw-redirect" title="Calmodulin-dependent kinase">CaM kinases</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CAMK1" title="CAMK1">CAMK1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAMKII" class="mw-redirect" title="CAMKII">CAMK2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CAMK2A" class="mw-redirect" title="CAMK2A">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAMK2B" title="CAMK2B">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAMK2D" title="CAMK2D">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAMK2G" title="CAMK2G">G</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EEF2K" title="EEF2K">CAMK3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAMK4" title="CAMK4">CAMK4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_kinase_C" title="Protein kinase C">Protein kinase C</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Calcium-dependent <a href="/wiki/Protease" title="Protease">proteases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calpain" title="Calpain">Calpains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CAPN1" class="mw-redirect" title="CAPN1">CAPN1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAPN2" class="mw-redirect" title="CAPN2">CAPN2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAPN3" class="mw-redirect" title="CAPN3">CAPN3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAPNS1" class="mw-redirect" title="CAPNS1">CAPN4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAPN5" title="CAPN5">CAPN5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAPN6" class="mw-redirect" title="CAPN6">CAPN6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CAPN7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CAPN7 (page does not exist)">CAPN7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAPN8" class="mw-redirect" title="CAPN8">CAPN8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAPN9" class="mw-redirect" title="CAPN9">CAPN9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAPN10" title="CAPN10">CAPN10</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indirect regulators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcitonin" title="Calcitonin">Calcitonin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parathyroid_hormone" title="Parathyroid hormone">Parathyroid hormone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">Vitamin D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_K" title="Vitamin K">Vitamin K</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extracellular <a href="/wiki/Chelation" title="Chelation">chelators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Extracellular_matrix" title="Extracellular matrix">Extracellular matrix</a> proteins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fibulin" title="Fibulin">Fibulins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FBLN1" title="FBLN1">FBLN1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBLN2" title="FBLN2">FBLN2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBLN3" class="mw-redirect" title="FBLN3">FBLN3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBLN4" class="mw-redirect" title="FBLN4">FBLN4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBLN5" title="FBLN5">FBLN5</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemicentin_1" title="Hemicentin 1">Hemicentin 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrix_gla_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrix gla protein">Matrix gla protein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteonectin" title="Osteonectin">Osteonectin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIBLING_proteins" title="SIBLING proteins">SIBLINGs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bone_sialoprotein" title="Bone sialoprotein">Bone sialoprotein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DMP1" title="DMP1">Dentin matrix phosphoprotein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dentin_sialophosphoprotein" title="Dentin sialophosphoprotein">Dentin sialophosphoprotein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteopontin" title="Osteopontin">Osteopontin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">Secreted hormones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osteocalcin" title="Osteocalcin">Osteocalcin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Calcium-binding <a href="/wiki/Protein_domain" title="Protein domain">domains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C2_domain" title="C2 domain">C2 domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadherin" title="Cadherin">Cadherin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-type_lectin" title="C-type lectin">C-type lectin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EF_hand" title="EF hand">EF hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EGF-like_domain" title="EGF-like domain">EGF-like domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gla_domain" title="Gla domain">Gla domain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nitric_oxide_signaling_modulators" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nitric_oxide_signaling_modulators" title="Template:Nitric oxide signaling modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nitric_oxide_signaling_modulators" title="Template talk:Nitric oxide signaling modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nitric_oxide_signaling_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nitric oxide signaling modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nitric_oxide_signaling_modulators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">Nitric oxide</a> <a href="/wiki/Cell_signaling" title="Cell signaling">signaling</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">Forms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitroxyl" title="Nitroxyl">Nitroxyl anion (NO<sup>−</sup>; oxonitrate(1-), hyponitrite anion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide" title="Nitric oxide">Nitric oxide (NO<sup>⋅</sup>; nitrogen monoxide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrosonium" title="Nitrosonium">Nitrosonium (NO<sup>+</sup>; nitrosyl cation)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Biological_target" title="Biological target">Targets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="sGC" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Soluble_guanylate_cyclase" class="mw-redirect" title="Soluble guanylate cyclase">sGC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Activators/stimulators:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ataciguat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ataciguat (page does not exist)">Ataciguat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BAY_41-2272&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BAY 41-2272 (page does not exist)">BAY 41-2272</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BAY_41-8543&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BAY 41-8543 (page does not exist)">BAY 