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<!DOCTYPE html> <html > <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <meta content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" name="viewport"> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs"> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="G/KhQna2yZ6rHviD5Va3f7XGCKfXdMgxkkHsh9SGXbpMFsez07b42vUYxR7ep+G+qikQzSaCs6xlLmyUQkidRQ==" /> <meta name="citation_title" content="Ice Ages and the mitochondrial DNA chronology of human dispersals: a review" /> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2004/01/29" /> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences" /> <meta name="citation_author" content="Graham Rowe" /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/95320303/Ice_Ages_and_the_mitochondrial_DNA_chronology_of_human_dispersals_a_review" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Ice Ages and the mitochondrial DNA chronology of human dispersals: a review" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Modern DNA, in particular maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), is now routinely used to trace ancient human migration routes and to obtain absolute dates for genetic prehistory. The errors on absolute genetic dates are often large (50% or" /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://0.academia-photos.com/8329366/3219187/3788411/s200_graham.rowe.jpg" /> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="2369844204" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.academia.edu/95320303/Ice_Ages_and_the_mitochondrial_DNA_chronology_of_human_dispersals_a_review" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Ice Ages and the mitochondrial DNA chronology of human dispersals: a review" /> <meta property="og:image" content="http://a.academia-assets.com/images/open-graph-icons/fb-paper.gif" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Modern DNA, in particular maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), is now routinely used to trace ancient human migration routes and to obtain absolute dates for genetic prehistory. The errors on absolute genetic dates are often large (50% or" /> <meta property="article:author" content="https://derby.academia.edu/GrahamRowe" /> <meta name="description" content="Modern DNA, in particular maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), is now routinely used to trace ancient human migration routes and to obtain absolute dates for genetic prehistory. The errors on absolute genetic dates are often large (50% or" /> <title>(PDF) Ice Ages and the mitochondrial DNA chronology of human dispersals: a review | Graham Rowe - Academia.edu</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.academia.edu/95320303/Ice_Ages_and_the_mitochondrial_DNA_chronology_of_human_dispersals_a_review" /> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "single_work", 'action': "show", 'controller_action': 'single_work#show', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script> var $controller_name = 'single_work'; var $action_name = "show"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '92477ec68c09d28ae4730a4143c926f074776319'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.require = { config: function() { return function() {} } } </script> <script> window.Aedu = window.Aedu || {}; window.Aedu.hit_data = null; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1732791948000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1732791948000; </script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ScholarlyArticle","abstract":"Modern DNA, in particular maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), is now routinely used to trace ancient human migration routes and to obtain absolute dates for genetic prehistory. The errors on absolute genetic dates are often large (50% or more) and depend partly on the inherent evolutionary signal in the DNA data, and partly on our imperfect knowledge of the DNA mutation rate. Despite their imprecision, the genetic dates do provide an independent, consistent and global chronology linking living humans with their ancestors. Combining this chronology with archaeological and climatological data, most of our own mtDNA studies during the past decade strongly imply a major role for palaeoclimate in determining conditions for prehistoric migrations and demographic expansions. This paper summarizes our interpretation of the genetic findings, covering the initial and modest spread of humans within Africa more than 100 ka, the striking re-expansion within Africa 60-80 ka, leading u...","author":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Graham Rowe"}],"contributor":[],"dateCreated":"2023-01-19","dateModified":null,"datePublished":"2004-01-29","headline":"Ice Ages and the mitochondrial DNA chronology of human dispersals: a review","inLanguage":"en","keywords":["Genetics","Geography","Demography","Migration","Biology","Climate","Sea Level","Palaeoclimate","Medicine","Prehistory","Biological Sciences","Mitochondrial DNA","Humans","Chronology","Female","Ancient DNA","Environment","Mutation Rate","Climatic condition","Medical and Health Sciences"],"locationCreated":null,"publication":"Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences","publisher":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Organization","name":null},"image":null,"thumbnailUrl":null,"url":"https://www.academia.edu/95320303/Ice_Ages_and_the_mitochondrial_DNA_chronology_of_human_dispersals_a_review","sourceOrganization":[{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"EducationalOrganization","name":"derby"}]}</script><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_page/loswp-102fa537001ba4d8dcd921ad9bd56c474abc201906ea4843e7e7efe9dfbf561d.