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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Seismic fault in Myanmar</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#FF0000;color:white;">Sagaing Fault</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:SagaingFaultSegments.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/SagaingFaultSegments.jpg/250px-SagaingFaultSegments.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="444" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/SagaingFaultSegments.jpg/375px-SagaingFaultSegments.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/SagaingFaultSegments.jpg/500px-SagaingFaultSegments.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Sagaing Fault in Myanmar</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data">21°55'06.8"N 95°59'01.6"E</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">Myanmar</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cities</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yangon" title="Yangon">Yangon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nay_Pyi_Taw" class="mw-redirect" title="Nay Pyi Taw">Nay Pyi Taw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meiktila" title="Meiktila">Meiktila</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandalay" title="Mandalay">Mandalay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myitkyina" title="Myitkyina">Myitkyina</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#FF91A4">Characteristics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Segments</th><td class="infobox-data">Southern section: Bago, Pyu, Nay Pyi Taw, Meiktila, Sagaing. Northern section: Tawma, Ban Mauk, Indaw, Mawlu, Shaduzup, Kamaing, Mogang</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">1,400 km</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">Displacement</a></th><td class="infobox-data">18-20 mm/yr (0.71-0.79 in/yr)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#FF91A4">Tectonics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Active</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)#Fault_types" title="Fault (geology)">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Transform_fault" title="Transform fault">Transform fault</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Tectonic_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic movement">Movement</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Dextral</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geologic_timescale" class="mw-redirect" title="Geologic timescale">Age</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Miocene" title="Miocene">15-22 MYA</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Sagaing Fault</b> is a major <a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">fault</a> in <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, a mainly continental right-lateral <a href="/wiki/Transform_fault" title="Transform fault">transform fault</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Indian_plate" title="Indian plate">Indian plate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunda_plate" title="Sunda plate">Sunda plate</a>. It links the <a href="/wiki/Divergent_boundary" title="Divergent boundary">divergent boundary</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Andaman_Sea" title="Andaman Sea">Andaman Sea</a> with the zone of active <a href="/wiki/Continental_collision" title="Continental collision">continental collision</a> along the Himalayan front. It passes through the populated cities of <a href="/wiki/Mandalay" title="Mandalay">Mandalay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yamethin" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamethin">Yamethin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyinmana" title="Pyinmana">Pyinmana</a>, the capital <a href="/wiki/Naypyidaw" title="Naypyidaw">Naypyidaw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toungoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Toungoo">Toungoo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pegu" class="mw-redirect" title="Pegu">Pegu</a> before dropping off into the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Martaban" title="Gulf of Martaban">Gulf of Martaban</a>, running for a total length of over 1200 kilometers.<sup id="cite_ref-MMTimes_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MMTimes-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery_and_early_studies">Discovery and early studies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sagaing_Fault&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Discovery and early studies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A partial visualization of an active fault trace that aligns with the present-day Sagaing Fault trace was recorded by Fritz Noetling, a geologist, in the book <i>The Miocene of Burma</i> published in 1900. In 1913, Thomas Henry Digges La Touche of the <a href="/wiki/Geological_Survey_of_India" title="Geological Survey of India">Geological Survey of India</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> acknowledged the existence of a plate boundary feature along the Shan Plateau's western margin in Mandalay, including the one dividing metamorphic stratas of the Sagaing Hills from the Central Tertiary Basin. While analysing historical earthquakes in Myanmar, Harbans Lal Chhibber (1934) discovered a linear trace when joining their epicenters which he inferred to be along the same fault.