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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Difference_between_transform_and_transcurrent_faults" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Difference_between_transform_and_transcurrent_faults"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Difference between transform and transcurrent faults</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Difference_between_transform_and_transcurrent_faults-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Mechanics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mechanics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transform_faults_and_divergent_boundaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transform_faults_and_divergent_boundaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Transform faults and divergent boundaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transform_faults_and_divergent_boundaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown 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href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falla_transformante" title="Falla transformante – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Falla transformante" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falla_transformant" title="Falla transformant – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Falla transformant" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformn%C3%AD_zlom" title="Transformní zlom – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Transformní zlom" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformst%C3%B6rung" title="Transformstörung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Transformstörung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformmurrang" title="Transformmurrang – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Transformmurrang" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falla_transformante" title="Falla transformante – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Falla transformante" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muga_transformatzaile" title="Muga transformatzaile – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Muga transformatzaile" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B3%D9%84_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3" title="گسل ترادیس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گسل ترادیس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faille_transformante" title="Faille transformante – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Faille transformante" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falla_transformante" title="Falla transformante – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Falla transformante" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%80%ED%99%98_%EB%8B%A8%EC%B8%B5" title="변환 단층 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="변환 단층" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformni_rasjed" title="Transformni rasjed – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Transformni rasjed" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergeseran_sesar" title="Pergeseran sesar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pergeseran sesar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hj%C3%A1reksbelti" title="Hjáreksbelti – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hjáreksbelti" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faglia_trasforme" title="Faglia trasforme – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Faglia trasforme" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BA_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Трансформдук жарака – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Трансформдук жарака" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transzform_vet%C5%91" title="Transzform vető – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Transzform vető" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformbreuk" title="Transformbreuk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Transformbreuk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E6%96%AD%E5%B1%A4" title="トランスフォーム断層 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トランスフォーム断層" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformforkastning" title="Transformforkastning – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Transformforkastning" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uskok_transformacyjny" title="Uskok transformacyjny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Uskok transformacyjny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falha_transformante" title="Falha transformante – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Falha transformante" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Трансформный разлом – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Трансформный разлом" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Трансформни расед – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Трансформни расед" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformni_rasjed" title="Transformni rasjed – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Transformni rasjed" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transform_fay" title="Transform fay – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Transform fay" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Трансформний розлом – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Трансформний розлом" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranh_gi%E1%BB%9Bi_chuy%E1%BB%83n_d%E1%BA%A1ng" title="Ranh giới chuyển dạng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" 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href="/wiki/File:Continental-continental_conservative_plate_boundary_opposite_directions.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Continental-continental_conservative_plate_boundary_opposite_directions.svg/220px-Continental-continental_conservative_plate_boundary_opposite_directions.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Continental-continental_conservative_plate_boundary_opposite_directions.svg/330px-Continental-continental_conservative_plate_boundary_opposite_directions.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Continental-continental_conservative_plate_boundary_opposite_directions.svg/440px-Continental-continental_conservative_plate_boundary_opposite_directions.