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.infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: tan;">Port Jackson Pidgin English</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: tan;">New South Wales Pidgin</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_Australians" title="Aboriginal Australians">Aboriginal Australians</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Era</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">1780-1900</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/English-based_pidgin" class="mw-redirect" title="English-based pidgin">English-based pidgin</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> Pacific<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Port Jackson Pidgin English</b></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Australian_Pidgin_English" title="South Australian Pidgin English">South Australian Pidgin English</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: tan;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><i>None</i> (<code>mis</code>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/news1234">news1234</a></code>  New South Wales Pidgin</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <p><b>Port Jackson Pidgin English</b> or <b>New South Wales Pidgin English</b> was an English-based <a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">pidgin</a> that originated in the region of Sydney and Newcastle in <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> in the early days of <a href="/wiki/European_exploration_of_Australia#Colonisation" title="European exploration of Australia">colonisation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stockman_(Australia)" title="Stockman (Australia)">Stockmen</a> carried it west and north as they expanded across Australia. It subsequently died out in most of the country, but was <a href="/wiki/Creolization" title="Creolization">creolised</a> forming <a href="/wiki/Australian_Kriol" title="Australian Kriol">Australian Kriol</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Roper_River" title="Roper River">Roper River</a> Mission in <a href="/wiki/Ngukurr" title="Ngukurr">Ngukurr</a>, where missionaries provided a safe place for <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a> from the surrounding areas to escape deprivation at the hands of European settlers. As the Aboriginal Australians who came to seek refuge at the Roper River Mission spoke different languages, there grew a need for a shared communication system to develop, and it was this that created the conditions for Port Jackson Pidgin English to become fleshed out into a full language, Kriol, based on the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a> and the eight different <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">Australian language groups</a> spoken by those at the mission. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_Jackson_Pidgin_English&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Port Jackson Pidgin English was established as the need for communication between Aboriginal people and <a href="/wiki/English_Australians" title="English Australians">English settlers</a> arose.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its first records of existence date to 1788 in the <a href="/wiki/Port_Jackson" title="Port Jackson">Port Jackson</a> <a href="/wiki/Penal_colony" title="Penal colony">penal colony</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1900 PJPE had developed into Northern Territory Pidgin English (NTPE) was widespread and well understood. Then by 1908 creolizing into Australian Kriol and by the mid-1980s, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Kriol" title="Australian Kriol">Kriol</a> had at least four generations of mother tongue speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_factors">Historical factors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_Jackson_Pidgin_English&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historical factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two major factors that facilitated the forming of Port Jackson Pidgin English. The first is that environmental shifts occurred on the land. After the English settlers arrived at Port Jackson in January 1788, the lifestyles of the <a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_people_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginal people of Australia">Aboriginal people</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> area changed significantly.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The environment was devastated as the settlers cleared the ground for settlement. As a result, the local <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystem</a> could no longer provide food for the Aboriginal people, and they became increasingly dependent on the settlers for imported goods.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Aboriginal people started to offer services to the settlers, including guidance and knowledge about the environment. Thus, in exchange for resources, they played an important role in the settlers’ community. As they were being increasingly exposed to the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a>, the Aboriginal people began acquiring English as a <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> to communicate with the settlers. In this way, Port Jackson Pidgin English started forming at the point of contact between English and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_languages" title="Australian Aboriginal languages">Aboriginal languages</a>. Linguistic evidence supports this summation, showing that <a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">pidgin</a> features, including language mixing, language simplification and <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexicon</a> borrowing were present in the communication between the Aboriginal people and the settlers.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second factor was the actions the governor of the <a href="/wiki/First_Fleet" title="First Fleet">First Fleet</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arthur_Philip&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arthur Philip (page does not exist)">Arthur Philip</a>, took to establish communication with Aboriginal people. After fixing a permanent settlement site at Port Jackson, Philip gave official orders for establishing a stable <a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_communication" title="Cross-cultural communication">cross-cultural communication</a> with Aboriginal people despite their hostility towards the settlers.