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Charles Darwin – Wikipedia

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vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inledning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Biografi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biografi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Biografi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biografi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Biografi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biografi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Barndom_och_utbildning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barndom_och_utbildning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Barndom och utbildning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barndom_och_utbildning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resan_med_Beagle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resan_med_Beagle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Resan med <i>Beagle</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resan_med_Beagle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Början_till_Darwins_evolutionsteori" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Början_till_Darwins_evolutionsteori"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Början till Darwins evolutionsteori</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Början_till_Darwins_evolutionsteori-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stress,_sjukdom_och_äktenskap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stress,_sjukdom_och_äktenskap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Stress, sjukdom och äktenskap</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stress,_sjukdom_och_äktenskap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arbete_med_teorin_om_naturligt_urval" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arbete_med_teorin_om_naturligt_urval"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Arbete med teorin om naturligt urval</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arbete_med_teorin_om_naturligt_urval-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teorin_om_naturligt_urval_publiceras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teorin_om_naturligt_urval_publiceras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Teorin om naturligt urval publiceras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teorin_om_naturligt_urval_publiceras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reaktioner_på_publiceringen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reaktioner_på_publiceringen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>Reaktioner på publiceringen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reaktioner_på_publiceringen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Människans_härledning_och_könsurvalet_och_botanik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Människans_härledning_och_könsurvalet_och_botanik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span><i>Människans härledning och könsurvalet</i> och botanik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Människans_härledning_och_könsurvalet_och_botanik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Darwins_barn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Darwins_barn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Darwins barn</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Darwins_barn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religiösa_uppfattningar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religiösa_uppfattningar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Religiösa uppfattningar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religiösa_uppfattningar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utmärkelser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utmärkelser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Utmärkelser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utmärkelser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografi_(i_urval)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografi_(i_urval)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliografi (i urval)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografi_(i_urval)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Se_även" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_även"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Se även</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_även-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referenser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referenser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Referenser</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Referenser</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Noter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Noter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Källor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Källor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Källor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Källor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vidare_läsning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vidare_läsning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Vidare läsning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vidare_läsning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externa_länkar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externa_länkar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Externa länkar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externa_länkar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innehåll" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Växla innehållsförteckningen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Charles Darwin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 200 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-200" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">200 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – schweizertyska" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="schweizertyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%BB%E1%88%AD%E1%88%8D%E1%88%B5_%E1%8B%B3%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%8A%E1%8A%95" title="ቻርልስ ዳርዊን – amhariska" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቻርልስ ዳርዊን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amhariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="चार्ल्स डार्विन – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="चार्ल्स डार्विन" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – fornengelska" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="fornengelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86" title="تشارلز داروين – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تشارلز داروين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – aragonesiska" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AC%D5%A6_%D5%8F%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Չարլզ Տարուին – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Չարլզ Տարուին" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – arumänska" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="arumänska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9B_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8" title="চাৰ্লছ ডাৰউইন – assamesiska" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চাৰ্লছ ডাৰউইন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="assamesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – asturiska" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="चार्ल्स डार्विन – awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="चार्ल्स डार्विन" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Avañe&#039;ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87arlz_Darvin" title="Çarlz Darvin – azerbajdzjanska" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Çarlz Darvin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdzjanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="چارلز داروین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="چارلز داروین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – balinesiska" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8" title="চার্লস ডারউইন – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="চার্লস ডারউইন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Чарльз Дарвин – basjkiriska" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Чарльз Дарвин" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="basjkiriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Чарлз Дарвін – belarusiska" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Чарлз Дарвін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Чарлз Дарвін – belarusiska (tarasjkevitsa)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Чарлз Дарвін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="belarusiska (tarasjkevitsa)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="चार्ल्स डार्विन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="चार्ल्स डार्विन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmärkt artikel"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Чарлз Дарвин – bulgariska" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Чарлз Дарвин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – bayerska" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="bayerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmärkt artikel"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – bosniska" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – bretonska" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Чарльз Дарвин – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Чарльз Дарвин" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmärkt artikel"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Robert_Darwin" title="Charles Robert Darwin – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Charles Robert Darwin" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7" title="Дарвин Чарльз – tjuvasjiska" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Дарвин Чарльз" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tjuvasjiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – tjeckiska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjeckiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – korsikanska" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="korsikanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – walesiska" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – danska" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86" title="تشارلز داروين – marockansk arabiska" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="تشارلز داروين" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="marockansk arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bra artikel"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – tyska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="चार्ल्स डार्विन – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="चार्ल्स डार्विन" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – estniska" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bra artikel"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%94%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Κάρολος Δαρβίνος – grekiska" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κάρολος Δαρβίνος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmärkt artikel"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Чарлз Дарвин – erjya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Чарлз Дарвин" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erjya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bra artikel"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bra artikel"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – extremaduriska" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="extremaduriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – baskiska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="چارلز داروین – persiska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چارلز داروین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Fiji-hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji-hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – färöiska" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="färöiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bra artikel"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – västfrisiska" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="västfrisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – friulianska" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friulianska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – iriska" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="iriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – skotsk gäliska" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="skotsk gäliska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – galiciska" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%94%E7%88%BE%E6%96%87" title="達爾文 – gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="達爾文" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B8_%E0%AA%A1%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A8" title="ચાર્લ્સ ડાર્વિન – gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ચાર્લ્સ ડાર્વિન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Goa-konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goa-konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B0%B0%EC%8A%A4_%EB%8B%A4%EC%9C%88" title="찰스 다윈 – koreanska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="찰스 다윈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%89%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AC%D5%A6_%D4%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%B6" title="Չարլզ Դարվին – armeniska" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Չարլզ Դարվին" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="चार्ल्स डार्विन – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="चार्ल्स डार्विन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – kroatiska" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – indonesiska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7" title="Дарвин, Чарльз – ossetiska" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Дарвин, Чарльз" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="ossetiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – isländska" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="isländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%27%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%A1_%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9F" title="צ&#039;ארלס דרווין – hebreiska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="צ&#039;ארלס דרווין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – javanesiska" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಚಾರ್ಲ್ಸ್ ಡಾರ್ವಿನ್ – kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಚಾರ್ಲ್ಸ್ ಡಾರ್ವಿನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%96_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჩარლზ დარვინი – georgiska" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჩარლზ დარვინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B3_%DA%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="چارلس ڈارون – kashmiriska" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="چارلس ڈارون" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kashmiriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Чарлз Дарвин – kazakiska" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Чарлз Дарвин" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – korniska" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="korniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – haitiska" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – kurdiska" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Чарлз Дарвин – kirgiziska" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Чарлз Дарвин" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgiziska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolus_Darwin" title="Carolus Darwin – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Carolus Darwin" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8C%C4%81rlzs_Darvins" title="Čārlzs Darvins – lettiska" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Čārlzs Darvins" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – luxemburgiska" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Чарльз Дарвин – lezghien" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Чарльз Дарвин" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezghien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – litauiska" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – liguriska" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="liguriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – limburgiska" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/carl._daruin." title="carl. daruin. – lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="carl. daruin." data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – lombardiska" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – ungerska" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="चार्ल्स डार्विन – maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="चार्ल्स डार्विन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%81_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Чарлс Дарвин – makedonska" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Чарлс Дарвин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – malagassiska" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagassiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmärkt artikel"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="ചാൾസ് ഡാർവിൻ – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ചാൾസ് ഡാർവിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmärkt artikel"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – maltesiska" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="maltesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="चार्ल्स डार्विन – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="चार्ल्स डार्विन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%96_%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჩარლზ დარვინი – mingrelianska" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჩარლზ დარვინი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelianska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86" title="تشارلز داروين – egyptisk arabiska" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تشارلز داروين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egyptisk arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="چارلز داروین – mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="چارلز داروین" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – malajiska" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – mirandesiska" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Чарльз Дарвин – mongoliska" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Чарльз Дарвин" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%92%E1%80%AB%E1%80%9D%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ချားလ်စ် ဒါဝင် – burmesiska" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ချားလ်စ် ဒါဝင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – nederländska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – lågsaxiska" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="lågsaxiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="चार्ल्स डार्विन – nepalesiska" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चार्ल्स डार्विन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="चार्ल्स डार्विन – newariska" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="चार्ल्स डार्विन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%81%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BA%E3%83%BB%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3" title="チャールズ・ダーウィン – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="チャールズ・ダーウィン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7" title="Дарвин, Чарльз – tjetjenska" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Дарвин, Чарльз" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tjetjenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – nordfrisiska" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="nordfrisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – norskt bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – nynorska" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – occitanska" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%9A%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%B8_%E0%AC%A1%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%89%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%A8" title="ଚାର୍ଲସ ଡାରଉଇନ – oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଚାର୍ଲସ ଡାରଉଇନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – uzbekiska" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmärkt artikel"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A8" title="ਚਾਰਲਸ ਡਾਰਵਿਨ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਚਾਰਲਸ ਡਾਰਵਿਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B3_%DA%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="چارلس ڈارون – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چارلس ڈارون" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B3_%DA%89%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="چارلس ډاروین – pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="چارلس ډاروین" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – jamaikansk engelsk kreol" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="jamaikansk engelsk kreol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%86%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%9F_%E1%9E%8A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%93" title="ឆាលែស ដាវីន – kambodjanska" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ឆាលែស ដាវីន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="kambodjanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – pikardiska" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="pikardiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – piemontesiska" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="piemontesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – lågtyska" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="lågtyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmärkt artikel"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – polska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmärkt artikel"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – karakalpakiska" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="karakalpakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87arlz_Darvin" title="Çarlz Darvin – krimtatariska" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Çarlz Darvin" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="krimtatariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – rumänska" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumänska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – rätoromanska" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="rätoromanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Чарлз Дарвін – rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Чарлз Дарвін" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7" title="Дарвин, Чарлз – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дарвин, Чарлз" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Чарлз Дарвин – jakutiska" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Чарлз Дарвин" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakutiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cals.talun" title="Cals.talun – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Cals.talun" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D" title="चार्ल्स् डार्विन् – sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="चार्ल्स् डार्विन्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%A5_%E1%B1%B0%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱪᱟᱨᱞᱮᱥ ᱰᱟᱨᱣᱤᱱ – santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱪᱟᱨᱞᱮᱥ ᱰᱟᱨᱣᱤᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – sardinska" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="sardinska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – skotska" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – nordsotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="nordsotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87arls_Darvin" title="Çarls Darvin – albanska" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Çarls Darvin" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmärkt artikel"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – sicilianska" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilianska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A0%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="චාල්ස් ඩාවින් – singalesiska" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="චාල්ස් ඩාවින්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B3_%DA%8A%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="چارلس ڊارون – sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="چارلس ڊارون" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – slovakiska" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmärkt artikel"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – slovenska" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – silesiska" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="silesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%B5%D8%B2_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="چارڵز داروین – centralkurdiska" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چارڵز