41-8543</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BAY_60-4552&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BAY 60-4552 (page does not exist)">BAY 60-4552</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BI-703704&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BI-703704 (page does not exist)">BI-703704</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinaciguat" title="Cinaciguat">Cinaciguat (BAY 58-2667)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GSK-2181236A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GSK-2181236A (page does not exist)">GSK-2181236A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praliciguat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Praliciguat (page does not exist)">Praliciguat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riociguat" title="Riociguat">Riociguat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vericiguat" title="Vericiguat">Vericiguat</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Inhibitors:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=1H-(1,2,4)Oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1H-(1,2,4)Oxadiazolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one (page does not exist)">ODQ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/NO_donor" class="mw-redirect" title="NO donor">NO donors</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Prodrug" title="Prodrug">prodrugs</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">Nitrates</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Diethylene_glycol_dinitrate" title="Diethylene glycol dinitrate">Diethylene glycol dinitrate (DEGDN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythritol_tetranitrate" title="Erythritol tetranitrate">Erythritol tetranitrate (ETN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene_glycol_dinitrate" title="Ethylene glycol dinitrate">Ethylene glycol dinitrate (EGDN; nitroglycol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isosorbide_mononitrate" title="Isosorbide mononitrate">Isosorbide mononitrate (ISMN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isosorbide_dinitrate" title="Isosorbide dinitrate">Isosorbide dinitrate (ISDN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itramin_tosilate" title="Itramin tosilate">Itramin tosilate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannitol_hexanitrate" title="Mannitol hexanitrate">Mannitol hexanitrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naproxcinod" title="Naproxcinod">Naproxcinod (nitronaproxen; AZD-3582, HCT-3012)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NCX-466&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NCX-466 (page does not exist)">NCX-466</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NCX-2216&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NCX-2216 (page does not exist)">NCX-2216</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NCX-4016&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NCX-4016 (page does not exist)">NCX-4016</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NCX_4040&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NCX 4040 (page does not exist)">NCX 4040</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NCX-4215&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NCX-4215 (page does not exist)">NCX-4215</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicorandil" title="Nicorandil">Nicorandil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipradilol" title="Nipradilol">Nipradilol (K-351)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">Nitrate (NO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span>)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitroatorvastatin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitroatorvastatin (page does not exist)">Nitroatorvastatin (NCX-6560)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitroflurbiprofen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitroflurbiprofen (page does not exist)">Nitroflurbiprofen (HCT-1026)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitrofluvastatin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitrofluvastatin (page does not exist)">Nitrofluvastatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitroglycerin_(drug)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitroglycerin (drug)">Nitroglycerin (glyceryl trinitrate (GTN))</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitropravastatin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitropravastatin (page does not exist)">Nitropravastatin (NCX-6550)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentaerithrityl_tetranitrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentaerithrityl tetranitrate">Pentaerithrityl tetranitrate (PETN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propatylnitrate" title="Propatylnitrate">Propatylnitrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propylene_glycol_dinitrate" title="Propylene glycol dinitrate">Propylene glycol dinitrate (PGDN)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_trioxodinitrate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sodium trioxodinitrate (page does not exist)">Sodium trioxodinitrate (Angeli's salt)</a></li> <li>Tenitramine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolnitrate" title="Trolnitrate">Trolnitrate</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nitroso_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitroso compound">Nitroso compounds</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nitrite" title="Nitrite">nitrites</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Nitrite" title="Nitrite">Nitrite (NO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>)</a>; <i>O-Nitroso compounds (<a href="/wiki/Alkyl_nitrite" title="Alkyl nitrite">alkyl nitrites</a>):</i> <a href="/wiki/Amyl_nitrite" title="Amyl nitrite">Amyl nitrite (isoamyl nitrite, isopentyl nitrite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclohexyl_nitrite" title="Cyclohexyl nitrite">Cyclohexyl nitrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_nitrite" title="Ethyl nitrite">Ethyl nitrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexyl_nitrite" title="Hexyl nitrite">Hexyl nitrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isobutyl_nitrite" title="Isobutyl nitrite">Isobutyl nitrite (2-methylpropyl nitrite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isopropyl_nitrite" title="Isopropyl nitrite">Isopropyl nitrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_nitrite" title="Methyl nitrite">Methyl nitrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butyl_nitrite" title="Butyl nitrite"><i>n</i>-Butyl nitrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentyl_nitrite" title="Pentyl nitrite">Pentyl nitrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert-Butyl_nitrite" title="Tert-Butyl nitrite"><i>tert</i>-Butyl nitrite</a>; <i><a href="/wiki/S-Nitrosothiol" title="S-Nitrosothiol">S-Nitroso compounds</a> (thionitrites):</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=LA810&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LA810 (page does not exist)">LA810</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S-Nitrosoalbumin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-Nitrosoalbumin (page does not exist)">S-Nitrosoalbumin (SNALB)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S-Nitrosated_AR545C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-Nitrosated AR545C (page does not exist)">S-Nitrosated AR545C</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S-Nitroso-N-acetylcysteine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-Nitroso-N-acetylcysteine (page does not exist)">S-Nitroso-N-acetylcysteine (SNAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-Nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine" title="S-Nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine">S-Nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S-Nitroso-N-valerylpenicillamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-Nitroso-N-valerylpenicillamine (page does not exist)">S-Nitroso-N-valerylpenicillamine (SNVP)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S-Nitrosocaptopril&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-Nitrosocaptopril (page does not exist)">S-Nitrosocaptopril (SNO-Cap)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S-Nitrosocysteine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-Nitrosocysteine (page does not exist)">S-Nitrosocysteine (SNC, CysNO, SNO-Cys)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S-Nitrosodiclofenac&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-Nitrosodiclofenac (page does not exist)">S-Nitrosodiclofenac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-Nitrosoglutathione" title="S-Nitrosoglutathione">S-Nitrosoglutathione (GSNO, SNOG)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S-Nitrosated_tissue-type_plasminogen_activator&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-Nitrosated tissue-type plasminogen activator (page does not exist)">SNO-t-PA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S-Nitrosated_von_Willebrand_factor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-Nitrosated von Willebrand factor (page does not exist)">SNO-vWF</a>; <i>N-Nitroso compounds (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Nitrosamine" title="Nitrosamine">nitrosamines</a>):</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=SIN-1A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SIN-1A (page does not exist)">SIN-1A</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Nitrosyl compounds:</i> <i><a href="/wiki/Metal_nitrosyl_complex" title="Metal nitrosyl complex">Metal nitrosyl complexes</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Roussin%27s_black_salt" title="Roussin's black salt">Roussin's black salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roussin%27s_red_salt" title="Roussin's red salt">Roussin's red salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_nitroprusside" title="Sodium nitroprusside">Sodium nitroprusside (SNP)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/NONOate" title="NONOate">NONOates</a> (diazeniumdiolates):</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diethylamine/NO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diethylamine/NO (page does not exist)">Diethylamine/NO (DEA/NO)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diethylenetriamine/NO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diethylenetriamine/NO (page does not exist)">Diethylenetriamine/NO (DETA/NO)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GLO/NO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GLO/NO (page does not exist)">GLO/NO</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=JS-K&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JS-K (page does not exist)">JS-K</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methylamine_hexamethylene_methylamine/NO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Methylamine hexamethylene methylamine/NO (page does not exist)">Methylamine hexamethylene methylamine/NO (MAHMA/NO)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PROLI/NO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PROLI/NO (page does not exist)">PROLI/NO</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spermine/NO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spermine/NO (page does not exist)">Spermine/NO (SPER/NO)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=V-PYRRO/NO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="V-PYRRO/NO (page does not exist)">V-PYRRO/NO</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Heterocyclic compounds:</i> <i><a href="/wiki/Furoxan" title="Furoxan">Furoxans</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Furoxan" title="Furoxan">Furoxan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=REC15/2739&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="REC15/2739 (page does not exist)">REC15/2739</a>; <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sydnonimine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sydnonimine (page does not exist)">Sydnonimines</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Feprosidnine" title="Feprosidnine">Feprosidnine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linsidomine" title="Linsidomine">Linsidomine (SIN-1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molsidomine" title="Molsidomine">Molsidomine (SIN-10)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sydnonimine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sydnonimine (page does not exist)">Sydnonimine</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Unsorted:</i> <a href="/wiki/Cimlanod" title="Cimlanod">Cimlanod</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FK-409&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FK-409 (page does not exist)">FK-409</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FR144220&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FR144220 (page does not exist)">FR144220</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FR146881&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FR146881 (page does not exist)">FR146881</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-Acetyl-N-acetoxy-4-chlorobenzenesulfonamide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-Acetyl-N-acetoxy-4-chlorobenzenesulfonamide (page does not exist)">N-Acetyl-N-acetoxy-4-chlorobenzenesulfonamide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">Enzyme</a><br /><small>(<a href="/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor" title="Enzyme inhibitor">inhibitors</a>)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide_synthase" title="Nitric oxide synthase">NOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/NOS1" title="NOS1">nNOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3-Bromo-7-nitroindazole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3-Bromo-7-nitroindazole (page does not