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href="#Blood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Blood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Blood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pregnancy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pregnancy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Pregnancy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pregnancy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overdose" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overdose"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Overdose</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overdose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contraindications_and_precautions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contraindications_and_precautions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Contraindications and precautions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contraindications_and_precautions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanism_of_action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanism_of_action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Mechanism of action</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mechanism_of_action-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mechanism of action subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mechanism_of_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sulfhydryl-containing_agents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sulfhydryl-containing_agents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Sulfhydryl-containing agents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sulfhydryl-containing_agents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dicarboxylate-containing_agents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dicarboxylate-containing_agents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Dicarboxylate-containing agents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dicarboxylate-containing_agents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phosphonate-containing_agents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phosphonate-containing_agents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Phosphonate-containing agents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phosphonate-containing_agents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naturally_occurring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naturally_occurring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Naturally occurring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naturally_occurring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dairy_products" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dairy_products"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4.1</span> <span>Dairy products</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dairy_products-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparative_information" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparative_information"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Comparative information</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Comparative_information-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Comparative information subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Comparative_information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Equivalent_doses_in_hypertension" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equivalent_doses_in_hypertension"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Equivalent doses in hypertension</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equivalent_doses_in_hypertension-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Combination_with_angiotensin_II_receptor_antagonists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Combination_with_angiotensin_II_receptor_antagonists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Combination with angiotensin II receptor antagonists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Combination_with_angiotensin_II_receptor_antagonists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">ACE inhibitor</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AB%D8%A8%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86" title="مثبط الإنزيم المحول للأنجيوتنسين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مثبط الإنزيم المحول للأنجيوتنسين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACE_inhibitor" title="ACE inhibitor – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="ACE inhibitor" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhibidor_de_l%27enzim_conversiu_de_l%27angiotensina" title="Inhibidor de l'enzim conversiu de l'angiotensina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Inhibidor de l'enzim conversiu de l'angiotensina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhibitory_ACE" title="Inhibitory ACE – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Inhibitory ACE" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACE-h%C3%A6mmer" title="ACE-hæmmer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="ACE-hæmmer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACE-Hemmer" title="ACE-Hemmer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="ACE-Hemmer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%9C%CE%95%CE%91" title="Αναστολέας ΜΕΑ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αναστολέας ΜΕΑ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhibidor_de_la_enzima_convertidora_de_angiotensina" title="Inhibidor de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Inhibidor de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angiotentsinaren_entzima_bihurtzailearen_inhibitzaile" title="Angiotentsinaren entzima bihurtzailearen inhibitzaile – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Angiotentsinaren entzima bihurtzailearen inhibitzaile" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%84_%D8%A2%D9%86%DA%98%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86" title="بازدارنده‌های آنزیم مبدل آنژیوتانسین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بازدارنده‌های آنزیم مبدل آنژیوتانسین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhibiteur_de_l%27enzyme_de_conversion" title="Inhibiteur de l'enzyme de conversion – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Inhibiteur de l'enzyme de conversion" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACE_%EC%96%B5%EC%A0%9C%EC%A0%9C" title="ACE 억제제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="ACE 억제제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%93%D5%96_%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%B9%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="ԱՓՖ արգելակիչներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="ԱՓՖ արգելակիչներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACE_inhibitori" title="ACE inhibitori – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="ACE inhibitori" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penghambat_enzim_pengubah_angiotensin" title="Penghambat enzim pengubah angiotensin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penghambat enzim pengubah angiotensin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACE-inibitore" title="ACE-inibitore – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="ACE-inibitore" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%99_ACE" title="מעכבי ACE – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מעכבי ACE" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACE_inhibitorius" title="ACE inhibitorius – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="ACE inhibitorius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%9A%D0%95_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="АКЕ инхибитор – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="АКЕ инхибитор" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perencat_ACE" title="Perencat ACE – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Perencat ACE" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACE-remmers" title="ACE-remmers – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="ACE-remmers" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%82%AA%E3%83%86%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3%E5%A4%89%E6%8F%9B%E9%85%B5%E7%B4%A0%E9%98%BB%E5%AE%B3%E8%96%AC" title="アンジオテンシン変換酵素阻害薬 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アンジオテンシン変換酵素阻害薬" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACE-hemmer" title="ACE-hemmer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="ACE-hemmer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACE-hemmar" title="ACE-hemmar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="ACE-hemmar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%86%E0%AC%9E%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%93%E0%AC%9F%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D-%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%82%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A4%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%80-%E0%AC%8F%E0%AC%A8%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%AE_%E0%AC%85%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%A7%E0%AC%95" title="ଆଞ୍ଜିଓଟେନସିନ୍-ରୂପାନ୍ତରକାରୀ-ଏନଜାଇମ ଅବରୋଧକ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଆଞ୍ଜିଓଟେନସିନ୍-ରୂପାନ୍ତରକାରୀ-ଏନଜାଇମ ଅବରୋଧକ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhibitory_konwertazy_angiotensyny" title="Inhibitory konwertazy angiotensyny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Inhibitory konwertazy angiotensyny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inibidor_da_enzima_de_convers%C3%A3o_da_angiotensina" title="Inibidor da enzima de conversão da angiotensina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Inibidor da enzima de conversão da angiotensina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhibitor_al_enzimei_de_conversie_a_angiotensinei" title="Inhibitor al enzimei de conversie a angiotensinei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Inhibitor al enzimei de conversie a angiotensinei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%90%D0%9F%D0%A4" title="Ингибиторы АПФ – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ингибиторы АПФ" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaviralci_angiotenzin_pretvarjajo%C4%8Dega_encima" title="Zaviralci angiotenzin pretvarjajočega encima – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zaviralci angiotenzin pretvarjajočega encima" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhibitor_angiotenzin_konvertuju%C4%87eg_enzima" title="Inhibitor angiotenzin konvertujućeg enzima – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Inhibitor angiotenzin konvertujućeg enzima" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhibitor_angiotenzin_konvertuju%C4%87eg_enzima" title="Inhibitor angiotenzin konvertujućeg enzima – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Inhibitor angiotenzin konvertujućeg enzima" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACE-est%C3%A4j%C3%A4t" title="ACE-estäjät – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="ACE-estäjät" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACE-h%C3%A4mmare" title="ACE-hämmare – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="ACE-hämmare" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B5" title="สารยับยั้งเอซีอี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สารยับยั้งเอซีอี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACE_inhibit%C3%B6r%C3%BC" title="ACE inhibitörü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="ACE inhibitörü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B1%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%90%D0%9F%D0%A4" title="Інгібітори АПФ – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Інгібітори АПФ" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thu%E1%BB%91c_%E1%BB%A9c_ch%E1%BA%BF_enzyme_chuy%E1%BB%83n_angiotensin" title="Thuốc ức chế enzyme chuyển angiotensin – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thuốc ức chế enzyme chuyển angiotensin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E7%AE%A1%E7%B4%A7%E5%BC%A0%E7%B4%A0%E8%BD%AC%E6%8D%A2%E9%85%B6%E6%8A%91%E5%88%B6%E5%89%82" title="血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q288280#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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searchaux" style="display:none">Class of medications used primarily to treat high blood pressure</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"ACEI" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Acei_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Acei (disambiguation)">acei (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Acetylcholinesterase_inhibitor" title="Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor">Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #ddbbee">Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><a href="/wiki/Drug_class" title="Drug class">Drug class</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Captopril_skeletal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Captopril_skeletal.svg/280px-Captopril_skeletal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Captopril_skeletal.svg/420px-Captopril_skeletal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Captopril_skeletal.svg/560px-Captopril_skeletal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="325" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Captopril" title="Captopril">Captopril</a>, the first synthetic ACE inhibitor</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #e8e8e8;">Class identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Use</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">Hypertension</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATC code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ATC_code_C09A" class="mw-redirect" title="ATC code C09A">C09A</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Biological_target" title="Biological target">Biological target</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Angiotensin-converting_enzyme" title="Angiotensin-converting enzyme">Angiotensin-converting enzyme</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #e8e8e8;">Clinical data</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Drugs.com" title="Drugs.com">Drugs.com</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="www.drugs.com"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugs.com/drug-class/angiotensin-converting-enzyme-inhibitors.html">Drug Classes</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Consumer_Reports" title="Consumer Reports">Consumer Reports</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.consumerreports.org/health/best-buy-drugs/ace-inhibitors.htm">Best Buy Drugs</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/WebMD" title="WebMD">WebMD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medicinenet.com/ace_inhibitors/article.htm">MedicineNet</a></span>  <span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rxlist.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=94663">RxList</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #e8e8e8;">External links</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D000806">D000806</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #e8e8e8;">Legal status</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background: #e8e8e8; text-align: center"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q288280" class="extiw" title="d:Q288280">In Wikidata</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors</b> (<b>ACE inhibitors</b>) are a class of <a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">medication</a> used primarily for the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">high blood pressure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">heart failure</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaplans_Essentials_of_Cardiac_Anesthesia_2018_p._1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaplans_Essentials_of_Cardiac_Anesthesia_2018_p.