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<span>Topics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Topics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Topics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Topics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sequencing_of_subject,_verb,_and_object" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sequencing_of_subject,_verb,_and_object"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Sequencing of subject, verb, and object</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sequencing_of_subject,_verb,_and_object-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grammatical_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grammatical_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Grammatical relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grammatical_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Constituency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constituency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Constituency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constituency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Theories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theoretical_syntactic_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theoretical_syntactic_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Theoretical syntactic models</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Theoretical_syntactic_models-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Theoretical syntactic models subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Theoretical_syntactic_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dependency_grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dependency_grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Dependency grammar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dependency_grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Categorial_grammar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Categorial_grammar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Categorial grammar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Categorial_grammar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stochastic/probabilistic_grammars/network_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stochastic/probabilistic_grammars/network_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Stochastic/probabilistic grammars/network theories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stochastic/probabilistic_grammars/network_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Functional_grammars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Functional_grammars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Functional grammars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Functional_grammars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Generative_syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Generative_syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Generative syntax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Generative_syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cognitive_and_usage-based_grammars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cognitive_and_usage-based_grammars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Cognitive and usage-based grammars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cognitive_and_usage-based_grammars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Syntactic_terms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntactic_terms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Syntactic terms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntactic_terms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Syntax</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 115 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-115" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">115 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinsbou" title="Sinsbou – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sinsbou" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Syntax" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%88" title="علم النحو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم النحو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaxi" title="Sintaxi – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sintaxi" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Շարահիւսութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Շարահիւսութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaxis" title="Sintaxis – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sintaxis" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91e%27%E1%BA%BDjoajukatu" title="Ñe'ẽjoajukatu – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñe'ẽjoajukatu" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksis" title="Sintaksis – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sintaksis" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="বাক্যতত্ত্ব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাক্যতত্ত্ব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksis" title="Sintaksis – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Sintaksis" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B9-hoat" title="Kù-hoat – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kù-hoat" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Синтаксис – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Синтаксис" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Сінтаксіс мовы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сінтаксіс мовы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8B%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D1%81" title="Сынтаксіс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сынтаксіс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Синтаксис – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Синтаксис" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevreadurezh" title="Kevreadurezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kevreadurezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaxi" title="Sintaxi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sintaxi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Синтаксис – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Синтаксис" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Syntax" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystrawen" title="Cystrawen – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cystrawen" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaks" title="Syntaks – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Syntaks" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B3" title="سينطاكس – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="سينطاكس" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Syntax" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCntaks" title="Süntaks – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Süntaks" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%8D%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BE%CE%B7_(%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%89%CF%83%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Σύνταξη (γλωσσολογία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σύνταξη (γλωσσολογία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaxis" title="Sintaxis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sintaxis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintakso" title="Sintakso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sintakso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaxi" title="Sintaxi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sintaxi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%88" title="نحو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نحو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Syntax" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaxe" title="Syntaxe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Syntaxe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinlear" title="Sinlear – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sinlear" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comhr%C3%A9ir" title="Comhréir – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Comhréir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-ordrail" title="Co-ordrail – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Co-ordrail" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaxe" title="Sintaxe – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sintaxe" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%86%B5%EC%82%AC%EB%A1%A0" title="통사론 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="통사론" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Շարահյուսություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շարահյուսություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8" title="वाक्यविन्यास – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वाक्यविन्यास" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaksa" title="Syntaksa – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Syntaksa" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksa" title="Sintaksa – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sintaksa" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaxo" title="Sintaxo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sintaxo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksis" title="Sintaksis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sintaksis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaxe" title="Syntaxe – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Syntaxe" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setningafr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Setningafræði – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Setningafræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintassi" title="Sintassi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sintassi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%97%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A8" title="תחביר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תחביר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksis" title="Sintaksis – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sintaksis" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8" title="ಪದವಿನ್ಯಾಸ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪದವಿನ್ಯಾಸ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="სინტაქსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სინტაქსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Синтаксис – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Синтаксис" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksi" title="Sintaksi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sintaksi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentaks" title="Sentaks – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Sentaks" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Синтаксис – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Синтаксис" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaxis" title="Syntaxis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Syntaxis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintakse" title="Sintakse – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sintakse" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaks%C4%97" title="Sintaksė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sintaksė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaxis" title="Syntaxis – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Syntaxis" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintatica" title="Sintatica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sintatica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/genlalske" title="genlalske – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="genlalske" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintassi" title="Sintassi – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sintassi" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szintaxis_(nyelv%C3%A9szet)" title="Szintaxis (nyelvészet) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szintaxis (nyelvészet)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Синтакса – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Синтакса" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rariteny" title="Rariteny – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Rariteny" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%98%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%A8" title="വാക്യഘടന – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വാക്യഘടന" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksis" title="Sintaksis – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Sintaksis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksis" title="Sintaksis – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Sintaksis" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Синтаксиссь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Синтаксиссь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaxis_(taalkunde)" title="Syntaxis (taalkunde) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Syntaxis (taalkunde)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="सिन्ट्याक्स – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सिन्ट्याक्स" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%B1%E8%AA%9E%E8%AB%96" title="統語論 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="統語論" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaks" title="Syntaks – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Syntaks" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaks" title="Syntaks – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Syntaks" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaxe" title="Sintaxe – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Sintaxe" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksis" title="Sintaksis – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sintaksis" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%88" title="نحو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نحو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sint%C3%A1ksis" title="Sintáksis – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Sintáksis" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Синтаксис – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Синтаксис" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaktyka_(j%C4%99zykoznawstwo)" title="Syntaktyka (językoznawstwo) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Syntaktyka (językoznawstwo)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaxe" title="Sintaxe – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sintaxe" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintax%C4%83" title="Sintaxă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sintaxă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaxa" title="Sintaxa – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Sintaxa" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Синтаксис – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Синтаксис" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Syntax" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knklaan_gaya_nkari" title="Knklaan gaya nkari – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Knklaan gaya nkari" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksa" title="Sintaksa – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sintaksa" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Syntax" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="نحويات – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="نحويات" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax_(jazykoveda)" title="Syntax (jazykoveda) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Syntax (jazykoveda)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skladnja" title="Skladnja – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Skladnja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%B7%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%AF%D1%8C" title="Сѷнтаѯь – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Сѷнтаѯь" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="ڕستەناسی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕستەناسی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0" title="Синтакса – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Синтакса" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksa" title="Sintaksa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sintaksa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksis" title="Sintaksis – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Sintaksis" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntaksi" title="Syntaksi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Syntaksi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Syntax" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaugnayan" title="Palaugnayan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Palaugnayan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="சொற்றொடரியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சொற்றொடரியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Синтаксис – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Синтаксис" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%98%E0%B9%8C" title="วากยสัมพันธ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วากยสัมพันธ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D2%B7%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Аъзои ҷумла – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Аъзои ҷумла" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6zdizim" title="Sözdizim – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sözdizim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Синтаксис – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Синтаксис" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AD%D9%88" title="نحو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نحو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintasi" title="Sintasi – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Sintasi" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%BA_ph%C3%A1p_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Cú pháp học – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cú pháp học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjin%C3%A7aedje_del_fr%C3%A5ze" title="Adjinçaedje del fråze – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Adjinçaedje del fråze" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8" title="語法學 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="語法學" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintaksis" title="Sintaksis – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Sintaksis" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95" title="句法 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="句法" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8" title="句法學 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="句法學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%97ntaks%C4%97" title="Sėntaksė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Sėntaksė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%A5%E6%B3%95" title="句法 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="句法" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%88lmu_nahwu" title="Èlmu nahwu – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Èlmu nahwu" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2%E2%B5%9C" title="ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵢⵜ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⵙⵏⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q37437#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Syntax" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">System responsible for combining morphemes into complex structures</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Syntax_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Syntax (disambiguation)">Syntax 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks linguistics-body"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Linguistics" title="Category:Linguistics">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_linguistics" title="Outline of linguistics">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_linguistics" title="History of linguistics">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_linguistics_articles" title="Index of linguistics articles">Index</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">General linguistics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">Diachronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexicography" title="Lexicography">Lexicography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">Morphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">Phonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatics" title="Pragmatics">Pragmatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">Semantics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Syntax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntax%E2%80%93semantics_interface" title="Syntax–semantics interface">Syntax–semantics interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_typology" title="Linguistic typology">Typology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Applied linguistics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language_acquisition" title="Language acquisition">Acquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_linguistics" title="Anthropological linguistics">Anthropological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_linguistics" title="Applied linguistics">Applied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_linguistics" title="Computational linguistics">Computational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversation_analysis" title="Conversation