داروین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centralkurdiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%81_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Чарлс Дарвин – serbiska" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Чарлс Дарвин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – serbokroatiska" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – sundanesiska" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmärkt artikel"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – finska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="சார்லசு டார்வின் – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சார்லசு டார்வின்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcarl%E1%BA%93_Darwin" title="Tcarlẓ Darwin – tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tcarlẓ Darwin" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – kabyliska" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabyliska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Чарльз Дарвин – tatariska" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Чарльз Дарвин" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="చార్లెస్ డార్విన్ – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="చార్లెస్ డార్విన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="ชาลส์ ดาร์วิน – thailändska" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาลส์ ดาร์วิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailändska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Чарлз Дарвин – tadzjikiska" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Чарлз Дарвин" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadzjikiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – turkiska" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B7_%D0%94%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Чарлз Дарвін – ukrainska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чарлз Дарвін" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%B3_%DA%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="چارلس ڈاروین – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چارلس ڈاروین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8B%D9%89%D9%86" title="دارۋىن – uiguriska" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="دارۋىن" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uiguriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – venetianska" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venetianska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darvin_%C4%8Carl%27z" title="Darvin Čarl&#039;z – veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Darvin Čarl&#039;z" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – vietnamesiska" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darwini_Charles" title="Darwini Charles – võru" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Darwini Charles" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – vallonska" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="vallonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%81%94%E7%88%BE%E6%96%87" title="查爾斯·達爾文 – litterär kineiska" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="查爾斯·達爾文" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="litterär kineiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – västflamländska" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="västflamländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87" title="查尔斯·达尔文 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="查尔斯·达尔文" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%A1_%D7%93%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9F" title="טשארלס דארווין – jiddisch" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="טשארלס דארווין" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jiddisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%90%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%81%94%E7%88%BE%E6%96%87" title="查理斯·達爾文 – kantonesiska" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="查理斯·達爾文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – zeeländska" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="zeeländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Carlzos_Darv%C4%97ns" title="Čarlzos Darvėns – samogitiska" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Čarlzos Darvėns" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87" title="查尔斯·达尔文 – kinesiska" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="查尔斯·达尔文" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kinesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Charles Darwin" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carls_Darvin" title="Carls Darvin – talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Carls Darvin" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%9B%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%A3_%E2%B4%B7%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%A1%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8F" title="ⵜⵛⴰⵔⵍⵣ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ – marockansk standard-tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵛⴰⵔⵍⵣ ⴷⴰⵔⵡⵉⵏ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="marockansk standard-tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1035#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Redigera interwikilänkar" class="wbc-editpage">Redigera länkar</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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.infobox.geography .maptable td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .maptable th{border:0;padding:0}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard" style="border-spacing:3px; margin:0;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="padding:2px; text-align:center; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold;">Charles Darwin<br /><small><span style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a> <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Geographical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society">FRGS</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fellow_of_the_Linnean_Society_of_London&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fellow of the Linnean Society of London [inte skriven än]">FLS</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fellow_of_the_London_Zoological_Society&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fellow of the London Zoological Society [inte skriven än]">FZS</a></span></small></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Charles_Darwin_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Charles Darwin portrait.jpg"><img alt="Charles Darwin portrait.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Charles_Darwin_portrait.jpg/240px-Charles_Darwin_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Charles_Darwin_portrait.jpg/360px-Charles_Darwin_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Charles_Darwin_portrait.jpg/480px-Charles_Darwin_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="885" /></a></span> <div style="">Fotografi av Darwin från 1877.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#e9e9e9;color:black;">Persondata</th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Född</th><td class="" style="">Charles Robert Darwin<br /><a href="/wiki/12_februari" title="12 februari">12 februari</a> <a href="/wiki/1809" title="1809">1809</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Mount,_Shrewsbury&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="The Mount, Shrewsbury [inte skriven än]">The Mount</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shrewsbury" title="Shrewsbury">Shrewsbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shropshire" title="Shropshire">Shropshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6renade_kungariket_Storbritannien_och_Irland" title="Förenade kungariket Storbritannien och Irland">England</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Död</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/19_april" title="19 april">19 april</a> <a href="/wiki/1882" title="1882">1882</a> (73&#160;år)<br /><a href="/wiki/Down_House" title="Down House">Down House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Downe" title="Downe">Downe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kent_(grevskap)" title="Kent (grevskap)">Kent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Storbritannien" title="Storbritannien">England</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Begravd</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a><br />(<span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?language=sv&amp;pagename=Charles_Darwin&amp;params=51_29_58_N_0_7_39_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Kartor, flygfoton och andra data för denna plats"><span class="latitude">51°29′58″N</span> <span class="longitude">0°7′39″V</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">&#xfeff; / &#xfeff;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Kartor, flygfoton och andra data för denna plats">51.49944°N 0.12750°V</span><span style="display:none">&#xfeff; / <span class="geo">51.49944; -0.12750</span></span></span></a></span>)</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Nationalitet</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/Engelsm%C3%A4n" title="Engelsmän">Engelsk</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Andra&#160;namn</th><td class="" style="">"Evolutionsteorins fader"</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Känd&#160;för&#160;(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lista_%C3%B6ver_saker_namngivna_efter_Charles_Darwin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lista över saker namngivna efter Charles Darwin [inte skriven än]">lista</a>)</th><td class="" style=""><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Voyage_of_the_Beagle&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="The Voyage of the Beagle [inte skriven än]">The Voyage of the Beagle</a></i><br /><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a></i><br /><i><a href="/wiki/The_Descent_of_Man" class="mw-redirect" title="The Descent of Man">The Descent of Man</a></i></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Maka</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/Emma_Darwin" class="mw-redirect" title="Emma Darwin">Emma Wedgwood</a> (gift 1839)</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Barn</th><td class="" style="">10</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Utmärkelser</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/Royal_Medal" title="Royal Medal">Royal Medal</a> (1853)<br /><a href="/wiki/Wollastonmedaljen" title="Wollastonmedaljen">Wollastonmedaljen</a> (1859)<br /><a href="/wiki/Copleymedaljen" title="Copleymedaljen">Copleymedaljen</a> (1864)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#e9e9e9;color:black;">Karriär</th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Områden</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/Naturhistoria" title="Naturhistoria">Naturhistoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geologi" title="Geologi">geologi</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">Institutioner</a></th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/Geological_Society_of_London" title="Geological Society of London">Geological Society of London</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doktorandhandledare&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Doktorandhandledare [inte skriven än]">Handledare</a></th><td class="" style=""><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Henslow&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="John Henslow [inte skriven än]">John Henslow</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Adam_Sedgwick" title="Adam Sedgwick">Adam Sedgwick</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Influenser</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a><br /><a href="/wiki/John_Herschel" title="John Herschel">John Herschel</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Malthus">Thomas Malthus</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_White" title="Gilbert White">Gilbert White</a></td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:left;">Influerat</th><td class="" style=""><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Joseph Hooker</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Thomas Huxley</a><br /><a href="/wiki/George_Romanes" title="George Romanes">George Romanes</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a><br /><a href="/wiki/John_Lubbock,_1:e_baron_Avebury" title="John Lubbock, 1:e baron Avebury">John Lubbock</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="text-align:center;background:#e9e9e9;color:black;">Fotnoter</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center; text-align:left">Han var sonson till <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Darwin" title="Erasmus Darwin">Erasmus Darwin</a>, dotterson till <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Wedgwood" title="Josiah Wedgwood">Josiah Wedgwood</a> och gifte sig med sin kusin <a href="/wiki/Emma_Darwin" class="mw-redirect" title="Emma Darwin">Emma Wedgwood</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Charles Robert Darwin</b>, född <a href="/wiki/12_februari" title="12 februari">12 februari</a> <a href="/wiki/1809" title="1809">1809</a> i <a href="/wiki/Shrewsbury,_Shropshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrewsbury, Shropshire">Shrewsbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shropshire" title="Shropshire">Shropshire</a>, död <a href="/wiki/19_april" title="19 april">19 april</a> <a href="/wiki/1882" title="1882">1882</a> i <a href="/wiki/Downe" title="Downe">Downe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kent_(grevskap)" title="Kent (grevskap)">Kent</a>, var den <a href="/wiki/Storbritannien" title="Storbritannien">brittiske</a> <a href="/wiki/Biolog" title="Biolog">biolog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoolog" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoolog">zoolog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geologi" title="Geologi">geolog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teolog" class="mw-redirect" title="Teolog">teolog</a> och <a href="/wiki/Forskare" title="Forskare">forskare</a> som upptäckte och framlade övertygande belägg för att alla <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">arter</a> av <a href="/wiki/Liv" title="Liv">liv</a> har <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">utvecklats</a> över tiden från ett gemensamt ursprung genom den process som han kallade <a href="/wiki/Naturligt_urval" title="Naturligt urval">naturligt urval</a>. Det faktum att <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> sker, blev accepterat av den vetenskapliga världen och stora delar av allmänheten under hans livstid, medan hans <a href="/wiki/Teori" title="Teori">teori</a> om naturligt urval i stor utsträckning kom att ses som den främsta förklaringen till evolutionsprocessen på 1930-talet,<sup id="cite_ref-JvW_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JvW-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> och nu bildar basen till <a href="/wiki/Modern_evolution%C3%A4r_syntes" title="Modern evolutionär syntes">modern evolutionslära</a>. I modifierad form är Darwins vetenskapliga upptäckt den förenande teorin i <a href="/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi">biologin</a> och ger en <a href="/wiki/Logisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Logisk">logisk</a> förklaring till <a href="/wiki/Biologisk_m%C3%A5ngfald" title="Biologisk mångfald">livets mångfald</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vid <a href="/wiki/Edinburghs_universitet" title="Edinburghs universitet">Edinburghs universitet</a> försummade Darwin sina <a href="/wiki/Medicinsk_vetenskap" class="mw-redirect" title="Medicinsk vetenskap">medicinstudier</a> för att undersöka havslevande <a href="/wiki/Ryggradsl%C3%B6sa_djur" title="Ryggradslösa djur">ryggradslösa djur</a> och sedan uppmuntrade <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> honom att utveckla en passion för naturvetenskap.<sup id="cite_ref-whowas_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whowas-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hans femåriga resa på <a href="/wiki/HMS_Beagle" title="HMS Beagle">HMS&#160;<i>Beagle</i></a> etablerade honom som framstående <a href="/wiki/Geologi" title="Geologi">geolog</a> vars observationer och teorier stödde <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyells</a> <a href="/wiki/Aktualism" title="Aktualism">aktualistiska</a> idéer och publiceringen av hans dagbok från resan gjorde honom känd som populärförfattare. Darwin förbryllades av den geografiska spridningen av naturliv och <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossil</a> som han samlade på resan, undersökte arternas transmutation och kom på sin teori om naturligt urval 1838.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Han diskuterade sina idéer med flera naturforskare, men behövde tid för utförliga efterforskningar och prioriterade sitt geologiska arbete.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Han höll på att utarbeta sin teori 1858 när <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a> skickade honom en essä som beskrev samma idé, vilket ledde till att de omedelbart publicerade båda sina <a href="/wiki/Vetenskaplig_teori" title="Vetenskaplig teori">teorier</a> gemensamt.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hans bok <i><a href="/wiki/Om_arternas_uppkomst" title="Om arternas uppkomst">Om arternas uppkomst</a></i> från 1859 etablerade evolutionär härstamning med modifiering som den dominerande vetenskapliga förklaringen av mångfalden i naturen.<sup id="cite_ref-JvW_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JvW-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Han undersökte <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4nniskans_utveckling" title="Människans utveckling">människans utveckling</a> och <a href="/wiki/Sexuellt_urval" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexuellt urval">sexuellt urval</a> i <i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4nniskans_h%C3%A4rledning_och_k%C3%B6nsurvalet" title="Människans härledning och könsurvalet">Människans härledning och könsurvalet</a></i>, följd av <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C3%A4nslouttryck_hos_m%C3%A4nniskor_och_djur&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Känslouttryck hos människor och djur [inte skriven än]">Känslouttryck hos människor och djur</a></i>. Hans forskning om växter publicerades i en serie böcker och i hans sista bok undersökte han <a href="/wiki/Daggmask" title="Daggmask">daggmaskar</a> och deras effekt på jorden.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Som ett erkännande av Darwins betydelse blev han en av de fem icke-kungliga personer i Storbritannien under 1800-talet som hedrades med en <a href="/wiki/Statsbegravning" title="Statsbegravning">statsbegravning</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-BBCstatefuneral_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCstatefuneral-8"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> och begravdes i <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>, nära <a href="/wiki/John_Herschel" title="John Herschel">John Herschel</a> och <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DarwinsBurial_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DarwinsBurial-9"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biografi">Biografi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Biografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Biografi"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Barndom_och_utbildning">Barndom och utbildning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Barndom och utbildning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Barndom och utbildning"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Charles_Darwin_1816.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Charles_Darwin_1816.jpg/250px-Charles_Darwin_1816.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Charles_Darwin_1816.jpg/375px-Charles_Darwin_1816.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Charles_Darwin_1816.jpg/500px-Charles_Darwin_1816.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1281" data-file-height="1822" /></a><figcaption>Den sjuårige Charles Darwin 1816.</figcaption></figure> <p>Charles Robert Darwin föddes och växte upp i en välbeställd familj i <a href="/wiki/Shrewsbury,_Shropshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrewsbury, Shropshire">Shrewsbury</a> med två systrar och en äldre bror. Han föddes 12 februari 1809 i familjens hem, <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Mount,_Shrewsbury&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="The Mount, Shrewsbury [inte skriven än]">the Mount</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Han var det femte av sex barn till den välbärgade societetsdoktorn och finansmannen Robert Darwin, och Susannah Darwin, född <a href="/wiki/Wedgwood" title="Wedgwood">Wedgwood</a>. Han var sonson till <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Darwin" title="Erasmus Darwin">Erasmus Darwin</a> och dotterson till <a href="/wiki/Josiah_Wedgwood" title="Josiah Wedgwood">Josiah Wedgwood</a>. Båda familjerna var till stor del <a href="/wiki/Unitarism" title="Unitarism">unitarier</a>, men Wedgwoods antog <a href="/wiki/Anglikanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglikanism">anglikanism</a>. Robert Darwin, som själv i tysthet var <a href="/wiki/Frit%C3%A4nkare" title="Fritänkare">fritänkare</a>, lät <a href="/wiki/Dop" title="Dop">döpa</a> Charles i den anglikanska kyrkan, men Charles och hans syskon gick i det unitariska kapellet med sin mor. Den åttaårige Charles hade redan smak för naturhistoria och samlande när han gick med i den dagskola som drevs av kapellets predikant 1817. I juli det året dog hans mor. Han uppfostrades därefter av sina äldre systrar. Från september 1818 anslöt han sig till sin storebror <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus_Alvey_Darwin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Erasmus Alvey Darwin [inte skriven än]">Erasmus</a> och gick på den närbelägna anglikanska <a href="/wiki/Internatskola" title="Internatskola">internatskolan</a> <a href="/wiki/Shrewsbury_School" title="Shrewsbury School">Shrewsbury School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-skool_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skool-11"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Darwin tillbringade sommaren 1825 som läkarlärling, och hjälpte sin far att behandla de fattiga i Shropshire, innan han åkte med Erasmus till <a href="/wiki/Edinburghs_universitet" title="Edinburghs universitet">Edinburghs universitet</a>. Han tyckte att föreläsningar var tråkiga och <a href="/wiki/Kirurgi" title="Kirurgi">kirurgi</a> uppskakande, så han försummade sina medicinstudier. Han lärde sig <a href="/wiki/Taxidermi" title="Taxidermi">taxidermi</a> av <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Edmonstone&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="John Edmonstone [inte skriven än]">John Edmonstone</a>, en frigiven svart slav som hade åtföljt <a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Waterton&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Waterton [inte skriven än]">Charles Waterton</a> i <a href="/wiki/Sydamerika" title="Sydamerika">Sydamerikas</a> <a href="/wiki/Regnskog" title="Regnskog">regnskog</a>, och satt ofta med denna "mycket trevlige och intelligente man".<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eddy_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eddy-13"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under Darwins andra år gick han med i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Plinian_Society&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Plinian Society [inte skriven än]">Plinian Society</a>, en <a href="/wiki/Naturhistoria" title="Naturhistoria">naturhistoriegrupp</a> bland studenter, vars debatter rörde sig in i radikal <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialism</a>. Han bistod vid <a href="/wiki/Robert_Edmond_Grant" title="Robert Edmond Grant">Robert Edmond Grants</a> undersökningar av anatomi och livscykeln hos havslevande ryggradslösa djur i <a href="/wiki/Firth_of_Forth" title="Firth of Forth">Firth of Forth</a>, och presenterade i mars 1827 i Plinian Society sin egen upptäckt att svarta sporer som hittats i <a href="/wiki/Ostron" title="Ostron">ostronskal</a> var ägg från en rock<a href="/wiki/Iglar" title="Iglar">igel</a>. En dag prisade Grant <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste Lamarck">Lamarcks</a> <a href="/wiki/Lamarckism" title="Lamarckism">idéer om evolution</a>. Darwin blev förbluffad, men hade nyligen läst sin farfar Erasmus likartade idéer och förblev indifferent.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Darwin var ganska uttråkad av <a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Jameson&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert Jameson [inte skriven än]">Robert Jamesons</a> kurs i naturhistoria som täckte <a href="/wiki/Geologi" title="Geologi">geologi</a>, däribland debatten <a href="/wiki/Neptunism" title="Neptunism">neptunism</a> och <a href="/wiki/Plutonism" title="Plutonism">plutonism</a>. Han lärde sig <a href="/wiki/Systematik_(biologi)" title="Systematik (biologi)">klassificering</a> av växter och bistod med arbete på samlingarna i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Museum&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Royal Museum [inte skriven än]">University Museum</a>, ett av de största museerna i dåtidens Europa.