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also controlled the convicts to prevent them from ‘taking advantage of or mistreating Aboriginal people’. However, due to the absence of a common <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a> between the two communities, he failed to learn about the Aboriginal culture and history or maintain regular and friendly communication. Therefore, he made a plan to capture an Aboriginal person to learn English, help the settlers acquire the Aboriginal language and play as a cultural catalyst between the two communities.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The person the settlers captured was <a href="/wiki/Bennelong" title="Bennelong">Bennelong</a>. He not only learned English and the culture of the settlers, but he also offered knowledge about the Aboriginal language for the settlers. He marked the starting point of a stable communication and accelerated the <a href="/wiki/Language_contact" title="Language contact">language contact</a> between the two communities.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bennelong_as_the_communication_catalyst">Bennelong as the communication catalyst</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_Jackson_Pidgin_English&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bennelong as the communication catalyst"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bennelong was an important figure in this <a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_communication" title="Cross-cultural communication">cross-cultural communication</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He soon came to play a major role in the <a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">colony</a> and integrated into the new <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a> well after being captured by Philip. His language abilities not only allowed the settlers to gain more knowledge about the Aboriginal language and culture but also accelerated the cross-cultural interactions between the two communities. Being able to speak two languages, Bennelong became a well-respected person in both the colonial and Aboriginal communities. The settlers needed Bennelong’s knowledge of Aboriginal culture, food, technology and the environment, while the Aboriginal people consulted him when they traded with the settlers. This privilege allowed him to become the head of the Aboriginal coterie, and he enjoyed social and material benefits from his friendship with Philip.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influences_on_both_communities">Influences on both communities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_Jackson_Pidgin_English&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Influences on both communities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the linguistic aspect, Aboriginal people who acted as translators and guides in the Sydney area showed a notable ability to communicate with English settlers using Port Jackson Pidgin English.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, the significance of learning Aboriginal vernacular language decreased and was eventually replaced by the pidgin.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the social aspect, some of the Aboriginal people became functioning members in the colony’s working class because of their knowledge of the land and labour. In addition, with the information provided by the Aboriginal people, the settlers found building materials, and they built residences in water-rich and fertile areas. In the settlement, Aboriginal people offered assistance with chopping wood, fishing and tracking escaped convicts. With the help of the Aboriginal people, the settlers built permanent sites of residence, and the Aboriginal people gained irreplaceable positions in the <a href="/wiki/Social_division_of_labor" title="Social division of labor">social division of labour</a> within the colony.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_Jackson_Pidgin_English&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Port Jackson Pidgin English has a relatively complete linguistic structure, including a borrowed lexicon and set of <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verbs</a>, largely from English. It also contains different <a href="/wiki/Part_of_speech" title="Part of speech">word classes</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronouns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">adverbs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Preposition_and_postposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition and postposition">prepositions</a> and uses the same <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb–object">subject–verb–object</a> sentence structure as English.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The linguistic feature of Port Jackson Pidgin English observed in the 18th century was mainly lexical, and in the 19th century, the pidgin started to acquire <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntactical</a> stability.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morphology">Morphology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_Jackson_Pidgin_English&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Morphology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both <a href="/wiki/Bound_and_free_morphemes" title="Bound and free morphemes">free morphemes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bound_and_free_morphemes" title="Bound and free morphemes">bound morphemes</a> are attested in Port Jackson Pidgin English, but most <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morphemes</a> are free.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three examples of bound morphemes are <i>-fela</i>, <i>-im</i> and <i>-it</i>. The first morpheme is a <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a> that nominalises nouns, which is retrieved from the English word 'fellow'. For example, <i>blakfela</i> means "Aboriginal people', and <i>datfela</i> means 'that one'. The second and the third morphemes are <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teansitivity_(grammar)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teansitivity (grammar) (page does not exist)">transitivity</a> markers. There are also <a href="/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)" title="Compound (linguistics)">compound words</a> and single morphemes that are from English in the pidgin. For example, the word that is used to refer to convicts is <i>gabamenman</i>, which literally means 'government man', a compound word that consists of <i>gabamen</i> and <i>man</i>. An example of a single morpheme is 'baimbai<i>. It literally means "by and by" though its actual meaning is "later".