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/body-8d679e925718b5e8e4b18e9a4fab37f7eaa99e43386459376559080ac8f2856a.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/button-3cea6e0ad4715ed965c49bfb15dedfc632787b32ff6d8c3a474182b231146ab7.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" 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The errors on absolute genetic dates are often large (50% or more) and depend partly on the inherent evolutionary signal in the DNA data, and partly on our imperfect knowledge of the DNA mutation rate. Despite their imprecision, the genetic dates do provide an independent, consistent and global chronology linking living humans with their ancestors. Combining this chronology with archaeological and climatological data, most of our own mtDNA studies during the past decade strongly imply a major role for palaeoclimate in determining conditions for prehistoric migrations and demographic expansions. This paper summarizes our interpretation of the genetic findings, covering the initial and modest spread of humans within Africa more than 100 ka, the striking re-expansion within Africa 60-80 ka, leading u...","publication_date":"2004,1,29","publication_name":"Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Ice Ages and the mitochondrial DNA chronology of human dispersals: a review","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [8329366]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":97534395,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Ice Ages and the mitochondrial DNA chronology of human dispersals: a review”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/97534395/mini_magick20230119-1-jd3fcs.png?1674163798" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_splash/adobe.icon-574afd46eb6b03a77a153a647fb47e30546f9215c0ee6a25df597a779717f9ef.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Ice Ages and the mitochondrial DNA chronology of human dispersals: a review</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="8329366" href="https://derby.academia.edu/GrahamRowe"><img alt="Profile image of Graham Rowe" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/8329366/3219187/3788411/s65_graham.rowe.jpg" />Graham Rowe</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2004, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences</p></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">Modern DNA, in particular maternally inherited mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), is now routinely used to trace ancient human migration routes and to obtain absolute dates for genetic prehistory. The errors on absolute genetic dates are often large (50% or more) and depend partly on the inherent evolutionary signal in the DNA data, and partly on our imperfect knowledge of the DNA mutation rate. Despite their imprecision, the genetic dates do provide an independent, consistent and global chronology linking living humans with their ancestors. Combining this chronology with archaeological and climatological data, most of our own mtDNA studies during the past decade strongly imply a major role for palaeoclimate in determining conditions for prehistoric migrations and demographic expansions. This paper summarizes our interpretation of the genetic findings, covering the initial and modest spread of humans within Africa more than 100 ka, the striking re-expansion within Africa 60-80 ka, leading u...</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":97534395,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/95320303/Ice_Ages_and_the_mitochondrial_DNA_chronology_of_human_dispersals_a_review"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":97534395,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/95320303/Ice_Ages_and_the_mitochondrial_DNA_chronology_of_human_dispersals_a_review"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div></div><div data-auto_select="false" data-client_id="331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b" data-doc_id="97534395" data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/95320303/Ice_Ages_and_the_mitochondrial_DNA_chronology_of_human_dispersals_a_review" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="3306724" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3306724/dispersals_a_review_Ice_Ages_and_the_mitochondrial_DNA_chronology_of_human_Peter_Forster_2012">dispersals: a review Ice Ages and the mitochondrial DNA chronology of human. Peter Forster. 2012</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1676692" href="https://akademisains.academia.edu/MohdTajuddinAbdullahPhDFASc">Mohd Tajuddin Abdullah, PhD, FASc</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"dispersals: a review Ice Ages and the mitochondrial DNA chronology of human. Peter Forster. 