<sup id="cite_ref-Chhibber_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chhibber-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1970, Aung Khin and others confirmed the fault's existence using geophysical techniques and a <a href="/wiki/Bouguer_anomaly" title="Bouguer anomaly">Bouguer gravity investigation</a> from <a href="/wiki/Taungoo" title="Taungoo">Taungoo</a> to <a href="/wiki/Thabeikkyin" title="Thabeikkyin">Thabeikkyin</a>. That same year, Win Swe nomenclated it the "Sagaing Fault". He also made the first description of the fault in <i>Rift features at the Sagaing Tagaung Ridge</i> at the Fifth Burma Research Congress. He determined the fault running nearly the entire length of Myanmar from south to north had a strike-slip mechanism, and linked it to historical earthquakes. A 1991 study of the fault determined a total displacement of 203 km (126 mi) and slip rate of 22 mm (0.87 in) per year by analyzing two metamorphic units and assuming the fault's origins in the end Oligocene or early Miocene.<sup id="cite_ref-Tun05_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tun05-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sagaing_Fault&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TibetanPlateauTectonics.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/TibetanPlateauTectonics.png/250px-TibetanPlateauTectonics.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/TibetanPlateauTectonics.png/375px-TibetanPlateauTectonics.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/TibetanPlateauTectonics.png/500px-TibetanPlateauTectonics.png 2x" data-file-width="3422" data-file-height="2055" /></a><figcaption>Sagaing Fault represents a boundary of the Burma Microplate (bottom)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Sagaing Fault begins offshore in the Andaman Sea at a divergent boundary before passing through the <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Myanmar#Myanmar_Central_Belt" title="Geology of Myanmar">central Myanmar basin</a>. The fault has a relatively low topographical relief for most of its length compared to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shan_Scarp_Fault&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shan Scarp Fault (page does not exist)">Shan Scarp Fault</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Shan_Hills" title="Shan Hills">west</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tun_&_Watkinson_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tun_&_Watkinson-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its total length from the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis to the Andaman Sea is 1,400 km (870 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-Mon20_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mon20-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the fault runs uninterrupted by large <a href="/wiki/Strike-slip_tectonics#Stepovers" title="Strike-slip tectonics">stepovers</a> for most of its length, the northern 400 km (250 mi) branches outwards in a "horsetail" fashion into individual segments 100 km (62 mi) in width. </p><p>The total slip rate across the Indian–Sunda plate boundary is about 35 mm/yr, of which 18 mm/yr is accommodated by the Sagaing Fault, according to <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a> data.<sup id="cite_ref-Tsutsumi_&_Sato_2009_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsutsumi_&_Sato_2009-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The measured maximum displacement along the fault is about 100 km, although several authors have proposed between 360 km to 400 km.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_section">Southern section</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sagaing_Fault&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Southern section"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Text6986-6.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Text6986-6.png/223px-Text6986-6.png" decoding="async" width="223" height="390" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Text6986-6.png/335px-Text6986-6.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Text6986-6.png/447px-Text6986-6.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="873" /></a><figcaption>A simplified version of the regional geological features in Myanmar</figcaption></figure> <p>The southern section comprises, from south to north, the Bago, Pyu, Naypyidaw, Meiktila and Sagaing segments. The 170 km (110 mi) Bago segment runs from Myanmar's coast, southeast of Yangon, to 18°N, where the fault experiences a sharp bend. The southern termination and offshore section remains uncertain, however, several tens of kilometers offshore, it connects to normal faults striking east–west. Approximately 100 km (62 mi) of the Bago segment ruptured during a M<sub>w</sub>  <a href="/wiki/1930_Bago_earthquake" title="1930 Bago earthquake">7.4 earthquake</a> in May 1930 with offsets of at least 3 m (9.8 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Pyu segment begins where the Bago segment terminated and continues 130 km (81 mi) to 19.1°N. It runs along the base of the Bago-Yoma range. There lies a <a href="/wiki/Terrace_(geology)" title="Terrace (geology)">terrace</a> along the central part of the segment east of the fault trace which represents the hanging wall of a reverse fault expressed on the feature's eastern side. This feature is due to a small <a href="/wiki/Transpression" title="Transpression">transpressional</a> component where the segment experiences crustal compression. A majority of the segment ruptured during a M<sub>w</sub>  <a href="/wiki/1930_Pyu_earthquake" title="1930 Pyu earthquake">7.3 earthquake</a> in December 1930 which originated at its southern limit.