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Denna försummelse av medicinstudier förargade hans far, som listigt skickade honom till <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christ%27s_College,_Cambridge&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Christ&#39;s College, Cambridge [inte skriven än]">Christ’s College i Cambridge</a>, för en <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a>-examen som första steg mot att bli anglikansk präst.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Darwin började där i januari 1828, men föredrog <a href="/wiki/Ridning" class="mw-redirect" title="Ridning">ridning</a> och <a href="/wiki/Skytte" title="Skytte">skytte</a> framför studierna. Hans kusin <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Darwin_Fox&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="William Darwin Fox [inte skriven än]">William Darwin Fox</a> introducerade honom till den populära hobbyn att samla <a href="/wiki/Skalbaggar" title="Skalbaggar">skalbaggar</a>, vilket han ägnade sig åt med entusiasm, och fick några av sina fynd publicerade i <a href="/wiki/James_Francis_Stephens" title="James Francis Stephens">James Francis Stephens</a> <i>Illustrations of British entomology</i>. Han blev nära vän och lärjunge till botanikprofessorn <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Stevens_Henslow&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="John Stevens Henslow [inte skriven än]">John Stevens Henslow</a> och mötte andra ledande naturalister som såg vetenskapligt arbete som <a href="/wiki/Naturlig_religion" title="Naturlig religion">naturlig religion</a>, och blev känd för dessa universitetslärare som "mannen som går med Henslow".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> När tiden närmade sig för slutproven fokuserade Darwin på sina studier och blev förtjust av språket och logiken i <a href="/wiki/William_Paley" title="William Paley">William Paleys</a> <i>Evidences of Christianity</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-dar57_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dar57-18"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I slutprovet i januari 1831 gick det bra för Darwin, som kom på tionde plats av de 178 som blev godkända.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Darwin var tvungen att stanna i Cambridge till juni. Han studerade Paleys <i>Natural Theology</i> som framförde ett <a href="/wiki/Teleologiska_gudsbeviset" title="Teleologiska gudsbeviset">argument för gudomlig utformning i naturen</a>, och förklara <a href="/wiki/Adaption_(biologi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaption (biologi)">adaptation</a> som att Gud verkade genom naturens lagar.<sup id="cite_ref-syd5-7_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-syd5-7-20"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Han läste <a href="/wiki/John_Herschel" title="John Herschel">John Herschels</a> nya bok som beskrev <a href="/wiki/Naturfilosofi" title="Naturfilosofi">naturfilosofins</a> högsta mål som att förstå sådana lagar genom <a href="/wiki/Induktion_(filosofi)" title="Induktion (filosofi)">induktion</a> baserat på observation, och <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldts</a> berättelse om vetenskapliga expeditioner. Inspirerad med "en brinnande entusiasm"<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> att bidra planerade Darwin att besöka <a href="/wiki/Teneriffa" title="Teneriffa">Teneriffa</a> med några klasskamrater efter examen för att studera naturhistoria i <a href="/wiki/Tropikerna" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropikerna">tropikerna</a>. Som förberedelse gick han med i <a href="/wiki/Adam_Sedgwick" title="Adam Sedgwick">Adam Sedgwicks</a> geologikurs och åkte sedan med honom på sommaren och kartlade geologiska skikt i <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-db_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-db-22"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Efter två veckor med studentvänner i <a href="/wiki/Barmouth_(ort)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barmouth (ort)">Barmouth</a> återvände han hem. Väl hemma fann han ett brev från Henslow i vilket denne föreslog Darwin som en lämplig (om än ofullbordad) naturalist-gentleman, och lämplig kandidat för en självfinansierad plats med kapten <a href="/wiki/Robert_FitzRoy" title="Robert FitzRoy">Robert FitzRoy</a> på <a href="/wiki/HMS_Beagle" title="HMS Beagle">HMS&#160;<i>Beagle</i></a>, mer som kompanjon än bara samlare, vilken skulle avresa fyra veckor senare på en expedition med syfte att kartlägga Sydamerikas kustlinje.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hans far motsatte sig den planerade tvååriga resan, och såg den som bortkastad tid, men övertalades av sin svåger, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Josiah_Wedgwood_II&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Josiah Wedgwood II [inte skriven än]">Josiah Wedgwood</a>, att godkänna sin sons medverkan.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resan_med_Beagle">Resan med <i>Beagle</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Resan med Beagle" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Resan med Beagle"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Voyage_of_the_Beagle-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Voyage_of_the_Beagle-en.svg/400px-Voyage_of_the_Beagle-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Voyage_of_the_Beagle-en.svg/600px-Voyage_of_the_Beagle-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Voyage_of_the_Beagle-en.svg/800px-Voyage_of_the_Beagle-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Resan med <i>Beagle</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Resan med <i>Beagle</i> varade i nästan fem år och tog Darwin <a href="/wiki/Jorden" title="Jorden">jorden</a> runt. Under resan började Darwin att fundera över hur <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">arterna</a> utvecklats ur varandra. Darwin tillbringade, som FitzRoy hade avsett, större delen av tiden på land med att undersöka geologi och göra <a href="/wiki/Naturhistoria" title="Naturhistoria">naturhistoriska samlingar</a>, medan <i>Beagle</i> kartlade kuster.<sup id="cite_ref-kix_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kix-25"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JvW_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JvW-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Han förde noggranna anteckningar om sina observationer och teoretiska spekulationer, och då och då under resan skickades hans prover till Cambridge tillsammans med brev, däribland en kopia av hans dagbok, till hans familj.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Han hade viss expertis inom geologi, skalbaggssamlande och dissektion av havslevande ryggradslösa djur, men på alla andra områden var han en novis och samlade skickligt prover för expertutlåtanden.<sup id="cite_ref-fnGal_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fnGal-27"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trots att han vid upprepade tillfällen led svårt av sjösjuka på havet handlar de flesta av hans anteckningar om havslevande ryggradslösa djur, med början med <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">plankton</a> som samlats in under en lugn period.<sup id="cite_ref-kix_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kix-25"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-plankton_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-plankton-28"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>På deras första anhalt i land på <a href="/wiki/Santiago_(%C3%B6)" class="mw-redirect" title="Santiago (ö)">St Jago</a> fann Darwin att ett vitt band högt upp i de <a href="/wiki/Vulkanisk_bergart" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulkanisk bergart">vulkaniska</a> klipporna innehöll snäckskal. FitzRoy hade givit honom första bandet av <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyells</a> <i>Principles of Geology</i> som lade fram <a href="/wiki/Aktualism" title="Aktualism">aktualistiska</a> tankar om att land långsamt höjer sig eller sänker sig under mycket långa perioder, och Darwin såg saker på Lyells sätt. Han bildade teorier och funderade på att skriva en bok om geologi.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I <a href="/wiki/Brasilien" title="Brasilien">Brasilien</a> blev Darwin förtjust i den tropiska skogen,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> men avskydde åsynen av <a href="/wiki/Slaveri" title="Slaveri">slaveri</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vid <a href="/wiki/Punta_Alta_(kommunhuvudort)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punta Alta (kommunhuvudort)">Punta Alta</a> nära <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a> gjorde han en viktig upptäckt av fossil av stora utdöda <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A4ggdjur" title="Däggdjur">däggdjur</a> i klippor jämte moderna snäckskal, vilket tydde på nyligt utdöende utan tecken på klimatförändring eller katastrof. Han identifierade den föga kända <a href="/wiki/Megatherium" title="Megatherium">Megatherium</a>, med benpansar som till en början för honom verkade som en jätteversion av bepansringen på lokala <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A4ltdjur" title="Bältdjur">bältdjur</a>. Fynden väckte stort intresse när de nådde England.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Med mål att utforska geologi i området och samla fler fossil red Darwin tillsammans med <a href="/wiki/Gaucho" title="Gaucho">gauchos</a> in i inlandet. Där fick han sociala, politiska och <a href="/wiki/Antropologi" title="Antropologi">antropologiska</a> insikter i både infödda och koloniala folk vid en revolutionär tid, och fick reda på att två sorters <a href="/wiki/Nanduer" title="Nanduer">nanduer</a> hade åtskilda men överlappande territorier.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Längre söderut såg han trappformiga fält med klappersten och snäckskal som upphöjda stränder. Dessa visade en på att en serie landhöjningar ägt rum. Han läste Lyells andra band och accepterade dess syn på arters "skapelsecentrum" (“centres of creation”), men hans upptäckter och teorier utmanade Lyells idéer om lugn kontinuitet och om arters utdöende.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HurrahChiloe_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HurrahChiloe-36"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:HMS_Beagle_by_Conrad_Martens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/HMS_Beagle_by_Conrad_Martens.jpg/250px-HMS_Beagle_by_Conrad_Martens.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/HMS_Beagle_by_Conrad_Martens.jpg/375px-HMS_Beagle_by_Conrad_Martens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/HMS_Beagle_by_Conrad_Martens.jpg/500px-HMS_Beagle_by_Conrad_Martens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="821" /></a><figcaption>Medan <a href="/wiki/HMS_Beagle" title="HMS Beagle">HMS <i>Beagle</i></a> kartlade Sydamerikas kuster teoretiserade Darwin om geologi och jättelika däggdjurs utdöende.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Placa_de_darwin_en_cerro_La_Campana_Olmue_Chile.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Placa_de_darwin_en_cerro_La_Campana_Olmue_Chile.jpg/250px-Placa_de_darwin_en_cerro_La_Campana_Olmue_Chile.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Placa_de_darwin_en_cerro_La_Campana_Olmue_Chile.jpg/375px-Placa_de_darwin_en_cerro_La_Campana_Olmue_Chile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Placa_de_darwin_en_cerro_La_Campana_Olmue_Chile.jpg/500px-Placa_de_darwin_en_cerro_La_Campana_Olmue_Chile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="454" /></a><figcaption>Minnestavla över Charles Darwin i <a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Campa%C3%B1a_nationalpark&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="La Campaña nationalpark [inte skriven än]">La Campaña nationalpark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quillota" title="Quillota">Quillota</a>, Chile.</figcaption></figure> <p>Tre <a href="/wiki/Eldslandet" title="Eldslandet">eldsländare</a> ombord, vilka hade tagits till fånga under <i>Beagles</i> första resa och hade tillbringat ett år i England, fördes tillbaka till <a href="/wiki/Eldslandet" title="Eldslandet">Eldslandet</a> som missionärer. Darwin tyckte att de var vänliga och civiliserade, men deras släktingar tycktes vara “misserabla, fördärva vildar”, lika annorlunda som vilda djur från tama djur.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> För Darwin visade skillnaden kulturella framsteg, inte rasmässig underlägsenhet. Till skillnad från sina forskarvänner ansåg han nu att det inte fanns något oöverbryggbart avstånd mellan människor och djur.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eldsländaren som de hade kallat Jemmy Button levde som de andra infödda, hade en fru, och hade ingen önskan att återvända till England.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Darwin upplevde en jordbävning i <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> och såg tecken på att landet just hade höjt sig, däribland <a href="/wiki/Musslor" title="Musslor">musselbäddar</a> som strandats över <a href="/wiki/Tidvatten" title="Tidvatten">högvatten</a>. Högt i <a href="/wiki/Anderna" title="Anderna">Anderna</a> såg han snäckskal, och flera fossilträd som hade växt på en sandstrand. Han teoretiserade om att när landet höjde sig sjönk <a href="/wiki/%C3%96_(landomr%C3%A5de)" title="Ö (landområde)">havsöar</a>, och <a href="/wiki/Korallrev" title="Korallrev">korallrev</a> belägna runt dem växte och bildade <a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">atoller</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-atolls_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atolls-42"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Galapagos%C3%B6arna" class="mw-redirect" title="Galapagosöarna">Galapagosöarna</a> gjorde särskilt stort intryck på honom och på de geologiskt nya <a href="/wiki/Gal%C3%A1pagos%C3%B6arna" title="Galápagosöarna">Galápagosöarna</a> letade Darwin efter bevis som knöt naturen till ett äldre "skapelsecentrum". Han hittade <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%A4rmf%C3%A5glar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Härmfåglar [inte skriven än]">härmfåglar</a> som var besläktade med dem i Chile men som skilde sig från ö till ö. Han hörde att små variationer i formen på <a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%B6ldpaddor" title="Sköldpaddor">sköldpaddsskal</a> visade vilken ö de kom ifrån, men samlade inte in dem, ens efter att han ätit sköldpaddor som tagits ombord som mat.<sup id="cite_ref-k356_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k356-43"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I Australien tycktes <a href="/wiki/Pungdjur" title="Pungdjur">pungdjuret</a> <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A5ttk%C3%A4nguruer" title="Råttkänguruer">råttkänguru</a> och <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A4bbdjur" title="Näbbdjur">näbbdjuret</a> så avvikande att Darwin tänkte att det nästan var som om två skilda Skapare hade varit verksamma.<sup id="cite_ref-Crows_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crows-45"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Han fann <a href="/wiki/Aboriginer" class="mw-redirect" title="Aboriginer">aboriginerna</a> "good-humoured &amp; pleasant", och noterade att de drabbades av den europeiska koloniseringen.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Beagle</i> undersökte också hur atollerna i <a href="/wiki/Kokos%C3%B6arna" title="Kokosöarna">Kokosöarna</a> hade bildats, och undersökningen stödde Darwins teorier.<sup id="cite_ref-atolls_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atolls-42"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> FitzRoy började skriva den officiella berättelsen om <i>Beagles</i> resor, och efter att han läst Darwins dagbok föreslog han att den skulle införlivas i berättelsen.<sup id="cite_ref-Letter301_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letter301-47"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Darwins dagbok skrevs så småningom om som en separat tredje volym, om naturhistoria.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I <a href="/wiki/Kapstaden" title="Kapstaden">Kapstaden</a> mötte Darwin och FitzRoy <a href="/wiki/John_Herschel" title="John Herschel">John Herschel</a>, som nyligen hade skrivit till Lyell och prisat hans <a href="/wiki/Aktualism" title="Aktualism">aktualism</a> för att den öppnade djärv spekulation om "det mysteriernas mysterium, att utdöda arter ersätts av andra"<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> som "en naturlig till skillnad från en mirakulös process.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rascals_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rascals-51"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> När han ordnade sina anteckningar medan skeppet seglade hem skrev Darwin att om hans tilltagande misstankar om härmfåglarna, sköldpaddorna och <a href="/wiki/Falklandsr%C3%A4v" title="Falklandsräv">falklandsräven</a> var korrekta, "underminerar sådana fakta arters stabilitet",<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> och ändrade sedan försiktigt detta till "skulle underminera".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-xix_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xix-54"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Han skrev senare att sådana fakta "tycktes mig kasta lite ljus på arternas ursprung".<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Början_till_Darwins_evolutionsteori"><span id="B.C3.B6rjan_till_Darwins_evolutionsteori"></span>Början till Darwins evolutionsteori</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Redigera avsnitt: Början till Darwins evolutionsteori" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Början till Darwins evolutionsteori"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Charles_Darwin_by_G._Richmond.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Charles_Darwin_by_G._Richmond.jpg/190px-Charles_Darwin_by_G._Richmond.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Charles_Darwin_by_G._Richmond.jpg/285px-Charles_Darwin_by_G._Richmond.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Charles_Darwin_by_G._Richmond.jpg/380px-Charles_Darwin_by_G._Richmond.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2126" data-file-height="2811" /></a><figcaption>Medan han ännu var ung blev Charles Darwin medlem av den vetenskapliga eliten.</figcaption></figure> <p>När <i>Beagle</i> återvände den 2 oktober 1836 var Darwin redan en kändis i vetenskapliga kretsar, då <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Stevens_Henslow&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="John Stevens Henslow [inte skriven än]">Henslow</a> i december 1835 hade gynnat sin tidigare elevs rykte genom att ge utvalda naturalister en skrift med Darwins geologiska brev.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Darwin besökte sitt hem i Shrewsbury och träffade släktingar, skyndade sedan till <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a> för att träffa Henslow, som gav råd om att hitta naturalister som var tillgängliga för att katalogisera samlingarna och gick med på att ta hand om de botaniska proverna. Darwins far organiserade investeringar, som gjorde det möjligt för sonen att bli en självfinansierad vetenskaps-<a href="/wiki/Gentleman" title="Gentleman">gentleman</a>, och en ivrig Darwin for omkring bland institutionerna i <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, firades och sökte experter för att beskriva samlingarna. Zoologerna hade mycket oavslutat arbete, och det fanns en risk att prover bara skulle lämnas liggande på lager.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a> mötte ivrigt Darwin för första gången den 29 oktober och presenterade honom för den lovande anatomen <a href="/wiki/Richard_Owen" title="Richard Owen">Richard Owen</a>, som hade tillgång till utrustningen i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_College_of_Surgeons_of_England&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Royal College of Surgeons of England [inte skriven än]">Royal College of Surgeons</a> för att arbeta på de fossila ben som Darwin samlat. Owens överraskande resultat var bland annat gigantiska utdöda <a href="/wiki/Seng%C3%A5ngare" title="Sengångare">sengångare</a>, ett nästan fullständigt skelett av den okända <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scelidotherium&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Scelidotherium [inte skriven än]">Scelidotherium</a></i> och en <a href="/wiki/Flodh%C3%A4st" title="Flodhäst">flodhäst</a>-stor <a href="/wiki/Gnagare" title="Gnagare">gnagaraktig</a> skalle som kallades <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toxodon&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Toxodon [inte skriven än]">Toxodon</a></i> och liknade en jättelik <a href="/wiki/Kapybara" title="Kapybara">kapybara</a>. Pansarfragmenten kom från <i><a href="/wiki/Glyptodon" title="Glyptodon">Glyptodon</a></i>, ett jättelikt bältdjur som Darwin hade trott från början.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dessa utdöda djur var nära besläktade med levande arter i Sydamerika.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I mitten av december bosatte Darwin sig i Cambridge, för att organisera arbetet på sina samlingar och skriva om sin dagbok.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Han skrev sin första uppsats, där han visade att den sydamerikanska landmassan sakta höjde sig, och läste den med Lyells entusiastiska stöd inför <a href="/wiki/Geological_Society_of_London" title="Geological Society of London">Geological Society of London</a> den 4 januari 1837. Samma dag visade han sina prover av däggdjur och fåglar för <a href="/wiki/Zoological_Society_of_London" title="Zoological Society of London">Zoological Society of London</a>. Ornitologen <a href="/wiki/John_Gould" title="John Gould">John Gould</a> tillkännagav snart att de fåglar på Galápagosöarna som Darwin hade trott var en blandning av <a href="/wiki/Trupialer" title="Trupialer">trupialer</a>, “gros-beaks” och <a href="/wiki/Finkar" title="Finkar">finkar</a> i själva verket var tolv skilda arter av finkar. Den 17 februari invaldes Darwin i rådet för Geographical Society och Lyells ordförandetal presenterade Owens resultat om Darwins fossil, och betonade arternas geografiska kontinuitet som stöd för sina <a href="/wiki/Aktualism" title="Aktualism">aktualistiska</a> idéer.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tidigt i mars flyttade Darwin till London för att vara nära sitt arbete, och anslöt sig till Lyells sociala krets av vetenskapsmän och experter såsom <a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage" title="Charles Babbage">Charles Babbage</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> som beskrev Gud som en programmerare av lagar. <a href="/wiki/John_Herschel" title="John Herschel">John Herschels</a> brev om "mysteriernas mysterium" om nya arter diskuterades i stor utsträckning, och förklaringarna söktes i <a href="/wiki/Naturlagar" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturlagar">naturlagar</a>, inte <a href="/wiki/Ad_hoc" title="Ad hoc">ad hoc</a>-mirakel. Darwin bodde hos sin <a href="/wiki/Frit%C3%A4nkande" class="mw-redirect" title="Fritänkande">fritänkande</a> bror <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erasmus_Alvey_Darwin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Erasmus Alvey Darwin [inte skriven än]">Erasmus</a>, en del av denna <a href="/wiki/Whigs" title="Whigs">whig</a>-krets och nära vän till författaren <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Martineau" title="Harriet Martineau">Harriet Martineau</a> som verkade för <a href="/wiki/Malthusianism" title="Malthusianism">malthusianismen</a> som låg till grund för Whigs kontroversiella reformer av fattiglagarna för att hindra välfärden från att orsaka överbefolkning och mer fattigdom. Som <a href="/wiki/Unitarism" title="Unitarism">unitarian</a> välkomnade hon de radikala implikationerna av <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arternas_omvandling&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Arternas omvandling [inte skriven än]">arternas omvandling</a>, gynnade av <a href="/wiki/Robert_Edmond_Grant" title="Robert Edmond Grant">Grant</a> och yngre kirurger som var influerade av <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Geoffroy_Saint-Hilaire" title="Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire">Geoffroy</a>, men förhatliga för anglikaner som försvarade samhällsordningen.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rascals_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rascals-51"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Darwin_tree.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Darwin_tree.png/250px-Darwin_tree.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="425" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Darwin_tree.png/375px-Darwin_tree.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Darwin_tree.png/500px-Darwin_tree.png 2x" data-file-width="695" data-file-height="1181" /></a><figcaption>I mitten av juli 1837 påbörjade Darwin sin anteckningsbok “B” om <i>Transmutation of Species</i> ("arternas omvandling"), och skrev på sidan 36 “I think” (det vill säga "tror jag" på svenska) ovanför det första <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolutionstr%C3%A4d&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolutionsträd [inte skriven än]">evolutionsträdet</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>I deras första möte för att diskutera hans detaljerade upptäckter berättade Gould för Darwin att härmfåglarna från olika öar i Galápagosöarna var skilda arter, inte bara varianter, och gruppen finkar inkluderade “<a href="/wiki/G%C3%A4rdsmygar" title="Gärdsmygar">gärdsmygar</a>”. Darwin hade inte etiketterat fåglarna efter ö, men från anteckningar från andra resande med <i>Beagle</i>, däribland FitzRoy, fördelade han arterna till olika öar.