2012","attachmentId":31131702,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3306724/dispersals_a_review_Ice_Ages_and_the_mitochondrial_DNA_chronology_of_human_Peter_Forster_2012","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/3306724/dispersals_a_review_Ice_Ages_and_the_mitochondrial_DNA_chronology_of_human_Peter_Forster_2012"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="28815721" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/28815721/Aspects_of_Ancient_Mitochondrial_DNA_Analysis_in_Different_Populations_for_Understanding_Human_Evolution">Aspects of Ancient Mitochondrial DNA Analysis in Different Populations for Understanding Human Evolution</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="34619098" href="https://independent.academia.edu/DesislavaNesheva">Desislava Nesheva</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Balkan Journal of Medical Genetics, 2014</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Aspects of Ancient Mitochondrial DNA Analysis in Different Populations for Understanding Human Evolution","attachmentId":49236219,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/28815721/Aspects_of_Ancient_Mitochondrial_DNA_Analysis_in_Different_Populations_for_Understanding_Human_Evolution","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/28815721/Aspects_of_Ancient_Mitochondrial_DNA_Analysis_in_Different_Populations_for_Understanding_Human_Evolution"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="23700290" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23700290/60_000_years_of_interactions_between_Central_and_Eastern_Africa_documented_by_major_African_mitochondrial_haplogroup_L2">60,000 years of interactions between Central and Eastern Africa documented by major African mitochondrial haplogroup L2</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="12294538" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BilehGambela">Bileh Gambela🇺🇸🇸🇩🇨🇻</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup L2 originated in Western Africa but is nowadays spread across the entire continent. L2 movements were previously postulated to be related to the Bantu expansion, but L2 expansions eastwards probably occurred much earlier. By reconstructing the phylogeny of L2 (44 new complete sequences) we provide insights on the complex net of within-African migrations in the last 60 thousand years (ka). Results show that lineages in Southern Africa cluster with Western/Central African lineages at a recent time scale, whereas, eastern lineages seem to be substantially more ancient. Three moments of expansion from a Central African source are associated to L2: (1) one migration at 70–50 ka into Eastern or Southern Africa, (2) postglacial movements (15–10 ka) into Eastern Africa; and (3) the southward Bantu Expansion in the last 5 ka. The complementary population and L0a phylogeography analyses indicate no strong evidence of mtDNA gene flow between eastern and southern populations during the later movement, suggesting low admixture between Eastern African populations and the Bantu migrants. This implies that, at least in the early stages, the Bantu expansion was mainly a demic diffusion with little incorporation of local populations. Africa has been considered the cradle of mankind for a long time. Both genetic data (uniparental genetic markers and genome-wide diversity) and fossil evidence suggest that anatomically modern humans originated in this continent 1 , spreading later all over the globe. However, there is still a vigorous debate not only on the specific region within Africa where modern humans appeared, but also regarding the initial migrations within this continent 2. Despite being geographically restricted to Africa before the</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"60,000 years of interactions between Central and Eastern Africa documented by major African mitochondrial haplogroup L2","attachmentId":44108124,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/23700290/60_000_years_of_interactions_between_Central_and_Eastern_Africa_documented_by_major_African_mitochondrial_haplogroup_L2","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/23700290/60_000_years_of_interactions_between_Central_and_Eastern_Africa_documented_by_major_African_mitochondrial_haplogroup_L2"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="299499" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/299499/Reassessing_the_mitochondrial_DNA_evidence_for_migration_at_the_Mesolithic_Neolithic_transition_2008_">Reassessing the mitochondrial DNA evidence for migration at the Mesolithic–Neolithic transition [2008]</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="223141" href="https://edinburgh.academia.edu/CliveBonsall">Clive Bonsall</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Genetic evidence now plays an important role in discussions of the transition to agriculture in Europe. This paper examines two recent attempts to identify migration as a signifant process in the transition — one based on a genetic comparison of Mesolithic and Neolithic populations, and the other based on a comparison of Neolithic and modern populations. The evidence in both cases is inconclusive. We attempt to show that there can be explanations for changes in haplogroup frequency in human populations other than those resulting from migration. These include significant climate change and dietary change, both of which occurred during the Meso–Neolithic transition in Europe.