<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Determiners">Determiners</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_Jackson_Pidgin_English&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Determiners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is evidence that <a href="/wiki/Determiner" title="Determiner">determiners</a> are present in Port Jackson Pidgin English.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <i>dat</i> and <i>diz</i> respectively originate from the English words 'that' and 'these'. <a href="/wiki/Possessive_determiner" title="Possessive determiner">Possessive determiners</a> also exist. For instance, <i>main</i> indicates the <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">first-person singular</a> possessive form in the pidgin, which is retrieved from the English word 'my'.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numbers">Numbers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_Jackson_Pidgin_English&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Numbers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The numbers in Port Jackson Pidgin English are largely borrowed from English.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <i>menitausand</i> comes from 'many thousand', and <i>wan</i> comes from 'one'. However, non-specific <a href="/wiki/Quantifiers_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantifiers (linguistics)">quantifiers</a> are formulated by different strategies. For example, <i>oranjibita</i> consists of <i>narang</i>, which means 'little' in the Aboriginal language<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (October 2022)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup>, and <i>bit of</i> from English . As the word contains <a href="/wiki/Lexical_item" title="Lexical item">lexical items</a> from both languages, it is unique from specific numbers, which are borrowed solely from English.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pronouns">Pronouns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_Jackson_Pidgin_English&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pronouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The pronouns in Port Jackson Pidgin English have considerable similarity to those of English.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the pronoun for the first-person singular is <i>ai</i> or <i>mi</i>, and that for the first-person plural is <i>wi</i>. It is obvious that those words are retrieved respectively from the English 'I', 'me' and 'we'.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbs">Verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_Jackson_Pidgin_English&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is also intriguing to note that despite its borrowing of English verbs, Port Jackson Pidgin English applies linguistic strategies that are different.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, the use or meaning of verbs in Port Jackson Pidgin English cannot be presumed based solely on knowledge of English. In addition to directly borrowing from English, such as <i>teik</i>, retrieved from 'take', there are two more ways by which verbs are created.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first is the borrowing of English <a href="/wiki/Phrasal_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrasal verb">phrasal verbs</a>. For instance, <i>sitdaun</i>, coming from 'sit down', means "stay". Another way is to create verbs originating from an Aboriginal language]]. For example, the verb for "dance" is <i>koroberi</i>, which is from <i>garabara</i> from an Aboriginal language.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another interesting aspect to explore in the verbs in Port Jackson Pidgin English is transitivity. For example, in the sentence <i>Yu laik blakfela massa yu gibit konmil yu gibit mogo and mok</i>, which means 'If you like Aboriginal people, master, you give [them] cornmeal; you give [them] tomahawks and tobacco'. In that case, the verb's transitivity is marked by the suffix '-it'. In addition, <a href="/wiki/Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood" title="Tense–aspect–mood">tense</a> and aspect are attested in the pidgin. For instance, <i>ai meikit no wot hi/it baut</i> means "I will make known what he is doing". In that case, <i>baut</i> is the <a href="/wiki/Present_continuous" title="Present continuous">present continuous</a> form of <i>do</i>, which marks both the <a href="/wiki/Present_tense" title="Present tense">present tense</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Imperfective_aspect" title="Imperfective aspect">imperfective aspect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sentence_structure">Sentence structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_Jackson_Pidgin_English&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sentence structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Port Jackson Pidgin English shares the same <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb–object">subject–verb–object</a> sentence structure of English.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there are subtle differences in how <a href="/wiki/Interrogative" title="Interrogative">interrogative</a> sentences and <a href="/wiki/Negation" title="Negation">negation</a> are presented. </p><p>In the pidgin, the interrogative voice is expressed by using an <a href="/wiki/Interrogative_word" title="Interrogative word">interrogative pronoun</a> (how, why etc.) at the beginning of sentences or a questioning tone because the pidgin lacks the initial question word 'do'. For example, the English translation of <i>yu hia massa</i> is 'Do you hear, master?' In that case, 'do' has no matching word in the pidgin. Instead, the interrogative voice is expressed by an interrogative tone.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The expression of a statement's negation has the word <i>bail</i> put at the initial place of a sentence. For instance, <i>bail wi want pata</i> means 'We do not want food'.