-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Aronow_2010_pp._327–337_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aronow_2010_pp._327–337-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This class of medicine works by causing relaxation of blood vessels as well as a decrease in <a href="/wiki/Blood_volume" title="Blood volume">blood volume</a>, which leads to lower <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a> and decreased <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> demand from the <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">heart</a>. </p><p>ACE inhibitors <a href="/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor" title="Enzyme inhibitor">inhibit</a> the activity of <a href="/wiki/Angiotensin-converting_enzyme" title="Angiotensin-converting enzyme">angiotensin-converting enzyme</a>, an important component of the <a href="/wiki/Renin%E2%80%93angiotensin_system" title="Renin–angiotensin system">renin–angiotensin system</a> which converts <a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensin I">angiotensin I</a> to <a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensin II">angiotensin II</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Byrd_Ram_Lerma_2019_pp._477–482_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Byrd_Ram_Lerma_2019_pp._477–482-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and hydrolyses <a href="/wiki/Bradykinin" title="Bradykinin">bradykinin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaplans_Essentials_of_Cardiac_Anesthesia_2018_p._1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaplans_Essentials_of_Cardiac_Anesthesia_2018_p.-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, ACE inhibitors decrease the formation of angiotensin II, a <a href="/wiki/Vasoconstrictor" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasoconstrictor">vasoconstrictor</a>, and increase the level of <a href="/wiki/Bradykinin" title="Bradykinin">bradykinin</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Peptide" title="Peptide">peptide</a> <a href="/wiki/Vasodilator" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasodilator">vasodilator</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaplans_Essentials_of_Cardiac_Anesthesia_2018_p._1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaplans_Essentials_of_Cardiac_Anesthesia_2018_p.-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Byrd_Ram_Lerma_2019_pp._477–482_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Byrd_Ram_Lerma_2019_pp._477–482-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This combination is synergistic in lowering blood pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaplans_Essentials_of_Cardiac_Anesthesia_2018_p._1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaplans_Essentials_of_Cardiac_Anesthesia_2018_p.-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Byrd_Ram_Lerma_2019_pp._477–482_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Byrd_Ram_Lerma_2019_pp._477–482-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of inhibiting the ACE enzyme in the bradykinin system, the ACE inhibitor drugs allow for increased levels of bradykinin which would normally be degraded. Bradykinin produces prostaglandin. This mechanism can explain the two most common side effects seen with ACE Inhibitors: angioedema and cough. </p><p> Frequently prescribed ACE inhibitors include <a href="/wiki/Benazepril" title="Benazepril">benazepril</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zofenopril" title="Zofenopril">zofenopril</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perindopril" title="Perindopril">perindopril</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trandolapril" title="Trandolapril">trandolapril</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captopril" title="Captopril">captopril</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enalapril" title="Enalapril">enalapril</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisinopril" title="Lisinopril">lisinopril</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ramipril" title="Ramipril">ramipril</a>.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style></p><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_use">Medical use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACE_inhibitor&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Medical use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ACE inhibitors were <a href="/wiki/ACE_inhibitors_drug_design" class="mw-redirect" title="ACE inhibitors drug design">initially approved</a> for the treatment of hypertension and can be used alone or in combination with other anti-hypertensive medications. Later, they were found useful for other cardiovascular and kidney diseases<sup id="cite_ref-Goodman-Gilman_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goodman-Gilman-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including: </p> <ul><li>Acute <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">myocardial infarction</a> (heart attack)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">Heart failure</a> (left ventricular systolic dysfunction)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Kidney complications of <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">diabetes mellitus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Diabetic_nephropathy" title="Diabetic nephropathy">diabetic nephropathy</a>) by means of decreasing the blood pressure and preventing glomerular hyperfiltration injury<sup id="cite_ref-Kester_Karpa_Vrana_2012_pp._125–151_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kester_Karpa_Vrana_2012_pp._125–151-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>In treating high blood pressure, ACE inhibitors are often the first drug choice, particularly when diabetes is present,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but age can lead to different choices and it is common to need more than one drug to obtain the desired improvement. There are fixed-dose <a href="/wiki/Combination_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Combination drugs">combination drugs</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/ACE_inhibitor_and_thiazide_combination" title="ACE inhibitor and thiazide combination">ACE inhibitor and thiazide combinations</a>. ACE inhibitors have also been used in <a href="/wiki/Chronic_kidney_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronic kidney failure">chronic kidney failure</a> and kidney involvement in <a href="/wiki/Systemic_sclerosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Systemic sclerosis">systemic sclerosis</a> (hardening of tissues, as scleroderma renal crisis). In those with stable coronary artery disease, but no heart failure, benefits are similar to other usual treatments.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, a <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analysis</a> published in the <a href="/wiki/The_BMJ" title="The BMJ">BMJ</a> described the protective role of ACE inhibitors in reducing the risk of <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> when compared to <a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_II_receptor_blocker" title="Angiotensin II receptor blocker">angiotensin II receptor blocker</a> (ARBs).<sup id="cite_ref-Caldeira_Alarcao_Vaz-Carneiro_Costa_pp._e4260–e4260_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caldeira_Alarcao_Vaz-Carneiro_Costa_pp._e4260–e4260-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The authors found a decreased risk in patients with previous stroke (54% risk reduction), with heart failure (37% risk reduction), and of Asian descent (43% risk reduction vs 54% risk reduction in non-Asian population). However, no reduced pneumonia-related mortality was observed.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACE_inhibitor&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Other"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ACE inhibitors may also be used to help decrease excessive water consumption in people with <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a> resulting in <a href="/wiki/Psychogenic_polydipsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychogenic polydipsia">psychogenic polydipsia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial showed that when used for this purpose, <a href="/wiki/Enalapril" title="Enalapril">enalapril</a> led to decreased consumption (determined by urine output and osmolality) in 60% of people;<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the same effect has been demonstrated in other ACE inhibitors.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally ACE-I are commonly used after renal transplant to manage post-transplant <a href="/wiki/Erythrocytosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Erythrocytosis">erythrocytosis</a>, a condition characterised by a persistently high <a href="/wiki/Hematocrit" title="Hematocrit">hematocrit</a> greater than 51% which often develops 8–24 months after successful transplantation,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as ACE-I have been shown to decrease <a href="/wiki/Erythropoietin" title="Erythropoietin">erythropoietin</a> production.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adverse_effects">Adverse effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACE_inhibitor&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Adverse effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Common side effects include: low blood pressure, <a href="/wiki/Cough" title="Cough">cough</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyperkalemia" title="Hyperkalemia">hyperkalemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Headache" title="Headache">headache</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vertigo_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vertigo (medical)">dizziness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatigue_(physical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatigue (physical)">fatigue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nausea" title="Nausea">nausea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kidney" title="Kidney">kidney</a> impairment.<sup id="cite_ref-AMH2006_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMH2006-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sidorenkov_&_Navis_2014_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sidorenkov_&_Navis_2014-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main adverse effects of ACE inhibition can be understood from their pharmacological action. The other reported adverse effects are liver problems and effects on the fetus.<sup id="cite_ref-Sidorenkov_&_Navis_2014_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sidorenkov_&_Navis_2014-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kidney problems may occur with all ACE inhibitors that directly follows from their mechanism of action. Patients starting on an ACE inhibitor usually have a modest reduction in <a href="/wiki/Glomerular_filtration_rate" title="Glomerular filtration rate">glomerular filtration rate</a> (GFR).<sup id="cite_ref-Tucker_Perazella_2019_pp._78–83_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker_Perazella_2019_pp._78–83-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the decrease may be significant in conditions of <i>pre-existing</i> decreased renal perfusions, such as renal artery stenosis, heart failure, polycystic kidney disease, or volume depletion. In these patients, the maintenance of GFR depends on angiotensin-II-dependent efferent vasomotor tone.<sup id="cite_ref-Tucker_Perazella_2019_pp._78–83_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker_Perazella_2019_pp._78–83-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, <a href="/wiki/Renal_function" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal function">renal function</a> should be closely monitored over the first few days after initiation of treatment with ACE inhibitor in patients with decreased renal perfusion.<sup id="cite_ref-Sidorenkov_&_Navis_2014_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sidorenkov_&_Navis_2014-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A moderate reduction in renal function, no greater than 30% rise in serum <a href="/wiki/Creatinine" title="Creatinine">creatinine</a>, that is stabilized after a week of treatment is deemed acceptable as part of the therapeutic effect, providing the residual renal function is sufficient.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Reduced GFR is especially a problem if the patient is concomitantly taking an <a href="/wiki/Non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug">NSAID</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Diuretic" title="Diuretic">diuretic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Byrd_Ram_Lerma_2019_pp._477–482_II_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Byrd_Ram_Lerma_2019_pp._477–482_II-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the three drugs are taken together, the risk of developing renal failure is significantly increased.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas2000_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas2000-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hyperkalemia" title="Hyperkalemia">High blood potassium</a> is another possible complication of treatment with an ACE inhibitor due to its effect on aldosterone. Suppression of angiotensin II leads to a decrease in aldosterone levels. Since aldosterone is responsible for increasing the excretion of potassium, ACE inhibitors can cause retention of potassium. Some people, however, can continue to lose potassium while on an ACE inhibitor.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohn2000_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohn2000-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hyperkalemia may decrease the velocity of impulse conduction in the nerves and muscles, including cardiac tissues. This leads to cardiac dysfunction and neuromuscular consequences, such as muscle weakness, paresthesia, nausea, diarrhea, and others. Close monitoring of potassium levels is required in patients receiving treatment with ACE inhibitors who are at risk of hyperkalemia.<sup id="cite_ref-Sidorenkov_&_Navis_2014_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sidorenkov_&_Navis_2014-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another possible adverse effect specific for ACE inhibitors, but not for other RAAS blockers, is an increase in <a href="/wiki/Bradykinin" title="Bradykinin">bradykinin</a> level.<sup id="cite_ref-Sidorenkov_&_Navis_2014_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sidorenkov_&_Navis_2014-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A persistent dry cough is a relatively common adverse effect believed to be associated with the increases in bradykinin levels produced by ACE inhibitors, although the role of bradykinin in producing these symptoms has been disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-Okumura2001_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Okumura2001-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many cases of cough in people on ACE inhibitors may not be from the medication itself, however.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People who experience this cough are often switched to <a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_II_receptor_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensin II receptor antagonist">angiotensin II receptor antagonists</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some (0.7%)<sup id="cite_ref-Byrd_Ram_Lerma_2019_pp._477–482_II_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Byrd_Ram_Lerma_2019_pp._477–482_II-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> develop <a href="/wiki/Angioedema" title="Angioedema">angioedema</a> due to increased bradykinin levels.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A genetic predisposition may exist.<sup id="cite_ref-Molinaro2002_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Molinaro2002-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A severe rare allergic reaction can affect the bowel wall and secondarily cause abdominal pain.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Blood">Blood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACE_inhibitor&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Blood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hematologic effects, such as neutropenia, agranulocytosis and other blood dyscrasias, have occurred during therapy with ACE inhibitors, especially in people with additional risk factors.