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Reassessing the mitochondrial DNA evidence for migration at the Mesolithic–Neolithic transition [2008]","attachmentId":1423314,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/299499/Reassessing_the_mitochondrial_DNA_evidence_for_migration_at_the_Mesolithic_Neolithic_transition_2008_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/299499/Reassessing_the_mitochondrial_DNA_evidence_for_migration_at_the_Mesolithic_Neolithic_transition_2008_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="21561376" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/21561376/Pleistocene_Mitochondrial_Genomes_Suggest_a_Single_Major_Dispersal_of_Non_Africans_and_a_Late_Glacial_Population_Turnover_in_Europe">Pleistocene Mitochondrial Genomes Suggest a Single Major Dispersal of Non-Africans and a Late Glacial Population Turnover in Europe</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="350374" href="https://senckenberg.academia.edu/Doroth%C3%A9eDrucker">Dorothée Drucker</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="351698" href="https://uni-tuebingen.academia.edu/HerveBocherens">Herve Bocherens</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">• Newly generated pre-Neolithic European mtDNA genomes triple the number available • Clade M found for the first time in Europe, prior to the Last Glacial Maximum bottleneck • Rapid single dispersal of all non-Africans less than 55,000 years ago • Previously unknown major population shift in Europe at the end of the Pleistocene</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Pleistocene Mitochondrial Genomes Suggest a Single Major Dispersal of Non-Africans and a Late Glacial Population Turnover in Europe","attachmentId":43977732,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/21561376/Pleistocene_Mitochondrial_Genomes_Suggest_a_Single_Major_Dispersal_of_Non_Africans_and_a_Late_Glacial_Population_Turnover_in_Europe","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/21561376/Pleistocene_Mitochondrial_Genomes_Suggest_a_Single_Major_Dispersal_of_Non_Africans_and_a_Late_Glacial_Population_Turnover_in_Europe"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="23037000" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23037000/Evaluating_the_mitochondrial_timescale_of_human_evolution">Evaluating the mitochondrial timescale of human evolution</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="6124430" href="https://nhm.academia.edu/ChrisStringer">Chris Stringer</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 2009</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Evaluating the mitochondrial timescale of human evolution","attachmentId":43545408,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/23037000/Evaluating_the_mitochondrial_timescale_of_human_evolution","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/23037000/Evaluating_the_mitochondrial_timescale_of_human_evolution"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="67646364" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/67646364/MtDNA_analysis_of_global_populations_support_that_major_population_expansions_began_before_Neolithic_Time">MtDNA analysis of global populations support that major population expansions began before Neolithic Time</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="12294538" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BilehGambela">Bileh Gambela🇺🇸🇸🇩🇨🇻</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Agriculture resulted in extensive population growths and human activities. However, whether major human expansions started after Neolithic Time still remained controversial. With the benefit of 1000 Genome Project, we were able to analyze a total of 910 samples from 11 populations in Africa, Europe and Americas. From these random samples, we identified the expansion lineages and reconstructed the historical demographic variations. In all the three continents, we found that most major lineage expansions (11 out of 15 star lineages in Africa, all autochthonous lineages in Europe and America) coalesced before the first appearance of agriculture. Furthermore, major population expansions were estimated after Last Glacial Maximum but before Neolithic Time, also corresponding to the result of major lineage expansions. Considering results in current and previous study, global mtDNA evidence showed that rising temperature after Last Glacial Maximum offered amiable environments and might be the most important factor for prehistorical human expansions.