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lexicon">Lexicon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_Jackson_Pidgin_English&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Lexicon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although <a href="/wiki/Robert_Dawson_Esq." title="Robert Dawson Esq.">Robert Dawson</a>, a company agent of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Agricultural_Company" title="Australian Agricultural Company">Australian Agricultural Company</a>, pointed out that Port Jackson Pidgin English is a <a href="/wiki/Jargon" title="Jargon">jargon</a> (also called a 'pre-pidgin') with a mixed lexicon and only basic <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a>, but it exhibits great <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphological</a> stability.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lexical items borrowed from English are combined with other items from Aboriginal languages to form a pidgin compound.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, <i>blakjin</i>, literally consisting of <i>black</i> and <i>gin</i>, means 'Aboriginal woman'. Replicate morphemes are used to emphasise a word’s meaning. For instance, <i>debildebil</i> means 'great devil'. Interrogatives and quantifiers are also borrowed from English. In the pidgin, <i>plenti</i>, which can be retrieved from the English word "plenty", means "many". <i>Wen</i> is an interrogative word that means 'when'. Interestingly, Port Jackson Pidgin English has borrowed considerably from English verbs and lexicon but only a small number from Aboriginal languages.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_1-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significance">Significance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_Jackson_Pidgin_English&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Significance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Port Jackson Pidgin English was the main means of communication between the settlers and the Aboriginal people in early colonial times. It provided a channel for intercultural communication. It is also important in terms of linguistics because it formed a basis for the development of Australian Kriol.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_Jackson_Pidgin_English&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-24"><sup><i><b>y</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-25"><sup><i><b>z</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-26"><sup><i><b>aa</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-27"><sup><i><b>ab</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-28"><sup><i><b>ac</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-29"><sup><i><b>ad</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-30"><sup><i><b>ae</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_1-31"><sup><i><b>af</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTroy1994" class="citation book cs1">Troy, Jakelin (1994). <i>Melaleuka : a history and description of New South Wales pidgin</i>. Australia: Australian National University. pp. 3–308.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Melaleuka+%3A+a+history+and+description+of+New+South+Wales+pidgin&rft.place=Australia&rft.pages=3-308&rft.pub=Australian+National+University&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Troy&rft.aufirst=Jakelin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APort+Jackson+Pidgin+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharpe" class="citation book cs1">Sharpe, Margaret C. <i>Kriol- An Australian Language Resource</i>. p. 178.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kriol-+An+Australian+Language+Resource&rft.pages=178&rft.aulast=Sharpe&rft.aufirst=Margaret+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APort+Jackson+Pidgin+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn1986" class="citation book cs1">John, Sandefur (1986). <i>Kriol of North Australia: a language coming of age</i>. Australia: Summer Institute of Linguistics, Australian Aborigines Branch. pp. 30–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0868923273" title="Special:BookSources/0868923273"><bdi>0868923273</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kriol+of+North+Australia%3A+a+language+coming+of+age&rft.place=Australia&rft.pages=30-33&rft.pub=Summer+Institute+of+Linguistics%2C+Australian+Aborigines+Branch&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0868923273&rft.aulast=John&rft.aufirst=Sandefur&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APort+Jackson+Pidgin+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1988" class="citation journal cs1">Harris, John W. (1988-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jbe-platform.com/content/journals/10.1075/eww.9.1.06har">"Northern Territory Pidgin English: A Lexical Study"</a>. <i>English World-Wide</i>. <b>9</b> (1).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=English+World-Wide&rft.atitle=Northern+Territory+Pidgin+English%3A+A+Lexical+Study&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.date=1988-01-01&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jbe-platform.com%2Fcontent%2Fjournals%2F10.1075%2Feww.9.1.06har&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APort+Jackson+Pidgin+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeakins2016" class="citation book cs1">Meakins, Felicity (2016). <i>Loss and Renewal : Australian Languages Since Colonisation</i>. Germany: Berlin ; Boston : De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 7–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5015-0103-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5015-0103-6"><bdi>978-1-5015-0103-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Loss+and+Renewal+%3A+Australian+Languages+Since+Colonisation&rft.place=Germany&rft.pages=7-11&rft.pub=Berlin+%3B+Boston+%3A+De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-5015-0103-6&rft.aulast=Meakins&rft.aufirst=Felicity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APort+Jackson+Pidgin+English" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div><p>Clements, J. (2003). PROCESSES OF LANGUAGE CONTACT: STUDIES FROM AUSTRALIA AND THE SOUTH PACIFIC. Jeff Siegel (Ed.). Saint-Laurent, Canada: Fides, 2000. </p><p>Holmes, J. (2013). An Introduction to Sociolinguistics  (4th ed.). Taylor and Francis. </p><p>Kouwenberg, S., & Singler, J. (2008). The handbook of Pidgin and Creole studies. Wiley-Blackwell Pub. </p><p>Meakins, F. & O’Shannessy, C. (2016). Loss and renewal: Australian languages since colonisation. Berlin, Germany: De Gruyter Mouton. </p><p>Sandefur, J. (1986). Kriol of North Australia: a language coming of age. Darwin, Australia: Summer Institute of Linguistics, Australian Aborigines Branch </p><p>Smith, W. (1933). Pidgin English in Hawaii. American Speech, 8(1), 15-19. https://doi.org/10.2307/3181813 </p><p>Troy, J. (1994). Melaleuka: A history and description of New South Wales Pidgin. Canberra, Australia: Australian National University. </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith,_Norval1994" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Norval (1994). "An annotated list of creoles, pidgins, and mixed languages". In Jacque Arends; Pieter Muysken; Norval Smith (eds.). <i>Pidgins and Creoles</i>. John Benjamins.