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pregnancy">Pregnancy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACE_inhibitor&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pregnancy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In pregnant women, ACE inhibitors taken during all the trimesters have been reported to cause <a href="/wiki/Congenital_malformations" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital malformations">congenital malformations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stillbirth" title="Stillbirth">stillbirths</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neonatal_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Neonatal death">neonatal deaths</a>. Commonly reported fetal abnormalities include <a href="/wiki/Hypotension" title="Hypotension">hypotension</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renal_dysplasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal dysplasia">renal dysplasia</a>, anuria/oliguria, <a href="/wiki/Oligohydramnios" title="Oligohydramnios">oligohydramnios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intrauterine_growth_retardation" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrauterine growth retardation">intrauterine growth retardation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_hypoplasia" title="Pulmonary hypoplasia">pulmonary hypoplasia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patent_ductus_arteriosus" title="Patent ductus arteriosus">patent ductus arteriosus</a>, and incomplete ossification of the skull.<sup id="cite_ref-Sidorenkov_&_Navis_2014_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sidorenkov_&_Navis_2014-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid9520613_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9520613-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, about half of newborns exposed to ACE inhibitors are adversely affected, leading to <a href="/wiki/Birth_defect" title="Birth defect">birth defects</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Byrd_Ram_Lerma_2019_pp._477–482_II_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Byrd_Ram_Lerma_2019_pp._477–482_II-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ACE inhibitors are <a href="/wiki/Australian_Drug_Evaluation_Committee" title="Australian Drug Evaluation Committee">ADEC</a> <a href="/wiki/Pregnancy_category" title="Pregnancy category">pregnancy category</a> D and should be avoided in women who are likely to become pregnant.<sup id="cite_ref-AMH2006_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMH2006-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the U.S., ACE inhibitors must be labeled with a <a href="/wiki/Boxed_warning" title="Boxed warning">boxed warning</a> concerning the risk of birth defects when taken during the second and third trimester. Their use in the first trimester is also associated with a risk of major <a href="/wiki/Congenital_malformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Congenital malformation">congenital malformations</a>, particularly affecting the <a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">cardiovascular</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous systems</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cooper2006_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cooper2006-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overdose">Overdose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACE_inhibitor&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Overdose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Symptoms and Treatment: There are few reports of ACE inhibitor overdose in the literature. The most likely manifestations are hypotension, which may be severe, <a href="/wiki/Hyperkalemia" title="Hyperkalemia">hyperkalemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyponatremia" title="Hyponatremia">hyponatremia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renal_impairment" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal impairment">renal impairment</a> with <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_acidosis" title="Metabolic acidosis">metabolic acidosis</a>. Treatment should be mainly symptomatic and supportive, with volume expansion using normal saline to correct hypotension and improve renal function, and gastric lavage followed by activated charcoal and a cathartic to prevent further absorption of the drug. Captopril, enalapril, lisinopril and perindopril are known to be removable by <a href="/wiki/Hemodialysis" title="Hemodialysis">hemodialysis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contraindications_and_precautions">Contraindications and precautions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACE_inhibitor&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Contraindications and precautions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ACE inhibitors are contraindicated in people with:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>Pregnancy or breastfeeding</li> <li>Previous <a href="/wiki/Angioedema" title="Angioedema">angioedema</a> associated with ACE inhibitor therapy</li> <li>Bilateral renal artery stenosis<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ACEI_contraindications_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACEI_contraindications-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Hypersensitivity to ACE inhibitors<sup id="cite_ref-ACEI_contraindications_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACEI_contraindications-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>ACE inhibitors should be used with caution in people with:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li>Impaired renal function</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aortic_valve_stenosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Aortic valve stenosis">Aortic valve stenosis</a> or cardiac outflow obstruction</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypovolemia" title="Hypovolemia">Hypovolemia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">dehydration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemodialysis" title="Hemodialysis">Hemodialysis</a> with high-flux polyacrylonitrile membranes</li></ul> <p>A combination of ACE inhibitor with other drugs may increase effects of these drugs, but also the risk of adverse effects.<sup id="cite_ref-Sidorenkov_&_Navis_2014_19-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sidorenkov_&_Navis_2014-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commonly reported adverse effects of drug combination with ACE inhibitor are acute renal failure, hypotension, and hyperkalemia. The drugs interacting with ACE inhibitor should be prescribed with caution. Special attention should be given to combinations of ACE inhibitor with other RAAS blockers, <a href="/wiki/Diuretics" class="mw-redirect" title="Diuretics">diuretics</a> (especially potassium-sparing diuretics), NSAIDs, <a href="/wiki/Anticoagulants" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticoagulants">anticoagulants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyclosporine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclosporine">cyclosporine</a>, <a href="/wiki/DPP-4_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="DPP-4 inhibitors">DPP-4 inhibitors</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Potassium_supplements" class="mw-redirect" title="Potassium supplements">potassium supplements</a>. </p><p>Potassium supplementation should be used with caution and under medical supervision owing to the <a href="/wiki/Hyperkalemia" title="Hyperkalemia">hyperkalemic</a> effect of ACE inhibitors.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid11044229_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11044229-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Concomitant use with <a href="/wiki/Cyclooxygenase_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclooxygenase inhibitor">cyclooxygenase inhibitors</a> tends to decrease ACE inhibitor's hypotensive effect.<sup id="cite_ref-Sear_2019_pp._535–555_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sear_2019_pp._535–555-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Byrd_Ram_Lerma_2019_pp._477–482_II_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Byrd_Ram_Lerma_2019_pp._477–482_II-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanism_of_action">Mechanism of action</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACE_inhibitor&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Mechanism of action"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ACE inhibitors reduce the activity of the <a href="/wiki/Renin%E2%80%93angiotensin_system" title="Renin–angiotensin system">renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system</a> (RAAS) as the primary etiologic (causal) event in the development of hypertension in people with diabetes mellitus, as part of the insulin-resistance syndrome or as a manifestation of renal disease.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone_system"><span id="Renin.E2.80.93angiotensin.E2.80.93aldosterone_system"></span>Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACE_inhibitor&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Renin%E2%80%93angiotensin_system" title="Renin–angiotensin system">Renin–angiotensin system</a></div> <figure class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone_system.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone_system.svg/475px-Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone_system.svg.png" decoding="async" width="475" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone_system.svg/713px-Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone_system.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone_system.svg/950px-Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone_system.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Renin%E2%80%93angiotensin_system" title="Renin–angiotensin system">Renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system is a major blood pressure regulating mechanism. Markers of electrolyte and water imbalance in the body such as <a href="/wiki/Hypotension" title="Hypotension">hypotension</a>, low <a href="/wiki/Distal_convoluted_tubule" title="Distal convoluted tubule">distal tubule</a> <a href="/wiki/Sodium_in_biology" title="Sodium in biology">sodium</a> concentration, decreased blood volume and high <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_system" title="Sympathetic nervous system">sympathetic</a> tone trigger the release of the enzyme <a href="/wiki/Renin" title="Renin">renin</a> from the cells of <a href="/wiki/Juxtaglomerular_apparatus" title="Juxtaglomerular apparatus">juxtaglomerular apparatus</a> in the kidney.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Renin activates a circulating liver derived <a href="/wiki/Prohormone" title="Prohormone">prohormone</a> <a href="/wiki/Angiotensin" title="Angiotensin">angiotensinogen</a> by proteolytic cleavage of all but its first ten <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acid</a> residues known as <a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensin I">angiotensin I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_converting_enzyme" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensin converting enzyme">ACE</a> (angiotensin converting enzyme) then removes a further two residues, converting angiotensin I into <a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensin II">angiotensin II</a>. ACE is found in the <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_circulation" title="Pulmonary circulation">pulmonary circulation</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Endothelium" title="Endothelium">endothelium</a> of many blood vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system increases blood pressure by increasing the amount of salt and water the body retains, although angiotensin II is also a potent <a href="/wiki/Vasoconstrictor" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasoconstrictor">vasoconstrictor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Weir_1999_pp._205–213_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weir_1999_pp._205–213-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effects">Effects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACE_inhibitor&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ACE inhibitors block the conversion of angiotensin I (ATI) to angiotensin II (ATII).<sup id="cite_ref-Ogbru_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ogbru-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They thereby lower <a href="/wiki/Arteriole" title="Arteriole">arteriolar</a> resistance and increase venous capacity; decrease <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_output" title="Cardiac output">cardiac output</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_index" title="Cardiac index">cardiac index</a>, stroke work, and <a href="/wiki/Stroke_volume" title="Stroke volume">volume</a>; lower resistance in blood vessels in the kidneys; and lead to increased <a href="/wiki/Natriuresis" title="Natriuresis">natriuresis</a> (excretion of sodium in the urine). Renin increases in concentration in the blood as a result of negative feedback of conversion of ATI to ATII. ATI increases for the same reason; ATII and aldosterone decrease. <a href="/wiki/Bradykinin" title="Bradykinin">Bradykinin</a> increases because of less inactivation by ACE.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Under normal conditions, angiotensin II has these effects: </p> <ul><li>Vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels) and vascular smooth muscle hypertrophy (enlargement) induced by ATII may lead to increased blood pressure and hypertension. Further, constriction of the <a href="/wiki/Efferent_arteriole" title="Efferent arteriole">efferent arterioles</a> of the kidney leads to increased perfusion pressure in the <a href="/wiki/Glomerulus_(kidney)" title="Glomerulus (kidney)">glomeruli</a>.</li> <li>It contributes to <a href="/wiki/Ventricular_remodeling" title="Ventricular remodeling">ventricular remodeling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ventricular_hypertrophy" title="Ventricular hypertrophy">ventricular hypertrophy</a> of the heart through stimulation of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-oncogene" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-oncogene">proto-oncogenes</a> <a href="/wiki/C-fos" class="mw-redirect" title="C-fos">c-fos</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-jun" class="mw-redirect" title="C-jun">c-jun</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-myc" class="mw-redirect" title="C-myc">c-myc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transforming_growth_factor_beta" title="Transforming growth factor beta">transforming growth factor beta</a> (TGF-B), through fibrogenesis and apoptosis (programmed cell death).</li> <li>Stimulation by ATII of the <a href="/wiki/Adrenal_cortex" title="Adrenal cortex">adrenal cortex</a> to release <a href="/wiki/Aldosterone" title="Aldosterone">aldosterone</a>, a hormone that acts on kidney tubules, causes sodium and chloride ions retention and potassium excretion. Sodium is a "water-holding" ion, so water is also retained, which leads to increased blood volume, hence an increase in blood pressure.</li> <li>Stimulation of the posterior pituitary to release <a href="/wiki/Vasopressin" title="Vasopressin">vasopressin</a> (antidiuretic hormone, ADH) also acts on the kidneys to increase water retention. If ADH production is excessive in heart failure, Na<sup>+</sup> level in the plasma may fall (hyponatremia), and this is a sign of increased risk of death in heart failure patients.</li> <li>A decrease renal protein kinase C</li></ul> <p>During the course of ACE inhibitor use, the production of ATII is decreased,<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gradman_Traub_2007_pp._985–1001_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gradman_Traub_2007_pp._985–1001-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which prevents aldosterone release from the adrenal cortex.<sup id="cite_ref-Gradman_Traub_2007_pp._985–1001_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gradman_Traub_2007_pp._985–1001-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allows the kidney to excrete sodium ions along with obligate water, and retain potassium ions. This decreases blood volume, leading to decreased blood pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-Gradman_Traub_2007_pp._985–1001_43-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gradman_Traub_2007_pp._985–1001-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">Epidemiological</a> and clinical studies have shown ACE inhibitors reduce the progress of <a href="/wiki/Diabetic_nephropathy" title="Diabetic nephropathy">diabetic nephropathy</a> independently from their blood pressure-lowering effect.