exist)">3-Bromo-7-nitroindazole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3-Chloroindazole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3-Chloroindazole (page does not exist)">3-Chloroindazole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3-Chloro-5-nitroindazole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3-Chloro-5-nitroindazole (page does not exist)">3-Chloro-5-nitroindazole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5-Nitroindazole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5-Nitroindazole (page does not exist)">5-Nitroindazole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=6-Nitroindazole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6-Nitroindazole (page does not exist)">6-Nitroindazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7-Nitroindazole" title="7-Nitroindazole">7-Nitroindazole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A-84643&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A-84643 (page does not exist)">A-84643</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminoguanidine" class="mw-redirect" title="Aminoguanidine">Aminoguanidine (pimagedine)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ARL-17477&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ARL-17477 (page does not exist)">ARL-17477</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indazole" title="Indazole">Indazole</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N5-(1-Iminoethyl)-L-ornithine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N5-(1-Iminoethyl)-L-ornithine (page does not exist)">N<sup>5</sup>-(1-Iminoethyl)-L-ornithine (<small>L</small>-NIO)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%CF%89-Methyl-L-arginine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nω-Methyl-L-arginine (page does not exist)">N<sup>ω</sup>-Methyl-<small>L</small>-arginine (<small>L</small>-NMA)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%CF%89-Propyl-L-arginine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nω-Propyl-L-arginine (page does not exist)">N<sup>ω</sup>-Propyl-<small>L</small>-arginine (<small>L</small>-NPA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitroarginine" title="Nitroarginine">Nitroarginine (NNA, NOARG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentamidine_isethionate" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentamidine isethionate">Pentamidine isethionate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1-(2-Trifluoromethylphenyl)imidazole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1-(2-Trifluoromethylphenyl)imidazole (page does not exist)">TRIM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Nitric_oxide_synthase_2_(inducible)" title="Nitric oxide synthase 2 (inducible)">iNOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1-Amino-2-hydroxyguanidine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1-Amino-2-hydroxyguanidine (page does not exist)">1-Amino-2-hydroxyguanidine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2-Ethylaminoguanidine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-Ethylaminoguanidine (page does not exist)">2-Ethylaminoguanidine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2-Iminopiperidine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-Iminopiperidine (page does not exist)">2-Iminopiperidine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1400W&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1400W (page does not exist)">1400W</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S-aminoethylisothiourea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-aminoethylisothiourea (page does not exist)">AEITU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminoguanidine" class="mw-redirect" title="Aminoguanidine">Aminoguanidine (pimagedine)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2-Amino-5,6-dihydro-6-methyl-4H-1,3-thiazine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-Amino-5,6-dihydro-6-methyl-4H-1,3-thiazine (page does not exist)">AMT</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AR-C_102222&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AR-C 102222 (page does not exist)">AR-C 102222</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BYK-191023&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BYK-191023 (page does not exist)">BYK-191023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canavanine" title="Canavanine">Canavanine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cindunistat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cindunistat (page does not exist)">Cindunistat (SD-6010)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S-Ethylisothiourea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-Ethylisothiourea (page does not exist)">EITU</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S-Isopropylisothiourea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-Isopropylisothiourea (page does not exist)">IPTU</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S-Methylisothiourea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-Methylisothiourea (page does not exist)">MITU</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N5-(1-Iminoethyl)-L-ornithine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N5-(1-Iminoethyl)-L-ornithine (page does not exist)">N<sup>5</sup>-(1-Iminoethyl)-<small>L</small>-ornithine (<small>L</small>-NIO)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N6-(1-Iminoethyl)-L-lysine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N6-(1-Iminoethyl)-L-lysine (page does not exist)">N<sup>6</sup>-(1-Iminoethyl)-<small>L</small>-lysine (<small>L</small>-NIL)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%CF%89-Methyl-L-arginine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nω-Methyl-L-arginine (page does not exist)">N<sup>ω</sup>-Methyl-<small>L</small>-arginine (<small>L</small>-NMA)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ronopterin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ronopterin (page does not exist)">Ronopterin (VAS-203)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1-(2-Trifluoromethylphenyl)imidazole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1-(2-Trifluoromethylphenyl)imidazole (page does not exist)">TRIM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Endothelial_NOS" title="Endothelial NOS">eNOS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aminoguanidine" class="mw-redirect" title="Aminoguanidine">Aminoguanidine (pimagedine)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N5-(1-Iminoethyl)-L-ornithine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N5-(1-Iminoethyl)-L-ornithine (page does not exist)">N<sup>5</sup>-(1-Iminoethyl)-<small>L</small>-ornithine (<small>L</small>-NIO)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%CF%89-Methyl-L-arginine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nω-Methyl-L-arginine (page does not exist)">N<sup>ω</sup>-Methyl-<small>L</small>-arginine (<small>L</small>-NMA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitroarginine" title="Nitroarginine">Nitroarginine (NNA, NOARG)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Unsorted</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asymmetric_dimethylarginine" title="Asymmetric dimethylarginine">Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CKD-712&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CKD-712 (page does not exist)">CKD-712</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guanidinoethyldisulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guanidinoethyldisulfide (page does not exist)">Guanidinoethyldisulfide (GED)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GW-273629&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GW-273629 (page does not exist)">GW-273629</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indospicine" title="Indospicine">Indospicine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=KD-7040&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="KD-7040 (page does not exist)">KD-7040</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitroarginine_methyl_ester&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitroarginine methyl ester (page does not exist)">Nitroarginine methyl ester (NAME)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NCX-456&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NCX-456 (page does not exist)">NCX-456</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=NXN-462&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NXN-462 (page does not exist)">NXN-462</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ONO-1714&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ONO-1714 (page does not exist)">ONO-1714</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=VAS-2381&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VAS-2381 (page does not exist)">VAS-2381</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Arginase" title="Arginase">Arginase</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2S-Amino-6-boronohexonic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2S-Amino-6-boronohexonic acid (page does not exist)">ABH</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%CF%89-Hydroxy-L-arginine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nω-Hydroxy-L-arginine (page does not exist)">N<sup>ω</sup>-Hydroxy-<small>L</small>-arginine (NOHA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorogenic_acid" title="Chlorogenic acid">chlorogenic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginseng" title="Ginseng">ginseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicatechin" class="mw-redirect" title="Epicatechin">epicatechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ornithine" title="Ornithine">ornithine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norvaline" title="Norvaline">norvaline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine">lysine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpha_aminoacids&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alpha aminoacids (page does not exist)">alpha aminoacids</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/CAMK" title="CAMK">CAMK</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Calmidazolium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calmidazolium (page does not exist)">Calmidazolium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=W-7_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W-7 (drug) (page does not exist)">W-7</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Precursors:</i> <a href="/wiki/Arginine" title="Arginine"><small>L</small>-Arginine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N%CF%89-Hydroxy-L-arginine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nω-Hydroxy-L-arginine (page does not exist)">N<sup>ω</sup>-Hydroxy-<small>L</small>-arginine (NOHA)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Cofactors:</i> <a href="/wiki/Nicotinamide_adenine_dinucleotide_phosphate" title="Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate">NADPH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavin_adenine_dinucleotide" title="Flavin adenine dinucleotide">FAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavin_mononucleotide" title="Flavin mononucleotide">FMN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heme" title="Heme">Heme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrobiopterin" title="Tetrahydrobiopterin">BH<sub>4</sub></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">CaM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">O<sub>2</sub></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">Ca<sup>2+</sup></a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Indirect/downstream NO modulators:</i> <a href="/wiki/ACE_inhibitor" title="ACE inhibitor">ACE inhibitors</a>/<a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_II_receptor_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensin II receptor antagonist">AT-II receptor antagonists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Captopril" title="Captopril">captopril</a>, <a href="/wiki/Losartan" title="Losartan">losartan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endothelin_receptor_antagonist" title="Endothelin receptor antagonist">ET<sub>B</sub> receptor antagonists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Bosentan" title="Bosentan">bosentan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-Type_calcium_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="L-Type calcium channel">L-Type calcium channel</a> <a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel_blocker" title="Calcium channel blocker">blockers</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Dihydropyridine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dihydropyridine">dihydropyridines</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nifedipine" title="Nifedipine">nifedipine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebivolol" title="Nebivolol">Nebivolol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">beta blocker</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDE5_inhibitor" title="PDE5 inhibitor">PDE5 inhibitors</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Sildenafil" title="Sildenafil">sildenafil</a>)</li> <li>non-selective PDE inhibitors (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">caffeine</a>)</li> <li>PDE9 inhibitors (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Paraxanthine" title="Paraxanthine">paraxanthine</a>)</li> <li>cGMP preferring PDE inhibitors (e.g., sildenafil, paraxanthine, tadalafil)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statin" title="Statin">Statins</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Simvastatin" title="Simvastatin">simvastatin</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><b>See also:</b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calmodulin&oldid=1242705501">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calmodulin&oldid=1242705501</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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