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2637" data-file-height="1484" /></a><figcaption>Diagram showing a transform fault with two plates moving in opposite directions</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transform_fault-1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Transform_fault-1.svg/220px-Transform_fault-1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Transform_fault-1.svg/330px-Transform_fault-1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Transform_fault-1.svg/440px-Transform_fault-1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="701" data-file-height="902" /></a><figcaption>Transform fault (the red lines)</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>transform fault</b> or <b> transform boundary</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">fault</a> along a <a href="/wiki/Plate_boundary" class="mw-redirect" title="Plate boundary">plate boundary</a> where the <a href="/wiki/Motion_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion (physics)">motion</a> is predominantly <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Horizontal plane">horizontal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MooresTwiss_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MooresTwiss-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It ends abruptly where it connects to another plate boundary, either another transform, a spreading ridge, or a <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">subduction zone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kerey_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kerey-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A transform fault is a special case of a <i><a href="/wiki/Strike-slip_fault" class="mw-redirect" title="Strike-slip fault">strike-slip fault</a></i> that also forms a plate boundary. </p><p>Most such faults are found in <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_crust" title="Oceanic crust">oceanic crust</a>, where they accommodate the lateral offset between segments of <a href="/wiki/Divergent_boundary" title="Divergent boundary">divergent boundaries</a>, forming a <a href="/wiki/Zigzag" title="Zigzag">zigzag</a> pattern. This results from oblique <a href="/wiki/Seafloor_spreading" title="Seafloor spreading">seafloor spreading</a> where the direction of motion is not perpendicular to the trend of the overall divergent boundary. A smaller number of such faults are found on land, although these are generally better-known, such as the <a href="/wiki/San_Andreas_Fault" title="San Andreas Fault">San Andreas Fault</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Anatolian_Fault" title="North Anatolian Fault">North Anatolian Fault</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature">Nomenclature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transform_fault&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Nomenclature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Transform boundaries are also known as <b>conservative plate boundaries</b> because they involve no addition or loss of <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere" title="Lithosphere">lithosphere</a> at the Earth's surface.<sup id="cite_ref-BGS_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BGS-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transform_fault&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Geophysicist and geologist <a href="/wiki/John_Tuzo_Wilson" title="John Tuzo Wilson">John Tuzo Wilson</a> recognized that the offsets of <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_ridges" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceanic ridges">oceanic ridges</a> by faults do not follow the classical pattern of an offset fence or geological marker in <a href="/wiki/Harry_Fielding_Reid" title="Harry Fielding Reid">Reid's</a> <a href="/wiki/Elastic-rebound_theory" title="Elastic-rebound theory">rebound theory of faulting</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from which the sense of slip is derived. The new class of faults,<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> called transform faults, produce slip in the opposite direction from what one would surmise from the standard interpretation of an offset geological feature. Slip along transform faults does not increase the distance between the ridges it separates; the distance remains constant in <a href="/wiki/Earthquakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Earthquakes">earthquakes</a> because the ridges are spreading centers. This <a href="/wiki/Hypothesis" title="Hypothesis">hypothesis</a> was confirmed in a study of the fault plane solutions that showed the slip on transform faults points in the opposite direction than classical interpretation would suggest.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Difference_between_transform_and_transcurrent_faults">Difference between transform and transcurrent faults</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transform_fault&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Difference between transform and transcurrent faults"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Transform_fault.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Transform_fault.svg/250px-Transform_fault.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Transform_fault.svg/375px-Transform_fault.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Transform_fault.svg/500px-Transform_fault.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="280" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Transform fault</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Transcurrent_NEW.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Transcurrent_NEW.svg/250px-Transcurrent_NEW.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Transcurrent_NEW.svg/375px-Transcurrent_NEW.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Transcurrent_NEW.svg/500px-Transcurrent_NEW.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="435" data-file-height="235" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Transcurrent fault</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Transform faults are closely related to transcurrent faults and are commonly confused. Both types of fault are strike-slip or side-to-side in movement; nevertheless, transform faults always end at a junction with another plate boundary, while transcurrent faults may die out without a junction with another fault. Finally, transform faults form a tectonic plate boundary, while transcurrent faults do not. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanics">Mechanics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transform_fault&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Mechanics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Faults in general are focused areas of deformation or <a href="/wiki/Strain_(materials_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Strain (materials science)">strain</a>, which are the response of built-up stresses in the form of <a href="/wiki/Compression_(physics)" title="Compression (physics)">compression</a>, tension, or <a href="/wiki/Shear_stress" title="Shear stress">shear stress</a> in rock at the surface or deep in the Earth's subsurface. Transform faults specifically accommodate <a href="/wiki/Lateral_strain" title="Lateral strain">lateral strain</a> by transferring displacement between mid-ocean ridges or subduction zones. They also act as the plane of weakness, which may result in splitting in <a href="/wiki/Rift_zone" title="Rift zone">rift zones</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transform_faults_and_divergent_boundaries">Transform faults and divergent boundaries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transform_fault&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Transform faults and divergent boundaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Transform faults are commonly found linking segments of divergent boundaries (<a href="/wiki/Mid-oceanic_ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-oceanic ridge">mid-oceanic ridges</a> or spreading centres). These mid-oceanic ridges are where new seafloor is constantly created through the <a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">upwelling</a> of new <a href="/wiki/Basaltic" class="mw-redirect" title="Basaltic">basaltic</a> <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a>. With new seafloor being pushed and pulled out, the older seafloor slowly slides away from the mid-oceanic ridges toward the continents. Although separated only by tens of kilometers, this separation between segments of the ridges causes portions of the seafloor to push past each other in opposing directions. This lateral movement of seafloors past each other is where transform faults are currently active. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spreading_center_and_strips.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Spreading_center_and_strips.png/300px-Spreading_center_and_strips.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/Spreading_center_and_strips.png 1.5x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="197" /></a><figcaption>Spreading center and strips</figcaption></figure> <p>Transform faults move differently from a strike-slip fault at the mid-oceanic ridge. Instead of the ridges moving away from each other, as they do in other strike-slip faults, transform-fault ridges remain in the same, fixed locations, and the new ocean seafloor created at the ridges is pushed away from the ridge. Evidence of this motion can be found in paleomagnetic striping on the seafloor. </p><p>A paper written by geophysicist Taras Gerya theorizes that the creation of the transform faults between the ridges of the mid-oceanic ridge is attributed to rotated and stretched sections of the mid-oceanic ridge.<sup id="cite_ref-Gerya_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gerya-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This occurs over a long period of time with the spreading center or ridge slowly deforming from a straight line to a curved line. Finally, fracturing along these planes forms transform faults. As this takes place, the fault changes from a normal fault with extensional stress to a strike-slip fault with lateral stress.<sup id="cite_ref-Bonatti_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonatti-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the study done by Bonatti and Crane,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (November 2017)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Peridotite" title="Peridotite">peridotite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gabbro" title="Gabbro">gabbro</a> rocks were discovered in the edges of the transform ridges. These rocks are created deep inside the Earth's mantle and then rapidly exhumed to the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-Bonatti_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonatti-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This evidence helps to prove that new seafloor is being created at the mid-oceanic ridges and further supports the theory of plate tectonics. </p><p>Active transform faults are between two tectonic structures or faults. <a href="/wiki/Fracture_zone" title="Fracture zone">Fracture zones</a> represent the previously active transform-fault lines, which have since passed the active transform zone and are being pushed toward the continents. These elevated ridges on the ocean floor can be traced for hundreds of miles and in some cases even from one continent across an ocean to the other continent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transform_fault&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his work on transform-fault systems, geologist Tuzo Wilson said that transform faults must be connected to other faults or tectonic-plate boundaries on both ends; because of that requirement, transform faults can grow in length, keep a constant length, or decrease in length.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These length changes are dependent on which type of fault or tectonic structure connect with the transform fault. Wilson described six types of transform faults: </p><p><i>Growing length:</i> In situations where a transform fault links a spreading center and the upper block of a subduction zone or where two upper blocks of subduction zones are linked, the transform fault itself will grow in length.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spreading_to_upper_NEW.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spreading to upper NEW"><img alt="Spreading to upper NEW" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Spreading_to_upper_NEW.svg/310px-Spreading_to_upper_NEW.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Spreading_to_upper_NEW.svg/465px-Spreading_to_upper_NEW.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Spreading_to_upper_NEW.svg/620px-Spreading_to_upper_NEW.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="248" /></a></span> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Upper_to_upper.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Upper to upper"><img alt="Upper to upper" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Upper_to_upper.svg/310px-Upper_to_upper.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Upper_to_upper.svg/465px-Upper_to_upper.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Upper_to_upper.svg/620px-Upper_to_upper.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="248" /></a></span> </p><p><i>Constant length:</i> In other cases, transform faults will remain at a constant length. This steadiness can be attributed to many different causes. In the case of ridge-to-ridge transforms, the constancy is caused by the continuous growth by both ridges outward, canceling any change in length. The opposite occurs when a ridge linked to a subducting plate, where all the lithosphere (new seafloor) being created by the ridge is subducted, or swallowed up, by the subduction zone.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finally, when two upper subduction plates are linked there is no change in length. This is due to the plates moving parallel with each other and no new lithosphere is being created to change that length. </p><p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spreading_centers_constant.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spreading centers constant"><img alt="Spreading centers constant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Spreading_centers_constant.svg/310px-Spreading_centers_constant.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Spreading_centers_constant.svg/465px-Spreading_centers_constant.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Spreading_centers_constant.svg/620px-Spreading_centers_constant.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="248" /></a></span> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Upper_to_down_NEW.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Upper to down NEW"><img alt="Upper to down NEW" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Upper_to_down_NEW.svg/241px-Upper_to_down_NEW.svg.png" decoding="async" width="241" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Upper_to_down_NEW.svg/362px-Upper_to_down_NEW.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Upper_to_down_NEW.svg/482px-Upper_to_down_NEW.