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10780101_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10780101-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This action of ACE inhibitors is used in the prevention of diabetic <a href="/wiki/Renal_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Renal failure">renal failure</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>ACE inhibitors have been shown to be effective for indications other than hypertension<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even in patients with normal blood pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of a maximum dose of ACE inhibitors in such patients (including for prevention of diabetic nephropathy, congestive heart failure, and prophylaxis of cardiovascular events) is justified,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because it improves clinical outcomes independently of the blood pressure-lowering effect of ACE inhibitors. Such therapy, of course, requires careful and gradual titration of the dose to prevent the effects of rapidly decreasing blood pressure (dizziness, fainting, etc.).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>ACE inhibitors have also been shown to cause a central enhancement of <a href="/wiki/Parasympathetic_nervous_system" title="Parasympathetic nervous system">parasympathetic nervous system</a> activity in healthy volunteers and patients with heart failure.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This action may reduce the prevalence of malignant cardiac arrhythmias, and the reduction in sudden death reported in large clinical trials.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ACE Inhibitors also reduce plasma <a href="/wiki/Norepinephrine" title="Norepinephrine">norepinephrine</a> levels, and its resulting vasoconstriction effects, in heart failure patients, thus breaking the vicious circles of <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_nervous_system" title="Sympathetic nervous system">sympathetic</a> and renin angiotensin system activation, which sustains the downward spiral in cardiac function in congestive heart failure<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The ACE inhibitor <a href="/wiki/Enalapril" title="Enalapril">enalapril</a> has also been shown to reduce cardiac <a href="/wiki/Cachexia" title="Cachexia">cachexia</a> in patients with chronic heart failure.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cachexia is a poor prognostic sign in patients with chronic heart failure.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ACE inhibitors are under early investigation for the treatment of frailty and muscle wasting (sarcopenia) in elderly patients without heart failure.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACE_inhibitor&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Currently, there are 10 ACE inhibitors approved for use in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">FDA</a>: <a href="/wiki/Captopril" title="Captopril">captopril</a> (1981), <a href="/wiki/Enalapril" title="Enalapril">enalapril</a> (1985), <a href="/wiki/Lisinopril" title="Lisinopril">lisinopril</a> (1987), <a href="/wiki/Benazepril" title="Benazepril">benazepril</a> (1991), <a href="/wiki/Fosinopril" title="Fosinopril">fosinopril</a> (1991), <a href="/wiki/Quinapril" title="Quinapril">quinapril</a> (1991), <a href="/wiki/Ramipril" title="Ramipril">ramipril</a> (1991), <a href="/wiki/Perindopril" title="Perindopril">perindopril</a> (1993), <a href="/wiki/Moexipril" title="Moexipril">moexipril</a> (1995) and <a href="/wiki/Trandolapril" title="Trandolapril">trandolapril</a> (1996).<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ACE inhibitors are easily identifiable by their common suffix, '-pril'. ACE inhibitors can be divided into three groups based on their molecular structure of the <a href="/wiki/Enzyme_binding_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Enzyme binding site">enzyme binding sites</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sulfhydryl" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfhydryl">sulfhydryl</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Phosphinyl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phosphinyl (page does not exist)">phosphinyl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carboxyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Carboxyl">carboxyl</a>) to the active center of ACE:<sup id="cite_ref-Shibata_Fujita_2018_pp._230–241_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shibata_Fujita_2018_pp._230–241-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sulfhydryl-containing_agents">Sulfhydryl-containing agents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACE_inhibitor&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sulfhydryl-containing agents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alacepril" title="Alacepril">Alacepril</a><sup id="cite_ref-Shibata_Fujita_2018_pp._230–241_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shibata_Fujita_2018_pp._230–241-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captopril" title="Captopril">Captopril</a> (trade name Capoten), the first ACE inhibitor.<sup id="cite_ref-Shibata_Fujita_2018_pp._230–241_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shibata_Fujita_2018_pp._230–241-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zofenopril" title="Zofenopril">Zofenopril</a></li></ul> <p>These agents appear to show <a href="/wiki/Antioxidative" class="mw-redirect" title="Antioxidative">antioxidative</a> properties but may be involved in adverse events such as <a href="/wiki/Skin_eruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin eruption">skin eruptions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shibata_Fujita_2018_pp._230–241_57-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shibata_Fujita_2018_pp._230–241-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dicarboxylate-containing_agents">Dicarboxylate-containing agents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACE_inhibitor&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Dicarboxylate-containing agents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is the largest group, including:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enalapril" title="Enalapril">Enalapril</a> (Vasotec/Renitec/Berlipril/Enap/Enalapril Profarma)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramipril" title="Ramipril">Ramipril</a> (Altace/Prilace/Ramace/Ramiwin/Triatec/Tritace/Ramitac)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinapril" title="Quinapril">Quinapril</a> (Accupril)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perindopril" title="Perindopril">Perindopril</a> (Coversyl/Aceon/Perindo)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisinopril" title="Lisinopril">Lisinopril</a> (Listril/Lopril/Novatec/Prinivil/Zestril, Lisidigal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benazepril" title="Benazepril">Benazepril</a> (Lotensin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imidapril" title="Imidapril">Imidapril</a> (Tanatril)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trandolapril" title="Trandolapril">Trandolapril</a> (Mavik/Odrik/Gopten)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilazapril" title="Cilazapril">Cilazapril</a> (Inhibace)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phosphonate-containing_agents">Phosphonate-containing agents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACE_inhibitor&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Phosphonate-containing agents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ceronapril" title="Ceronapril">Ceronapril</a> (never marketed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosinopril" title="Fosinopril">Fosinopril</a> (Fositen/Monopril)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naturally_occurring">Naturally occurring</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACE_inhibitor&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Naturally occurring"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A comprehensive resource on anti-hypertensive peptides is available in form of a database. It contains around 1700 unique antihypertensive peptides<sup id="cite_ref-pmid25392419_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25392419-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arfalasin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arfalasin (page does not exist)">Arfalasin</a> (HOE 409) is angiotensin antagonist.<sup id="cite_ref-Google_Patents_1975_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Google_Patents_1975-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dairy_products">Dairy products</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACE_inhibitor&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Dairy products"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Caso<a href="/wiki/Kinin" title="Kinin">kinins</a> and lactokinins, breakdown products of <a href="/wiki/Casein" title="Casein">casein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whey" title="Whey">whey</a>, occur naturally after ingestion of <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a> products, especially <a href="/wiki/Cultured_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultured milk">cultured milk</a>. Their role in blood pressure control is uncertain.<sup id="cite_ref-FitzGerald2004_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FitzGerald2004-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Lactotripeptides" title="Lactotripeptides">lactotripeptides</a> Val-Pro-Pro and Ile-Pro-Pro produced by the <a href="/wiki/Probiotic" title="Probiotic">probiotic</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Lactobacillus_helveticus" title="Lactobacillus helveticus">Lactobacillus helveticus</a></i> or derived from <a href="/wiki/Casein" title="Casein">casein</a> have been shown to have ACE-inhibiting and antihypertensive functions.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid16093403_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16093403-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid19061526_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19061526-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one study, <i>L. helveticus</i> PR4 was isolated from Italian cheeses.<sup id="cite_ref-Minervini_2003_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minervini_2003-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparative_information">Comparative information</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACE_inhibitor&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Comparative information"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All ACE inhibitors have similar antihypertensive efficacy when equivalent doses are administered. The main differences lie with <a href="/wiki/Captopril" title="Captopril">captopril</a>, the first ACE inhibitor. Captopril has a shorter duration of action and an increased incidence of adverse effects. It is also the only ACE inhibitor capable of passing through the <a href="/wiki/Blood%E2%80%93brain_barrier" title="Blood–brain barrier">blood–brain barrier</a>, although the significance of this characteristic has not been shown to have any positive clinical effects.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In a large clinical study, one of the agents in the ACE inhibitor class, <a href="/wiki/Ramipril" title="Ramipril">ramipril</a> (Altace), demonstrated an ability to reduce the mortality rates of patients with a <a href="/wiki/Myocardial_infarction" title="Myocardial infarction">myocardial infarction</a> and to slow the subsequent development of heart failure. This finding was made after it was discovered that regular use of ramipril reduced mortality rates even in test subjects who did not have hypertension.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some believe ramipril's additional benefits may be shared by some or all drugs in the ACE-inhibitor class. However, ramipril currently remains the only ACE inhibitor for which such effects are actually evidence-based.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A meta-analysis confirmed that ACE inhibitors are effective and certainly the first-line choice in hypertension treatment. This meta-analysis was based on 20 trials and a cohort of 158,998 patients, of whom 91% were hypertensive. ACE inhibitors were used as the active treatment in seven trials (n=76,615) and angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) in 13 trials (n=82,383). ACE inhibitors were associated with a statistically significant 10% mortality reduction: (HR 0.90; 95% CI, 0.84–0.97; P=0.004). In contrast, no significant mortality reduction was observed with ARB treatment (HR 0.99; 95% CI, 0.94–1.04; P=0.683). Analysis of mortality reduction by different ACE inhibitors showed that perindopril-based regimens are associated with a statistically significant 13% all-cause mortality reduction. Taking into account the broad spectrum of the hypertensive population, one might expect that an effective treatment with ACE inhibitors, in particular with <a href="/wiki/Perindopril" title="Perindopril">perindopril</a>, would result in an important gain of lives saved.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Equivalent_doses_in_hypertension">Equivalent doses in hypertension</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACE_inhibitor&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Equivalent doses in hypertension"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ACE inhibitors have different strengths with different starting dosages. Dosage should be adjusted according to the clinical response.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="6">ACE inhibitors dosages for hypertension </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"></th> <th></th> <th colspan="3">Dosage </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6">Note: <a href="/wiki/Bis_in_die" class="mw-redirect" title="Bis in die">bid</a> = two times a day, <a href="/wiki/Ter_in_die" class="mw-redirect" title="Ter in die">tid</a> = three times a day, d = daily <br />Drug dosages from Drug Lookup, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://online.epocrates.com/">Epocrates Online</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Equivalent daily dose</th> <th></th> <th>Start</th> <th>Usual</th> <th>Maximum </th></tr> <tr> <td>Benazepril</td> <td>10 mg</td> <td></td> <td>10 mg</td> <td>20–40 mg</td> <td>80 mg </td></tr> <tr> <td>Captopril</td> <td>50 mg (25 mg bid)</td> <td></td> <td>12.5–25 mg bid-tid</td> <td>25–50 mg bid-tid</td> <td>150 mg/d </td></tr> <tr> <td>Enalapril</td> <td>5 mg</td> <td></td> <td>5 mg</td> <td>10–40 mg</td> <td>40 mg </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fosinopril</td> <td>10 mg</td> <td></td> <td>10 mg</td> <td>20–40 mg</td> <td>80 mg </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lisinopril</td> <td>10 mg</td> <td></td> <td>10 mg</td> <td>10–40 mg</td> <td>80 mg </td></tr> <tr> <td>Moexipril</td> <td>7.5 mg</td> <td></td> <td>7.5 mg</td> <td>7.5–30 mg</td> <td>30 mg </td></tr> <tr> <td>Perindopril</td> <td>4 mg</td> <td></td> <td>4 mg</td> <td>4–8 mg</td> <td>16 mg </td></tr> <tr> <td>Quinapril</td> <td>10 mg</td> <td></td> <td>10 mg</td> <td>20–80 mg</td> <td>80 mg </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ramipril</td> <td>2.5 mg</td> <td></td> <td>2.5 mg</td> <td>2.5–20 mg</td> <td>20 mg </td></tr> <tr> <td>Trandolapril</td> <td>2 mg</td> <td></td> <td>1 mg</td> <td>2–4 mg</td> <td>8 mg </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Combination_with_angiotensin_II_receptor_antagonists">Combination with angiotensin II receptor antagonists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACE_inhibitor&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Combination with angiotensin II receptor antagonists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>ACE inhibitors possess many common characteristics with another class of cardiovascular drugs, <a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_II_receptor_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensin II receptor antagonist">angiotensin II receptor antagonists</a>, which are often used when patients are intolerant of the adverse effects produced by ACE inhibitors. ACE inhibitors do not completely prevent the formation of angiotensin II, as blockage is dose-dependent, so angiotensin II receptor antagonists may be useful because they act to prevent the action of angiotensin II at the AT<sub>1</sub> receptor, leaving AT<sub>2</sub> receptor unblocked; the latter may have consequences needing further study.