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Naypyidaw segment consists of two parallel strands that branches out at 19.1°N for its entire 70 km (43 mi). Both strands cut through channels and alluvial fans. The western strand runs east of Naypyidaw. A damaging but moderate earthquake in close proximity to the segment in August 1929 damaged railroads and bridges 40 km (25 mi) south of Naypyidaw.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The International Seismological Centre assigned the earthquake M<sub>w</sub>  6.5.<sup id="cite_ref-ISC-GEM_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISC-GEM-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Meiktila segment runs 220 km (140 mi) through a wide valley from Naypyidaw to Mandalay. This segment does not produce any dip-slip movement, evident from the absence of elevation differences across the fault. At 20°N, the fault offsets a stream by 2.4 km (1.5 mi); the largest observable offset along the segment. Although no major historical earthquake has been clearly associated with the segment, a possible contender is the <a href="/wiki/1839_Ava_earthquake" title="1839 Ava earthquake">1839 Ava earthquake</a> which destroyed the city of <a href="/wiki/Inwa" title="Inwa">Inwa</a> and caused severe damage to areas east and south of the <a href="/wiki/Irrawaddy_River" title="Irrawaddy River">Irrawaddy River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The geomorphologic features of the Sagaing segment led to its discovery in 1970. This segment runs relatively linear; it runs west of the Irrawaddy River from 21.9°N to 22.6°N, where it offsets alluvial fans of the post-Pliocene. It cuts through the <a href="/wiki/Singu_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Singu Plateau">Singu Plateau</a> and splits into two segments running east and west of the river. Its western strand to the north is the Tawma segment. In 1946, a M<sub>w</sub>  <a href="/wiki/1946_Sagaing_earthquakes" title="1946 Sagaing earthquakes">7.7 earthquake</a> was likely associated with the segment's northern two-thirds. This segment also ruptured during a smaller M<sub>w</sub>  <a href="/wiki/2012_Shwebo_earthquake" title="2012 Shwebo earthquake">6.8 earthquake</a> in 2012. The remaining portion to the south likely ruptured during the destructive M<sub>w</sub>  <a href="/wiki/1956_Sagaing_earthquake" title="1956 Sagaing earthquake">7.1 earthquake</a> in 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_section">Northern section</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sagaing_Fault&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Northern section"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Sagaing Fault begins to fan outwards in a "horsetail" fashion into four separate fault zones from 23.5°N. The Tawma segment runs along an east-facing scarp and streams display dextral offsets. The western strand of the Sagaing segment extends north and is represented by the Tawma segment. The trace is no longer visible at 24°N where a left stepover leads to the Ban Mauk segment 10 km (6.2 mi) west. Between the stepover is a series of northeast–southwest striking faults that cuts through a transpressional ridge. Many are shorter than 20 km (12 mi) long and some show normal-component in their slip; however their weak expression suggest small slip rates compared to the Sagaing Fault's main branches.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ban Mauk segment runs from 23.8°N and continues for 150 km (93 mi). Due to the rarity of clear geomorphic offsets associated with this segment, its slip rate is inferred to be low. The segment marks the boundary between the Neogene volcanics of the west and Miocene sedimentary strata of the east. At 25°N, the fault trace disappears, buried by clastic deposits of the <a href="/wiki/Taungthonton_Volcano" title="Taungthonton Volcano">Taungthonton Volcano</a> to the east. At 23.7°N, the in Daw segment branches away from the Tawma segment at the Irrawaddy River's northern bank; continuing its north–northeasternly trace. A 3 km (1.9 mi) wide pull-apart basin at 24.25°N separates it from the Mawlu segment where it continues north–northwest for 90 km (56 mi). The combined length of both segments is estimated at 170 km (110 mi). Geodetic analysis of these segments revealed an annual strain accumulation of about 2 cm (0.79 in). A M<sub>w</sub>  7.3 <a href="/wiki/Foreshock" title="Foreshock">foreshock</a> occurred along the in Daw segment three minutes before the M<sub>w</sub>  7.7 earthquake in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fault branches into three segments where the Mawlu segment terminates: the Shaduzup, Kamaing, and Mogang segments. The Shaduzup segment, the westernmost of the three, is not believe to exceed 120 km (75 mi). The lack of clear geomorphic features suggest less activity occurs on this segment. The Kamaing segment continues further north into the Naga Hills, beyond 26.7°N. Right-lateral displacements are also well-expressed in drainage channels on the eastern flank of the Naga Hills at its northern termination. The fault continues north and joins a thrust fault system associated with the Assam Valley. the Mogang segment, the most active of the three, though less seismically active than the Kamaing segment, runs in a broad arc from 24.8°N. It ends at 26.8°N where it transforms into a northwest–southeast striking thrust fault. One of these segments produced a M<sub>w</sub>  <a href="/wiki/1931_Myitkyina_earthquake" title="1931 Myitkyina earthquake">7.6 earthquake</a> in January 1931, though due to the lack of seismic data and isoseismal map its origin segment remains tentative. However, shaking was more intense along the Kamaing segment.