analysis">Conversation analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corpus_linguistics" title="Corpus linguistics">Corpus linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_analysis" title="Discourse analysis">Discourse analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_distance" title="Linguistic distance">Distance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_documentation" title="Language documentation">Documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnography_of_communication" title="Ethnography of communication">Ethnography of communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomethodology" title="Ethnomethodology">Ethnomethodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forensic_linguistics" title="Forensic linguistics">Forensic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_linguistics" title="History of linguistics">History of linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlinguistics" title="Interlinguistics">Interlinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurolinguistics" title="Neurolinguistics">Neurolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">Philology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_language" title="Philosophy of language">Philosophy of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">Phonetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psycholinguistics" title="Psycholinguistics">Psycholinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociolinguistics" title="Sociolinguistics">Sociolinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_linguistics" title="Text linguistics">Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_studies" title="Translation studies">Translating</a> and <a href="/wiki/Language_interpretation" title="Language interpretation">interpreting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing systems</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Theoretical frameworks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formalism_(linguistics)" title="Formalism (linguistics)">Formalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phrase_structure_grammar" title="Phrase structure grammar">Constituency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependency_grammar" title="Dependency grammar">Dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributionalism" title="Distributionalism">Distributionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_grammar" title="Generative grammar">Generative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossematics" title="Glossematics">Glossematics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_linguistics" title="Functional linguistics">Functional</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_grammar" title="Cognitive grammar">Cognitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_grammar" title="Construction grammar">Construction grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_discourse_grammar" title="Functional discourse grammar">Functional discourse grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammaticalization" title="Grammaticalization">Grammaticalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactional_linguistics" title="Interactional linguistics">Interactional linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_linguistic_circle" title="Prague linguistic circle">Prague circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_functional_linguistics" title="Systemic functional linguistics">Systemic functional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usage-based_models_of_language" title="Usage-based models of language">Usage-based</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_linguistics" title="Structural linguistics">Structuralism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomy_of_syntax" title="Autonomy of syntax">Autonomy of syntax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_compositionality" title="Principle of compositionality">Compositionality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_and_innovative_language" title="Conservative and innovative language">Conservative and innovative language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_description" title="Linguistic description">Descriptivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconicity" title="Iconicity">Iconicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(linguistics)" title="Internationalism (linguistics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_linguistics" title="Internet linguistics">Internet linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_linguistics" title="LGBTQ linguistics">LGBTQ linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orismology" title="Orismology">Orismology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_linguistics" title="Philosophy of linguistics">Philosophy of linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_prescription" title="Linguistic prescription">Prescriptivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-language_acquisition" title="Second-language acquisition">Second-language acquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_language" title="Theory of language">Theory of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminology" title="Terminology">Terminology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Linguistics" title="Portal:Linguistics">Portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Linguistics" title="Template:Linguistics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Linguistics" title="Template talk:Linguistics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Linguistics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Linguistics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, <b>syntax</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">SIN</span>-taks</i></a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the study of how words and <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morphemes</a> combine to form larger units such as <a href="/wiki/Phrase" title="Phrase">phrases</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)" title="Sentence (linguistics)">sentences</a>. Central concerns of syntax include <a href="/wiki/Word_order" title="Word order">word order</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical relations">grammatical relations</a>, hierarchical sentence structure (<a href="/wiki/Constituent_(linguistics)" title="Constituent (linguistics)">constituency</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Agreement_(linguistics)" title="Agreement (linguistics)">agreement</a>, the nature of crosslinguistic variation, and the relationship between form and meaning (<a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantics</a>). There are numerous approaches to syntax that differ in their central assumptions and goals. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntax&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Syntax" title="Special:EditPage/Syntax">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The word <i>syntax</i> comes from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> roots: <span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%83%CF%8D%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BE%CE%B9%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:σύνταξις">σύνταξις</a></span> "coordination", which consists of <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">σύν</span></span> <i>syn</i>, "together", and <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">τάξις</span></span> <i>táxis</i>, "ordering". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Topics">Topics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntax&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Topics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The field of syntax contains a number of various topics that a syntactic theory is often designed to handle. The relation between the topics is treated differently in different theories, and some of them may not be considered to be distinct but instead to be derived from one another (i.e. word order can be seen as the result of movement rules derived from grammatical relations). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sequencing_of_subject,_verb,_and_object"><span id="Sequencing_of_subject.2C_verb.2C_and_object"></span>Sequencing of subject, verb, and object</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntax&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sequencing of subject, verb, and object"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Subject and object" redirects here. For philosophical terms, see <a href="/wiki/Subject_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject (philosophy)">Subject (philosophy)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Object_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Object (philosophy)">Object (philosophy)</a>.</div> <p>One basic description of a language's syntax is the sequence in which the <a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">subject</a> (S), <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verb</a> (V), and <a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">object</a> (O) usually appear in sentences. Over 85% of languages usually place the subject first, either in the sequence <a href="/wiki/Subject-verb-object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject-verb-object">SVO</a> or the sequence <a href="/wiki/Subject-object-verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject-object-verb">SOV</a>. The other possible sequences are <a href="/wiki/Verb-subject-object" class="mw-redirect" title="Verb-subject-object">VSO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verb-object-subject" class="mw-redirect" title="Verb-object-subject">VOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Object-verb-subject" class="mw-redirect" title="Object-verb-subject">OVS</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Object-subject-verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Object-subject-verb">OSV</a>, the last three of which are rare. In most generative theories of syntax, the surface differences arise from a more complex clausal phrase structure, and each order may be compatible with multiple derivations. However, word order can also reflect the semantics or function of the ordered elements.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grammatical_relations">Grammatical relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntax&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Grammatical relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another description of a language considers the set of possible grammatical relations in a language or in general and how they behave in relation to one another in the <a href="/wiki/Morphosyntactic_alignment" title="Morphosyntactic alignment">morphosyntactic alignment</a> of the language. The description of grammatical relations can also reflect transitivity, <a href="/wiki/Passivization" class="mw-redirect" title="Passivization">passivization</a>, and head-dependent-marking or other agreement. Languages have different criteria for grammatical relations. For example, subjecthood criteria may have implications for how the subject is referred to from a relative clause or coreferential with an element in an infinite clause.