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="241" data-file-height="310" /></a></span> </p><p>Decreasing length faults: In rare cases, transform faults can shrink in length. These occur when two descending subduction plates are linked by a transform fault. In time as the plates are subducted, the transform fault will decrease in length until the transform fault disappears completely, leaving only two subduction zones facing in opposite directions.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Down_to_down_NEW.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Down to down NEW"><img alt="Down to down NEW" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Down_to_down_NEW.svg/302px-Down_to_down_NEW.svg.png" decoding="async" width="302" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Down_to_down_NEW.svg/453px-Down_to_down_NEW.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Down_to_down_NEW.svg/604px-Down_to_down_NEW.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="239" /></a></span> <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spreading_to_Down_NEW.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Spreading to Down NEW"><img alt="Spreading to Down NEW" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Spreading_to_Down_NEW.svg/302px-Spreading_to_Down_NEW.svg.png" decoding="async" width="302" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Spreading_to_Down_NEW.svg/453px-Spreading_to_Down_NEW.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Spreading_to_Down_NEW.svg/604px-Spreading_to_Down_NEW.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="239" /></a></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transform_fault&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tectonic_plates_(2022).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Tectonic_plates_%282022%29.svg/400px-Tectonic_plates_%282022%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Tectonic_plates_%282022%29.svg/600px-Tectonic_plates_%282022%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Tectonic_plates_%282022%29.svg/800px-Tectonic_plates_%282022%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="975" /></a><figcaption>Map of Earth's principal plates (transform boundaries shown as yellow or green lines)</figcaption></figure> <p>The most prominent examples of the mid-oceanic ridge transform zones are in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> between <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>. Known as the St. Paul, <a href="/wiki/Romanche_Trench" title="Romanche Trench">Romanche</a>, Chain, and Ascension fracture zones, these areas have deep, easily identifiable transform faults and ridges. Other locations include: the East Pacific Ridge located in the South Eastern <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>, which meets up with <a href="/wiki/San_Andreas_Fault" title="San Andreas Fault">San Andreas Fault</a> to the North. </p><p>Transform faults are not limited to oceanic crust and spreading centers; many of them are on <a href="/wiki/Continental_margin" title="Continental margin">continental margins</a>. The best example is the <a href="/wiki/San_Andreas_Fault" title="San Andreas Fault">San Andreas Fault</a> on the Pacific coast of the United States. The San Andreas Fault links the <a href="/wiki/East_Pacific_Rise" title="East Pacific Rise">East Pacific Rise</a> off the West coast of Mexico (Gulf of California) to the <a href="/wiki/Mendocino_Triple_Junction" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendocino Triple Junction">Mendocino Triple Junction</a> (Part of the <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Fuca_plate" title="Juan de Fuca plate">Juan de Fuca plate</a>) off the coast of the <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_United_States" title="Northwestern United States">Northwestern United States</a>, making it a ridge-to-transform-style fault.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilson_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilson-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The formation of the San Andreas Fault system occurred fairly recently during the <a href="/wiki/Oligocene" title="Oligocene">Oligocene</a> Period between 34 million and 24 million years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-Atwater_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atwater-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this period, the <a href="/wiki/Farallon_plate" title="Farallon plate">Farallon plate</a>, followed by the Pacific plate, collided into the <a href="/wiki/North_American_plate" title="North American plate">North American plate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Atwater_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atwater-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The collision led to the subduction of the Farallon plate underneath the North American plate. Once the spreading center separating the Pacific and the Farallon plates was subducted beneath the North American plate, the San Andreas Continental Transform-Fault system was created.<sup id="cite_ref-Atwater_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atwater-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alpine_Fault_SRTM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Alpine_Fault_SRTM.jpg/400px-Alpine_Fault_SRTM.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Alpine_Fault_SRTM.jpg/600px-Alpine_Fault_SRTM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Alpine_Fault_SRTM.jpg/800px-Alpine_Fault_SRTM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5342" data-file-height="1746" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Southern_Alps" title="Southern Alps">Southern Alps</a> rise dramatically beside the <a href="/wiki/Alpine_Fault" title="Alpine Fault">Alpine Fault</a> on <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>'s <a href="/wiki/West_Coast,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="West Coast, New Zealand">West Coast</a>. About 500 kilometres (300 mi) long; northwest at top.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, the <a href="/wiki/South_Island" title="South Island">South Island</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Alpine_Fault" title="Alpine Fault">Alpine Fault</a> is a transform fault for much of its length. This has resulted in the folded land of the <a href="/wiki/Southland_Syncline" title="Southland Syncline">Southland Syncline</a> being split into an eastern and western section several hundred kilometres apart. The majority of the syncline is found in <a href="/wiki/Southland,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Southland, New Zealand">Southland</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Catlins" title="The Catlins">The Catlins</a> in the island's southeast, but a smaller section is also present in the <a href="/wiki/Tasman_District" title="Tasman District">Tasman District</a> in the island's northwest. </p><p>Other examples include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Transform" title="Dead Sea Transform">Dead Sea Transform</a> Fault</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Chaman_Fault" title="Chaman Fault">Chaman Fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>'s <a href="/wiki/North_Anatolian_Fault" title="North Anatolian Fault">North Anatolian Fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Queen_Charlotte_Fault" title="Queen Charlotte Fault">Queen Charlotte Fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sagaing_Fault" title="Sagaing Fault">Sagaing Fault</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transform_fault&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fracture_zone" title="Fracture zone">Fracture zone</a> – Linear feature on the ocean floor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaky_transform_fault" title="Leaky transform fault">Leaky transform fault</a> – Transform fault producing new crust</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tectonic_plate_interactions" title="List of tectonic plate interactions">List of tectonic plate interactions</a> – Movements of Earth's lithosphere</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate tectonics</a> – Movement of Earth's lithosphere</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike-slip_tectonics" title="Strike-slip tectonics">Strike-slip tectonics</a> – Deformation dominated by horizontal movement in Earth's lithosphere</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_geology" title="Structural geology">Structural geology</a> – Science of the description and interpretation of deformation in the Earth's crust</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transform_fault&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-MooresTwiss-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MooresTwiss_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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"Oceanic Fracture Zones". <i>Scientific American</i>. <b>250</b> (5): 40–52. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984SciAm.250e..40B">1984SciAm.250e..40B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0584-40">10.1038/scientificamerican0584-40</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+American&rft.atitle=Oceanic+Fracture+Zones&rft.volume=250&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=40-52&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0584-40&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1984SciAm.250e..40B&rft.au=Bonatti%2C+Enrico&rft.au=Crane%2C+Kathleen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransform+fault" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atwater-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Atwater_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atwater_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atwater_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtwater1970" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tanya_Atwater" title="Tanya Atwater">Atwater, Tanya</a> (1970). "Implications of Plate Tectonics for the Cenozoic Tectonic Evolution of Western North America". <i>Bulletin of the Geological Society of America</i>. <b>81</b> (12): 3513–3536. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1970GSAB...81.3513A">1970GSAB...81.3513A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2F0016-7606%281970%2981%5B3513%3Aioptft%5D2.0.co%3B2">10.1130/0016-7606(1970)81[3513:ioptft]2.0.co;2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Geological+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=Implications+of+Plate+Tectonics+for+the+Cenozoic+Tectonic+Evolution+of+Western+North+America&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=3513-3536&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2F0016-7606%281970%2981%5B3513%3Aioptft%5D2.0.co%3B2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1970GSAB...81.3513A&rft.aulast=Atwater&rft.aufirst=Tanya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATransform+fault" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li>International Tectonic Dictionary – AAPG Memoir 7, 1967</li> <li>The Encyclopedia of Structural Geology and Plate Tectonics – Ed. by Carl K. Seyfert, 1987</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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interval">Lunitidal interval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perigean_spring_tide" title="Perigean spring tide">Perigean spring tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rip_tide" title="Rip tide">Rip tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_twelfths" title="Rule of twelfths">Rule of twelfths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slack_tide" title="Slack tide">Slack tide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_tides" title="Theory of tides">Theory of tides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_bore" title="Tidal bore">Tidal bore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_force" title="Tidal force">Tidal force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_race" title="Tidal race">Tidal race</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_range" title="Tidal range">Tidal range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_resonance" title="Tidal resonance">Tidal resonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tide_gauge" title="Tide gauge">Tide gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tideline" title="Tideline">Tideline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landform" title="Landform">Landforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssal_fan" title="Abyssal fan">Abyssal fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abyssal_plain" title="Abyssal plain">Abyssal plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathymetric_chart" title="Bathymetric chart">Bathymetric chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonate_platform" title="Carbonate platform">Carbonate platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_geography" title="Coastal geography">Coastal geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_seep" title="Cold seep">Cold seep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_margin" title="Continental margin">Continental margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_rise" title="Continental rise">Continental rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">Continental shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contourite" title="Contourite">Contourite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyot" title="Guyot">Guyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrography" title="Hydrography">Hydrography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knoll_(oceanography)" title="Knoll (oceanography)">Knoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_bank" title="Ocean bank">Ocean bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_basin" title="Oceanic basin">Oceanic basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_plateau" title="Oceanic plateau">Oceanic plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_trench" title="Oceanic trench">Oceanic trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_margin" title="Passive margin">Passive margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seabed" title="Seabed">Seabed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seamount" title="Seamount">Seamount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_canyon" title="Submarine canyon">Submarine canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_volcano" title="Submarine volcano">Submarine volcano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate<br />tectonics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Convergent_boundary" title="Convergent boundary">Convergent