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Seismicity">Seismicity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sagaing_Fault&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Seismicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Myanmar" title="List of earthquakes in Myanmar">List of earthquakes in Myanmar</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mingun_stupa_1839_earthquake_damage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Mingun_stupa_1839_earthquake_damage.jpg/200px-Mingun_stupa_1839_earthquake_damage.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Mingun_stupa_1839_earthquake_damage.jpg/300px-Mingun_stupa_1839_earthquake_damage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Mingun_stupa_1839_earthquake_damage.jpg/400px-Mingun_stupa_1839_earthquake_damage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="816" /></a><figcaption>A large fracture on the <a href="/wiki/Mingun_Pahtodawgyi" title="Mingun Pahtodawgyi">Mingun Pahtodawgyi</a> caused by the <a href="/wiki/1839_Ava_earthquake" title="1839 Ava earthquake">1839 Ava earthquake</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Damaging earthquakes have been associated with the fault for centuries. The great <a href="/wiki/1839_Ava_earthquake" title="1839 Ava earthquake">1839 Ava earthquake</a> killed hundreds and damaged many cities, including the then imperial capital <a href="/wiki/Inwa" title="Inwa">Inwa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NGDC_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NGDC-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That earthquake is thought to have a moment magnitude of 8.0 or greater. The large magnitude would imply a rupture length of at least 300 km along the fault. </p><p>In the early 20th century, from 1929 to 1931, more than half the length of the Sagaing Fault was involved in significant earthquakes. The first earthquake—which was followed-up by subsequent larger events—struck southwest of Nay Pyi Daw, and east of <a href="/wiki/Thayet" title="Thayet">Thayetmyo</a> in the Pegu Range in August 1929.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are insufficient reports of damage caused by this earthquake, although it was said that buildings were swaying and objects were displaced at <a href="/wiki/Yamethin_Township" title="Yamethin Township">Yamethin</a>, roughly 133.6 km north of the quake epicenter.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The magnitude of this earthquake was no greater than 7.0. </p><p>On the night of May 5, <a href="/wiki/1930_Bago_earthquake" title="1930 Bago earthquake">a large shock</a> registering M<sub>w</sub>  7.5 struck north of the city of <a href="/wiki/Bago,_Myanmar" title="Bago, Myanmar">Pegu</a> resulting in widespread deaths and destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were no foreshocks that preceded. The earthquake had a maximum intensity of IX to X on the <a href="/wiki/Rossi%E2%80%93Forel_scale" title="Rossi–Forel scale">Rossi–Forel scale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city of Pegu, <a href="/wiki/Yangon" title="Yangon">Rangoon</a> and several other towns were destroyed. In Pegu, fires erupted, and severe liquefaction caused further damage. Approximately 500 people died in Pegu while 58 were killed in Rangoon. More deaths were recorded in other villages.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It triggered a small <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunami</a> which inundated villages along the coast.<sup id="cite_ref-NGDC_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NGDC-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the deadliest earthquake in the 1929–1931 sequence. </p><p>Two moderate foreshocks occurred on the night of December 3. The first lasted 5 seconds, generated some panic, and it was felt in <a href="/wiki/Pyinmana" title="Pyinmana">Pyinmana</a> and Rangoon. The other foreshock was described as being stronger than the first, but was not felt as widespread as the first.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Violent shaking from an M<sub>w</sub>  <a href="/wiki/1930_Pyu_earthquake" title="1930 Pyu earthquake">7.3 earthquakedisrupted</a> the early morning of December 4 in <a href="/wiki/Pyu" title="Pyu">Pyu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taungoo_District" title="Taungoo District">Taungoo District</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The December 4 event occurred further north of the epicenter of the May earthquake, about 6.4 to 9.7 km west southwest of Pyu. Damage was severe, with a railroad being shifted off and twisted, while many buildings in the city collapsed. About 30 people were killed. The maximum intensity was assigned X on the <a href="/wiki/Rossi%E2%80%93Forel_scale" title="Rossi–Forel scale">Rossi–Forel scale</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This event is not an aftershock of the May quake because it ruptured a different segment of the Sagaing Fault.