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The combination therapy of angiotensin II receptor antagonists with ACE inhibitors may be superior to either agent alone. This combination may increase levels of bradykinin while blocking the generation of angiotensin II and its activity at the AT<sub>1</sub> receptor. This 'dual blockade' may be more effective than using an ACE inhibitor alone, because angiotensin II can be generated via non-ACE-dependent pathways. Preliminary studies suggest this combination of pharmacologic agents may be advantageous in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Essential_hypertension" title="Essential hypertension">essential hypertension</a>, chronic <a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">heart failure</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-dimopoulos_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dimopoulos-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Nephropathy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nephropathy">nephropathy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Luno2005_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luno2005-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vandeWal2005_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vandeWal2005-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the more recent ONTARGET study showed no benefit of combining the agents and more adverse events.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While statistically significant results have been obtained for its role in treating hypertension, clinical significance may be lacking.<sup id="cite_ref-Finnegan2003_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finnegan2003-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are warnings about the combination of ACE inhibitors with ARBs.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Patients with heart failure may benefit from the combination in terms of reducing <a href="/wiki/Morbidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Morbidity">morbidity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ventricular_remodeling" title="Ventricular remodeling">ventricular remodeling</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Krum2004_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Krum2004-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Solomon2005_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solomon2005-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most compelling evidence for the treatment of nephropathy has been found: This combination therapy partially reversed the <a href="/wiki/Proteinuria" title="Proteinuria">proteinuria</a> and also exhibited a renoprotective effect in patients with <a href="/wiki/Diabetic_nephropathy" title="Diabetic nephropathy">diabetic nephropathy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Luno2005_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luno2005-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and pediatric <a href="/wiki/IgA_nephropathy" title="IgA nephropathy">IgA nephropathy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yang2005_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yang2005-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACE_inhibitor&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/ACE_inhibitors_drug_design" class="mw-redirect" title="ACE inhibitors drug design">ACE inhibitors drug design</a></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leonard_T._Skeggs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leonard T. Skeggs (page does not exist)">Leonard T. Skeggs</a> and his colleagues (including <a href="/wiki/Norman_Shumway" title="Norman Shumway">Norman Shumway</a>) discovered ACE in <a href="/wiki/Blood_plasma" title="Blood plasma">plasma</a> in 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-Bernstein_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bernstein-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also noted that those who worked in banana plantations in South-western Brazil collapsed after being bitten by a <a href="/wiki/Pit_viper" title="Pit viper">pit viper</a>, leading to a search for a blood pressure lowering component in its venom.<sup id="cite_ref-Aung2012_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aung2012-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brazilian scientist <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9rgio_Henrique_Ferreira" title="Sérgio Henrique Ferreira">Sérgio Henrique Ferreira</a> reported a <a href="/wiki/Teprotide" title="Teprotide">bradykinin-potentiating factor</a> (BPF) present in the venom of <i><a href="/wiki/Bothrops_jararaca" title="Bothrops jararaca">Bothrops jararaca</a></i>, a South American pit viper, in 1965.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid14302350_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid14302350-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ferreira then went to <a href="/wiki/John_Vane" title="John Vane">John Vane</a>'s laboratory as a postdoctoral fellow with his already-isolated BPF. The conversion of the inactive angiotensin I to the potent angiotensin II was thought to take place in the plasma. However, in 1967, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kevin_K._F._Ng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kevin K. F. Ng (page does not exist)">Kevin K. F. Ng</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_R._Vane" class="mw-redirect" title="John R. Vane">John R. Vane</a> showed plasma ACE is too slow to account for the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II <i>in vivo</i>. Subsequent investigation showed rapid conversion occurs during its passage through the pulmonary circulation.<sup id="cite_ref-Kevin_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kevin-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bradykinin is rapidly inactivated in the circulating blood, and it disappears completely in a single pass through the pulmonary circulation. Angiotensin I also disappears in the pulmonary circulation because of its conversion to angiotensin II. Furthermore, angiotensin II passes through the lungs without any loss. The inactivation of bradykinin and the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II in the lungs was thought to be caused by the same enzyme.<sup id="cite_ref-Kevin2_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kevin2-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1970, Ng and Vane, using BPF provided by Ferreira, showed the conversion is inhibited during its passage through the pulmonary circulation.<sup id="cite_ref-Kevin3_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kevin3-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>BPFs are members of a family of peptides whose potentiating action is linked to inhibition of bradykinin by ACE. Molecular analysis of BPF yielded a nonapeptide BPF <a href="/wiki/Teprotide" title="Teprotide">teprotide</a> (SQ 20,881), which showed the greatest ACE inhibition potency and hypotensive effect <i>in vivo</i>. Teprotide had limited clinical value as a result of its peptide nature and lack of activity when given orally. In the early 1970s, knowledge of the structure-activity relationship required for inhibition of ACE was growing. <a href="/wiki/David_Cushman" title="David Cushman">David Cushman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Ondetti" title="Miguel Ondetti">Miguel Ondetti</a> and colleagues used peptide analogues to study the structure of ACE, using carboxypeptidase A as a model. Their discoveries led to the development of captopril, the first orally-active ACE inhibitor, in 1975.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Captopril was approved by the United States <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> in 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first nonsulfhydryl-containing ACE inhibitor, enalapril, was approved four years later.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least 8 other ACE inhibitors have since been marketed.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1991, Japanese scientists created the first milk-based ACE inhibitor, in the form of a fermented milk drink, using specific cultures to liberate the <a href="/wiki/Tripeptide" title="Tripeptide">tripeptide</a> <a href="/wiki/Isoleucine" title="Isoleucine">isoleucine</a>-<a href="/wiki/Proline" title="Proline">proline</a>-proline (IPP) from the dairy protein. <a href="/wiki/Valine" title="Valine">Valine</a>-proline-proline (VPP) is also liberated in this process—another milk tripeptide with a very similar chemical structure to IPP. Together, these peptides are now often referred to as <a href="/wiki/Lactotripeptides" title="Lactotripeptides">lactotripeptides</a>. In 1996, the first human study confirmed the blood pressure-lowering effect of IPP in fermented milk.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although twice the amount of VPP is needed to achieve the same ACE-inhibiting activity as the originally discovered IPP, VPP also is assumed to add to the total blood pressure lowering effect.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid7673515_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid7673515-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since the first lactotripeptides discovery, more than 20 human clinical trials have been conducted in many different countries.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19061526_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19061526-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACE_inhibitor&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Note"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ACE inhibitors don't appear to permanently reduce ATII plasma level after cessation of taking it. In short, ACE inhibitors don't cure high ATII plasma levels.<sup id="cite_ref-Gradman_Traub_2007_pp._985–1001_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gradman_Traub_2007_pp._985–1001-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACE_inhibitor&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_II_receptor_blocker" title="Angiotensin II receptor blocker">Angiotensin II receptor blocker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_and_development_of_angiotensin_receptor_blockers" title="Discovery and development of angiotensin receptor blockers">Discovery and development of angiotensin receptor blockers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loop_diuretic" title="Loop diuretic">Loop diuretic</a>, also used to treat <a href="/wiki/Congestive_heart_failure_(CHF)" class="mw-redirect" title="Congestive heart failure (CHF)">CHF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renin_inhibitor" title="Renin inhibitor">Renin inhibitor</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACE_inhibitor&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Kaplans_Essentials_of_Cardiac_Anesthesia_2018_p.-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kaplans_Essentials_of_Cardiac_Anesthesia_2018_p._1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaplans_Essentials_of_Cardiac_Anesthesia_2018_p._1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaplans_Essentials_of_Cardiac_Anesthesia_2018_p._1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kaplans_Essentials_of_Cardiac_Anesthesia_2018_p._1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Kaplan's Essentials of Cardiac Anesthesia</i>. Elsevier. 2018. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fc2012-0-06151-0">10.1016/c2012-0-06151-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-49798-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-49798-5"><bdi>978-0-323-49798-5</bdi></a>. <q>Mechanisms of Action:ACE inhibitors act by inhibiting one of several proteases responsible for cleaving the decapeptide Ang I to form the octapeptide Ang II. Because ACE is also the enzyme that degrades bradykinin, ACE inhibitors increase circulating and tissue levels of bradykinin (Fig. 8.4).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kaplan%27s+Essentials+of+Cardiac+Anesthesia&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fc2012-0-06151-0&rft.isbn=978-0-323-49798-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AACE+inhibitor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aronow_2010_pp._327–337-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Aronow_2010_pp._327–337_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAronow2010" class="citation book cs1">Aronow WS (2010). "Cardiac Arrhythmias". <i>Brocklehurst's Textbook of Geriatric Medicine and Gerontology</i>. Elsevier. pp. 327–337. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-1-4160-6231-8.10045-5">10.1016/b978-1-4160-6231-8.10045-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4160-6231-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4160-6231-8"><bdi>978-1-4160-6231-8</bdi></a>. <q>Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors ACE inhibitors have been demonstrated to reduce sudden cardiac death in some studies of persons with CHF.24,56</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cardiac+Arrhythmias&rft.btitle=Brocklehurst%27s+Textbook+of+Geriatric+Medicine+and+Gerontology&rft.pages=327-337&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fb978-1-4160-6231-8.10045-5&rft.isbn=978-1-4160-6231-8&rft.aulast=Aronow&rft.aufirst=Wilbert+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AACE+inhibitor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Byrd_Ram_Lerma_2019_pp._477–482-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Byrd_Ram_Lerma_2019_pp._477–482_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Byrd_Ram_Lerma_2019_pp._477–482_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Byrd_Ram_Lerma_2019_pp._477–482_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrdRamLerma2019" class="citation book cs1">Byrd JB, Ram CV, Lerma EV (2019). "Pharmacologic treatment of hypertension". <i>Nephrology Secrets</i>. Elsevier. pp. 477–482. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-323-47871-7.00078-2">10.1016/b978-0-323-47871-7.00078-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-47871-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-47871-7"><bdi>978-0-323-47871-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:263490929">263490929</a>. <q>ACE inhibitors inhibit the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II, thereby producing vasodilation and lowering BP. Because the hydrolysis of bradykinin is also inhibited by these drugs, cough (7% to 12%) can occur.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pharmacologic+treatment+of+hypertension&rft.btitle=Nephrology+Secrets&rft.pages=477-482&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A263490929%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fb978-0-323-47871-7.00078-2&rft.isbn=978-0-323-47871-7&rft.aulast=Byrd&rft.aufirst=James+Brian&rft.au=Ram%2C+C.+Venkata+S.&rft.au=Lerma%2C+Edgar+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AACE+inhibitor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goodman-Gilman-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goodman-Gilman_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJackson2006" class="citation book cs1">Jackson EK (2006). "Chapter 30. Renin and Angiotensin". In Brunton LL, Lazo JS, Parker K (eds.). <a href="/wiki/Goodman_%26_Gilman%27s_The_Pharmacological_Basis_of_Therapeutics" title="Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics"><i>Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics</i></a> (11th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-142280-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-142280-2"><bdi>978-0-07-142280-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+30.+Renin+and+Angiotensin&rft.btitle=Goodman+%26+Gilman%27s+The+Pharmacological+Basis+of+Therapeutics&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-07-142280-2&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Edwin+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AACE+inhibitor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/myocardial-infarction/">"Myocardial Infarction"</a>. <i>The Lecturio Medical Concept Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Lecturio+Medical+Concept+Library&rft.atitle=Myocardial+Infarction&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lecturio.com%2Fconcepts%2Fmyocardial-infarction%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AACE+inhibitor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lecturio.com/concepts/congestive-heart-failure/">"Congestive Heart Failure"</a>. <i>The Lecturio Medical Concept Library</i>. 