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constituency">Constituency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntax&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Constituency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Constituency is the feature of being a <a href="/wiki/Constituent_(linguistics)" title="Constituent (linguistics)">constituent</a> and how words can work together to form a constituent (or <i>phrase</i>). Constituents are often moved as units, and the constituent can be the domain of agreement. Some languages allow discontinuous phrases in which words belonging to the same constituent are not immediately adjacent but are broken up by other constituents. Constituents may be <a href="/wiki/Recursion" title="Recursion">recursive</a>, as they may consist of other constituents, potentially of the same type. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_history">Early history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntax&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%A3%E1%B9%AD%C4%81dhy%C4%81y%C4%AB" title="Aṣṭādhyāyī">Aṣṭādhyāyī</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a>, from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 4th century BC</span> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient India</a>, is often cited as an example of a premodern work that approaches the sophistication of a modern syntactic theory since works on <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammar</a> had been written long before modern syntax came about.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the West, the school of thought that came to be known as "traditional grammar" began with the work of <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_Thrax" title="Dionysius Thrax">Dionysius Thrax</a>. </p><p>For centuries, a framework known as <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">grammaire générale</i></span>, first expounded in 1660 by <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Arnauld" title="Antoine Arnauld">Antoine Arnauld</a> and <a href="/wiki/Claude_Lancelot" title="Claude Lancelot">Claude Lancelot</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Port-Royal_Grammar" title="Port-Royal Grammar">book of the same title</a>, dominated work in syntax:<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as its basic premise the assumption that language is a direct reflection of thought processes and so there is a single most natural way to express a thought.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, in the 19th century, with the development of <a href="/wiki/Historical-comparative_linguistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical-comparative linguistics">historical-comparative linguistics</a>, linguists began to realize the sheer diversity of human language and to question fundamental assumptions about the relationship between language and logic. It became apparent that there was no such thing as the most natural way to express a thought and so <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a> could no longer be relied upon as a basis for studying the structure of language.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Port-Royal-des-Champs" title="Port-Royal-des-Champs">Port-Royal</a> grammar modeled the study of syntax upon that of logic. (Indeed, large parts of <a href="/wiki/Port-Royal_Logic" title="Port-Royal Logic">Port-Royal Logic</a> were copied or adapted from the <i>Grammaire générale</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) Syntactic categories were identified with logical ones, and all sentences were analyzed in terms of "subject – copula – predicate". Initially, that view was adopted even by the early comparative linguists such as <a href="/wiki/Franz_Bopp" title="Franz Bopp">Franz Bopp</a>. </p><p>The central role of syntax within <a href="/wiki/Theoretical_linguistics" title="Theoretical linguistics">theoretical linguistics</a> became clear only in the 20th century, which could reasonably be called the "century of syntactic theory" as far as linguistics is concerned. (For a detailed and critical survey of the history of syntax in the last two centuries, see the monumental work by Giorgio Graffi (2001).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraffi2001_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraffi2001-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theories">Theories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntax&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_language" title="Theory of language">Theory of language</a></div> <p>There are a number of theoretical approaches to the discipline of syntax. One school of thought, founded in the works of <a href="/wiki/Derek_Bickerton" title="Derek Bickerton">Derek Bickerton</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sees syntax as a branch of biology, since it conceives of syntax as the study of linguistic knowledge as embodied in the human <a href="/wiki/Mind" title="Mind">mind</a>. Other linguists (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Gazdar" title="Gerald Gazdar">Gerald Gazdar</a>) take a more <a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mathematics#Platonism" title="Philosophy of mathematics">Platonistic</a> view since they regard syntax to be the study of an abstract <a href="/wiki/Formal_system" title="Formal system">formal system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yet others (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Greenberg" title="Joseph Greenberg">Joseph Greenberg</a>) consider syntax a taxonomical device to reach broad generalizations across languages. </p><p>Syntacticians have attempted to explain the causes of word-order variation within individual languages and cross-linguistically. Much of such work has been done within the framework of generative grammar, which holds that syntax depends on a <a href="/wiki/Universal_grammar" title="Universal grammar">genetic endowment</a> common to the human species. In that framework and in others, <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_typology" title="Linguistic typology">linguistic typology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_universal" title="Linguistic universal">universals</a> have been primary explicanda.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alternative explanations, such as those by <a href="/wiki/Functional_linguistics" title="Functional linguistics">functional linguists</a>, have been sought in <a href="/wiki/Language_processing_in_the_brain" title="Language processing in the brain">language processing</a>. It is suggested that the brain finds it easier to <a href="/wiki/Parsing" title="Parsing">parse</a> <a href="/wiki/Syntactic_tree_diagram" class="mw-redirect" title="Syntactic tree diagram">syntactic patterns</a> that are either right- or left-<a href="/wiki/Branching_(linguistics)" title="Branching (linguistics)">branching</a> but not mixed. The most-widely held approach is the performance–grammar correspondence hypothesis by <a href="/wiki/John_A._Hawkins_(linguist)" title="John A. Hawkins (linguist)">John A. Hawkins</a>, who suggests that language is a non-innate <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_system" title="Adaptive system">adaptation</a> to innate <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognitive</a> mechanisms. Cross-linguistic tendencies are considered as being based on language users' preference for grammars that are organized efficiently and on their avoidance of word orderings that cause processing difficulty. Some languages, however, exhibit regular inefficient patterning such as the VO languages <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Adpositional_phrase" title="Adpositional phrase">adpositional phrase</a> before the verb, and <a href="/wiki/Finnish_grammar" title="Finnish grammar">Finnish</a>, which has postpositions, but there are few other profoundly exceptional languages.<sup id="cite_ref-processing_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-processing-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recently, it is suggested that the left- versus right-branching patterns are cross-linguistically related only to the place of role-marking connectives (<a href="/wiki/Adpositions" class="mw-redirect" title="Adpositions">adpositions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subordinator_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Subordinator (grammar)">subordinators</a>), which links the phenomena with the semantic mapping of sentences.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theoretical_syntactic_models">Theoretical syntactic models</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntax&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Theoretical syntactic models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dependency_grammar">Dependency grammar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntax&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Dependency grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dependency_grammar" title="Dependency grammar">Dependency grammar</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dependency_grammar" title="Dependency grammar">Dependency grammar</a> is an approach to sentence structure in which syntactic units are arranged according to the dependency relation, as opposed to the constituency relation of <a href="/wiki/Phrase_structure_grammar" title="Phrase structure grammar">phrase structure grammars</a>. Dependencies are directed links between words. The (finite) verb is seen as the root of all clause structure and all the other words in the clause are either directly or indirectly dependent on this root (i.e. the verb). Some prominent dependency-based theories of syntax are the following: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Recursive_categorical_syntax" class="mw-redirect" title="Recursive categorical syntax">Recursive categorical syntax</a>, or algebraic syntax</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_generative_description" title="Functional generative description">Functional generative description</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning%E2%80%93text_theory" title="Meaning–text theory">Meaning–text theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operator_grammar" title="Operator grammar">Operator grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Word grammar">Word grammar</a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Tesni%C3%A8re" title="Lucien Tesnière">Lucien Tesnière</a> (1893–1954) is widely seen as the father of modern dependency-based theories of syntax and grammar. He argued strongly against the binary division of the clause into <a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">subject</a> and <a href="/wiki/Predicate_(grammar)" title="Predicate (grammar)">predicate</a> that is associated with the grammars of his day (S → NP VP) and remains at the core of most phrase structure grammars. In the place of that division, he positioned the verb as the root of all clause structure.