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the May and December 1930 earthquakes occurred during this active period, they were separate events, unrelated to the activity in the northern part. The December 1930 earthquake, however, was triggered due to stress transfer from the previous event in May.<sup id="cite_ref-Xiong2017_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xiong2017-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A lesser-known earthquake on July 18, 1930, in the <a href="/wiki/Ayeyarwady_Region" title="Ayeyarwady Region">Ayeyarwady Region</a> killed about 50 people.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/National_Centers_for_Environmental_Information" title="National Centers for Environmental Information">National Centers for Environmental Information</a> database, there is no magnitude assigned to this event.<sup id="cite_ref-NGDC_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NGDC-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book <i>Southeast Asia Association of Seismology</i> is the only published work mentioning this event.<sup id="cite_ref-Nutalaya_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nutalaya-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/1931_Myitkyina_earthquake" title="1931 Myitkyina earthquake">largest earthquake</a> in the sequence, an M<sub>w</sub>  7.6 quake, struck next to <a href="/wiki/Indawgyi_Lake" title="Indawgyi Lake">Indawgyi Lake</a>, resulting in large <a href="/wiki/Landslide" title="Landslide">landslides</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liquefaction" title="Liquefaction">ground failures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were no casualties in this earthquake. </p><p>Another violent earthquake of unknown magnitude occurred 146.5 km north of Pyu. It was felt in <a href="/wiki/Mandalay" title="Mandalay">Mandalay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thanatpin" title="Thanatpin">Thanatpin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Six brick buildings sustained damage. On August 19, another tremor caused cracks to appear in buildings in Mandalay and lightly affected <a href="/wiki/Kalaw" title="Kalaw">Kalaw</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city was rocked another time, resulting in the collapse of the Shwe Sandaw Pagoda in Taungoo.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several short tremors woke people up in Taungoo, <a href="/wiki/Pyuntaza" title="Pyuntaza">Pyuntaza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nanyun_Township" title="Nanyun Township">Nangyun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/1946_Sagaing_earthquakes" title="1946 Sagaing earthquakes">Two powerful earthquakes</a> north of Mandalay measuring M<sub>w</sub>  7.3 and 7.7 occurred on September 12, 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-ISC-GEM_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISC-GEM-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Doublet_earthquake" title="Doublet earthquake">doublet earthquake</a> sequence would remain as one of the largest in the country. Not much about this event is known due to sparse records. </p><p>Looking back at the historical records of earthquakes, the years 1906 and 1908 saw two major events in the northernmost end of the Sagaing Fault.<sup id="cite_ref-Xiong2017_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xiong2017-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1906 Putao earthquake on August 31 had an estimated moment magnitude of 7.0, and the 1908 earthquake measured M<sub>w</sub>  7.5.<sup id="cite_ref-Event_914281_Myanmar-India_border_region_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Event_914281_Myanmar-India_border_region-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Event_16958007_Myanmar_(1908)_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Event_16958007_Myanmar_(1908)-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1908 earthquake resulted in the accumulation of stress towards the south, where the future 1931 quake would take place. Similarly, the 1946 earthquake rupture segments were directly south of the 1931 rupture. The first mainshock in the 1946 doublet sequence then triggered the second mainshock due to the sudden increase in stress levels on the fault. </p><p>Ten years later, an M<sub>w</sub>  <a href="/wiki/1956_Sagaing_earthquake" title="1956 Sagaing earthquake">7.1 earthquake near Mandalay</a> killed at least 40 people.<sup id="cite_ref-NGDC_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NGDC-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That earthquake broke a segment south of the 1946 rupture. In 1991, a small seismic gap between the two 1946 ruptures generated an M<sub>w</sub>  7.0 earthquake, partially re-rupturing a small section of the 1946 quakes, killing two.<sup id="cite_ref-M_7.0_–_Myanmar_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-M_7.0_–_Myanmar-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/2012_Shwebo_earthquake" title="2012 Shwebo earthquake">2012 Shwebo earthquake</a> was the most recent major event on the Sagaing Fault. It had a moment magnitude of 6.8 and ruptured the fault north of Mandalay. A detailed and thorough evaluation of the event suggested the rupture was estimated at 45-km-long. The centroid moment tensor solution suggested the earthquake ruptured a north–south trending and sub-vertical fault that steeply dipped to the east.