7 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Lecturio+Medical+Concept+Library&rft.atitle=Congestive+Heart+Failure&rft.date=2020-08-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lecturio.com%2Fconcepts%2Fcongestive-heart-failure%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AACE+inhibitor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kester_Karpa_Vrana_2012_pp._125–151-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kester_Karpa_Vrana_2012_pp._125–151_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKesterKarpaVrana2012" class="citation book cs1">Kester M, Karpa KD, Vrana KE (2012). "Cardiovascular System". <i>Elsevier's Integrated Review Pharmacology</i>. Elsevier. pp. 125–151. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-323-07445-2.00008-2">10.1016/b978-0-323-07445-2.00008-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-07445-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-07445-2"><bdi>978-0-323-07445-2</bdi></a>. <q>ACE inhibitors also slow progression of kidney disease in patients with diabetic nephropathies. 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(September 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sidorenkov_&_Navis_2014-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sidorenkov_&_Navis_2014_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sidorenkov_&_Navis_2014_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sidorenkov_&_Navis_2014_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sidorenkov_&_Navis_2014_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sidorenkov_&_Navis_2014_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sidorenkov_&_Navis_2014_19-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sidorenkov_&_Navis_2014_19-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSidorenkovNavis2014" class="citation journal cs1">Sidorenkov G, Navis G (2014). 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Clinical+Nutrition&rft.atitle=A+placebo-controlled+study+of+the+effect+of+sour+milk+on+blood+pressure+in+hypertensive+subjects&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=767-71&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fajcn%2F64.5.767&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8901799&rft.aulast=Hata&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Yamamoto%2C+M&rft.au=Ohni%2C+M&rft.au=Nakajima%2C+K&rft.au=Nakamura%2C+Y&rft.au=Takano%2C+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fajcn%252F64.5.767&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AACE+inhibitor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid7673515-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid7673515_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakamuraYamamotoSakaiTakano1995" class="citation journal cs1">Nakamura Y, Yamamoto N, Sakai K, Takano T (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2895%2976745-5">"Antihypertensive effect of sour milk and peptides isolated from it that are inhibitors to angiotensin I-converting enzyme"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Dairy_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Dairy Science">Journal of Dairy Science</a></i>. <b>78</b> (6): 1253–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2895%2976745-5">10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(95)76745-5</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7673515">7673515</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Dairy+Science&rft.atitle=Antihypertensive+effect+of+sour+milk+and+peptides+isolated+from+it+that+are+inhibitors+to+angiotensin+I-converting+enzyme&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1253-7&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3168%2Fjds.S0022-0302%2895%2976745-5&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7673515&rft.aulast=Nakamura&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Yamamoto%2C+N&rft.au=Sakai%2C+K&rft.au=Takano%2C+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3168%252Fjds.S0022-0302%252895%252976745-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AACE+inhibitor" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=ACE_inhibitor&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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id="Antihypertensive_drugs_acting_on_the_renin–angiotensin_system_(C09)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Antihypertensive_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihypertensive drug">Antihypertensive drugs</a> acting on the <a href="/wiki/Renin%E2%80%93angiotensin_system" title="Renin–angiotensin system">renin–angiotensin system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_C09" title="ATC code C09">C09</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ACE inhibitors</a><br />("-pril")</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Sulfhydryl-containing_agents">Sulfhydryl-containing</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Captopril" title="Captopril">Captopril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rentiapril" title="Rentiapril">Rentiapril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zofenopril" title="Zofenopril">Zofenopril</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Zofenopril/nebivolol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zofenopril/nebivolol (page does not exist)">+nebivolol</a>)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Dicarboxylate-containing_agents">Dicarboxylate-containing</a>: </i><a href="/wiki/Enalapril" title="Enalapril">Enalapril</a><sup>#</sup> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Enalapril/lercanidipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enalapril/lercanidipine (page does not exist)">+lercanidipine</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Enalapril/nitrendipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enalapril/nitrendipine (page does not exist)">+nitrendipine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benazepril" title="Benazepril">Benazepril</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Benazepril/amlodipine" class="mw-redirect" title="Benazepril/amlodipine">+amlodipine</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Benazepril/pimobendan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benazepril/pimobendan (page does not exist)">+pimobendan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilazapril" title="Cilazapril">Cilazapril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delapril" title="Delapril">Delapril</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Delapril/manidipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Delapril/manidipine (page does not exist)">+manidipine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imidapril" title="Imidapril">Imidapril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisinopril" title="Lisinopril">Lisinopril</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Lisinopril/amlodipine" title="Lisinopril/amlodipine">+amlodipine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisinopril/hydrochlorothiazide" title="Lisinopril/hydrochlorothiazide">+HCT</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moexipril" title="Moexipril">Moexipril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perindopril" title="Perindopril">Perindopril</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Perindopril/amlodipine" class="mw-redirect" title="Perindopril/amlodipine">+amlodipine</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perindopril/bisoprolol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perindopril/bisoprolol (page does not exist)">+bisoprolol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perindopril/indapamide" title="Perindopril/indapamide">+indapamide</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perindopril/amlodipine/indapamide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perindopril/amlodipine/indapamide (page does not exist)">+amlodipine and indapamide</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perindopril/bisoprolol/amlodipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perindopril/bisoprolol/amlodipine (page does not exist)">+bisoprolol and amlodipine</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perindopril/bisoprolol/amlodipine/indapamide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perindopril/bisoprolol/amlodipine/indapamide (page does not exist)">+bisoprolol, amlodipine, and indapamide</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinapril" title="Quinapril">Quinapril</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Quinapril/hydrochlorothiazide" class="mw-redirect" title="Quinapril/hydrochlorothiazide">+HCT</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramipril" title="Ramipril">Ramipril</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramipril/amlodipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramipril/amlodipine (page does not exist)">+amlodipine</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramipril/amlodipine/hydrochlorothiazide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramipril/amlodipine/hydrochlorothiazide (page does not exist)">+amlodipine and HCT</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramipril/bisoprolol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramipril/bisoprolol (page does not exist)">+bisoprolol</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ramipril/felodipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramipril/felodipine (page does not exist)">+felodipine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirapril" title="Spirapril">Spirapril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temocapril" title="Temocapril">Temocapril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trandolapril" title="Trandolapril">Trandolapril</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Trandolapril/verapamil" title="Trandolapril/verapamil">+verapamil</a>)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Phosphonate-containing_agents">Phosphonate-containing</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Ceronapril" title="Ceronapril">Ceronapril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosinopril" title="Fosinopril">Fosinopril</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Fosinopril/hydrochlorothiazide" class="mw-redirect" title="Fosinopril/hydrochlorothiazide">+HCT</a>)</li> <li><i>Other/ungrouped:</i> <a href="/wiki/Alacepril" title="Alacepril">Alacepril</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_II_receptor_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensin II receptor antagonist">AIIRAs</a><br />("-sartan")</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azilsartan" title="Azilsartan">Azilsartan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candesartan" title="Candesartan">Candesartan</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Candesartan/amlodipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Candesartan/amlodipine (page does not exist)">+amlodipine</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Candesartan/amlodipine/hydrochlorothiazide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Candesartan/amlodipine/hydrochlorothiazide (page does not exist)">+amlodipine and HCT</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eprosartan" title="Eprosartan">Eprosartan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimasartan" title="Fimasartan">Fimasartan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irbesartan" title="Irbesartan">Irbesartan</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Irbesartan/amlodipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irbesartan/amlodipine (page does not exist)">+amlodipine</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Irbesartan/amlodipine/hydrochlorothiazide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irbesartan/amlodipine/hydrochlorothiazide (page does not exist)">+amlodipine and HCT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irbesartan/hydrochlorothiazide" class="mw-redirect" title="Irbesartan/hydrochlorothiazide">+HCT</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losartan" title="Losartan">Losartan</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Losartan/amlodipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Losartan/amlodipine (page does not exist)">+amlodipine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Losartan/hydrochlorothiazide" title="Losartan/hydrochlorothiazide">+HCT</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmesartan" title="Olmesartan">Olmesartan</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Amlodipine/olmesartan" title="Amlodipine/olmesartan">+amlodipine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olmesartan/amlodipine/hydrochlorothiazide" title="Olmesartan/amlodipine/hydrochlorothiazide">+amlodipine and HCT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olmesartan/hydrochlorothiazide" title="Olmesartan/hydrochlorothiazide">+HCT</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasosartan" title="Tasosartan">Tasosartan</a><sup>§</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telmisartan" title="Telmisartan">Telmisartan</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Telmisartan/amlodipine" title="Telmisartan/amlodipine">+amlodipine</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Telmisartan/amlodipine/hydrochlorothiazide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telmisartan/amlodipine/hydrochlorothiazide (page does not exist)">+amlodipine and HCT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telmisartan/hydrochlorothiazide" title="Telmisartan/hydrochlorothiazide">+HCT</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valsartan" title="Valsartan">Valsartan</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Valsartan/aliskiren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valsartan/aliskiren (page does not exist)">+aliskiren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amlodipine/valsartan" title="Amlodipine/valsartan">+amlodipine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amlodipine/valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide" class="mw-redirect" title="Amlodipine/valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide">+amlodipine and HCT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide" title="Valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide">+HCT</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Valsartan/lercanidipine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valsartan/lercanidipine (page does not exist)">+lercanidipine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nebivolol/valsartan" title="Nebivolol/valsartan">+nebivolol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sacubitril/valsartan" title="Sacubitril/valsartan">+sacubitril</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Renin_inhibitor" title="Renin inhibitor">Renin inhibitors</a><br />("-kiren")</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aliskiren" title="Aliskiren">Aliskiren</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Aliskiren/amlodipine" title="Aliskiren/amlodipine">+amlodipine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aliskiren/hydrochlorothiazide" title="Aliskiren/hydrochlorothiazide">+HCT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aliskiren/amlodipine/hydrochlorothiazide" title="Aliskiren/amlodipine/hydrochlorothiazide">+amlodipine and HCT</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remikiren" title="Remikiren">Remikiren</a><sup>§</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dual <a href="/wiki/Angiotensin-converting_enzyme" title="Angiotensin-converting enzyme">ACE</a>/<a href="/wiki/Neprilysin" title="Neprilysin">NEP</a> inhibitors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gemopatrilat" title="Gemopatrilat">Gemopatrilat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilepatril&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilepatril (page does not exist)">Ilepatril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omapatrilat" title="Omapatrilat">Omapatrilat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sampatrilat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sampatrilat (page does not exist)">Sampatrilat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neprilysin" title="Neprilysin">Neprilysin</a> inhibitors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacubitril" title="Sacubitril">Sacubitril</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>(<a href="/wiki/Sacubitril/valsartan" title="Sacubitril/valsartan">+valsartan</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sparsentan" title="Sparsentan">Sparsentan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: transparent; padding: 0px;"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><sup>#</sup><a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li><sup>‡</sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li><sup>§</sup>Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Major_chemical_drug_groups_–_based_upon_the_Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Major_drug_groups" title="Template:Major