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=An+annotated+list+of+creoles%2C+pidgins%2C+and+mixed+languages&rft.btitle=Pidgins+and+Creoles&rft.pub=John+Benjamins&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Smith%2C+Norval&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APort+Jackson+Pidgin+English" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Port_Jackson_Pidgin_English&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall,_Robert_A._Jr.1945" class="citation journal cs1">Hall, Robert A. Jr. (July 1945). "Notes on Australian Pidgin English". <i>Language</i>. <b>19</b> (3). Language, Vol. 19, No. 3: 263–267. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F409833">10.2307/409833</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/409833">409833</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language&rft.atitle=Notes+on+Australian+Pidgin+English&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=263-267&rft.date=1945-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F409833&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F409833%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Hall%2C+Robert+A.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APort+Jackson+Pidgin+English" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGregor2004" class="citation book cs1">McGregor, W. B. (2004). <i>The Languages of the Kimberley, Western Australia</i>. London, New York: Taylor & Francis. pp. 62–64.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Languages+of+the+Kimberley%2C+Western+Australia&rft.place=London%2C+New+York&rft.pages=62-64&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=McGregor&rft.aufirst=W.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APort+Jackson+Pidgin+English" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMühlhäusler1991" class="citation book cs1">Mühlhäusler, P. (1991). "Overview of the pidgin and creole languages of Australia". In S. Romaine (ed.). <i>Language in Australia</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 159–173.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Overview+of+the+pidgin+and+creole+languages+of+Australia&rft.btitle=Language+in+Australia&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=159-173&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=M%C3%BChlh%C3%A4usler&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APort+Jackson+Pidgin+English" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMühlhäuslerMcGregor,_W._B.1996" class="citation book cs1">Mühlhäusler, P.; McGregor, W. B. (1996). "Post-contact languages of Western Australia". In S. A. Wurm; P. Mühlhäusler; D. T. Tryon (eds.). <i>Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas</i>. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Post-contact+languages+of+Western+Australia&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+Languages+of+Intercultural+Communication+in+the+Pacific%2C+Asia%2C+and+the+Americas&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=M%C3%BChlh%C3%A4usler&rft.aufirst=P.&rft.au=McGregor%2C+W.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APort+Jackson+Pidgin+English" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandefurSandefur,_J.1980" class="citation journal cs1">Sandefur, J.; Sandefur, J. (1980). "Pidgin and Creole in the Kimberleys, Western Australia". <i>Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies Newsletter</i>. <b>14</b>: 31–37.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Institute+of+Aboriginal+Studies+Newsletter&rft.atitle=Pidgin+and+Creole+in+the+Kimberleys%2C+Western+Australia&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=31-37&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Sandefur&rft.aufirst=J.&rft.au=Sandefur%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APort+Jackson+Pidgin+English" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson2000" class="citation book cs1">Simpson, J. (2000). "Camels as pidgin-carriers: Afghan cameleers as a vector for the spread of features of Australian Aboriginal Pidgins and Creoles". In J. Siegel (ed.). <i>Processes of Language Contact: Studies from Australia and the South Pacific</i>. Saint Laurent, Quebec: Fides. pp. 195–244.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Camels+as+pidgin-carriers%3A+Afghan+cameleers+as+a+vector+for+the+spread+of+features+of+Australian+Aboriginal+Pidgins+and+Creoles&rft.btitle=Processes+of+Language+Contact%3A+Studies+from+Australia+and+the+South+Pacific&rft.place=Saint+Laurent%2C+Quebec&rft.pages=195-244&rft.pub=Fides&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APort+Jackson+Pidgin+English" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Port_Jackson_Pidgin_English&oldid=1245206728">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Port_Jackson_Pidgin_English&oldid=1245206728</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English-based_pidgins_and_creoles_of_Australia" title="Category:English-based pidgins and creoles of Australia">English-based pidgins and creoles of Australia</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Language_articles_with_unreferenced_extinction_date" title="Category:Language articles with unreferenced extinction date">Language articles with unreferenced extinction date</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases" title="Category:All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases">All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_specifically_marked_weasel-worded_phrases_from_October_2022" title="Category:Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from October 2022">Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from October 2022</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 11 September 2024, at 17:04<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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