<sup id="cite_ref-Tun_&_Watkinson_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tun_&_Watkinson-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hazard">Hazard</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sagaing_Fault&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hazard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Sagaing Fault was dubbed an "earthquake fault superhighway" for to its potential to promote <a href="/wiki/Supershear_earthquake" title="Supershear earthquake">supershear earthquakes</a>. Such events occur when an earthquake's rupture velocity exceeds its <a href="/wiki/S_wave" title="S wave">S wave</a> velocity and potentially reaching that of the <a href="/wiki/P_wave" title="P wave">P wave</a>. Fast-propagating ruptures can inflict trememdous damage. The Sagaing Fault's relatively straight geometry, the longest continuous observed worldwide, could sustain supershear ruptures. Due to the fault's proximity to populated areas, supershear earthquakes can have devastating effects.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The length of fault running 260 km (160 mi) from 19.2°N to 21.5°N, on the Meiktila segment, is designated a <a href="/wiki/Seismic_gap" title="Seismic gap">seismic gap</a> due to the absence of major earthquake ruptures since at least 1897. At least 2 m (6 ft 7 in) of slip has accumulated along the fault corresponding to a magnitude 7.9 earthquake. Another seismic gap running 180 km (110 mi) lies in the Andaman Sea south of Yangon, potentially generating a magnitude 7.7 earthquake.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sagaing_Fault&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Myanmar" title="Geography of Myanmar">Geography of Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Myanmar" title="Geology of Myanmar">Geology of Myanmar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sagaing_Fault&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-MMTimes-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MMTimes_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWin2008" class="citation web cs1">Win, Nilar (August 25–31, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120607160548/http://www.mmtimes.com/no433/n006.htm">"Sagaing Fault surveyed to prepare for future quakes"</a>. <i>The Myanmar Times</i>. 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Zheng (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2017GL072770">"Coulomb stress transfer and accumulation on the Sagaing Fault, Myanmar, over the past 110 years and its implications for seismic hazard"</a>. <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>. <b>44</b> (10): 4781–4789. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GeoRL..44.4781X">2017GeoRL..44.4781X</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F2017GL072770">10.1002/2017GL072770</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10220%2F46403">10220/46403</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55509712">55509712</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=Coulomb+stress+transfer+and+accumulation+on+the+Sagaing+Fault%2C+Myanmar%2C+over+the+past+110+years+and+its+implications+for+seismic+hazard&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=4781-4789&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10220%2F46403&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55509712%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F2017GL072770&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017GeoRL..44.4781X&rft.au=Xiong%2C+X.%2C+B.+Shan%2C+Y.+M.+Zhou%2C+S.+J.+Wei%2C+Y.+D.+Li%2C+R.+J.+Wang%2C+and+Y.+Zheng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fagupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1002%2F2017GL072770&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASagaing+Fault" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/nndc/struts/results?eq_0=3416&t=101650&s=13&d=22,26,13,12&nd=display">"Significant Earthquake: MYANMAR (BURMA): THARRAWADDY"</a>. <i>NOAA</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NOAA&rft.atitle=Significant+Earthquake%3A+MYANMAR+%28BURMA%29%3A+THARRAWADDY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ngdc.noaa.gov%2Fnndc%2Fstruts%2Fresults%3Feq_0%3D3416%26t%3D101650%26s%3D13%26d%3D22%2C26%2C13%2C12%26nd%3Ddisplay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASagaing+Fault" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nutalaya-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nutalaya_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNutalayaP.S._SodsriE.P._Arnold1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Nutalaya; P.S. Sodsri; E.P. Arnold (1985). <i>SEASEE Series on Seismology</i>. Vol. II–Thailand. United States Geological Survey.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SEASEE+Series+on+Seismology&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.date=1985&rft.au=Nutalaya&rft.au=P.S.+Sodsri&rft.au=E.P.+Arnold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASagaing+Fault" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem906595/executive">"M 7.6 – Myanmar"</a>. United States Geological Survey.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M+7.6+%E2%80%93+Myanmar&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearthquake.usgs.gov%2Fearthquakes%2Feventpage%2Fiscgem906595%2Fexecutive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASagaing+Fault" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Event_914281_Myanmar-India_border_region-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Event_914281_Myanmar-India_border_region_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/web-db-v4?event_id=914281&out_format=IMS1.0&request=COMPREHENSIVE">"Event 914281 Myanmar-India border region"</a>. <i>ISC: On-Line Bulletin</i>. International Seismological Center<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ISC%3A+On-Line+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Event+914281+Myanmar-India+border+region&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isc.ac.