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Categorial_grammar">Categorial grammar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntax&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Categorial grammar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Categorial_grammar" title="Categorial grammar">Categorial grammar</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Categorial_grammar" title="Categorial grammar">Categorial grammar</a> is an approach in which constituents combine as <a href="/wiki/Function_(math)" class="mw-redirect" title="Function (math)">function</a> and <a href="/wiki/Argument_of_a_function" title="Argument of a function">argument</a>, according to combinatory possibilities specified in their <a href="/wiki/Syntactic_categories" class="mw-redirect" title="Syntactic categories">syntactic categories</a>. For example, other approaches might posit a rule that combines a noun phrase (NP) and a verb phrase (VP), but CG would posit a syntactic category <i>NP</i> and another <i>NP\S</i>, read as "a category that searches to the left (indicated by \) for an NP (the element on the left) and outputs a sentence (the element on the right)." Thus, the syntactic category for an <a href="/wiki/Intransitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Intransitive">intransitive</a> verb is a complex formula representing the fact that the verb acts as a <a href="/wiki/Function_word" title="Function word">function word</a> requiring an NP as an input and produces a sentence level structure as an output. The complex category is notated as (NP\S) instead of V. The category of <a href="/wiki/Transitive_verb" title="Transitive verb">transitive verb</a> is defined as an element that requires two NPs (its subject and its direct object) to form a sentence. That is notated as (NP/(NP\S)), which means, "A category that searches to the right (indicated by /) for an NP (the object) and generates a function (equivalent to the VP) which is (NP\S), which in turn represents a function that searches to the left for an NP and produces a sentence." </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tree-adjoining_grammar" title="Tree-adjoining grammar">Tree-adjoining grammar</a> is a categorial grammar that adds in partial <a href="/wiki/Tree_structure" title="Tree structure">tree structures</a> to the categories. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stochastic/probabilistic_grammars/network_theories"><span id="Stochastic.2Fprobabilistic_grammars.2Fnetwork_theories"></span>Stochastic/probabilistic grammars/network theories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntax&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Stochastic/probabilistic grammars/network theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Theoretical approaches to syntax that are based upon <a href="/wiki/Probability_theory" title="Probability theory">probability theory</a> are known as <a href="/wiki/Stochastic_grammar" title="Stochastic grammar">stochastic grammars</a>. One common implementation of such an approach makes use of a <a href="/wiki/Neural_network" title="Neural network">neural network</a> or <a href="/wiki/Connectionism" title="Connectionism">connectionism</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Functional_grammars">Functional grammars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntax&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Functional grammars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Functional_theories_of_grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Functional theories of grammar">Functional theories of grammar</a></div> <p>Functionalist models of grammar study the form–function interaction by performing a structural and a functional analysis. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Functional_discourse_grammar" title="Functional discourse grammar">Functional discourse grammar</a> (Dik)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_linguistic_circle" title="Prague linguistic circle">Prague linguistic circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_and_reference_grammar" title="Role and reference grammar">Role and reference grammar</a> (RRG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systemic_functional_grammar" title="Systemic functional grammar">Systemic functional grammar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Generative_syntax">Generative syntax</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntax&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Generative syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Generative syntax is the study of syntax within the overarching framework of <a href="/wiki/Generative_grammar" title="Generative grammar">generative grammar</a>. Generative theories of syntax typically propose analyses of grammatical patterns using formal tools such as <a href="/wiki/Phrase_structure_grammar" title="Phrase structure grammar">phrase structure grammars</a> augmented with additional operations such as <a href="/wiki/Syntactic_movement" title="Syntactic movement">syntactic movement</a>. Their goal in analyzing a particular language is to specify rules which generate all and only the expressions which are <a href="/wiki/Grammaticality" title="Grammaticality">well-formed</a> in that language. In doing so, they seek to identify innate domain-specific principles of linguistic cognition, in line with the wider goals of the generative enterprise. Generative syntax is among the approaches that adopt the principle of the <a href="/wiki/Autonomy_of_syntax" title="Autonomy of syntax">autonomy of syntax</a> by assuming that meaning and communicative intent is determined by the syntax, rather than the other way around. </p><p>Generative syntax was proposed in the late 1950s by <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>, building on earlier work by <a href="/wiki/Zellig_Harris" title="Zellig Harris">Zellig Harris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Hjelmslev" title="Louis Hjelmslev">Louis Hjelmslev</a>, and others. Since then, numerous theories have been proposed under its umbrella: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transformational_grammar" title="Transformational grammar">Transformational grammar</a> (TG) (Original theory of generative syntax laid out by Chomsky in <i>Syntactic Structures</i> in 1957)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_and_binding_theory" title="Government and binding theory">Government and binding theory</a> (GB) (revised theory in the tradition of TG developed mainly by Chomsky in the 1970s and 1980s)<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimalist_program" title="Minimalist program">Minimalist program</a> (MP) (a reworking of the theory out of the GB framework published by Chomsky in 1995)<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Other theories that find their origin in the generative paradigm are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arc_pair_grammar" title="Arc pair grammar">Arc pair grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generalized_phrase_structure_grammar" title="Generalized phrase structure grammar">Generalized phrase structure grammar</a> (GPSG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_semantics" title="Generative semantics">Generative semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head-driven_phrase_structure_grammar" title="Head-driven phrase structure grammar">Head-driven phrase structure grammar</a> (HPSG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_functional_grammar" title="Lexical functional grammar">Lexical functional grammar</a> (LFG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanosyntax" title="Nanosyntax">Nanosyntax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relational_grammar" title="Relational grammar">Relational grammar</a> (RG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonic_grammar" title="Harmonic grammar">Harmonic grammar</a> (HG)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cognitive_and_usage-based_grammars">Cognitive and usage-based grammars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntax&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cognitive and usage-based grammars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_Linguistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive Linguistics">Cognitive Linguistics</a></div> <p>The Cognitive Linguistics framework stems from <a href="/wiki/Generative_grammar" title="Generative grammar">generative grammar</a> but adheres to <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_linguistics" title="Evolutionary linguistics">evolutionary</a>, rather than <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomskyan</a>, linguistics. Cognitive models often recognise the generative assumption that the object belongs to the verb phrase. Cognitive frameworks include the following: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_grammar" title="Cognitive grammar">Cognitive grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_grammar" title="Construction grammar">Construction grammar</a> (CxG)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergent_grammar" class="mw-redirect" title="Emergent grammar">Emergent grammar</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntax&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartographic_syntax" title="Cartographic syntax">Cartographic syntax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metasyntax" title="Metasyntax">Metasyntax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_syntax" title="Musical syntax">Musical syntax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">Semiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntactic_category" title="Syntactic category">Syntactic category</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Syntax_(journal)" title="Syntax (journal)">Syntax</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Academic_journal" title="Academic journal">academic journal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntax_(programming_languages)" title="Syntax (programming languages)">Syntax (programming languages)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntax%E2%80%93Semantics_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Syntax–Semantics Interface">Syntax–Semantics Interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usage" class="mw-redirect" title="Usage">Usage</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syntactic_terms">Syntactic terms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntax&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Syntactic terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_syntactic_phenomena" title="List of syntactic phenomena">List of syntactic phenomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">Adjective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjective_phrase" title="Adjective phrase">Adjective phrase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adjunct_(grammar)" title="Adjunct (grammar)">Adjunct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adpositional_phrase" title="Adpositional phrase">Adpositional phrase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">Adverb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antecedent_(grammar)" title="Antecedent (grammar)">Antecedent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appositive" class="mw-redirect" title="Appositive">Appositive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argument_(linguistics)" title="Argument (linguistics)">Argument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Article_(grammar)" title="Article (grammar)">Article</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">Aspect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attributive_adjective" class="mw-redirect" title="Attributive adjective">Attributive adjective</a> and <a href="/wiki/Predicative_adjective" class="mw-redirect" title="Predicative adjective">predicative adjective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_verb" title="Auxiliary verb">Auxiliary verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branching_(linguistics)" title="Branching (linguistics)">Branching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C-command" title="C-command">c-command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntactic_category" title="Syntactic category">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catena_(linguistics)" title="Catena (linguistics)">Catena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clause" title="Clause">Clause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_class" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed class">Closed class</a> word</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_(grammar)" title="Comparison (grammar)">Comparative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complement_(linguistics)" title="Complement (linguistics)">Complement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compound_(linguistics)" title="Compound (linguistics)">Compound noun and adjective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">Conjugation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjunction_(grammar)" title="Conjunction (grammar)">Conjunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constituent_(linguistics)" title="Constituent (linguistics)">Constituent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coordination_(linguistics)" title="Coordination (linguistics)">Coordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossover_effects" title="Crossover effects">Crossover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dangling_modifier" title="Dangling modifier">Dangling modifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">Declension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependency_grammar" title="Dependency grammar">Dependency grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependent-marking_language" title="Dependent-marking language">Dependent marking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determiner_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Determiner (linguistics)">Determiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_(grammatical_number)" title="Dual (grammatical number)">Dual</a> (form for two)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Endocentric">Endocentric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finite_verb" title="Finite verb">Finite verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Function_word" title="Function word">Function word</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerund" title="Gerund">Gerund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_(linguistics)" title="Government (linguistics)">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_(linguistics)" title="Head (linguistics)">Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head-marking_language" title="Head-marking language">Head marking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">Infinitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inversion_(linguistics)" title="Inversion (linguistics)">Inversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_item" title="Lexical item">Lexical item</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logical_form_(linguistics)" title="Logical form (linguistics)">Logical form (linguistics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-command" title="M-command">m-command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measure_word" title="Measure word">Measure word</a> (classifier)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merge_(linguistics)" title="Merge (linguistics)">Merge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_particle" title="Modal particle">Modal particle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modal_verb" title="Modal verb">Modal verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_modifier" title="Grammatical modifier">Modifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">Mood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syntactic_movement" title="Syntactic movement">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_paradox" title="Movement paradox">Movement paradox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanosyntax" title="Nanosyntax">Nanosyntax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-finite_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-finite verb">Non-finite verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">Noun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noun_ellipsis" title="Noun ellipsis">Noun ellipsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noun_phrase" title="Noun phrase">Noun phrase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">Number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_(grammar)" title="Object (grammar)">Object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_class_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Open class (linguistics)">Open class word</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Part_of_speech" title="Part of speech">Part of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_particle" title="Grammatical particle">Particle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periphrasis" title="Periphrasis">Periphrasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">Person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_pronoun" title="Personal pronoun">Personal pronoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrasal_verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrasal verb">Phrasal verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrase" title="Phrase">Phrase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrase_structure_grammar" title="Phrase structure grammar">Phrase structure grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">Plural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predicate_(grammar)" title="Predicate (grammar)">Predicate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predicative_expression" title="Predicative expression">Predicative expression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preposition_and_postposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition and postposition">Preposition and postposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">Pronoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_relation" title="Grammatical relation">Grammatical relation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restrictiveness" title="Restrictiveness">Restrictiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_node_raising" title="Right node raising">Right node raising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrambling_(linguistics)" title="Scrambling (linguistics)">Scrambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selection_(linguistics)" title="Selection (linguistics)">Selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)" title="Sentence (linguistics)">Sentence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separable_verb" title="Separable verb">Separable verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">Singular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcategorization" title="Subcategorization">Subcategorization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subject_(grammar)" title="Subject (grammar)">Subject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subordination_(linguistics)" title="Subordination (linguistics)">Subordination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superlative" class="mw-redirect" title="Superlative">Superlative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammatical_tense" title="Grammatical tense">Tense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uninflected_word" title="Uninflected word">Uninflected word</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V2_word_order" title="V2 word order">V2 word order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valency_(linguistics)" title="Valency (linguistics)">Valency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">Verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verb_phrase" title="Verb phrase">Verb phrase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_(grammar)" title="Voice (grammar)">Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_order" title="Word order">Word order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-bar_theory" title="X-bar theory">X-bar theory</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntax&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntax&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200322182026/https://www.lexico.com/definition/syntax">"syntax"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary</i>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/syntax">the original</a> on 2020-03-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=syntax&rft.btitle=Lexico+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2Fsyntax&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyntax" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/syntax">"syntax"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=syntax&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fsyntax&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyntax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuuk2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Luuk, Erkki (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/304194021">"Syntax–Semantics Interface"</a>. In Wright, James D. (ed.). <i>International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences</i> (2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 900–905. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-08-097086-8.57035-4">10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.57035-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-097087-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-097087-5"><bdi>978-0-08-097087-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Syntax%E2%80%93Semantics+Interface&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+the+Social+%26+Behavioral+Sciences&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=900-905&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fb978-0-08-097086-8.57035-4&rft.isbn=978-0-08-097087-5&rft.aulast=Luuk&rft.aufirst=Erkki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F304194021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyntax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRijkhoff2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Rijkhoff, Jan (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.au.dk/ws/files/90431351/Word_Order_draft_May_2014.pdf">"Word Order"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Wright, James D. (ed.). <i>International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences</i> (2nd ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier. pp. 644–656. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-08-097086-8.53031-1">10.1016/b978-0-08-097086-8.53031-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-097087-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-097087-5"><bdi>978-0-08-097087-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Word+Order&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopedia+of+the+Social+%26+Behavioral+Sciences&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.pages=644-656&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fb978-0-08-097086-8.53031-1&rft.isbn=978-0-08-097087-5&rft.aulast=Rijkhoff&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.au.dk%2Fws%2Ffiles%2F90431351%2FWord_Order_draft_May_2014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyntax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShibatani2021" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Shibatani, Masayoshi (2021). "Syntactic Typology". <i>Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199384655.013.154">10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.154</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938465-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938465-5"><bdi>978-0-19-938465-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Syntactic+Typology&rft.btitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Linguistics&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199384655.013.154&rft.isbn=978-0-19-938465-5&rft.aulast=Shibatani&rft.aufirst=Masayoshi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyntax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortson2004" class="citation book cs1">Fortson, Benjamin W. (2004). <i>Indo-European Language and Culture: An Introduction</i>. Blackwell. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8896-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-8896-8"><bdi>978-1-4051-8896-8</bdi></a>. <q>[The <i>Aṣṭādhyāyī</i>] is a highly precise and thorough description of the structure of Sanskrit somewhat resembling modern generative grammar...[it] remained the most advanced linguistic analysis of any kind until the twentieth century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indo-European+Language+and+Culture%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-8896-8&rft.aulast=Fortson&rft.aufirst=Benjamin+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyntax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnauldLancelotRollinDanto1975" class="citation book cs1">Arnauld, Antoine; Lancelot, Claude; Rollin, Bernard E.; Danto, Arthur Coleman; Kretzmann, Norman; Arnauld, Antoine (1975). <i>The Port-Royal grammar: General and rational grammar</i>. The Hague: De Gruyter. p. 197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789027930040" title="Special:BookSources/9789027930040"><bdi>9789027930040</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Port-Royal+grammar%3A+General+and+rational+grammar&rft.place=The+Hague&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=9789027930040&rft.aulast=Arnauld&rft.aufirst=Antoine&rft.au=Lancelot%2C+Claude&rft.au=Rollin%2C+Bernard+E.&rft.au=Danto%2C+Arthur+Coleman&rft.au=Kretzmann%2C+Norman&rft.au=Arnauld%2C+Antoine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyntax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnaultLancelot1660" class="citation book cs1">Arnault, Antoine; Lancelot, Claude (1660). <i>Grammaire générale et raisonnée de Port-Royal</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grammaire+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale+et+raisonn%C3%A9e+de+Port-Royal&rft.date=1660&rft.aulast=Arnault&rft.aufirst=Antoine&rft.au=Lancelot%2C+Claude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyntax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnauld1683" class="citation book cs1">Arnauld, Antoine (1683). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://visualiseur.bnf.fr/Visualiseur?Destination=Gallica&O=NUMM-57444"><i>La logique</i></a> (5th ed.). Paris: G. Desprez. p. 137. <q><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Nous avons emprunté...ce que nous avons dit...d'un petit Livre...sous le titre de Grammaire générale.</i></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+logique&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=137&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=G.+Desprez&rft.date=1683&rft.aulast=Arnauld&rft.aufirst=Antoine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvisualiseur.bnf.fr%2FVisualiseur%3FDestination%3DGallica%26O%3DNUMM-57444&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyntax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGraffi2001-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGraffi2001_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGraffi2001">Graffi (2001)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBickerton1990" class="citation book cs1">Bickerton, Derek (1990). <i>Language & Species</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-04610-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-04610-9"><bdi>0-226-04610-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+%26+Species&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-226-04610-9&rft.aulast=Bickerton&rft.aufirst=Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyntax" class="Z3988"></span> and, for more recent advances, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBickertonSzathmáry2009" class="citation book cs1">Bickerton, Derek; Szathmáry, Eörs, eds. (2009). <i>Biological Foundations and Origin of Syntax</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01356-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01356-7"><bdi>978-0-262-01356-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biological+Foundations+and+Origin+of+Syntax&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-262-01356-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyntax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazdar2001" class="citation interview cs1">Gazdar, Gerald (2 May 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051122163306/http://www.informatics.susx.ac.uk/research/nlp/gazdar/briscoe/gpsg.html">"Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar"</a> (Interview). Interviewed by Ted Briscoe. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.informatics.susx.ac.uk/research/nlp/gazdar/briscoe/gpsg.html#SECTION00040000000000000000">the original</a> on 2005-11-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Generalized+Phrase+Structure+Grammar&rft.date=2001-05-02&rft.aulast=Gazdar&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.informatics.susx.ac.uk%2Fresearch%2Fnlp%2Fgazdar%2Fbriscoe%2Fgpsg.html%23SECTION00040000000000000000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyntax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoravcsik2010" class="citation journal cs1">Moravcsik, Edith (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordhandbooks.com/view/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199281251.001.0001/oxfordhb-9780199281251-e-005">"Explaining Language Universals"</a>. <i>The Oxford Handbook of Linguistic Typology</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199281251.013.0005">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199281251.013.0005</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Linguistic+Typology&rft.atitle=Explaining+Language+Universals&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199281251.013.0005&rft.aulast=Moravcsik&rft.aufirst=Edith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordhandbooks.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199281251.001.0001%2Foxfordhb-9780199281251-e-005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyntax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-processing-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-processing_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSong2012" class="citation book cs1">Song, Jae Jung (2012). <i>Word Order</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-03393-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-03393-0"><bdi>978-1-139-03393-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Word+Order&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-139-03393-0&rft.aulast=Song&rft.aufirst=Jae+Jung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyntax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustin2021" class="citation journal cs1">Austin, Patrik (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03740463.2021.1987685">"A semantic and pragmatic explanation of harmony"</a>. <i>Acta Linguistica Hafniensia</i>. <b>54</b> (1): 1–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03740463.2021.1987685">10.1080/03740463.2021.1987685</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10138%2F356149">10138/356149</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244941417">244941417</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Linguistica+Hafniensia&rft.atitle=A+semantic+and+pragmatic+explanation+of+harmony&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-23&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10138%2F356149&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A244941417%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03740463.2021.1987685&rft.aulast=Austin&rft.aufirst=Patrik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F03740463.2021.1987685&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyntax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Concerning Tesnière's rejection of the binary division of the clause into subject and predicate and in favor of the verb as the root of all structure, see Tesnière (1969:103–105).