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De två <a href="/wiki/Nanduer" title="Nanduer">nanduerna</a> var också skilda arter, och den 14 mars tillkännagav Darwin hur deras fördelning förändrades i sydlig riktning.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Vid mitten av mars spekulerade Darwin i sin <i>Röda anteckningsbok</i> om möjligheten av "en art faktiskt förändras till en annan" för att förklara den geografiska fördelningen av levande arter såsom rheas, och utdöda som <i><a href="/wiki/Macrauchenia" title="Macrauchenia">Macrauchenia</a></i> som en jättelik <a href="/wiki/Guanaco" title="Guanaco">guanaco</a>. Hans tankar om livslängd, <a href="/wiki/Asexuell_f%C3%B6r%C3%B6kning" title="Asexuell förökning">asexuell förökning</a> och <a href="/wiki/Sexuell_f%C3%B6r%C3%B6kning" title="Sexuell förökning">sexuell förökning</a> utvecklades i hans anteckningsbok “B” kring mitten av juli till variation i avkomma "för att anpassa och ändra rasen till <i>förändrande</i> värld"<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> för att förklara <a href="/wiki/Galapagossk%C3%B6ldpaddor" title="Galapagossköldpaddor">galapagossköldpaddor</a>, härmfåglar och nanduer. Han skissade på en förgrenande härstamning, och sedan en <a href="/wiki/Genealogi" title="Genealogi">genealogisk</a> förgrening av ett enda <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolutionstr%C3%A4d&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolutionsträd [inte skriven än]">evolutionsträd</a>, i vilket "det är absurt att tala om att ett djur är högre än ett annat".<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Han förkastade <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Lamarck" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean-Baptiste Lamarck">Lamarcks</a> idé om självständiga <a href="/wiki/Utvecklingslinje_(evolution)" title="Utvecklingslinje (evolution)">utvecklingslinjer</a> som framskred till högre former.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stress,_sjukdom_och_äktenskap"><span id="Stress.2C_sjukdom_och_.C3.A4ktenskap"></span>Stress, sjukdom och äktenskap</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Redigera avsnitt: Stress, sjukdom och äktenskap" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Stress, sjukdom och äktenskap"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Medan han utvecklade detta intensiva studium av arternas omvandling blev Darwin överbelamrad av annat arbete. När han fortfarande skrev om sin dagbok tog han på sig att redigera och utge expertrapporterna om sina samlingar, och med Henslows hjälp fick han ett bidrag från finansdepartementet, <a href="/wiki/Pound_sterling" class="mw-redirect" title="Pound sterling">£</a>1000, för att finansiera verket <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoology_of_the_Voyage_of_H.M.S._Beagle&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle [inte skriven än]">Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle</a></i> i flera band. Han gick med på orealistiska datum för denna och för en bok om Sydamerikas geologi som gav stöd till Lyells idéer. Darwin blev färdig med sin dagbok omkring 20 juni 1837, just då <a href="/wiki/Viktoria_av_Storbritannien" title="Viktoria av Storbritannien">Drottning Victoria</a> tillträdde tronen, men måste sedan läsa korrektur.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Darwins hälsa tog stryk av pressen. Den 20 september fick han "en obehaglig hjärtklappning",<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> så hans läkare uppmanade honom att avbryta allt arbete och bo på landet i några veckor. Efter att han hade besökt Shrewsbury anslöt han sig till sina Wedgwood-släktingar i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maer_Hall&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Maer Hall [inte skriven än]">Maer Hall</a> i <a href="/wiki/Staffordshire" title="Staffordshire">Staffordshire</a>, men fann att de var för ivriga att höra berättelser om hans resor för att ge honom mycket ro. Hans charmerande, intelligenta och bildade kusin <a href="/wiki/Emma_Darwin" class="mw-redirect" title="Emma Darwin">Emma Wedgwood</a>, nio månader äldre än Darwin, vårdade hans invalida moster. Hans morbror <a href="/w/index.php?title=Josiah_Wedgwood_II&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Josiah Wedgwood II [inte skriven än]">Jos</a> pekade ut ett område på marken där slagg hade försvunnit under <a href="/wiki/Lerjord" title="Lerjord">lerjord</a> och föreslog att detta kunde ha orsakats av <a href="/wiki/Daggmaskar" title="Daggmaskar">daggmaskar</a>, vilket inspirerade "en ny och viktig teori"<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> om deras roll i bildandet av mull som Darwin presenterade vid Geological Society den 1 november.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_Whewell" title="William Whewell">William Whewell</a> pressade Darwin att ta på sig tjänsten som sekreterare för det geologiska sällskapet. Han tackade först nej till arbetet men accepterade posten i mars 1838.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trots slitet med att skriva och redigera rapporterna från <i>Beagle</i> gjorde Darwin anmärkningsvärda framsteg om arternas omvandling, tillvaratog varje tillfälle att fråga naturvetarexperter och, okonventionellt nog, även personer med praktisk erfarenhet såsom bönder och duvuppfödare.<sup id="cite_ref-JvW_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JvW-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Med tiden kom hans forskning att utnyttja information från hans släktingar och barn, familjens butler, grannar, kolonister och tidigare skeppskamrater.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Han inkluderade redan från början mänskligheten i sina spekulationer, och när han såg en <a href="/wiki/Orangutang" class="mw-redirect" title="Orangutang">orangutang</a> i djurparken den 28 mars 1838 noterade han dess barnliknande beteende.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stressen gjorde sig påmind, och i juni låg han i dagar med magproblem, huvudvärk och hjärtsymptom. För resten av sitt liv blev han upprepade gånger arbetsoförmögen av episoder av magsmärtor, kräkningar, svåra <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6ld" class="mw-redirect" title="Böld">bölder</a>, hjärtklappning, skakningar och andra symptom, särskilt under tider av stress såsom när han deltog i möten eller var på besök. Orsaken till Darwins sjukdom förblev okänd, och försök att behandla honom hade ringa framgång.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Den 23 juni tog han en paus och åkte på geologiresa till Skottland. Han besökte <a href="/wiki/Glen_Roy" title="Glen Roy">Glen Roy</a> i strålande väder för att se de parallella "vägar" som skurits in i bergssidorna på tre höjdnivåer. Han publicerade senare sin åsikt att dessa var marina upphöjda stränder, men blev senare tvungen att acceptera att de var strandlinjer av en issjö.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Darwin återvände fullt återställd till Shrewsbury i juli. Han var van att skriva ner dagliga anteckningar om djuravel, och skrev ner osammanhängande tankar om karriär och framtidsutsikter på två papperslappar, en med kolumner med rubrikerna <i>“Marry”</i> ("gifta sig") och <i>“Not Marry”</i> ("inte gifta sig"). Bland fördelarna fanns "ständig följeslagare och en vän i ålderdomen;... bättre än en hund i alla fall",<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mot punkter som "mindre pengar till böcker"<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> och "förfärlig tidsförlust."<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Han bestämde sig för att gifta sig, diskuterade det med sin far och reste sedan och besökte Emma den 29 juli. Det blev inte av att fria, men mot sin fars råd nämnde han sina idéer om arternas omvandling.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Darwin fortsatte sin forskning i London. Hans omfattande läsning omfattade nu den sjätte utgåvan av <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Malthus">Malthus</a> <i><a href="/wiki/An_Essay_on_the_Principle_of_Population" title="An Essay on the Principle of Population">An Essay on the Principle of Population</a></i> </p> <table style="margin:1em auto;border-collapse:collapse;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td style="color:#b2b7f2; font-size:3em; line-height:0; font-family:serif; padding:.35em; vertical-align:top;"><b>”</b> </td> <td style="padding:.3em;">I oktober 1838, alltså femton månader efter att jag hade inlett min systematiska undersökning, råkade jag för nöjes skull läsa Malthus on Population, och då jag var väl förberedd på att inse kampen för tillvaron som överallt pågår från långvarig observation av djurs och växters vanor, slog det mig genast att under dessa omständigheter gynnsamma variationer tenderar att bibehållas, och ogynnsamma förstörs. Resultatet av detta skulle bli bildandet av nya arter. Här hade jag då slutligen fått en teori att arbeta efter...<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="color:#b2b7f2; font-size:3em; line-height:0; font-family:serif; padding:.35em; vertical-align:bottom;"><b>„</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Malthus hävdade att om inte mängden människor hålls under kontroll ökar den i en <a href="/wiki/Geometrisk_funktion" class="mw-redirect" title="Geometrisk funktion">geometrisk följd</a> och överskrider snart tillgången på mat i vad som är känt som en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Malthusiansk_katastrof&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Malthusiansk katastrof [inte skriven än]">malthusiansk katastrof</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JvW_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JvW-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Darwin var väl förberedd att se genast att detta också gällde för <a href="/w/index.php?title=A._P._de_Candolle&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="A. P. de Candolle [inte skriven än]">de Candolles</a> “arternas krig” mellan växter och kampen för tillvaron bland vilda djur, vilket förklarade hur antalet av en art hölls ungefärligen stabilt. Eftersom arter alltid förökar sig bortom de tillgängliga resurserna, skulle gynnsamma variationer göra organismer bättre på att överleva och föra vidare variationerna till sin avkomma, medan ogynnsamma variationer skulle förloras. Detta skulle få till följd att en ny art bildas.<sup id="cite_ref-JvW_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JvW-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Den 28 september 1838 noterade han denna insikt, och beskrev det som en sorts kilning, som tvingade anpassade strukturer in i klyftor i naturens ekonomi medan svagare strukturer wedging, forcing adapted structures into gaps in the economy of nature as weaker structures were stöttes ut.<sup id="cite_ref-JvW_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JvW-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Över de följande månaderna jämförde han bönder som valde den bästa avelsboskapen med en malthusiansk Natur som valde från varianter som framkastats av "slumpen" så att "varje del av &#91;varje&#93; nyförvärvad struktur är fullt utövad och fulländad",<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> och tyckte att denna analogi var "den vackraste delen av min teori".<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Emma_Darwin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Emma_Darwin.jpg/190px-Emma_Darwin.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Emma_Darwin.jpg/285px-Emma_Darwin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Emma_Darwin.jpg/380px-Emma_Darwin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="834" data-file-height="973" /></a><figcaption>Darwin valde att gifta sig med sin kusin, <a href="/wiki/Emma_Darwin" class="mw-redirect" title="Emma Darwin">Emma Wedgwood</a>. Emma var dessutom Darwins svägerska, eftersom hennes bror var gift med Darwins syster<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Den 11 november återvände han till Maer och friade till Emma. Än en gång berättade han om sina idéer för henne. Hon tackade ja, och visade sedan i en brevväxling hur hon värdesatte hans öppenhet i att delge deras olikheter, och uttryckte också sin starka <a href="/wiki/Unitarism" title="Unitarism">unitariska</a> tro och oro för att hans ärliga tvivel kunde skilja dem åt i livet efter detta.<sup id="cite_ref-Belief_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belief-91"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medan han letade efter hus i London, fortsatte anfall av sjukdom. Emma skrev till honom och uppmanade honom att vila. Närmast profetiskt anmärkte hon "Var inte sjuk längre min käre Charley tills jag kan vara hos dig för att vårda dig."<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Han hittade vad de kallade “Macaw Cottage” ("Arastugan", på grund av dess pråliga interiör) på <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gower_Street_(London)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Gower Street (London) [inte skriven än]">Gower Street</a>, och flyttade sedan in sitt “museum” in över julen. Den 24 januari 1839 invaldes Darwin som <i><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellow of the</a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Den 29 januari gifte sig Darwin och Emma Wedgwood i Maer i en anglikansk ceremoni som arrangerats för att passa unitarierna. Därefter tog de omedelbart tåget till London och sitt nya hem.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arbete_med_teorin_om_naturligt_urval">Arbete med teorin om naturligt urval</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Redigera avsnitt: Arbete med teorin om naturligt urval" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Arbete med teorin om naturligt urval"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Darwin hade nu ramverket till sin teori om <a href="/wiki/Naturligt_urval" title="Naturligt urval">naturligt urval</a> "att arbeta efter",<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> som sin "främsta hobby".<sup id="cite_ref-Letter419_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letter419-96"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Han forskade bland annat om <a href="/wiki/Djursk%C3%B6tsel" class="mw-redirect" title="Djurskötsel">djurskötsel</a> och gjorde omfattande experiment med växter. Han hittade bevis på att arter inte var fasta och undersökte många detaljerade idéer för att förfina och underbygga sin teori.<sup id="cite_ref-JvW_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JvW-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under mer än ett årtionde var detta arbete i bakgrunden till hans huvudsakliga sysselsättning, publiceringen av de vetenskapliga resultaten från resan med <i>Beagle</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-vw186_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vw186-97"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>När FitzRoys <i>Narrative</i> publicerades i maj 1839, var dess tredje band, Darwins <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Voyage_of_the_Beagle&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="The Voyage of the Beagle [inte skriven än]">Journal and Remarks</a></i> en sådan succé att den senare samma år publicerades separat.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tidigt år 1842 skrev Darwin om sina idéer till <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Lyell</a>, som anmärkte att hans allierade "förnekar att han ser en början till varje grupp arter".<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Darwins bok <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Structure_and_Distribution_of_Coral_Reefs&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs [inte skriven än]">The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs</a></i> om hans teori om <a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">atollbildning</a> publicerades i maj efter över tre års arbete. I maj och juni skrev han en "pennskiss" av sin teori om naturligt urval.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> För att undfly stressen i London flyttade familjen till det lantliga <a href="/wiki/Down_House" title="Down House">Down House</a> i september.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Den 11 januari 1844 nämnde Darwin sina teorier för botanisten <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Joseph Dalton Hooker</a>, och skrev med melodramatisk humor "det är som att bekänna ett mord".<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hooker svarade "Det kan enligt min åsikt ha funnits en serie tillkomster på olika ställen, och även en gradvis förändring av arter. Jag kommer att bli förtjust att höra hur du tror att denna förändring kan ha skett, då inga för närvarande uttänkta uppfattningar tillfredsställer mig om ämnet."<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Darwins_Thinking_Path.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Darwins_Thinking_Path.JPG/250px-Darwins_Thinking_Path.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Darwins_Thinking_Path.JPG/375px-Darwins_Thinking_Path.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Darwins_Thinking_Path.JPG/500px-Darwins_Thinking_Path.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Darwins "sandpromenad" vid <a href="/wiki/Down_House" title="Down House">Down House</a> var hans vanliga "tankestig".<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>I juli hade Darwin utökat sin "skiss" till en "Essä" på 230 sidor, som skulle utökas med hans forskningsresultat om han dog i förtid.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I november utbröt en offentlig kontrovers rörande idéer om evolutionära framsteg i den anonymt publicerade <i><a href="/wiki/Vestiges_of_the_Natural_History_of_Creation" title="Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation">Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation</a></i>, en välskriven bästsäljare som breddade det allmänna intresset för arternas omvandling. Darwin ringaktade dess amatörmässiga geologi och zoologi, men omprövade noggrant sina egna argument.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Darwin färdigställde sin tredje geologiska bok år 1846. Han återupplivade nu sin fascination och expertis rörande havslevande ryggradslösa djur, som gick tillbaka till hans studenttid med <a href="/wiki/Robert_Edmond_Grant" title="Robert Edmond Grant">Grant</a>, genom att dissekera och klassificera de <a href="/wiki/Rankfotingar" title="Rankfotingar">rankfotingar</a> han hade samlat på resan. Han uppskattade att observera vackra strukturer och tänka på jämförelser med besläktade strukturer.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> År 1847 läste Hooker "Essän" och skickade noter med den lugna kritiska återkoppling som han behövde, men Hooker ville inte förbinda sig och ifrågasatte Darwins motstånd mot fortlöpande skapelsehandlingar.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I ett försök att förbättra sin kroniska ohälsa åkte Darwin år 1849 till Dr. <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Manby_Gully&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="James Manby Gully [inte skriven än]">James Gullys</a> spa i <a href="/wiki/Great_Malvern" title="Great Malvern">Malvern</a> och blev förvånad över att få viss hjälp av <a href="/wiki/Hydroterapi" title="Hydroterapi">hydroterapi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sedan år 1851 insjuknade hans kära dotter <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anne_Darwin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Anne Darwin [inte skriven än]">Annie</a>, vilket återuppväckte hans rädsla att hans sjukdom kunde vara ärftlig, och efter en lång serie kriser dog hon.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under åtta års arbete om rankfotingar (<i>Cirripedia</i>) hjälpte Darwins teori honom att hitta "<a href="/wiki/Homologi_(biologi)" title="Homologi (biologi)">homologier</a>" som visade att något ändrade kroppsdelar tjänade olika funktioner för att möta nya villkor, och i några <a href="/wiki/Sl%C3%A4kte" title="Släkte">släkten</a> hittade han mycket små hanar som <a href="/wiki/Parasitism" title="Parasitism">parasiterade</a> på <a href="/wiki/Hermafrodit" title="Hermafrodit">hermafroditer</a>, vilket uppvisade ett mellanstadium i utvecklingen av distinkta kön.<sup id="cite_ref-barlowbio117_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barlowbio117-113"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> År 1853 belönades han för detta med <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Societys</a> <i>Royal Medal</i>, och det gjorde honom känd som <a href="/wiki/Biologi" title="Biologi">biolog</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Han återupptog arbetet med sin teori om arterna 1854, och i november insåg han att skillnader i avkomlingars karaktär kunde förklaras med att de anpassade sig till "olika platser i naturens ekonomi".<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teorin_om_naturligt_urval_publiceras">Teorin om naturligt urval publiceras</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Redigera avsnitt: Teorin om naturligt urval publiceras" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Teorin om naturligt urval publiceras"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Charles_Darwin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Charles_Darwin.jpg/250px-Charles_Darwin.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="387" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Charles_Darwin.jpg/375px-Charles_Darwin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Charles_Darwin.jpg/500px-Charles_Darwin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Darwin tvingades till en snabb publicering av sin teori om <a href="/wiki/Naturligt_urval" title="Naturligt urval">naturligt urval</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Vid början av 1856 undersökte Darwin huruvida ägg och <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%B6" title="Frö">frön</a> kunde överleva resor över havsvatten för att sprida arter över hav. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Hooker</a> tvivlade mer och mer på den traditionella synen att arter var fasta, men deras unge vän <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Thomas Henry Huxley</a> var bestämt emot evolution. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Lyell</a> fängslades av Darwins spekulationer utan att inse deras omfattning. När han läste en uppsats av <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a> om arters "inledning" (<i>Introduction</i>) såg han likheter med Darwins tankar och uppmanade honom att publicera för att fastslå företrädesrätt. Fastän Darwin inte såg något hot började han arbeta på en kort uppsats. Att finna svar på svåra frågor uppehöll honom upprepade gånger, och han utökade sina planer till en "stor bok om arter"<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> med titeln <i>Natural Selection</i>. Han fortsatte sina forskningar och mottog information och prover från naturalister i hela världen, däribland Wallace som arbetade på <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>. Den amerikanske botanisten <a href="/wiki/Asa_Gray" title="Asa Gray">Asa Gray</a> visade liknande intressen, och den 5 september 1857 skickade Darwin ett detaljerat utkast av sina idéer, däribland en sammanfattning av <i>Natural Selection</i>, till Gray. I december fick Darwin ett brev från Wallace som frågade om boken skulle undersöka människans ursprung. Han svarade att han skulle undvika det ämnet, "så omgivet av fördomar",<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> samt uppmuntrade Wallaces teoretiserande och tillade att "jag går mycket längre än du"<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Darwins bok hade kommit halvvägs när han, den 18 juni 1858, mottog en uppsats från Wallace som beskrev naturligt urval. Chockad att han hade "förekommits" skickade Darwin den vidare till Lyell, som efterfrågats, och, fastän Wallace inte hade bett om publicering föreslog han att han skulle skicka den till vilken tidskrift som Wallace än valde. Hans familj var i kris och barn i byn dog av <a href="/wiki/Scharlakansfeber" title="Scharlakansfeber">scharlakansfeber</a>, och han lade avgörandet i händerna på Lyell och Hooker. De beslöt sig för en gemensam presentation vid <a href="/wiki/Linnean_Society_of_London" title="Linnean Society of London">Linnean Society</a> den 1 juli. Darwins späda son dog dock av scharlakansfeber och han var för bestört för att närvara.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Omedelbart efter detta offentliggörande av teorin blev det inte mycket uppmärksamhet. Efter att uppsatsen hade publicerats i sällskapets tidskrift i augusti omtrycktes den i flera tidskrifter och det blev några recensioner och brev, men sällskapets ordförande anmärkte i maj 1859 att året inte hade kännetecknats av några revolutionerande upptäckter.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bara en recension grämde honom tillräckligt mycket för att Darwin skulle komma ihåg den senare. Professor <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Haughton" title="Samuel Haughton">Samuel Haughton</a> i Dublin hävdade att "allt som var nytt i dem var falskt, och det som var sant var gammalt."