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2Fweb-db-v4%3Fevent_id%3D914281%26out_format%3DIMS1.0%26request%3DCOMPREHENSIVE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASagaing+Fault" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Event_16958007_Myanmar_(1908)-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Event_16958007_Myanmar_(1908)_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/web-db-v4?event_id=16958007&out_format=IMS1.0&request=COMPREHENSIVE">"Event 16958007 Myanmar"</a>. <i>ISC: On-Line Bulletin</i>. International Seismological Centre<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ISC%3A+On-Line+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Event+16958007+Myanmar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isc.ac.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2Fweb-db-v4%3Fevent_id%3D16958007%26out_format%3DIMS1.0%26request%3DCOMPREHENSIVE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASagaing+Fault" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-M_7.0_–_Myanmar-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-M_7.0_–_Myanmar_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp0004k8g/executive">"M 7.0 – Myanmar"</a>. USGS-ANSS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M+7.0+%E2%80%93+Myanmar&rft.pub=USGS-ANSS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearthquake.usgs.gov%2Fearthquakes%2Feventpage%2Fusp0004k8g%2Fexecutive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASagaing+Fault" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinsonDasSearle2010" class="citation journal cs1">Robinson, D.P.; Das, S.; Searle, M.P. (2010). "Earthquake fault superhighways". <i>Tectonophysics</i>. <b>493</b> (3–4): 236–243. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Tectp.493..236R">2010Tectp.493..236R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tecto.2010.01.010">10.1016/j.tecto.2010.01.010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tectonophysics&rft.atitle=Earthquake+fault+superhighways&rft.volume=493&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=236-243&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.tecto.2010.01.010&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010Tectp.493..236R&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=D.P.&rft.au=Das%2C+S.&rft.au=Searle%2C+M.P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASagaing+Fault" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurukawaMaung2011" class="citation journal cs1">Hurukawa, Nobuo; Maung, Phyo Maung (2011). "Two seismic gaps on the Sagaing Fault, Myanmar, derived from relocation of historical earthquakes since 1918". <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>. <b>38</b> (L01310). <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011GeoRL..38.1310H">2011GeoRL..38.1310H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2010GL046099">10.1029/2010GL046099</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=Two+seismic+gaps+on+the+Sagaing+Fault%2C+Myanmar%2C+derived+from+relocation+of+historical+earthquakes+since+1918&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=L01310&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2010GL046099&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011GeoRL..38.1310H&rft.aulast=Hurukawa&rft.aufirst=Nobuo&rft.au=Maung%2C+Phyo+Maung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASagaing+Fault" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sagaing_Fault&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121223073524/http://www.earthobservatory.sg/media/news-and-features/295-myanmar-earthquake-of-march-24th-magnitude-68.html">Earth Observatory of Singapore: Myanmar earthquake of March 24th – Magnitude 6.8 (Regional Tectonics Explained)</a></li> <li><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sagaingfault.info">In-depth Sagaing Fault Study of 2012 quake</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Mae_Chan_Fault" title="Mae Chan Fault">Mae Chan Fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_River_Fault" title="Red River Fault">Red River Fault</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sagaing Fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Pagodas_Fault" title="Three Pagodas Fault">Three Pagodas Fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Andaman_Fault" title="West Andaman Fault">West Andaman Fault</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WikiProject_Geology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/16px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/WikiProject_Geology.svg/24px-WikiProject_Geology.svg.png 1.5x, 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hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Earthquakes_in_Myanmar" title="Template:Earthquakes in Myanmar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Earthquakes_in_Myanmar" title="Template talk:Earthquakes in Myanmar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Earthquakes_in_Myanmar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Earthquakes in