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChomsky1957" class="citation book cs1">Chomsky, Noam (1957). <i>Syntactic Structures</i>. The Hague: Mouton. p. 15.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syntactic+Structures&rft.place=The+Hague&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Mouton&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Chomsky&rft.aufirst=Noam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyntax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChomsky1993" class="citation book cs1">Chomsky, Noam (1993). <i>Lectures on Government and Binding: The Pisa Lectures</i> (7th ed.). Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-014131-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-014131-0"><bdi>3-11-014131-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lectures+on+Government+and+Binding%3A+The+Pisa+Lectures&rft.place=Berlin&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=3-11-014131-0&rft.aulast=Chomsky&rft.aufirst=Noam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyntax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChomsky1995" class="citation book cs1">Chomsky, Noam (1995). <i>The Minimalist Program</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Minimalist+Program&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=The+MIT+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Chomsky&rft.aufirst=Noam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyntax" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntax&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownMiller1996" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Keith; Miller, Jim, eds. (1996). <i>Concise Encyclopedia of Syntactic Theories</i>. New York: Elsevier Science. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-08-042711-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-08-042711-1"><bdi>0-08-042711-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Concise+Encyclopedia+of+Syntactic+Theories&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Elsevier+Science&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-08-042711-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyntax" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarnie2006" class="citation book cs1">Carnie, Andrew (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/syntaxgenerative0000carn"><i>Syntax: A Generative Introduction</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4051-3384-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-4051-3384-8"><bdi>1-4051-3384-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syntax%3A+A+Generative+Introduction&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-4051-3384-8&rft.aulast=Carnie&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsyntaxgenerative0000carn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyntax" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreidinLasnik2006" class="citation book cs1">Freidin, Robert; Lasnik, Howard, eds. (2006). <i>Syntax</i>. Critical Concepts in Linguistics. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-24672-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-24672-5"><bdi>0-415-24672-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syntax&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Critical+Concepts+in+Linguistics&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-415-24672-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyntax" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraffi2001" class="citation book cs1">Graffi, Giorgio (2001). <i>200 Years of Syntax: A Critical Survey</i>. Studies in the History of the Language Sciences 98. Amsterdam: Benjamins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-272-4587-8" title="Special:BookSources/90-272-4587-8"><bdi>90-272-4587-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=200+Years+of+Syntax%3A+A+Critical+Survey&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.series=Studies+in+the+History+of+the+Language+Sciences+98&rft.pub=Benjamins&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=90-272-4587-8&rft.aulast=Graffi&rft.aufirst=Giorgio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyntax" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalasiewicz2009" class="citation book cs1">Talasiewicz, Mieszko (2009). <i>Philosophy of Syntax – Foundational Topics</i>. Dordrecht: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-481-3287-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-481-3287-4"><bdi>978-90-481-3287-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy+of+Syntax+%E2%80%93+Foundational+Topics&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-481-3287-4&rft.aulast=Talasiewicz&rft.aufirst=Mieszko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyntax" class="Z3988"></span> An interdisciplinary essay on the interplay between logic and linguistics on syntactic theories.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTesnière1969" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tesnière, Lucien (1969). <i>Eléments de syntaxe structurale</i> (in French) (2nd ed.). Paris: Klincksieck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-252-01861-5" title="Special:BookSources/2-252-01861-5"><bdi>2-252-01861-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El%C3%A9ments+de+syntaxe+structurale&rft.place=Paris&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Klincksieck&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=2-252-01861-5&rft.aulast=Tesni%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Lucien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyntax" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntax&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEveraertVan_RiemsdijkGoedemansHollebrandse2006" class="citation book cs1">Everaert, Martin; <a href="/wiki/Henk_van_Riemsdijk" title="Henk van Riemsdijk">Van Riemsdijk, Henk</a>; Goedemans, Rob; Hollebrandse, Bart, eds. (2006). <i>The Blackwell Companion to Syntax</i>. Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-1485-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-1485-1"><bdi>978-1-4051-1485-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Syntax&rft.place=Malden%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-1485-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyntax" class="Z3988"></span> 5 Volumes; 77 case studies of syntactic phenomena.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsacReiss2013" class="citation book cs1">Isac, Daniela; Reiss, Charles (2013). <i>I-Language: An Introduction to Linguistics as Cognitive Science</i> (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966017-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966017-9"><bdi>978-0-19-966017-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I-Language%3A+An+Introduction+to+Linguistics+as+Cognitive+Science&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-966017-9&rft.aulast=Isac&rft.aufirst=Daniela&rft.au=Reiss%2C+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyntax" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoravcsik2006" class="citation book cs1">Moravcsik, Edith A. (2006). <i>An Introduction to Syntax: Fundamentals of Syntactic Analysis</i>. London: Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-8946-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-8946-3"><bdi>978-0-8264-8946-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Syntax%3A+Fundamentals+of+Syntactic+Analysis&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-8946-3&rft.aulast=Moravcsik&rft.aufirst=Edith+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyntax" class="Z3988"></span> Attempts to be a theory-neutral introduction. The companion <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoravcsik2006" class="citation book cs1">Moravcsik, Edith A. (2006). <i>An Introduction to Syntactic Theory</i>. London: Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-8943-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-8943-5"><bdi>0-8264-8943-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Syntactic+Theory&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-8264-8943-5&rft.aulast=Moravcsik&rft.aufirst=Edith+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyntax" class="Z3988"></span> surveys the major theories. Jointly reviewed in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHewson2009" class="citation journal cs1">Hewson, John (2009). "An Introduction to Syntax: Fundamentals of Syntactic Analysis, And: An Introduction to Syntactic Theory (Review)". <i>The Canadian Journal of Linguistics</i>. <b>54</b> (1): 172–175. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fcjl.0.0036">10.1353/cjl.0.0036</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144032671">144032671</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Canadian+Journal+of+Linguistics&rft.atitle=An+Introduction+to+Syntax%3A+Fundamentals+of+Syntactic+Analysis%2C+And%3A+An+Introduction+to+Syntactic+Theory+%28Review%29&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=172-175&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fcjl.0.0036&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144032671%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hewson&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyntax" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller2020" class="citation book cs1">Müller, Stefan (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/287"><i>Grammatical Theory: From Transformational Grammar to Constraint-Based Approaches</i></a> (4th revised and extended ed.). Berlin: Language Science Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-96110-273-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-96110-273-0"><bdi>978-3-96110-273-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grammatical+Theory%3A+From+Transformational+Grammar+to+Constraint-Based+Approaches&rft.place=Berlin&rft.edition=4th+revised+and+extended&rft.pub=Language+Science+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3-96110-273-0&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flangsci-press.org%2Fcatalog%2Fbook%2F287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyntax" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoarkSproat2007" class="citation book cs1">Roark, Brian; <a href="/wiki/Richard_Sproat" title="Richard Sproat">Sproat, Richard William</a> (2007). <i>Computational Approaches to Morphology and Syntax</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927477-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-927477-2"><bdi>978-0-19-927477-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computational+Approaches+to+Morphology+and+Syntax&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-19-927477-2&rft.aulast=Roark&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Sproat%2C+Richard+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASyntax" class="Z3988"></span> part II: Computational approaches to syntax.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntax&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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