<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Darwin kämpade i tretton månader med att framställa ett sammandrag av sin "stora bok". Han led av ohälsa men fick ständig uppmuntran från sina vänner i den vetenskapliga världen. Lyell ordnade så att boken blev utgiven av förlaget <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Murray_(f%C3%B6rlag)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="John Murray (förlag) [inte skriven än]">John Murray</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Om_arternas_uppkomst" title="Om arternas uppkomst">Om arternas uppkomst</a></i> (fullständig originaltitel <i>On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or The Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life</i>) visade sig bli oväntat populär, och hela lagret på 1250 exemplar övertecknades när det salufördes till bokhandlare den 22 november 1859.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I boken framförde Darwin "ett långt resonemang"<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> av detaljerade observationer, slutsatser och bedömning av förutsedda invändningar.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hans enda hänsyftning på människans evolution var underdriften att "ljus kommer att kastas på människans ursprung och hennes historia".<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hans teori framförs enkelt i inledningen: </p> <table style="margin:1em auto;border-collapse:collapse;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td style="color:#b2b7f2; font-size:3em; line-height:0; font-family:serif; padding:.35em; vertical-align:top;"><b>”</b> </td> <td style="padding:.3em;">Då många flera individer av varje art föds än möjligt kan överleva, och då, följaktligen, det finns en ofta återkommande kamp för tillvaron, följer det att varje varelse, om den varierar aldrig så lite på något sätt som är gynnsamt för den själv, under livets komplexa och ibland varierande villkor, kommer att ha en bättre chans att överleva, och därmed bli <i>naturligt utvald</i>. Från den starka principen om arv, kommer varje urvald variant tendera att fortplanta sin nya och modifierade form.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="color:#b2b7f2; font-size:3em; line-height:0; font-family:serif; padding:.35em; vertical-align:bottom;"><b>„</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Han framlade starka skäl för gemensamt ursprung, men undvek den då kontroversiella termen "<a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>", och drog i slutet av boken slutsatsen att: </p> <table style="margin:1em auto;border-collapse:collapse;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td style="color:#b2b7f2; font-size:3em; line-height:0; font-family:serif; padding:.35em; vertical-align:top;"><b>”</b> </td> <td style="padding:.3em;">Det finns storhet i denna syn på livet, med dess olika makter, som ursprungligen andats in i några få former eller i en, och att, medan denna planet har fortsatt att rotera enligt den fasta lagen om tyngdkraft, från en så enkel början ett ändlöst antal av de mest vackra och underbara former har utvecklats och håller på att utvecklas.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="color:#b2b7f2; font-size:3em; line-height:0; font-family:serif; padding:.35em; vertical-align:bottom;"><b>„</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Det faktum att Darwin väntade med att publicera sin <a href="/wiki/Teori" title="Teori">teori</a> tror man berodde på det politiska och religiösa klimat som rådde i England. De <a href="/wiki/Evolutionsteori" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionsteori">evolutionsteorier</a> som var i omlopp sedan <a href="/wiki/1700-talet" title="1700-talet">1700-talets</a> slut byggde på att varje djurart skapats direkt av <a href="/wiki/Gud" title="Gud">Gud</a>, och ersattes av Gud när miljön förändrades. Under främst <a href="/wiki/1800-talet" title="1800-talet">1800-talets</a> första hälft fördömdes alla som publicerade ogudaktiga teorier om <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a>. </p><p>I stället för att alienera sig från den etablerade forskarvärlden och sälla sig till högljudda och marginaliserade samhällsomstörtare genom att publicera sin teori direkt, ägnade Darwin nästan 20 år till att samla belägg för sin teori och samtidigt publicera ytterligare storartade – men rumsrena – vetenskapliga verk. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reaktioner_på_publiceringen"><span id="Reaktioner_p.C3.A5_publiceringen"></span>Reaktioner på publiceringen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Redigera avsnitt: Reaktioner på publiceringen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Reaktioner på publiceringen"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Boken väckte internationellt intresse, med mindre kontrovers än den som hade mött den populära <i><a href="/wiki/Vestiges_of_the_Natural_History_of_Creation" title="Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation">Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fastän Darwins sjukdom höll honom borta från de offentliga debatterna granskade han ivrigt det vetenskapliga gensvaret. Han kommenterade pressklipp, recensioner, artiklar, satirer och karikatyrer och brevväxlade med kollegor över hela världen.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Darwin hade bara sagt "Ljus kommer att kastas på människans ursprung",<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> men den första recensionen hävdade att boken gjorde en troslära av idén om "människor från apor" från <i>Vestiges</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bland tidiga välvilliga gensvar fanns Huxleys recensioner, som drämde till mot <a href="/wiki/Richard_Owen" title="Richard Owen">Richard Owen</a>, ledaren för det vetenskapliga etablissemang som Huxley försökte störta. När Owens recension kom anslöt den sig till dem som attackerade boken.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Engelska_kyrkan" title="Engelska kyrkan">Engelska kyrkans</a> svar var blandat. Darwins gamla lärare i Cambridge Sedgwick och <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Stevens_Henslow&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="John Stevens Henslow [inte skriven än]">Henslow</a> förkastade idéerna, men <a href="/wiki/Liberalteologi" title="Liberalteologi">liberala präster</a> tolkade det naturliga urvalet som ett instrument utformat av Gud, och prästen <a href="/wiki/Charles_Kingsley" title="Charles Kingsley">Charles Kingsley</a> såg det som "en lika ädel idé om gudomlighet".<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Darwinanddesign_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darwinanddesign-135"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> År 1860 vände utgivningen av <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Essays_and_Reviews&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Essays and Reviews [inte skriven än]">Essays and Reviews</a></i> av sju liberala anglikanska teologer kyrkans uppmärksamhet bort från Darwin. Dess idéer som <a href="/w/index.php?title=Historisk-kritisk_metod&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Historisk-kritisk metod [inte skriven än]">historisk-kritisk metod</a> attackerades av kyrkliga auktoriteter som <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4tteri" title="Kätteri">kätteri</a>. I boken hävdade <a href="/wiki/Baden_Powell_(matematiker)" title="Baden Powell (matematiker)">Baden Powell</a> att <a href="/wiki/Mirakel" title="Mirakel">mirakel</a> bröt mot Guds lagar, så att tro på dem var <a href="/wiki/Ateism" title="Ateism">ateistiskt</a>, och prisade "Herr Darwins mästerliga volym &#91;som stöder&#93; den stora principen om naturens självutvecklande krafter".<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Asa_Gray" title="Asa Gray">Asa Gray</a> diskuterade <a href="/wiki/Teleologi" title="Teleologi">teleologi</a> med Darwin, som importerade och spred Grays skrift om <a href="/wiki/Teistisk_evolution" title="Teistisk evolution">teistisk evolution</a>, <i>Natural Selection is not inconsistent with Natural Theology</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-miles_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miles-137"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-Darwinanddesign_135-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darwinanddesign-135"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I en legendarisk konfrontation vid den offentliga evolutionsdebatten i Oxford 1860 under ett möte med <a href="/wiki/British_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="British Association for the Advancement of Science">British Association for the Advancement of Science</a> argumenterade biskopen av Oxford <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Wilberforce" title="Samuel Wilberforce">Samuel Wilberforce</a>, fastän han inte var motståndare till idén om arternas omvandling, mot Darwins förklaring. Under den påföljande debatten argumenterade <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Joseph Hooker</a> starkt för Darwin och <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Thomas Huxley</a> etablerade sig som “Darwins bulldog”. Båda sidor kände sig som segrare när de kom därifrån. Huxley hävdade att han, när han tillfrågades av Wilberforce om han härstammade från apor på sin farfars sida eller sin farmors sida, muttrade: "Herren har lämnat honom i mina händer"<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> och svarade att han "hellre skulle härstamma från en apa än från en kultiverad man som använde sina gåvor inom kultur och vältalighet i fördomens och falskhetens tjänst".<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Darwinanddesign_135-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darwinanddesign-135"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Editorial_cartoon_depicting_Charles_Darwin_as_an_ape_(1871).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Editorial_cartoon_depicting_Charles_Darwin_as_an_ape_%281871%29.jpg/250px-Editorial_cartoon_depicting_Charles_Darwin_as_an_ape_%281871%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="336" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Editorial_cartoon_depicting_Charles_Darwin_as_an_ape_%281871%29.jpg/375px-Editorial_cartoon_depicting_Charles_Darwin_as_an_ape_%281871%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Editorial_cartoon_depicting_Charles_Darwin_as_an_ape_%281871%29.jpg/500px-Editorial_cartoon_depicting_Charles_Darwin_as_an_ape_%281871%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2068" data-file-height="2782" /></a><figcaption>Medan "<a href="/wiki/Darwinism" title="Darwinism">darwinismen</a>" i stor utsträckning blev accepterad på 1870-talet symboliserade karikatyrer av honom med en <a href="/wiki/Apor" class="mw-redirect" title="Apor">apas</a> kropp evolutionen.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Till och med Darwins nära vänner Gray, Hooker, Huxley och Lyell uttryckte fortfarande olika reservationer men gav starkt stöd, liksom många andra gjorde, särskilt yngre naturalister. Gray och Lyell sökte en försoning med tron, medan Huxley frammålade en polarisering mellan religion och vetenskap. Han bedrev en stridbar kampanj mot prästerskapets makt inom utbildningen,<sup id="cite_ref-Darwinanddesign_135-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darwinanddesign-135"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> och syftade till att omkullkasta prästernas och aristokratiska amatörers dominans under Owen till förmån för en ny generation professionella vetenskapsmän. Owen hävdade felaktigt vissa anatomiska skillnader mellan apors och människors hjärnor, och anklagade Huxley för att förespråka människans härstamning från apor. Huxley gjorde gladeligen just det, och hans kampanj över två år var förkrossande framgångsrik i att köra ut Owen och det "gamla gardet".<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Om arternas uppkomst</i> översattes till många språk, blev en vetenskaplig standardtext som tilldrog sig hänsynsfull uppmärksamhet från alla samhällsskikt, däribland arbetare som flockades till Huxleys föreläsningar.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Darwins teori genljöd också med olika rörelser i tiden och blev ett viktigt föremål för populärkulturen. <a href="/wiki/Darwinism" title="Darwinism">Darwinism</a> blev en rörelse som täckte en stor uppsättning idéer om evolution. År 1863 populariserade Lyells <i>Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man</i> förhistoria, men hans försiktighet om evolutionen gjorde Darwin besviken. Några veckor senare visade Huxleys <i>Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature</i> att människor anatomiskt sett är apor, och sedan gav <i>The Naturalist on the River Amazons</i> av <a href="/wiki/Henry_Walter_Bates" title="Henry Walter Bates">Henry Walter Bates</a> empirisk bevisning för det naturliga urvalet.<sup id="cite_ref-B217_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B217-144"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Efter lobbyarbete fick Darwin Storbritanniens högsta vetenskapliga ärebetygelse, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Societys</a> <a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a>, den 3 november 1864.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Den dagen höll Huxley det första mötet i det som kom att bli den inflytelserika <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=X_Club&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="X Club [inte skriven än]">X Club</a></i> som tillägnades "vetenskapen, ren och fri, obehindrad av religiösa dogmer".<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Letter4807_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letter4807-147"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1865 invaldes Darwin som utländsk ledamot av <a href="/wiki/Kungliga_Vetenskapsakademien" title="Kungliga Vetenskapsakademien">Kungliga Vetenskapsakademien</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Människans_härledning_och_könsurvalet_och_botanik"><span id="M.C3.A4nniskans_h.C3.A4rledning_och_k.C3.B6nsurvalet_och_botanik"></span><i>Människans härledning och könsurvalet</i> och botanik</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Redigera avsnitt: Människans härledning och könsurvalet och botanik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Människans härledning och könsurvalet och botanik"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Darwin_restored2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Darwin_restored2.jpg/190px-Darwin_restored2.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Darwin_restored2.jpg/285px-Darwin_restored2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Darwin_restored2.jpg/380px-Darwin_restored2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3180" data-file-height="4311" /></a><figcaption>Vid år 1879 hade en mer och mer känd Darwin lidit år av sjukdom.</figcaption></figure> <p>Trots upprepade anfall av sjukdom under de sista tjugotvå åren av hans liv fortsatte Darwins arbete. Sedan han givit ut <i>Om arternas uppkomst</i> som en sammanfattning av sin teori, fortsatte han att experimentera, forska och skriva på sina "stora bok", som täckte människans härstamning från tidigare djur, inklusive utvecklingen av samhället och av människans mentala förmågor, samt spred sin forskning till innovativa studier av växter och förklaringar till dekorativ skönhet hos djur. </p><p>Undersökningar om insekt<a href="/wiki/Pollinering" title="Pollinering">pollinering</a> ledde 1861 till nydanande studier av vilda <a href="/wiki/Orkid%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Orkidé">orkidéer</a>, som visade att deras blommor anpassade sig för att attrahera specifika fjärilar till varje art och säkerställa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heterosiseffekt&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Heterosiseffekt [inte skriven än]">heterosiseffekt</a>. <i>Fertilisation of Orchids</i>, som gavs ut 1862, gav Darwins första detaljerade demonstration av makten hos naturligt urval, förklarade de komplexa <a href="/wiki/Ekologi" title="Ekologi">ekologiska</a> relationerna och gjorde testbara förutsägelser. Medan hans hälsa försämrades låg han på sin sjuksäng i ett rum fyllt med uppfinningsrika experiment för att spåra <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kl%C3%A4tterv%C3%A4xter&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Klätterväxter [inte skriven än]">klätterväxters</a> rörelser.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bland hans beundrande besökare fanns <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Haeckel" title="Ernst Haeckel">Ernst Haeckel</a>, en ivrig anhängare av darwinismen i en översättning som favoriserade <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ortogenes&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Ortogenes [inte skriven än]">ortogenes</a> framför naturligt urval.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wallace fortsatte att ge sitt stöd, även om han i ökande grad vände sig till <a href="/wiki/Spiritism" title="Spiritism">spiritism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Den första delen av Darwins planerade “stora bok”, <i>Variation of Plants and Animals Under Domestication</i>, växte till två omfattande band, vilket tvingade honom att utelämna <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4nniskans_utveckling" title="Människans utveckling">människans utveckling</a> och <a href="/wiki/Sexuellt_urval" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexuellt urval">sexuellt urval</a>. Den såldes livligt 1868 trots sin storlek, och översattes till många språk. Han skrev större delen av ett andra avsnitt om naturligt urval, men det förblev outgivet under hans livstid.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Charles_Robert_Darwin_by_John_Collier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Charles_Robert_Darwin_by_John_Collier.jpg/190px-Charles_Robert_Darwin_by_John_Collier.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Charles_Robert_Darwin_by_John_Collier.jpg/285px-Charles_Robert_Darwin_by_John_Collier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Charles_Robert_Darwin_by_John_Collier.jpg/380px-Charles_Robert_Darwin_by_John_Collier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3124" /></a><figcaption>Fortfarande 1881 arbetade Darwin med sina bidrag till evolutionstänkandet som hade fått en oerhörd verkan på flera naturvetenskapliga fack.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Man_is_But_a_Worm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Man_is_But_a_Worm.jpg/190px-Man_is_But_a_Worm.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Man_is_But_a_Worm.jpg/285px-Man_is_But_a_Worm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Man_is_But_a_Worm.jpg/380px-Man_is_But_a_Worm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1101" data-file-height="1216" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Punch" title="Punch">Punchs</a> <a href="/wiki/Almanacka" title="Almanacka">almanacka</a> för 1882, utgiven kort före Darwins död, avbildar honom under evolution från kaos till viktoriansk gentleman med titeln <i>Man Is But A Worm</i> ("Människan är blott en mask").</figcaption></figure> <p>Lyell hade redan populariserat människans förhistoria, och Huxley hade visat att människor anatomiskt är apor.<sup id="cite_ref-B217_144-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-B217-144"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Med <i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4nniskans_h%C3%A4rledning_och_k%C3%B6nsurvalet" title="Människans härledning och könsurvalet">Människans härledning och könsurvalet</a></i>, utgiven 1871, visade Darwin med belägg från ett flertal källor att människor är djur, visade kontinuitet i fysiska och mentala attribut, och framlade <a href="/wiki/Sexuellt_urval" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexuellt urval">sexuellt urval</a> som förklaring till opraktiska drag hos djur såsom <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A5f%C3%A5gel" title="Påfågel">påfågelns</a> fjäderdräkt samt människans utveckling av <a href="/wiki/Kultur" title="Kultur">kultur</a>, skillnader mellan kön, och fysiska och kulturella <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4nniskoraser" title="Människoraser">rasmässiga kännetecken</a>, samtidigt som han betonade att alla människor tillhör samma art.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hans forskning med användning av bilder utökades i hans bok från 1872 <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Expression_of_the_Emotions_in_Man_and_Animals&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals [inte skriven än]">The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals</a></i>, en av de första böckerna som innehöll tryckta fotografier, som diskuterade <a href="/wiki/Evolutionspsykologi" title="Evolutionspsykologi">den mänskliga psykologins evolution</a> och dess kontinuitet med <a href="/wiki/Etologi" title="Etologi">djurs beteenden</a>. Båda böcker blev mycket populära, och Darwin imponerades av det allmänna godkännande som mött hans åsikter. Han anmärkte att "alla talar om det utan att bli chockerade."<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hans slutsats var "att människan med alla hennes ädla egenskaper, med sympati som känner för de mest förnedrade, med välvilja som utsträcker sig inte bara till andra människor utan till den enklaste levande varelsen, med sitt gudalika intellekt som har trängt in i solsystemets rörelser och struktur-med alla dessa upphöjda förmågor-bär människan fortfarande i sin kroppsliga form det outplånliga märket av sitt låga ursprung."<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hans evolutionsrelaterade experiment och undersökningar kulminerade i böcker om klätterväxters rörelser, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6tt%C3%A4tande_v%C3%A4xter" title="Köttätande växter">köttätande växter</a>, effekterna av kors- och <a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%A4lvbefruktning" class="mw-redirect" title="Självbefruktning">självbefruktning</a> av växter, olika former av blommor på växter av samma art, och <i>Rörelseförmågan hos växter</i> (<i>The Power of Movement in Plants</i>). I sin sista bok återvände han till hur maskarna bildar mull (<i>The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms</i>). </p><p>Han dog i Downe, <a href="/wiki/Kent_(grevskap)" title="Kent (grevskap)">Kent</a>, England, den 19 april 1882. Han hade väntat sig att bli begravd i St Mary’s kyrkogård i Downe, men på Darwins kollegors begäran ombesörjde <a href="/wiki/William_Spottiswoode" title="William Spottiswoode">William Spottiswoode</a> (ordförande i <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>) att Darwin gavs en <a href="/wiki/Statsbegravning" title="Statsbegravning">statsbegravning</a> och begravdes i <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>, nära <a href="/wiki/John_Herschel" title="John Herschel">John Herschel</a> och <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Darwin var en av fem brittiska icke kungliga personer under 1800-talet som fick en statlig begravning.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_politics_157-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_politics-157"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Darwins hus i <a href="/wiki/London_Borough_of_Bromley" title="London Borough of Bromley">Bromley</a> utanför <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> är nominerat till <a href="/wiki/Unesco" title="Unesco">Unescos</a> <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4rldsarv" title="Världsarv">världsarvslista</a>. Huset med tillhörande botaniska trädgård var vetenskapsmannens hem i 40 år. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Darwins_barn">Darwins barn</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Redigera avsnitt: Darwins barn" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Darwins barn"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; font-size: 85%; background:#e0e0ee; color:black; width:32em; max-width:50%" cellspacing="5"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2"><center><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Charles_and_William_Darwin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Darwin 1842 med sin äldste son, William Erasmus Darwin"><img alt="Darwin 1842 med sin äldste son, William Erasmus Darwin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Charles_and_William_Darwin.jpg/180px-Charles_and_William_Darwin.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Charles_and_William_Darwin.jpg/270px-Charles_and_William_Darwin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Charles_and_William_Darwin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="409" /></a></span></center> <center>Darwin med sin äldste son William Erasmus Darwin 1842.</center> </td></tr> <tr> <th><center>Darwins barn</center> </th></tr> <tr> <td>William Erasmus Darwin</td> <td>(27 december 1839–1914) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Anne Elizabeth Darwin</td> <td>(2 mars 1841–22 april 1851) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mary Eleanor Darwin</td> <td>(23 september 1842–16 oktober 1842) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Henrietta Emma “Etty” Darwin</td> <td>(25 september 1843–1929) </td></tr> <tr> <td>George Howard Darwin</td> <td>(9 juli 1845–7 december 1912) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Elizabeth “Bessy” Darwin</td> <td>(8 juli 1847–1926) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Francis Darwin</td> <td>(16 augusti 1848–19 september 1925) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Leonard Darwin</td> <td>(15 januari 1850–26 mars 1943) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Horace Darwin</td> <td>(13 maj 1851–29 september 1928) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Charles Waring Darwin</td> <td>(6 december 1856–28 juni 1858) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Paret Darwin hade tio barn: två dog i lindan, och Annies död vid tio års ålder hade en förödande effekt på föräldrarna. Charles var en hängiven pappa och ovanligt uppmärksam på sina barn.