boundary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divergent_boundary" title="Divergent boundary">Divergent boundary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fracture_zone" title="Fracture zone">Fracture zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">Hydrothermal vent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_geology" title="Marine geology">Marine geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge" title="Mid-ocean ridge">Mid-ocean ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohorovi%C4%8Di%C4%87_discontinuity" title="Mohorovičić discontinuity">Mohorovičić discontinuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_crust" title="Oceanic crust">Oceanic crust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outer_trench_swell" title="Outer trench swell">Outer trench swell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridge_push" title="Ridge push">Ridge push</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafloor_spreading" title="Seafloor spreading">Seafloor spreading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slab_pull" title="Slab pull">Slab pull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slab_suction" title="Slab suction">Slab suction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slab_window" title="Slab window">Slab window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">Subduction</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Transform fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vine%E2%80%93Matthews%E2%80%93Morley_hypothesis" title="Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis">Vine–Matthews–Morley hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">Volcanic arc</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ocean zones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benthic_zone" title="Benthic zone">Benthic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_ocean_water" title="Deep ocean water">Deep ocean water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_sea" title="Deep sea">Deep sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">Littoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopelagic_zone" title="Mesopelagic zone">Mesopelagic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_zone" title="Oceanic zone">Oceanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_zone" title="Pelagic zone">Pelagic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photic_zone" title="Photic zone">Photic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_zone" title="Surf zone">Surf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swash" title="Swash">Swash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">Sea level</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep-ocean_Assessment_and_Reporting_of_Tsunamis" title="Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis">Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Sea_Level_Observing_System" title="Global Sea Level Observing System">Global Sea Level Observing System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_West_Shelf_Operational_Oceanographic_System" title="North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System">North West Shelf Operational Oceanographic System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea-level_curve" title="Sea-level curve">Sea-level curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_drop" title="Sea level drop">Sea level drop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Geodetic_System" title="World Geodetic System">World Geodetic System</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Acoustical_oceanography" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoustical oceanography">Acoustics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_scattering_layer" title="Deep scattering layer">Deep scattering layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acoustic_tomography" title="Ocean acoustic tomography">Ocean acoustic tomography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofar_bomb" title="Sofar bomb">Sofar bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SOFAR_channel" title="SOFAR channel">SOFAR channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_acoustics" title="Underwater acoustics">Underwater acoustics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Satellites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jason-1" title="Jason-1">Jason-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSTM/Jason-2" title="OSTM/Jason-2">OSTM/Jason-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason-3" title="Jason-3">Jason-3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">Acidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argo_(oceanography)" title="Argo (oceanography)">Argo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benthic_lander" title="Benthic lander">Benthic lander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_of_water" title="Color of water">Color of water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DSV_Alvin" title="DSV Alvin">DSV <i>Alvin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginal_sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginal sea">Marginal sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">Marine energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mooring_(oceanography)" title="Mooring (oceanography)">Mooring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Oceanographic_Data_Center" title="National Oceanographic Data Center">National Oceanographic Data Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_exploration" title="Ocean exploration">Explorations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_observations" title="Ocean observations">Observations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_reanalysis" title="Ocean reanalysis">Reanalysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_surface_topography" title="Ocean surface topography">Ocean surface topography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_temperature" title="Ocean temperature">Ocean temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion" title="Ocean thermal energy conversion">Ocean thermal energy conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">Oceanography</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_oceanography" title="Outline of oceanography">Outline of oceanography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_sediment" title="Pelagic sediment">Pelagic sediment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_microlayer" title="Sea surface microlayer">Sea surface microlayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_surface_temperature" title="Sea surface temperature">Sea surface temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">Seawater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_On_a_Sphere" title="Science On a Sphere">Science On a Sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_stratification" title="Ocean stratification">Stratification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermocline" title="Thermocline">Thermocline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_glider" title="Underwater glider">Underwater glider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_column" title="Water column">Water column</a></li> <li><a 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