Myanmar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Earthquakes_and_plate_tectonics_in_Myanmar" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Myanmar" title="List of earthquakes in Myanmar">Earthquakes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Myanmar" title="Geology of Myanmar">plate tectonics in Myanmar</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1762_Arakan_earthquake" title="1762 Arakan earthquake">1762 Rahkine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1839_Ava_earthquake" title="1839 Ava earthquake">1839 Innwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1858_Prome_earthquake" title="1858 Prome earthquake">1858 Prome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1912_Maymyo_earthquake" title="1912 Maymyo earthquake">1912 Taunggyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_Bago_earthquake" title="1930 Bago earthquake">1930 Bago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_Pyu_earthquake" title="1930 Pyu earthquake">1930 Pyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_Myitkyina_earthquake" title="1931 Myitkyina earthquake">1931 Myitkyina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Sagaing_earthquakes" title="1946 Sagaing earthquakes">1946 Sagaing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_Assam%E2%80%93Tibet_earthquake" title="1950 Assam–Tibet earthquake">1950 Assam–Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Sagaing_earthquake" title="1956 Sagaing earthquake">1956 Sagaing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1975_Bagan_earthquake" title="1975 Bagan earthquake">1975 Bagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Longling_earthquake" title="1976 Longling earthquake">1976 Yunnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Myanmar%E2%80%93India_earthquake" title="1988 Myanmar–India earthquake">1988 Myanmar–India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Lancang%E2%80%93Gengma_earthquakes" title="1988 Lancang–Gengma earthquakes">1988 Lancang–Gengma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Myanmar%E2%80%93China_earthquake" title="1995 Myanmar–China earthquake">1995 Menglian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Chittagong_earthquake" title="1997 Chittagong earthquake">1997 Chittagong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2003_Taungdwingyi_earthquake" title="2003 Taungdwingyi earthquake">2003 Taungdwingyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami">2004 Indian Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Andaman_Islands_earthquake" title="2009 Andaman Islands earthquake">2009 Coco Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Yunnan_earthquake" title="2011 Yunnan earthquake">2011 Yingjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Tarlay_earthquake" title="2011 Tarlay earthquake">2011 Tarlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Shwebo_earthquake" title="2012 Shwebo earthquake">2012 Thabeikkyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Imphal_earthquake" title="2016 Imphal earthquake">2016 Imphal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Chauk_earthquake" title="2016 Chauk earthquake">2016 Chauk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Kani_earthquake" title="2016 Kani earthquake">2016 Kani</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fault zones and tectonic plates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sagaing Fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaukkyan_Fault" title="Kyaukkyan Fault">Kyaukkyan Fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Pagodas_Fault" title="Three Pagodas Fault">Three Pagodas Fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Andaman_Fault" title="West Andaman Fault">West Andaman Fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabaw_Fault" title="Kabaw Fault">Kabaw Fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_megathrust" title="Sunda megathrust">Sunda megathrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Himalayan_Thrust" title="Main Himalayan Thrust">Main Himalayan Thrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Frontal_Thrust" title="Main Frontal Thrust">Main Frontal Thrust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_plate" title="Burma plate">Burma plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_plate" title="Sunda plate">Sunda plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_plate" title="Indian plate">Indian plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_plate" title="Eurasian plate">Eurasian plate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sagaing_Fault&oldid=1258900899">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sagaing_Fault&oldid=1258900899</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Seismic_faults_of_Asia" title="Category:Seismic faults of Asia">Seismic faults of Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geology_of_Myanmar" title="Category:Geology of Myanmar">Geology of Myanmar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Earthquakes_in_Myanmar" title="Category:Earthquakes in Myanmar">Earthquakes in Myanmar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Strike-slip_faults" title="Category:Strike-slip faults">Strike-slip faults</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geology_of_Asia" title="Category:Geology of Asia">Geology of Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Active_faults" title="Category:Active faults">Active faults</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a 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