<sup id="cite_ref-whowas_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whowas-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Närhelst de insjuknade fruktade han att de skulle ha ärvt svagheter från inavel på grund av det nära släktskap han delade med sin hustru och kusin, Emma Wedgwood. Han undersökte denna fråga i sina skrifter.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trots hans rädsla hade de flesta av de överlevande barnen senare framgångsrika karriärer som framstående medlemmar av den prominenta familjen Darwin-Wedgwood.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Av hans efterlevande barn blev George, Francis och Horace stipendiater i Royal Society. Detta som astronom,<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> botaniker och civilingenjör.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hans son Leonard, å andra sidan, gjorde karriär som soldat, politiker, ekonom, och mentor till statistikern och biologen Ronald Fisher.<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Annie_Darwin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Annie_Darwin.jpg/190px-Annie_Darwin.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Annie_Darwin.jpg/285px-Annie_Darwin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Annie_Darwin.jpg/380px-Annie_Darwin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1008" /></a><figcaption>År 1851 blev Darwin förkrossad när hans dotter Annie dog. Vid denna tid hade hans kristna tro avtagit och han hade slutat gå i kyrkan.<sup id="cite_ref-jvw41_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jvw41-163"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religiösa_uppfattningar"><span id="Religi.C3.B6sa_uppfattningar"></span>Religiösa uppfattningar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Redigera avsnitt: Religiösa uppfattningar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Religiösa uppfattningar"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Först efter publiceringen av <i>Om arternas uppkomst</i> började spridningen av de teorier som idag är kända som <a href="/wiki/Darwinism" title="Darwinism">darwinismen</a> ta fart. Det ledde mycket snabbt till ett starkt uppsving för evolutionsteorier, men ironiskt nog och till Darwins stora förtret hade många svårt att acceptera kärnan i hans teori – det naturliga urvalet. </p><p>Det mest radikala elementet i hans teori, som väckte mest motstånd bland religiösa, hos allmänheten, och i forskarvärlden – att människan och apor har ett gemensamt ursprung – sparade Darwin taktiskt till <i><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4nniskans_h%C3%A4rledning_och_k%C3%B6nsurvalet" title="Människans härledning och könsurvalet">Människans härledning och könsurvalet</a></i> (<i>Descent of Man</i>) som publicerades först <a href="/wiki/1871" title="1871">1871</a>, för att inte riskera att väcka för starka negativa reaktioner. Men även då fick den åldrade och sjuklige Darwin utstå hård kritik, särskilt från <a href="/wiki/Kyrka" title="Kyrka">kyrkan</a>. Darwin såg sig dock inte själv som <a href="/wiki/Ateism" title="Ateism">ateist</a>. </p><p>När han skrev <i>Om Arternas uppkomst</i> var tanken om en första orsak stark i hans sinne men sedan blev den gradvis allt svagare. När han gick ombord på <i>Beagle</i> var han väldigt ortodox i sin <a href="/wiki/Kristna" class="mw-redirect" title="Kristna">kristna</a> <a href="/wiki/Tro" title="Tro">tro</a> men undan för undan såg han <a href="/wiki/Bibeln" title="Bibeln">Bibeln</a> som ungefär vilken <a href="/wiki/Religi%C3%B6s" class="mw-redirect" title="Religiös">religiös</a> skrift som helst och frånstöttes av att Gud beskrivs som en hämndlysten <a href="/wiki/Tyrann" title="Tyrann">tyrann</a> (<i>revengeful tyrant</i> skriver han i självbiografin). Genom vidare reflektion kom Darwin till ståndpunkten att kristendomens mirakler är högst osannolika på grund av naturens lagbundenhet. Det och att han inte kunde hitta någon trovärdig grund för <a href="/wiki/Evangelierna" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelierna">evangeliernas</a> berättelser gjorde att han kom att tvivla på kristendomen som gudomlig uppenbarelse. </p><p>Darwins diskussion om sin religiösa tro i självbiografin är som vanligt i Darwins fall väldigt ärlig och han är inte rädd för att analysera argument både för och mot Guds existens. Till slut kommer han dock till slutsatsen att:&#160;:"<i>Jag kan inte låtsas kasta det minsta ljus över sådana dunkla problem. Mysteriet med alltings början är olöslig för oss; och jag för min del måste nöja mig med att förbli <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">agnostiker</a>.</i>" </p><p>Darwins familjetradition var <a href="/wiki/Nonkonformism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonkonformism">nonkonformistisk</a> <a href="/wiki/Unitarism" title="Unitarism">unitarism</a>, medan hans far och farfar var <a href="/wiki/Frit%C3%A4nkare" title="Fritänkare">fritänkare</a>, och hans <a href="/wiki/Dop" title="Dop">dop</a> och <a href="/wiki/Internatskola" title="Internatskola">internatskola</a> var <a href="/wiki/Engelska_kyrkan" title="Engelska kyrkan">anglikanska</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-skool_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-skool-11"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> När han åkte till Cambridge för att bli anglikansk präst tvivlade han inte på att <a href="/wiki/Bibeln" title="Bibeln">Bibeln</a> var <a href="/wiki/Kristen_fundamentalism" title="Kristen fundamentalism">bokstavligt sann</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-dar57_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dar57-18"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Han lärde sig <a href="/wiki/John_Herschel" title="John Herschel">John Herschels</a> vetenskap som, liksom <a href="/wiki/William_Paley" title="William Paley">William Paleys</a> <a href="/wiki/Naturlig_religion" title="Naturlig religion">naturliga teologi</a>, sökte förklaringar i naturlagar i stället för mirakel och såg arters <a href="/wiki/Adaption_(biologisk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaption (biologisk)">anpassning</a> som ett <a href="/wiki/Teleologiska_gudsbeviset" title="Teleologiska gudsbeviset">bevis för ändamålsenlighet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-syd5-7_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-syd5-7-20"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-db_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-db-22"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> På resan med <i>Beagle</i> letade Darwin efter "skapelsecentrum" för att förklara utbredning,<sup id="cite_ref-k356_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-k356-43"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> och relaterade <a href="/wiki/Myrlejonsl%C3%A4ndor" title="Myrlejonsländor">myrlejonsländor</a> som hittats nära <a href="/wiki/K%C3%A4ngurudjur" title="Kängurudjur">känguruer</a> till distinkta "skapelseperioder".<sup id="cite_ref-Crows_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crows-45"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Han förblev ganska <a href="/wiki/Ortodoxi" title="Ortodoxi">ortodox</a> och citerade Bibeln som auktoritet i <a href="/wiki/Moral" title="Moral">moralfrågor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-biorelig_164-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biorelig-164"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>När han kom tillbaka var han kritisk mot Bibeln som historia, och undrade varför inte alla religioner borde vara lika giltiga.<sup id="cite_ref-biorelig_164-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biorelig-164"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under de följande åren tänkte han mycket på religion, samtidigt som han intensivt spekulerade om geologi och arternas omvandling. Han disktuterade öppet religionsfrågor med <a href="/wiki/Emma_Darwin" class="mw-redirect" title="Emma Darwin">Emma</a>, vars trosuppfattningar också kom från intensivt studium och ifrågasättande.<sup id="cite_ref-Belief_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belief-91"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paleys <a href="/wiki/Teodic%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Teodicé">teodicé</a> och <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Malthus" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Malthus">Thomas Malthus</a> rättfärdigade onda ting som svält som ett resultat av en välvillig skapares lagar som i det stora hela hade en god effekt. Enligt Darwins uppfattning producerade det naturliga urvalet den goda saken anpassning men behovet av design försvann,<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> och han kunde inte se en allsmäktig gudomlighets verk i all smärta och allt lidande såsom att <a href="/wiki/Parasitsteklar" title="Parasitsteklar">parasitsteklar</a> paralyserar <a href="/wiki/Fj%C3%A4rilslarver" class="mw-redirect" title="Fjärilslarver">fjärilslarver</a> som levande föda för sina ägg.<sup id="cite_ref-miles_137-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miles-137"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Han betraktade fortfarande organismer som perfekt anpassade, och <i><a href="/wiki/Om_arternas_uppkomst" title="Om arternas uppkomst">Om arternas uppkomst</a></i> avspeglar teologiska synsätt. Fastän han såg på religion som en överlevnadsstrategi för <a href="/wiki/Stam_(samh%C3%A4llsvetenskap)" title="Stam (samhällsvetenskap)">stammar</a>, trodde Darwin ännu att Gud var den yttersta lagstiftaren.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Darwin fortsatte att spela en ledande roll i den lokala kyrkans församlingsarbete,<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> men från omkring 1849 tog han en promenad på söndagar medan hans familj var i kyrkan.<sup id="cite_ref-jvw41_163-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jvw41-163"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fastän han var tystlåten om sina religiösa åsikter, svarade han 1879 att han aldrig hade varit ateist i betydelsen att förneka existensen av en Gud, och att i allmänhet "en <a href="/wiki/Agnostiker" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnostiker">agnostiker</a> skulle vara den mer korrekta beskrivningen av mitt själstillstånd."<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Belief_91-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Belief-91"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Det har hävdats att Darwin omvände sig och tog avstånd från evolutionsteorin på sin dödsbädd. Denna så kallade <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lady_Hope_Story&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lady Hope Story [inte skriven än]">Lady Hope Story</a> har dock visat sig vara osann, och Darwins arvingar som var med vid dödsbädden, varav några kristna, tog kraftfullt avstånd från den,<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>och den har förkastats av historiker.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>Hans sista ord var till sin familj. Han sade till Emma "Jag är inte det minsta rädd för döden – Kom ihåg vilken god hustru du har varit för mig – Säg till alla mina barn att minnas hur bra de har varit mot mig".<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> När hon sedan lade sig att vila sade han upprepade gånger till Henrietta och Francis "Det är nästan värt besväret att vara sjuk för att bli omhändertagen av er".<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Utmärkelser"><span id="Utm.C3.A4rkelser"></span>Utmärkelser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Redigera avsnitt: Utmärkelser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Utmärkelser"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">Asteroiden</a> <a href="/wiki/1991_Darwin" title="1991 Darwin">1991 Darwin</a> är uppkallad efter honom och sonen George Darwin.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Medal" title="Royal Medal">Royal Medal</a>, 1853</li><li><a href="/wiki/Wollastonmedaljen" title="Wollastonmedaljen">Wollastonmedaljen</a>, 1859<sup id="cite_ref-8989ba7406a085b3e471a789b4bcf10dd4aa38f4_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8989ba7406a085b3e471a789b4bcf10dd4aa38f4-176"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/wiki/Copleymedaljen" title="Copleymedaljen">Copleymedaljen</a>, 1864<sup id="cite_ref-51141e1514645682d6bef19e42d5903d35bb761e_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51141e1514645682d6bef19e42d5903d35bb761e-177"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:D-PRU_Pour_le_Merite_1_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/D-PRU_Pour_le_Merite_1_BAR.svg/50px-D-PRU_Pour_le_Merite_1_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/D-PRU_Pour_le_Merite_1_BAR.svg/75px-D-PRU_Pour_le_Merite_1_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/D-PRU_Pour_le_Merite_1_BAR.svg/100px-D-PRU_Pour_le_Merite_1_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Pour_le_M%C3%A9rite_f%C3%B6r_vetenskap_och_konst" class="mw-redirect" title="Pour le Mérite för vetenskap och konst">Pour le Mérite för vetenskap och konst</a>, 1868<sup id="cite_ref-faebeda38312dd99089a9040f3eb27889571bce4_178-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-faebeda38312dd99089a9040f3eb27889571bce4-178"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society Te Apārangi<sup id="cite_ref-ec29d66115ba98643202713d655fb3358cf5b9e8_179-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ec29d66115ba98643202713d655fb3358cf5b9e8-179"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bressapriset&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bressapriset [inte skriven än]">Bressapriset</a>, 1875<sup id="cite_ref-d50c1ffafef7c1f41a3f1c640452703c855f1223_180-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-d50c1ffafef7c1f41a3f1c640452703c855f1223-180"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hedersdoktor_vid_Universitetet_i_Leiden&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hedersdoktor vid Universitetet i Leiden [inte skriven än]">Hedersdoktor vid Universitetet i Leiden</a>, 1875<sup id="cite_ref-25cb7db8546f0eca8ecd7e3598b50712fc878fe9_181-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25cb7db8546f0eca8ecd7e3598b50712fc878fe9-181"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balymedaljen&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Balymedaljen [inte skriven än]">Balymedaljen</a>, 1879</li><li><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellow of the Royal Society</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fellow_of_the_Geological_Society&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fellow of the Geological Society [inte skriven än]">Fellow of the Geological Society</a><sup id="cite_ref-96586123dace32c7b47af2aa034a9e6b5ee30c05_182-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96586123dace32c7b47af2aa034a9e6b5ee30c05-182"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>Fellow of the Linnean Society of London</li><li><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Geographical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society">Fellow of the Royal Geographical Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Darwinmedaljen" title="Darwinmedaljen">Darwinmedaljen</a> </li></ul> <p><small>[<a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1035#P166" class="extiw" title="d:Q1035">Redigera Wikidata</a>]</small> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografi_(i_urval)"><span id="Bibliografi_.28i_urval.29"></span>Bibliografi (i urval)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Redigera avsnitt: Bibliografi (i urval)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Bibliografi (i urval)"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection</i> (1859) <ul><li>Om arternas uppkomst genom naturligt urval eller de bäst utrustade rasernas bestånd i kampen för tillvaron (översättning <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Mauritz_Selling" title="Alfred Mauritz Selling">Alfred Mauritz Selling</a>, 1870–1871)</li> <li>Om arternas uppkomst (förkortad översättning av <a href="/wiki/Nils_Holmgren" title="Nils Holmgren">Nils Holmgren</a>, Bonnier, 1909)</li> <li>Om arternas uppkomst genom naturligt urval eller De bäst utrustade rasernas bestånd i kampen för tillvaron (översättning <a href="/wiki/Roland_Adlerberth" title="Roland Adlerberth">Roland Adlerberth</a>, förord av <a href="/wiki/Nils_Uddenberg" title="Nils Uddenberg">Nils Uddenberg</a>, Natur och kultur, 1976)</li> <li>Om arternas uppkomst (översättning Roland Adlerberth och <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lars_Olov_Skeppholm&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lars Olov Skeppholm [inte skriven än]">Lars Olov Skeppholm</a>, Bonnier, 1980)</li></ul></li> <li><i>The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex</i> (1871) <ul><li>Darwins nyaste verk: Om människans uppkomst, granskadt i Times (översättning <a href="/wiki/Emily_Nonnen" title="Emily Nonnen">E. Nonnen</a>, Gumperts bokhandel, 1871)</li> <li>Menniskans härledning och könsurvalet (översättning <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Sundstr%C3%B6m" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolf Sundström">Rudolf Sundström</a>, Bonnier, 1872)</li> <li>Människans härkomst och könsurvalet (översättning Nils Uddenberg, Natur och kultur, 2006)</li></ul></li> <li><i>The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals</i> (1872)</li> <li><i>The Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle</i> (1838–1843)</li> <li><i>Journal of Researches</i> (1839)</li> <li><i>Questions About the Breeding of Animals</i> (1839)</li> <li><i>Geology of The Voyage of The Beagle</i> (1842–1846)</li> <li><i>A naturalist's voyage round the world</i> <ul><li>En naturforskares resa omkring jorden (översättning G. Lindström, J. L. Törnqvist, 1872)</li> <li>Resa kring jorden (översättning <a href="/wiki/Torsten_Pehrson" title="Torsten Pehrson">Torsten Pehrson</a>, Natur och kultur, 1925)</li></ul></li> <li><i>Autobiography</i> <ul><li>Självbiografi och andra skrifter (i urval av <a href="/wiki/Knut_Hagberg_(f%C3%B6rfattare)" title="Knut Hagberg (författare)">Knut Hagberg</a>, översättning <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6sta_%C3%85berg_(redakt%C3%B6r)" title="Gösta Åberg (redaktör)">Gösta Åberg</a>, Natur och kultur, 1959)</li> <li>Självbiografi (översättning <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lars_Axelsson_(%C3%B6vers%C3%A4ttare)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lars Axelsson (översättare) [inte skriven än]">Lars Axelsson</a> och <a href="/w/index.php?title=Margareta_Marin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Margareta Marin [inte skriven än]">Margareta Marin</a>, Pontes, 2001)</li></ul></li></ul> <p>Engelska originaltexter till samtliga ovan, och många fler, finns tillgängliga <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/">här</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_även"><span id="Se_.C3.A4ven"></span>Se även</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Redigera avsnitt: Se även" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Se även"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwindagen" title="Darwindagen">Darwindagen</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referenser">Referenser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Redigera avsnitt: Referenser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Referenser"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noter">Noter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16" title="Redigera avsnitt: Noter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Noter"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-JvW-1">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-JvW_1-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JvW_1-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JvW_1-2"><small>c</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JvW_1-3"><small>d</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JvW_1-4"><small>e</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JvW_1-5"><small>f</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JvW_1-6"><small>g</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JvW_1-7"><small>h</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Wyhe2008">van Wyhe 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/biography.html">The Complete Works of Darwin Online – Biography.</a> <i>darwin-online.org.uk</i>. Hämtad 2006-12-15<br /><a href="#CITEREFDobzhansky1973">Dobzhansky 1973</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whowas-3">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-whowas_3-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-whowas_3-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeff2000">Leff 2000</a>, s.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aboutdarwin.com/darwin/WhoWas.html">About Charles Darwin</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesmondMoore1991">Desmond &amp; Moore 1991</a>, s.&#160;210, 263–274, 284–285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Wyhe2007">van Wyhe 2007</a>, s.&#160;184, 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/darwin/work/last.php">Darwin – At last.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081011114605/http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/darwin/work/last.php">Arkiverad</a> 11 oktober 2008 hämtat från the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive#Wayback_Machine" title="Internet Archive">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="American Museum of Natural History">American Museum of Natural History</a>. Hämtad 2007-03-21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFreeman1977">Freeman 1977</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCstatefuneral-8"><a href="#cite_ref-BBCstatefuneral_8-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7538482.stm">”BBC NEWS&#160;: Politics&#160;: Thatcher state funeral undecided”</a>. 2 augusti 2008<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7538482.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7538482.stm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">.&#32;Läst 10 augusti 2008</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=BBC+NEWS+%3A+Politics+%3A+Thatcher+state+funeral+undecided&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2+augusti+2008&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fuk_politics%2F7538482.stm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DarwinsBurial-9"><a href="#cite_ref-DarwinsBurial_9-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeff2000">Leff 2000</a>, s.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aboutdarwin.com/darwin/burial.html">Darwin's Burial</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFJohn_H._Wahlert2024">John H. Wahlert&#32;(11 juni 2001).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206010149/http://darwin.baruch.cuny.edu/biography/shrewsbury/mount/">”The Mount House, Shrewsbury, England (Charles Darwin)”</a>.&#32;<i><span>Darwin and Darwinism</span></i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baruch_College&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Baruch College [inte skriven än]">Baruch College</a>. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin.baruch.cuny.edu/biography/shrewsbury/mount/">originalet</a>&#32;den 6 december 2008<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206010149/http://darwin.baruch.cuny.edu/biography/shrewsbury/mount/">https://web.archive.org/web/20081206010149/http://darwin.baruch.cuny.edu/biography/shrewsbury/mount/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">.&#32;Läst 26 november 2008</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=The+Mount+House%2C+Shrewsbury%2C+England+%28Charles+Darwin%29&amp;rft.atitle=Darwin+and+Darwinism&amp;rft.aulast=John+H.+Wahlert&amp;rft.au=John+H.+Wahlert&amp;rft.date=11+juni+2001&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BBaruch+College%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20081206010149%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fdarwin.baruch.cuny.edu%2Fbiography%2Fshrewsbury%2Fmount%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-skool-11">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-skool_11-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-skool_11-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesmondMoore1991">Desmond &amp; Moore 1991</a>, s.&#160;12–15.<br /><a href="#CITEREFDarwin1958">Darwin 1958</a>, s.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&amp;itemID=F1497&amp;pageseq=21">21–25</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <span class="reference-text">"very pleasant and intelligent man".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eddy-13"><a href="#cite_ref-eddy_13-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarwin1958">Darwin 1958</a>, s.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&amp;itemID=F1497&amp;pageseq=48">47–51</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowne1995">Browne 1995</a>, s.&#160;72–88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesmondMoore1991">Desmond &amp; Moore 1991</a>, s.&#160;42–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowne1995">Browne 1995</a>, s.&#160;47–48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <span class="reference-text">“the man who walks with Henslow”.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dar57-18">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-dar57_18-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dar57_18-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarwin1958">Darwin 1958</a>, s.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&amp;itemID=F1497&amp;pageseq=59">57–67</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowne1995">Browne 1995</a>, s.