drug groups"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Major_drug_groups" title="Template talk:Major drug groups"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Major_drug_groups" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Major drug groups"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Major_chemical_drug_groups_–_based_upon_the_Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Major chemical drug groups – based upon the <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Human gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a><br />/ <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_A" title="ATC code A">A</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>stomach acid</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antacid" title="Antacid">Antacids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H2_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="H2 antagonist">H<sub>2</sub> antagonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton-pump_inhibitor" title="Proton-pump inhibitor">Proton-pump inhibitors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiemetic" title="Antiemetic">Antiemetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laxative" title="Laxative">Laxatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidiarrhoeal" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidiarrhoeal">Antidiarrhoeals</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antipropulsive" title="Antipropulsive">Antipropulsives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-obesity_medication" title="Anti-obesity medication">Anti-obesity drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetes_medication" title="Diabetes medication">Diabetes medication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietary_mineral" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary mineral">Dietary minerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> and blood<br />forming organs (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_B" title="ATC code B">B</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antithrombotic" title="Antithrombotic">Antithrombotics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiplatelet_drug" title="Antiplatelet drug">Antiplatelets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticoagulant" title="Anticoagulant">Anticoagulants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrombolytic_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrombolytic drug">Thrombolytics / fibrinolytics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihemorrhagic" title="Antihemorrhagic">Antihemorrhagics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platelet" title="Platelet">Platelets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coagulation" title="Coagulation">Coagulants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifibrinolytic" title="Antifibrinolytic">Antifibrinolytics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">cardiovascular<br />system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_C" title="ATC code C">C</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>cardiac therapy / <a href="/wiki/Antianginal" title="Antianginal">antianginals</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_glycoside" title="Cardiac glycoside">Cardiac glycosides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiarrhythmic_agent" title="Antiarrhythmic agent">Antiarrhythmics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_stimulant" title="Cardiac stimulant">Cardiac stimulants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihypertensive_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihypertensive drug">Antihypertensives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diuretic" title="Diuretic">Diuretics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasodilation" title="Vasodilation">Vasodilators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">Beta blockers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel_blocker" title="Calcium channel blocker">Calcium channel blockers</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Renin%E2%80%93angiotensin_system" title="Renin–angiotensin system">renin–angiotensin system</a></i> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ACE inhibitors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_II_receptor_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensin II receptor antagonist">Angiotensin II receptor antagonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renin_inhibitor" title="Renin inhibitor">Renin inhibitors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypolipidemic_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypolipidemic agent">Antihyperlipidemics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statin" title="Statin">Statins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrate" title="Fibrate">Fibrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bile_acid_sequestrant" title="Bile acid sequestrant">Bile acid sequestrants</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">skin</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_D" title="ATC code D">D</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emollient" class="mw-redirect" title="Emollient">Emollients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicatrizant" class="mw-redirect" title="Cicatrizant">Cicatrizants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipruritic" title="Antipruritic">Antipruritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipsoriatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antipsoriatic">Antipsoriatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATC_code_D09" title="ATC code D09">Medicated dressings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genitourinary_system" title="Genitourinary system">genitourinary<br />system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_G" title="ATC code G">G</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hormonal_contraception" title="Hormonal contraception">Hormonal contraception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_medication" title="Fertility medication">Fertility agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_estrogen_receptor_modulator" title="Selective estrogen receptor modulator">Selective estrogen receptor modulators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex steroid">Sex hormones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">endocrine<br />system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_H" title="ATC code H">H</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary_hormone" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary hormone">Hypothalamic–pituitary hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">Corticosteroids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid" title="Glucocorticoid">Glucocorticoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineralocorticoid" title="Mineralocorticoid">Mineralocorticoids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex steroid">Sex hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyroid hormone">Thyroid hormones</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antithyroid_agent" title="Antithyroid agent">Antithyroid agents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infections</a> and<br /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/infestation" class="extiw" title="wikt:infestation">infestations</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_J" title="ATC code J">J</a>, <a href="/wiki/ATC_code_P" title="ATC code P">P</a>, <a href="/wiki/ATCvet_code_QI" title="ATCvet code QI">QI</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial" title="Antimicrobial">Antimicrobials</a>: <a href="/wiki/Antibacterial" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibacterial">Antibacterials</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antimycobacterial" title="Antimycobacterial">Antimycobacterials</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifungal_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Antifungal drug">Antifungals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiviral_drug" title="Antiviral drug">Antivirals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiparasitic" title="Antiparasitic">Antiparasitics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiprotozoal_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiprotozoal agent">Antiprotozoals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthelmintic" title="Anthelmintic">Anthelmintics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectoparasiticide" title="Ectoparasiticide">Ectoparasiticides</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intravenous_immunoglobulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous immunoglobulin">Intravenous immunoglobulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">Vaccines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malignant" class="mw-redirect" title="Malignant">malignant</a> disease<br />(<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_L" title="ATC code L">L01–L02</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">Anticancer agents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antimetabolite" title="Antimetabolite">Antimetabolites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkylating_antineoplastic_agent" title="Alkylating antineoplastic agent">Alkylating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spindle_poison" title="Spindle poison">Spindle poisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antineoplastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antineoplastic">Antineoplastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topoisomerase_inhibitor" title="Topoisomerase inhibitor">Topoisomerase inhibitors</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune</a> disease<br />(<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_L" title="ATC code L">L03–L04</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immunomodulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunomodulator">Immunomodulators</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immunostimulant" title="Immunostimulant">Immunostimulants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunosuppressive_drug" title="Immunosuppressive drug">Immunosuppressants</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bones</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">joints</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_M" title="ATC code M">M</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid" title="Anabolic steroid">Anabolic steroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-inflammatory" title="Anti-inflammatory">Anti-inflammatories</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug">Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disease-modifying_antirheumatic_drug" title="Disease-modifying antirheumatic drug">Antirheumatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">Corticosteroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_relaxant" title="Muscle relaxant">Muscle relaxants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisphosphonate" title="Bisphosphonate">Bisphosphonates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">brain</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N" title="ATC code N">N</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">Analgesics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anesthetic" title="Anesthetic">Anesthetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_anaesthetic" title="General anaesthetic">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_anesthetic" title="Local anesthetic">Local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anorectic" title="Anorectic">Anorectics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihyperkinetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihyperkinetic">Anti-ADHD agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_medicine" title="Addiction medicine">Antiaddictives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">Anticonvulsants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidementia_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidementia drug">Antidementia agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">Antidepressants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimigraine_drug" title="Antimigraine drug">Antimigraine agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_of_Parkinson%27s_disease#Medication" title="Management of Parkinson's disease">Antiparkinson agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">Antipsychotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anxiolytic" title="Anxiolytic">Anxiolytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodisiac" title="Aphrodisiac">Aphrodisiacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depressant" title="Depressant">Depressants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entactogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Entactogen">Entactogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">Euphoriants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelics,_dissociatives_and_deliriants" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants">Hallucinogens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">Psychedelics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociative" title="Dissociative">Dissociatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deliriant" title="Deliriant">Deliriants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnotic" title="Hypnotic">Hypnotics</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sedative" title="Sedative">Sedatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mood_stabilizer" title="Mood stabilizer">Mood stabilizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motivation-enhancing_drug" title="Motivation-enhancing drug">Motivation-enhancing drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroprotective" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuroprotective">Neuroprotectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootropic" title="Nootropic">Nootropics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotoxin" title="Neurotoxin">Neurotoxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orexigenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Orexigenic">Orexigenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serenic" title="Serenic">Serenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">Stimulants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakefulness-promoting_agent" title="Wakefulness-promoting agent">Wakefulness-promoting agents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiratory<br />system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_R" title="ATC code R">R</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decongestant" title="Decongestant">Decongestants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchodilator" title="Bronchodilator">Bronchodilators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cough_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cough medicine">Cough medicines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H1_antagonist" title="H1 antagonist">H<sub>1</sub> antagonists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sense" title="Sense">sensory organs</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_S" title="ATC code S">S</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology" title="Ophthalmology">Ophthalmologicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otology" title="Otology">Otologicals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATC</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_V" title="ATC code V">V</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antidote" title="Antidote">Antidotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrast_medium" class="mw-redirect" title="Contrast medium">Contrast media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiopharmacology" title="Radiopharmacology">Radiopharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dressing_(medicine)" title="Dressing (medicine)">Dressings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senotherapeutics" class="mw-redirect" title="Senotherapeutics">Senotherapeutics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Drugs" title="Category:Drugs">Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pharmacological_classification_systems" title="Category:Pharmacological classification systems">Pharmacological