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"MtDNA analysis of global populations support that major population expansions began before Neolithic Time","attachmentId":78389029,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/67646364/MtDNA_analysis_of_global_populations_support_that_major_population_expansions_began_before_Neolithic_Time","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/67646364/MtDNA_analysis_of_global_populations_support_that_major_population_expansions_began_before_Neolithic_Time"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="48551817" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/48551817/Towards_the_understanding_of_post_glacial_spread_of_human_mitochondrial_DNA_haplogroups_in_Europe_and_beyond_a_phylogeographic_approach">Towards the understanding of post-glacial spread of human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups in Europe and beyond: a phylogeographic approach</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="42197857" href="https://ut-ee.academia.edu/KristiinaTambets">Kristiina Tambets</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2004</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Towards the understanding of post-glacial spread of human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups in Europe and beyond: a phylogeographic approach","attachmentId":67104356,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/48551817/Towards_the_understanding_of_post_glacial_spread_of_human_mitochondrial_DNA_haplogroups_in_Europe_and_beyond_a_phylogeographic_approach","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/48551817/Towards_the_understanding_of_post_glacial_spread_of_human_mitochondrial_DNA_haplogroups_in_Europe_and_beyond_a_phylogeographic_approach"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="478600" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/478600/Population_expansion_in_the_North_African_Late_Pleistocene_signalled_by_mitochondrial_DNA_haplogroup_U6">Population expansion in the North African Late Pleistocene signalled by mitochondrial DNA haplogroup U6</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="358236" href="https://bristol.academia.edu/Haid%C3%A9Martins">Haidé Martins</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Background The archaeology of North Africa remains enigmatic, with questions of population continuity versus discontinuity taking centre-stage. Debates have focused on population transitions between the bearers of the Middle Palaeolithic Aterian industry and the later Upper Palaeolithic populations of the Maghreb, as well as between the late Pleistocene and Holocene. Results Improved resolution of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup U6 phylogeny, by the screening of 39 new complete sequences, has enabled us to infer a signal of moderate population expansion using Bayesian coalescent methods. To ascertain the time for this expansion, we applied both a mutation rate accounting for purifying selection and one with an internal calibration based on four approximate archaeological dates: the settlement of the Canary Islands, the settlement of Sardinia and its internal population re-expansion, and the split between haplogroups U5 and U6 around the time of the first modern human settlement of the Near East. Conclusions A Bayesian skyline plot placed the main expansion in the time frame of the Late Pleistocene, around 20 ka, and spatial smoothing techniques suggested that the most probable geographic region for this demographic event was to the west of North Africa. A comparison with U6's European sister clade, U5, revealed a stronger population expansion at around this time in Europe. Also in contrast with U5, a weak signal of a recent population expansion in the last 5,000 years was observed in North Africa, pointing to a moderate impact of the late Neolithic on the local population size of the southern Mediterranean coast.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Population expansion in the North African Late Pleistocene signalled by mitochondrial DNA haplogroup U6","attachmentId":30989686,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/478600/Population_expansion_in_the_North_African_Late_Pleistocene_signalled_by_mitochondrial_DNA_haplogroup_U6","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/478600/Population_expansion_in_the_North_African_Late_Pleistocene_signalled_by_mitochondrial_DNA_haplogroup_U6"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="33774037" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/33774037/DNA_of_early_Neanderthal_gives_timeline_for_new_modern_human_related_dispersal_from_Africa">DNA of early Neanderthal gives timeline for new modern human-related dispersal from Africa</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="351698" href="https://uni-tuebingen.academia.edu/HerveBocherens">Herve Bocherens</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"DNA of early Neanderthal gives timeline for new modern human-related dispersal from Africa","attachmentId":53762455,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/33774037/DNA_of_early_Neanderthal_gives_timeline_for_new_modern_human_related_dispersal_from_Africa","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/33774037/DNA_of_early_Neanderthal_gives_timeline_for_new_modern_human_related_dispersal_from_Africa"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":97534395,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":97534395,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_97534395" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="7089159" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7089159/A_Revised_Time_Scale_for_Human_Evolution_Based_on_Ancient_Mitochondrial_Genomes">A Revised Time Scale for Human Evolution Based on Ancient Mitochondrial Genomes</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="12171305" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BosKirsten">Kirsten Bos</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline 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