&#160;97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-syd5-7-20">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-syd5-7_20-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-syd5-7_20-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvon_Sydow2005">von Sydow 2005</a>, s.&#160;5–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <span class="reference-text">"a burning zeal"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-db-22">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-db_22-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-db_22-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarwin1958">Darwin 1958</a>, s.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&amp;itemID=F1497&amp;pageseq=69">67–68</a>.<br /><a href="#CITEREFBrowne1995">Browne 1995</a>, s.&#160;128–129, 133–141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-105.html">”Darwin Correspondence Project - Letter 105 — Henslow, J. S. to Darwin, C. R., 24 Aug 1831”</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-105.html">http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-105.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">.&#32;Läst 29 december 2008</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Darwin+Correspondence+Project+-+Letter+105+%E2%80%94+Henslow%2C+J.+S.+to+Darwin%2C+C.+R.%2C+24+Aug+1831&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.darwinproject.ac.uk%2Fdarwinletters%2Fcalendar%2Fentry-105.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesmondMoore1991">Desmond &amp; Moore 1991</a>, s.&#160;94–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kix-25">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-kix_25-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kix_25-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeynes2000">Keynes 2000</a>, s.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&amp;itemID=F1840&amp;pageseq=12">ix–xi</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Wyhe2008b">van Wyhe 2008b</a>, s.&#160;18–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fnGal-27"><a href="#cite_ref-fnGal_27-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFGordon_Chancellor;_Randal_Keynes2006">Gordon Chancellor; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Randal_Keynes&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Randal Keynes [inte skriven än]">Randal Keynes</a>&#32;(October 2006).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Chancellor_Keynes_Galapagos.html">”Darwin's field notes on the Galapagos: 'A little world within itself'”</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Darwin_Online&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Darwin Online [inte skriven än]">Darwin Online</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Chancellor_Keynes_Galapagos.html">http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Chancellor_Keynes_Galapagos.html</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Darwin%27s+field+notes+on+the+Galapagos%3A+%27A+little+world+within+itself%27&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Gordon+Chancellor%3B+%5B%5BRandal+Keynes%5D%5D&amp;rft.au=Gordon+Chancellor%3B+%5B%5BRandal+Keynes%5D%5D&amp;rft.date=October+2006&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BDarwin+Online%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2FEditorialIntroductions%2FChancellor_Keynes_Galapagos.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-plankton-28"><a href="#cite_ref-plankton_28-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeynes2001">Keynes 2001</a>, s.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1925&amp;viewtype=text&amp;pageseq=53">21–22</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowne1995">Browne 1995</a>, s.&#160;183–190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeynes2001">Keynes 2001</a>, s.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&amp;itemID=F1925&amp;pageseq=73">41–42</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarwin1958">Darwin 1958</a>, s.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&amp;itemID=F1497&amp;pageseq=75">73–74</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowne1995">Browne 1995</a>, s.&#160;223–235.<br /><a href="#CITEREFDarwin1835">Darwin 1835</a>, s.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1&amp;viewtype=text&amp;pageseq=7">7</a>.<br /><a href="#CITEREFDesmondMoore1991">Desmond &amp; Moore 1991</a>, s.&#160;210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesmondMoore1991">Desmond &amp; Moore 1991</a>, s.&#160;189–192, 198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEldredge2006">Eldredge 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesmondMoore1991">Desmond &amp; Moore 1991</a>, s.&#160;131, 159.<br /><a href="#CITEREFHerbert1991">Herbert 1991</a>, s.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&amp;itemID=A342&amp;pageseq=16">174–179</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HurrahChiloe-36"><a href="#cite_ref-HurrahChiloe_36-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Chancellor_fieldNotebooks1.8.html">”Darwin Online: 'Hurrah Chiloe': an introduction to the Port Desire Notebook”</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Chancellor_fieldNotebooks1.8.html">http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Chancellor_fieldNotebooks1.8.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">.&#32;Läst 24 oktober 2008</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Darwin+Online%3A+%27Hurrah+Chiloe%27%3A+an+introduction+to+the+Port+Desire+Notebook&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2FEditorialIntroductions%2FChancellor_fieldNotebooks1.8.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarwin1845">Darwin 1845</a>, s.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F14&amp;viewtype=text&amp;pageseq=218">205–208</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <span class="reference-text">På engelska: "miserable, degraded savages"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowne1995">Browne 1995</a>, s.&#160;244–250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeynes2001">Keynes 2001</a>, s.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&amp;itemID=F1925&amp;pageseq=258">226–227</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesmondMoore1991">Desmond &amp; Moore 1991</a>, s.&#160;160–168, 182.<br /><a href="#CITEREFDarwin1887">Darwin 1887</a>, s.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1452.1&amp;viewtype=text&amp;pageseq=278">260</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-atolls-42">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-atolls_42-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-atolls_42-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarwin1958">Darwin 1958</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1497&amp;viewtype=text&amp;pageseq=100">p 98–99</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-k356-43">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-k356_43-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-k356_43-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeynes2001">Keynes 2001</a>, s.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&amp;itemID=F1925&amp;pageseq=388">356–357</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSulloway1982">Sulloway 1982</a>, s.&#160;19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crows-45">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Crows_45-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crows_45-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Chancellor_fieldNotebooks1.3.html">”Darwin Online: 'Coccatoos &amp; Crows': An introduction to the Sydney Notebook”</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Chancellor_fieldNotebooks1.3.html">http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Chancellor_fieldNotebooks1.3.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">.&#32;Läst 2 januari 2009</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Darwin+Online%3A+%27Coccatoos+%26+Crows%27%3A+An+introduction+to+the+Sydney+Notebook&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2FEditorialIntroductions%2FChancellor_fieldNotebooks1.3.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeynes2001">Keynes 2001</a>, s.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&amp;itemID=F1925&amp;pageseq=430">398–399</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Letter301-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Letter301_47-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-301.html">”Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 301 — Darwin, C. R. to Darwin, C. S., 29 Apr 1836”</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-301.html">http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-301.html</a></span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Darwin+Correspondence+Project+%E2%80%93+Letter+301+%E2%80%94+Darwin%2C+C.+R.+to+Darwin%2C+C.+S.%2C+29+Apr+1836&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.darwinproject.ac.uk%2Fdarwinletters%2Fcalendar%2Fentry-301.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowne1995">Browne 1995</a>, s.&#160;336.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <span class="reference-text">“that mystery of mysteries, the replacement of extinct species by others”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <span class="reference-text">“a natural in contradistinction to a miraculous process”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rascals-51">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Rascals_51-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rascals_51-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Wyhe2007">van Wyhe 2007</a>, s.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&amp;itemID=A544&amp;pageseq=21">197</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <span class="reference-text">“such facts undermine the stability of Species”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <span class="reference-text">“would undermine”.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-xix-54"><a href="#cite_ref-xix_54-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeynes2000">Keynes 2000</a>, s.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&amp;itemID=F1840&amp;pageseq=22">xix–xx</a>.<br /><a href="#CITEREFEldredge2006">Eldredge 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <span class="reference-text">“seemed to me to throw some light on the origin of species”.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarwin1859">Darwin 1859</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F373&amp;viewtype=text&amp;pageseq=16">p. 1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarwin1835">Darwin 1835</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Freeman_LettersOnGeology.html">editorial introduction</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesmondMoore1991">Desmond &amp; Moore 1991</a>, s.&#160;195–198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOwen1840">Owen 1840</a>, s.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&amp;itemID=F9.1&amp;pageseq=26">16</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&amp;itemID=F9.1&amp;pageseq=83">73</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&amp;itemID=F9.1&amp;pageseq=116">106</a>.<br /><a href="#CITEREFEldredge2006">Eldredge 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesmondMoore1991">Desmond &amp; Moore 1991</a>, s.&#160;201–205.<br /><a href="#CITEREFBrowne1995">Browne 1995</a>, s.&#160;349–350.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowne1995">Browne 1995</a>, s.&#160;345–347.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesmondMoore1991">Desmond &amp; Moore 1991</a>, s.&#160;207–210.<br /><a href="#CITEREFSulloway1982">Sulloway 1982</a>, s.&#160;20–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-346.html">”Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 346 — Darwin, C. R. to Darwin, C. S., 27 Feb 1837”</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-346.html">http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-346.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">.&#32;Läst 19 december 2008</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Darwin+Correspondence+Project+%E2%80%93+Letter+346+%E2%80%94+Darwin%2C+C.+R.+to+Darwin%2C+C.+S.%2C+27+Feb+1837&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.darwinproject.ac.uk%2Fdarwinletters%2Fcalendar%2Fentry-346.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span> proposes a move on Friday 3 March 1837,<br />Darwin's Journal (<a href="#CITEREFDarwin2006">Darwin 2006</a>, s.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=side&amp;itemID=CUL-DAR158.1-76&amp;pageseq=22">12 verso</a>.) backdated from August 1838 gives a date of 6 March 1837</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesmondMoore1991">Desmond &amp; Moore 1991</a>, s.&#160;201, 212–221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSulloway1982">Sulloway 1982</a>, s.&#160;20–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowne1995">Browne 1995</a>, s.&#160;360.<br /><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1643&amp;viewtype=text&amp;pageseq=1">”Darwin, C. R. (Read 14 March 1837) Notes on Rhea americana and Rhea darwinii, <i>Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London</i>”</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1643&amp;viewtype=text&amp;pageseq=1">http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1643&amp;viewtype=text&amp;pageseq=1</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">.&#32;Läst 17 december 2008</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Darwin%2C+C.+R.+%28Read+14+March+1837%29+Notes+on+Rhea+americana+and+Rhea+darwinii%2C+%27%27Proceedings+of+the+Zoological+Society+of+London%27%27&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3FitemID%3DF1643%26viewtype%3Dtext%26pageseq%3D1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <span class="reference-text">"to adapt &amp; alter the race to <i>changing</i> world"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <span class="reference-text">"It is absurd to talk of one animal being higher than another"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerbert1980">Herbert 1980</a>, s.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&amp;itemID=F1583e&amp;pageseq=9">7–10</a>.<br /><a href="#CITEREFvan_Wyhe2008b">van Wyhe 2008b</a>, s.&#160;44.<br /><a href="#CITEREFDarwin1837">Darwin 1837</a>, s.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=side&amp;itemID=CUL-DAR121.-&amp;pageseq=1">1–13, 26, 36, 74</a>.<br /><a href="#CITEREFDesmondMoore1991">Desmond &amp; Moore 1991</a>, s.&#160;229–232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowne1995">Browne 1995</a>, s.&#160;367–369.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <span class="reference-text">"an uncomfortable palpitation of the heart"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <span class="reference-text">"a new &amp; important theory"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesmondMoore1991">Desmond &amp; Moore 1991</a>, s.&#160;233–234.<br /><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-404.html">”Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 404 — Buckland, William to Geological Society of London, 9 Mar 1838”</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-404.html">http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-404.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">.&#32;Läst 23 december 2008</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Darwin+Correspondence+Project+%E2%80%93+Letter+404+%E2%80%94+Buckland%2C+William+to+Geological+Society+of+London%2C+9+Mar+1838&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.darwinproject.ac.uk%2Fdarwinletters%2Fcalendar%2Fentry-404.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesmondMoore1991">Desmond &amp; Moore 1991</a>, s.&#160;233–236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesmondMoore1991">Desmond &amp; Moore 1991</a>, s.&#160;241–244, 426.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowne1995">Browne 1995</a>, s.&#160;xii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesmondMoore1991">Desmond &amp; Moore 1991</a>, s.&#160;241–244.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesmondMoore1991">Desmond &amp; Moore 1991</a>, s.&#160;252, 476, 531.<br /><a href="#CITEREFDarwin1958">Darwin 1958</a>, s.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&amp;itemID=F1497&amp;pageseq=119">115</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesmondMoore1991">Desmond &amp; Moore 1991</a>, s.&#160;254.<br /><a href="#CITEREFBrowne1995">Browne 1995</a>, s.&#160;377–378.<br /><a href="#CITEREFDarwin1958">Darwin 1958</a>, s.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&amp;itemID=F1497&amp;pageseq=86">84</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <span class="reference-text">“constant companion and a friend in old age&#160;... better than a dog anyhow”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <span class="reference-text">“less money for books”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <span class="reference-text">“terrible loss of time.”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarwin1958">Darwin 1958</a>, s.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1497&amp;viewtype=text&amp;pageseq=238">232–233</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesmondMoore1991">Desmond &amp; Moore 1991</a>, s.&#160;256–259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <span class="reference-text">In October 1838, that is, fifteen months after I had begun my systematic enquiry, I happened to read for amusement Malthus on Population, and being well prepared to appreciate the struggle for existence which everywhere goes on from long-continued observation of the habits of animals and plants, it at once struck me that under these circumstances favourable variations would tend to be preserved, and unfavourable ones to be destroyed. The result of this would be the formation of new species. Here, then, I had at last got a theory by which to work...<a href="#CITEREFDarwin1958">Darwin 1958</a>, s.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&amp;itemID=F1497&amp;pageseq=124">120</a>. Redaktörens översättning.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesmondMoore1991">Desmond &amp; Moore 1991</a>, s.&#160;264–265.<br /><a href="#CITEREFBrowne1995">Browne 1995</a>, s.&#160;385–388.<br /><a href="#CITEREFDarwin1842">Darwin 1842</a>, s.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1556&amp;viewtype=text&amp;pageseq=39">7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <span class="reference-text">“every part of &#91;every&#93; newly acquired structure is fully practised and perfected”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <span class="reference-text">“the most beautiful part of my theory”.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesmondMoore1991">Desmond &amp; Moore 1991</a>, s.&#160;273–274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://kvartal.se/artiklar/stor-okunskap-om-kusinaktenskap-i-sverige/">https://kvartal.se/artiklar/stor-okunskap-om-kusinaktenskap-i-sverige/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Belief-91">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Belief_91-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Belief_91-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Belief_91-2"><small>c</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090225124103/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/content/view/130/125/">”Darwin Correspondence Project – Belief: historical essay”</a>. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/content/view/130/125/">originalet</a>&#32;den 22 februari 2009<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090225124103/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/content/view/130/125/">https://web.archive.org/web/20090225124103/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/content/view/130/125/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">.&#32;Läst 25 november 2008</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Darwin+Correspondence+Project+%E2%80%93+Belief%3A+historical+essay&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20090225124103%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.darwinproject.ac.uk%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F130%2F125%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <span class="reference-text">“So don’t be ill any more my dear Charley till I can be with you to nurse you.”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesmondMoore1991">Desmond &amp; Moore 1991</a>, s.&#160;272–279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesmondMoore1991">Desmond &amp; Moore 1991</a>, s.&#160;279.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarwin1958">Darwin 1958</a>, s.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&amp;itemID=F1497&amp;pageseq=124">120</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Letter419-96"><a href="#cite_ref-Letter419_96-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-419.html">”Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 419 — Darwin, C. R. to Fox, W. D., (15 June 1838)”</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-419.html">http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-419.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">.&#32;Läst 8 februari 2008</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Darwin+Correspondence+Project+%E2%80%93+Letter+419+%E2%80%94+Darwin%2C+C.+R.+to+Fox%2C+W.+D.%2C+%2815+June+1838%29&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.darwinproject.ac.uk%2Fdarwinletters%2Fcalendar%2Fentry-419.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vw186-97"><a href="#cite_ref-vw186_97-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Wyhe2007">van Wyhe 2007</a>, s.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&amp;itemID=A544&amp;pageseq=10">186–187</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarwin1887">Darwin 1887</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/catalog/world/readfile?fk_files=39003&amp;pageno=32">p. 32.</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <span class="reference-text">"denies seeing a beginning to each crop of species”.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesmondMoore1991">Desmond &amp; Moore 1991</a>, s.&#160;292.<br /><a href="#CITEREFDarwin1842">Darwin 1842</a>, s.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&amp;itemID=F1556&amp;pageseq=18">xvi–xvii</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarwin1954">Darwin 1954</a>, s.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&amp;itemID=F1497&amp;pageseq=118">114</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <span class="reference-text">“it is like confessing a murder”.<a href="#CITEREFvan_Wyhe2007">van Wyhe 2007</a>, s.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&amp;itemID=A544&amp;pageseq=7">183–184</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-729.html#back-mark-729.f6">”Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 729 — Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., (11 January 1844)”</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-729.html#back-mark-729.f6">http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-729.html#back-mark-729.f6</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">.&#32;Läst 8 februari 2008</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Darwin+Correspondence+Project+%E2%80%93+Letter+729+%E2%80%94+Darwin%2C+C.+R.+to+Hooker%2C+J.+D.%2C+%2811+January+1844%29&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.darwinproject.ac.uk%2Fdarwinletters%2Fcalendar%2Fentry-729.html%23back-mark-729.f6&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <span class="reference-text">“There may in my opinion have been a series of productions on different spots, &amp; also a gradual change of species. I shall be delighted to hear how you think that this change may have taken place, as no presently conceived opinions satisfy me on the subject.” <cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-734.html">”Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 734 — Hooker, J. D. to Darwin, C. R., 29 January 1844”</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-734.html">http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-734.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">.&#32;Läst 8 februari 2008</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Darwin+Correspondence+Project+%E2%80%93+Letter+734+%E2%80%94+Hooker%2C+J.+D.+to+Darwin%2C+C.+R.%2C+29+January+1844&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.darwinproject.ac.uk%2Fdarwinletters%2Fcalendar%2Fentry-734.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarwin1887">Darwin 1887</a>, s.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&amp;itemID=F1452.1&amp;pageseq=132">114–116</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Wyhe2007">van Wyhe 2007</a>, s.&#160;188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowne1995">Browne 1995</a>, s.&#160;461–465.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-814.html#back-mark-814.f5">”Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 814 — Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., (7 jan 1845)”</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-814.html#back-mark-814.f5">http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-814.html#back-mark-814.f5</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">.&#32;Läst 24 november 2008</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Darwin+Correspondence+Project+%E2%80%93+Letter+814+%E2%80%94+Darwin%2C+C.+R.+to+Hooker%2C+J.+D.%2C+%287+jan+1845%29&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.darwinproject.ac.uk%2Fdarwinletters%2Fcalendar%2Fentry-814.html%23back-mark-814.f5&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Wyhe2007">van Wyhe 2007</a>, s.&#160;190–191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesmondMoore1991">Desmond &amp; Moore 1991</a>, s.