classification systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:ATC_codes" title="Category:ATC codes">ATC codes</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pharmacology:_enzyme_inhibition" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Enzyme_inhibition" title="Template:Enzyme inhibition"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Enzyme_inhibition" title="Template talk:Enzyme inhibition"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Enzyme_inhibition" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Enzyme inhibition"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pharmacology:_enzyme_inhibition" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a>: <a href="/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor" title="Enzyme inhibitor">enzyme inhibition</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_inhibition" title="Competitive inhibition">Competitive inhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncompetitive_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Uncompetitive inhibitor">Uncompetitive inhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-competitive_inhibition" title="Non-competitive inhibition">Non-competitive inhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_inhibition" title="Suicide inhibition">Suicide inhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_inhibition" title="Mixed inhibition">Mixed inhibition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Substrate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oxidoreductase" title="Oxidoreductase">Oxidoreductase</a> (EC 1)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1.1 <a href="/wiki/Aldose_reductase_inhibitor" title="Aldose reductase inhibitor">Aldose reductase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statin" title="Statin">HMG-CoA reductase</a></li></ul> <ul><li>1.3 <a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Reductase_inhibitor" title="5α-Reductase inhibitor">5α-Reductase</a></li></ul> <ul><li>1.4 <a href="/wiki/Monoamine_oxidase_inhibitor" title="Monoamine oxidase inhibitor">Monoamine oxidase</a></li></ul> <ul><li>1.5 <a href="/wiki/Dihydrofolate_reductase_inhibitor" title="Dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor">Dihydrofolate reductase</a></li></ul> <ul><li>1.13 <a href="/wiki/Lipoxygenase_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipoxygenase inhibitor">Lipoxygenase</a></li></ul> <ul><li>1.14 <a href="/wiki/Aromatase_inhibitor" title="Aromatase inhibitor">Aromatase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COX-2_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="COX-2 inhibitor">COX-2</a></li></ul> <ul><li>1.17 <a href="/wiki/Xanthine_oxidase_inhibitor" title="Xanthine oxidase inhibitor">Xanthine oxidase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribonucleotide_reductase_inhibitor" title="Ribonucleotide reductase inhibitor">Ribonucleotide reductase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transferase" title="Transferase">Transferase</a> (EC 2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>2.1 <a href="/wiki/COMT_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="COMT inhibitor">COMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thymidylate_synthase_inhibitor" title="Thymidylate synthase inhibitor">Thymidylate synthase</a></li></ul> <ul><li>2.4 <a href="/wiki/PARP_inhibitor" title="PARP inhibitor">PARP</a></li></ul> <ul><li>2.5 <a href="/wiki/Dihydropteroate_synthase_inhibitor" title="Dihydropteroate synthase inhibitor">Dihydropteroate synthetase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farnesyltransferase_inhibitor" title="Farnesyltransferase inhibitor">Farnesyltransferase</a></li></ul> <ul><li>2.6 <a href="/wiki/GABA_transaminase_inhibitor" title="GABA transaminase inhibitor">GABA transaminase</a></li></ul> <ul><li>2.7 <a href="/wiki/Nucleotidyltransferase" title="Nucleotidyltransferase">Nucleotidyltransferase</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integrase_inhibitor" title="Integrase inhibitor">Integrase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse-transcriptase_inhibitor" title="Reverse-transcriptase inhibitor">Reverse transcriptase</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protein_kinase_inhibitor" title="Protein kinase inhibitor">Protein kinase</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tyrosine_kinase_inhibitor" title="Tyrosine kinase inhibitor">Tyrosine kinase</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Janus_kinase_inhibitor" title="Janus kinase inhibitor">Janus kinase</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hydrolase" title="Hydrolase">Hydrolase</a> (EC 3)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>3.1 <a href="/wiki/Phosphodiesterase_inhibitor" title="Phosphodiesterase inhibitor">Phosphodiesterase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetylcholinesterase_inhibitor" title="Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor">Acetylcholinesterase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribonuclease_inhibitor" title="Ribonuclease inhibitor">Ribonuclease</a></li></ul> <ul><li>3.2 <a href="/wiki/Polygalacturonase_inhibitor" title="Polygalacturonase inhibitor">Polygalacturonase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuraminidase_inhibitor" title="Neuraminidase inhibitor">Neuraminidase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpha-glucosidase_inhibitor" title="Alpha-glucosidase inhibitor">Alpha-glucosidase</a></li></ul> <ul><li>3.4 <a href="/wiki/Protease_inhibitor_(pharmacology)" title="Protease inhibitor (pharmacology)">Protease</a>: <a href="/wiki/Exopeptidase_inhibitor" title="Exopeptidase inhibitor">Exopeptidase</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dipeptidyl_peptidase-4_inhibitor" title="Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor">DPP-4</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ACE</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endopeptidase_inhibitor" title="Endopeptidase inhibitor">Endopeptidase</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trypsin_inhibitor" title="Trypsin inhibitor">Trypsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renin_inhibitor" title="Renin inhibitor">Renin</a></li></ul></li> <li><i>Mixed</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enkephalinase_inhibitor" title="Enkephalinase inhibitor">Enkephalinase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrix_metalloproteinase_inhibitor" title="Matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor">Matrix metalloproteinase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxytocinase_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxytocinase inhibitor">Oxytocinase</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>3.5 <a href="/wiki/Histone_deacetylase_inhibitor" title="Histone deacetylase inhibitor">Histone deacetylase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta-lactamase_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-lactamase inhibitor">Beta-lactamase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lyase" title="Lyase">Lyase</a> (EC 4)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>4.1 <a href="/wiki/Dopa_decarboxylase_inhibitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Dopa decarboxylase inhibitor">Dopa decarboxylase</a></li></ul> <ul><li>4.2 <a href="/wiki/Carbonic_anhydrase_inhibitor" title="Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor">Carbonic anhydrase</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steroidogenesis_inhibitor" title="Steroidogenesis inhibitor">Steroidogenesis inhibitor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Angiotensin_receptor_modulators" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Angiotensin_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Angiotensin receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Angiotensin_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Angiotensin receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Angiotensin_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Angiotensin receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Angiotensin_receptor_modulators" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensin receptor">Angiotensin receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensin receptor"><abbr title="Angiotensin receptor">ATR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Angiotensin receptor</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Agonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensin II">Angiotensin II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensin III">Angiotensin III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensin IV">Angiotensin IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-163,491" title="L-163,491">L-163,491</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saralasin" title="Saralasin">Saralasin</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Abitesartan" title="Abitesartan">Abitesartan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azilsartan" title="Azilsartan">Azilsartan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candesartan" title="Candesartan">Candesartan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Elisartan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elisartan (page does not exist)">Elisartan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embusartan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Embusartan (page does not exist)">Embusartan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eprosartan" title="Eprosartan">Eprosartan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EXP-3174&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EXP-3174 (page does not exist)">EXP-3174</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimasartan" title="Fimasartan">Fimasartan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forasartan" title="Forasartan">Forasartan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irbesartan" title="Irbesartan">Irbesartan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losartan" title="Losartan">Losartan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Milfasartan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Milfasartan (page does not exist)">Milfasartan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmesartan" title="Olmesartan">Olmesartan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olodanrigan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olodanrigan (page does not exist)">Olodanrigan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PD123319&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PD123319 (page does not exist)">PD123319</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pomisartan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pomisartan (page does not exist)">Pomisartan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pratosartan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pratosartan (page does not exist)">Pratosartan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ripisartan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ripisartan (page does not exist)">Ripisartan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saprisartan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saprisartan (page does not exist)">Saprisartan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparsentan" title="Sparsentan">Sparsentan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasosartan" title="Tasosartan">Tasosartan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telmisartan" title="Telmisartan">Telmisartan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valsartan" title="Valsartan">Valsartan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zolasartan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zolasartan (page does not exist)">Zolasartan</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><abbr title="Angiotensin-converting-enzyme">ACE</abbr> inhibitors:</i> <a href="/wiki/Alacepril" title="Alacepril">Alacepril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benazepril" title="Benazepril">Benazepril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captopril" title="Captopril">Captopril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilazapril" title="Cilazapril">Cilazapril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delapril" title="Delapril">Delapril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enalapril" title="Enalapril">Enalapril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enalaprilat" title="Enalaprilat">Enalaprilat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosinopril" title="Fosinopril">Fosinopril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemopatrilat" title="Gemopatrilat">Gemopatrilat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imidapril" title="Imidapril">Imidapril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisinopril" title="Lisinopril">Lisinopril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moexipril" title="Moexipril">Moexipril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omapatrilat" title="Omapatrilat">Omapatrilat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perindopril" title="Perindopril">Perindopril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinapril" title="Quinapril">Quinapril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinaprilat" title="Quinaprilat">Quinaprilat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramipril" title="Ramipril">Ramipril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rentiapril" title="Rentiapril">Rentiapril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rescinnamine" title="Rescinnamine">Rescinnamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirapril" title="Spirapril">Spirapril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiraprilat" title="Spiraprilat">Spiraprilat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temocapril" title="Temocapril">Temocapril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trandolapril" title="Trandolapril">Trandolapril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zofenopril" title="Zofenopril">Zofenopril</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zofenoprilat" title="Zofenoprilat">Zofenoprilat</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Renin inhibitors:</i> <a href="/wiki/Aliskiren" title="Aliskiren">Aliskiren</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ciprokiren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ciprokiren (page does not exist)">Ciprokiren</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ditekiren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ditekiren (page does not exist)">Ditekiren</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enalkiren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enalkiren (page does not exist)">Enalkiren</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Imarikiren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imarikiren (page does not exist)">Imarikiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pepstatin" title="Pepstatin">Pepstatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remikiren" title="Remikiren">Remikiren</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Terlakiren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Terlakiren (page does not exist)">Terlakiren</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zankiren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zankiren (page does not exist)">Zankiren</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Propeptides:</i> <a href="/wiki/Angiotensinogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensinogen">Angiotensinogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensin I">Angiotensin I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><i>Combinations:</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amlodipine/valsartan" title="Amlodipine/valsartan">Amlodipine/valsartan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmesartan/amlodipine" class="mw-redirect" title="Olmesartan/amlodipine">Olmesartan/amlodipine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmesartan/amlodipine/hydrochlorothiazide" title="Olmesartan/amlodipine/hydrochlorothiazide">Olmesartan/amlodipine/hydrochlorothiazide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide" title="Valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide">Valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide/amlodipine" class="mw-redirect" title="Valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide/amlodipine">Valsartan/hydrochlorothiazide/amlodipine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control 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