&#160;320–323, 339–348.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-1236.html">”Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 1236 — Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., 28 Mar 1849”</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-1236.html">http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-1236.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">.&#32;Läst 24 november 2008</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Darwin+Correspondence+Project+%E2%80%93+Letter+1236+%E2%80%94+Darwin%2C+C.+R.+to+Hooker%2C+J.+D.%2C+28+Mar+1849&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.darwinproject.ac.uk%2Fdarwinletters%2Fcalendar%2Fentry-1236.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowne1995">Browne 1995</a>, s.&#160;503.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-barlowbio117-113"><a href="#cite_ref-barlowbio117_113-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarwin1954">Darwin 1954</a>, s.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&amp;itemID=F1497&amp;pageseq=121">117–118</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesmondMoore1991">Desmond &amp; Moore 1991</a>, s.&#160;383–387.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <span class="reference-text">“diversified places in the economy of nature”. <a href="#CITEREFDesmondMoore1991">Desmond &amp; Moore 1991</a>, s.&#160;419–420.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <span class="reference-text">“big book on species”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <span class="reference-text">“so surrounded with prejudices”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <span class="reference-text">“I go much further than you.”<a href="#CITEREFDesmondMoore1991">Desmond &amp; Moore 1991</a>, s.&#160;412–441, 457–458, 462–463.Redaktörens översättning.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesmondMoore1991">Desmond &amp; Moore 1991</a>, s.&#160;466–470.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowne2002">Browne 2002</a>, s.&#160;40–42, 48–49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <span class="reference-text">“all that was new in them was false, and what was true was old.” <a href="#CITEREFDarwin1958">Darwin 1958</a>, s.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1497&amp;viewtype=text&amp;pageseq=126">122</a>.Redaktörens översättning.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesmondMoore1991">Desmond &amp; Moore 1991</a>, s.&#160;374–474.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesmondMoore1991">Desmond &amp; Moore 1991</a>, s.&#160;477.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <span class="reference-text">“one long argument”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarwin1859">Darwin 1859</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F373&amp;viewtype=text&amp;pageseq=477">p 459</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <span class="reference-text">“light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history”. <a href="#CITEREFDarwin1859">Darwin 1859</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F373&amp;viewtype=text&amp;pageseq=506">p 490</a>.Redaktörens översättning.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <span class="reference-text">As many more individuals of each species are born than can possibly survive; and as, consequently, there is a frequently recurring struggle for existence, it follows that any being, if it vary however slightly in any manner profitable to itself, under the complex and sometimes varying conditions of life, will have a better chance of surviving, and thus be <i>naturally selected</i>. From the strong principle of inheritance, any selected variety will tend to propagate its new and modified form.<a href="#CITEREFDarwin1859">Darwin 1859</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F373&amp;viewtype=text&amp;pageseq=20">p 5</a>. Redaktörens översättning.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <span class="reference-text">There is grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed into a few forms or into one; and that, whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved.<a href="#CITEREFDarwin1859">Darwin 1859</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F373&amp;viewtype=text&amp;pageseq=508">p 492</a>. Redaktörens översättning.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Wyhe2008b">van Wyhe 2008b</a>, s.&#160;48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowne2002">Browne 2002</a>, s.&#160;103–104, 379.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarwin1859">Darwin 1859</a>, s.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&amp;itemID=F373&amp;pageseq=506">488</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowne2002">Browne 2002</a>, s.&#160;87.<br /><a href="#CITEREFLeifchild1859">Leifchild 1859</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesmondMoore1991">Desmond &amp; Moore 1991</a>, s.&#160;477–491.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <span class="reference-text">"just as noble a conception of Deity". Redaktörens översättning.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Darwinanddesign-135">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-Darwinanddesign_135-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Darwinanddesign_135-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Darwinanddesign_135-2"><small>c</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Darwinanddesign_135-3"><small>d</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090615191012/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/content/view/110/104/">”Darwin and design: historical essay”</a>. Darwin Correspondence Project. 2007. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/content/view/110/104/">originalet</a>&#32;den 15 juni 2009<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090615191012/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/content/view/110/104/">https://web.archive.org/web/20090615191012/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/content/view/110/104/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">.&#32;Läst 17 september 2008</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Darwin+and+design%3A+historical+essay&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.pub=Darwin+Correspondence+Project&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20090615191012%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.darwinproject.ac.uk%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F110%2F104%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <span class="reference-text">“Mr Darwin’s masterly volume &#91;supporting&#93; the grand principle of the self-evolving powers of nature”.<a href="#CITEREFDesmondMoore1991">Desmond &amp; Moore 1991</a>, s.&#160;487–488, 500.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-miles-137">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-miles_137-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-miles_137-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiles2001">Miles 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <span class="reference-text">“The Lord has delivered him into my hands”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <span class="reference-text">“would rather be descended from an ape than from a cultivated man who used his gifts of culture and eloquence in the service of prejudice and falsehood”.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLucas1979">Lucas 1979</a>.<br /><a href="#CITEREFDesmondMoore1991">Desmond &amp; Moore 1991</a>, s.&#160;493–499.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowne2002">Browne 2002</a>, s.&#160;376–379.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesmondMoore1991">Desmond &amp; Moore 1991</a>, s.&#160;503–505.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDesmondMoore1991">Desmond &amp; Moore 1991</a>, s.&#160;507–508.<br /><a href="#CITEREFBrowne2002">Browne 2002</a>, s.&#160;128–129, 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-B217-144">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-B217_144-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-B217_144-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowne2002">Browne 2002</a>, s.&#160;217–226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-4652.html">”Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 4652 — Falconer, Hugh to Darwin, C. R., 3 Nov (1864)”</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-4652.html">http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-4652.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">.&#32;Läst 1 december 2008</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Darwin+Correspondence+Project+%E2%80%93+Letter+4652+%E2%80%94+Falconer%2C+Hugh+to+Darwin%2C+C.+R.%2C+3+Nov+%281864%29&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.darwinproject.ac.uk%2Fdarwinletters%2Fcalendar%2Fentry-4652.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <span class="reference-text">"science, pure and free, untrammelled by religious dogmas". Redaktörens översättning.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Letter4807-147"><a href="#cite_ref-Letter4807_147-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-4807.html#mark-4807.f8">”Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 4807 — Hooker, J. D. to Darwin, C. R., (7–8 Apr 1865)”</a><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-4807.html#mark-4807.f8">http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-4807.html#mark-4807.f8</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">.&#32;Läst 1 december 2008</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Darwin+Correspondence+Project+%E2%80%93+Letter+4807+%E2%80%94+Hooker%2C+J.+D.+to+Darwin%2C+C.+R.%2C+%287%E2%80%938+Apr+1865%29&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.darwinproject.ac.uk%2Fdarwinletters%2Fcalendar%2Fentry-4807.html%23mark-4807.f8&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Wyhe2008b">van Wyhe 2008b</a>, s.&#160;50–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/content/view/32/38/">Darwin Correspondence Project: Introduction to the Correspondence of Charles Darwin, Volume 14.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081207005442/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/content/view/32/38/">Arkiverad</a> 7 december 2008 hämtat från the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive#Wayback_Machine" title="Internet Archive">Wayback Machine</a>. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved on 2008-11-28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSmith1999">Smith 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFreeman1977">Freeman 1977</a>, s.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&amp;itemID=A1&amp;pageseq=123">122</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarwin1871">Darwin 1871</a>, s.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&amp;itemID=F937.2&amp;pageseq=402">385–405</a>.<br /><a href="#CITEREFBrowne2002">Browne 2002</a>, s.&#160;339–343.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <span class="reference-text">"everybody is talking about it without being shocked."<a href="#CITEREFBrowne2002">Browne 2002</a>, s.&#160;359–369.<br /><a href="#CITEREFDarwin1887">Darwin 1887</a>, s.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&amp;itemID=F1452.3&amp;pageseq=145">133</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <span class="reference-text">"that man with all his noble qualities, with sympathy which feels for the most debased, with benevolence which extends not only to other men but to the humblest living creature, with his god-like intellect which has penetrated into the movements and constitution of the solar system–with all these exalted powers–Man still bears in his bodily frame the indelible stamp of his lowly origin.”<a href="#CITEREFDarwin1871">Darwin 1871</a>, s.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F937.2&amp;viewtype=text&amp;pageseq=422">405</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBrowne2002">Browne 2002</a>, s.&#160;495–497.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aboutdarwin.com/darwin/burial.html">AboutDarwin.com – Darwin's Burial</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081209050302/http://www.aboutdarwin.com/darwin/burial.html">Arkiverad</a> 9 december 2008 hämtat från the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive#Wayback_Machine" title="Internet Archive">Wayback Machine</a>." (2008-02-10). besökt 2 mars 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_politics-157"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_politics_157-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7538482.stm">BBC NEWS&#160;: Politics&#160;: Thatcher state funeral undecided</a>" (2008-08-02). besökt 10 augusti 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Desmond, Adrian; Moore, James (1991), <i>Darwin</i>, London: Michael Joseph, Penguin Group, <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0-7181-3430-3" title="Special:Bokkällor/0-7181-3430-3">ISBN 0-7181-3430-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aboutdarwin.com/darwin/Children.html">The Children of Charles &amp; Emma Darwin.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061207054114/http://www.aboutdarwin.com/darwin/Children.html">Arkiverad</a> 7 december 2006 hämtat från the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive#Wayback_Machine" title="Internet Archive">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>AboutDarwin.com</i>. besökt 15 december 2006.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <span class="reference-text">O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Darwin.html">Charles Darwin</a>", <i>MacTutor History of Mathematics archive</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070210091600/http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/downloaddoc.asp?id=3120">”Royal Society Fellows’ Directory”</a>&#32;(PDF). Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/downloaddoc.asp?id=3120">originalet</a>&#32;den 10 februari 2007<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070210091600/http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/downloaddoc.asp?id=3120">https://web.archive.org/web/20070210091600/http://www.royalsoc.ac.uk/downloaddoc.asp?id=3120</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">.&#32;Läst 15 december 2006</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Royal+Society+Fellows%E2%80%99+Directory&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20070210091600%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalsoc.ac.uk%2Fdownloaddoc.asp%3Fid%3D3120&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Edwards, A. W. F. 2004. Darwin, Leonard (1850–1943). I: <i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i>, Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jvw41-163">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-jvw41_163-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jvw41_163-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Wyhe2008b">van Wyhe 2008b</a>, s.&#160;41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-biorelig-164">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-biorelig_164-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-biorelig_164-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDarwin1958">Darwin 1958</a>, s.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1497&amp;viewtype=side&amp;pageseq=87">85–96</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvon_Sydow2005">von Sydow 2005</a>, s.&#160;8–14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvon_Sydow2005">von Sydow 2005</a>, s.&#160;4–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoore2006">Moore 2006</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081227200052/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/content/view/152/144/">”Darwin Correspondence Project – Darwin and the church: historical essay”</a>. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/content/view/152/144/">originalet</a>&#32;den 27 december 2008<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081227200052/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/content/view/152/144/">https://web.archive.org/web/20081227200052/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/content/view/152/144/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">.&#32;Läst 4 januari 2009</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Darwin+Correspondence+Project+%E2%80%93+Darwin+and+the+church%3A+historical+essay&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20081227200052%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.darwinproject.ac.uk%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F152%2F144%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <span class="reference-text">“an <a href="/wiki/Agnosticism" title="Agnosticism">Agnostic</a> would be the more correct description of my state of mind.”</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stephenjaygould.org/ctrl/ladyhope.html">Simon Yates: The Lady Hope Story: A Widespread Falsehood</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoore2005">Moore 2005</a>.<br /><a href="#CITEREFYates2003">Yates 2003</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <span class="reference-text">"I am not the least afraid of death – Remember what a good wife you have been to me – Tell all my children to remember how good they have been to me"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <span class="reference-text">"It's almost worth while to be sick to be nursed by you".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web" id="CITEREFDarwin,_Emma1882"><a href="/wiki/Emma_Darwin" class="mw-redirect" title="Emma Darwin">Darwin, Emma</a>&#32;(27 november 1882).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=side&amp;itemID=CUL-DAR210.9&amp;pageseq=16">”[Reminiscences of Charles Darwin's last years.</a> CUL-DAR210.9”]<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=side&amp;itemID=CUL-DAR210.9&amp;pageseq=16">http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=side&amp;itemID=CUL-DAR210.9&amp;pageseq=16</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">.&#32;Läst 8 januari 2009</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=%5BReminiscences+of+Charles+Darwin%27s+last+years.%5D+CUL-DAR210.9&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.aulast=Darwin%2C+Emma&amp;rft.au=Darwin%2C+Emma&amp;rft.date=27+november+1882&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3Fviewtype%3Dside%26itemID%3DCUL-DAR210.9%26pageseq%3D16&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=1991">”Minor Planet Center 1991 Darwin”</a>&#32;(på engelska). Minor Planet Center<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=1991">https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=1991</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">.&#32;Läst 21 september 2020</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Minor+Planet+Center+1991+Darwin&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=Minor+Planet+Center&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minorplanetcenter.net%2Fdb_search%2Fshow_object%3Fobject_id%3D1991&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8989ba7406a085b3e471a789b4bcf10dd4aa38f4-176"><a href="#cite_ref-8989ba7406a085b3e471a789b4bcf10dd4aa38f4_176-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geolsoc.org.uk/About/Awards-Grants-and-Bursaries/Society-Awards/Wollaston-Medal">läs online</a>, <i>www.geolsoc.org.uk</i> , läst: 21 december 2020.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51141e1514645682d6bef19e42d5903d35bb761e-177"><a href="#cite_ref-51141e1514645682d6bef19e42d5903d35bb761e_177-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1dsunM9ukGLgaW3HdG9cvJ_QKd7pWjGI0qi_fCb1ROD4/pubhtml?gid=1336391689&amp;single=true"><span title="engelska">Award winners&#160;: Copley Medal</span></a></i> (på engelska), <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1dsunM9ukGLgaW3HdG9cvJ_QKd7pWjGI0qi_fCb1ROD4/pubhtml?gid=1336391689&amp;single=true">läs online</a>, läst: 30 december 2018.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-faebeda38312dd99089a9040f3eb27889571bce4-178"><a href="#cite_ref-faebeda38312dd99089a9040f3eb27889571bce4_178-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orden-pourlemerite.de/mitglieder/charles-robert-darwin?m=4&amp;u=2">läs online</a>, <i>www.orden-pourlemerite.de</i> , läst: 6 september 2023.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ec29d66115ba98643202713d655fb3358cf5b9e8-179"><a href="#cite_ref-ec29d66115ba98643202713d655fb3358cf5b9e8_179-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royalsociety.org.nz/who-we-are/our-people/our-fellows/all-honorary-fellows/">läs online</a>, <i>www.royalsociety.org.nz</i> .<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-d50c1ffafef7c1f41a3f1c640452703c855f1223-180"><a href="#cite_ref-d50c1ffafef7c1f41a3f1c640452703c855f1223_180-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><i><span title="italienska">Premio Bressa</span></i>, Accademia delle Scienze di Torino, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accademiadellescienze.it/attivita/premi-e-borse/premi-del-passato/premio-bressa">läs online</a><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.accademiadellescienze.it/attivita/premi-e-borse/premi-del-passato/premio-bressa">läs online</a>.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25cb7db8546f0eca8ecd7e3598b50712fc878fe9-181"><a href="#cite_ref-25cb7db8546f0eca8ecd7e3598b50712fc878fe9_181-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universiteitleiden.nl/en/about-us/facts-and-figures/laureates">läs online</a>, <i>www.universiteitleiden.nl</i> .<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96586123dace32c7b47af2aa034a9e6b5ee30c05-182"><a href="#cite_ref-96586123dace32c7b47af2aa034a9e6b5ee30c05_182-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Colin Matthew (red.), <i><span title="engelska">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</span></i>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 2004, ODNB-ID: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/7176">7176</a>.<sup><small>[källa från Wikidata]</small></sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Källor"><span id="K.C3.A4llor"></span>Källor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=17" title="Redigera avsnitt: Källor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Källor"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="" id="CITEREFBowler1989"><a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Bowler" title="Peter J. Bowler">Bowler, Peter J.</a>&#32;(1989),&#32;<i><span>The Mendelian Revolution: The Emergence of Hereditarian Concepts in Modern Science and Society</span></i>, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0-485-11375-9" title="Special:Bokkällor/0-485-11375-9">ISBN 0-485-11375-9</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Mendelian+Revolution%3A+The+Emergence+of+Hereditarian+Concepts+in+Modern+Science+and+Society&amp;rft.aulast=Bowler&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&amp;rft.au=Bowler%2C+Peter+J.&amp;rft.date=1989&amp;rft.place=Baltimore&amp;rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&amp;rft.isbn=0-485-11375-9&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="" id="CITEREFBowler1990"><a href="/wiki/Peter_J._Bowler" title="Peter J. Bowler">Bowler, Peter J.</a>&#32;(1990),&#32;<i><span>Charles Darwin: The Man and His Influence</span></i>, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0-631-16818-4" title="Special:Bokkällor/0-631-16818-4">ISBN 0-631-16818-4</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Charles+Darwin%3A+The+Man+and+His+Influence&amp;rft.aulast=Bowler&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter+J.&amp;rft.au=Bowler%2C+Peter+J.&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.place=Oxford&amp;rft.pub=Basil+Blackwell&amp;rft.isbn=0-631-16818-4&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="" id="CITEREFBrowne1995"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Janet_Browne&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Janet Browne [inte skriven än]">Browne, E. Janet</a>&#32;(1995),&#32;<i><span>Charles Darwin: vol. 1 Voyaging</span></i>, London: Jonathan Cape, <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/1-84413-314-1" title="Special:Bokkällor/1-84413-314-1">ISBN 1-84413-314-1</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Charles+Darwin%3A+vol.+1+Voyaging&amp;rft.aulast=Browne&amp;rft.aufirst=E.+Janet&amp;rft.au=Browne%2C+E.+Janet&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&amp;rft.isbn=1-84413-314-1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="" id="CITEREFBrowne2002"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Janet_Browne&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Janet Browne [inte skriven än]">Browne, E. Janet</a>&#32;(2002),&#32;<i><span>Charles Darwin: vol. 2 The Power of Place</span></i>, London: Jonathan Cape, <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0-7126-6837-3" title="Special:Bokkällor/0-7126-6837-3">ISBN 0-7126-6837-3</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Charles+Darwin%3A+vol.+2+The+Power+of+Place&amp;rft.aulast=Browne&amp;rft.aufirst=E.+Janet&amp;rft.au=Browne%2C+E.+Janet&amp;rft.date=2002&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Jonathan+Cape&amp;rft.isbn=0-7126-6837-3&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="" id="CITEREFDarwin1835">Darwin, Charles&#32;(1835),&#32;<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1&amp;viewtype=text&amp;pageseq=1">Extracts from letters to Professor Henslow</a></i>, Cambridge: [privately printed]<span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1&amp;viewtype=text&amp;pageseq=1">http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1&amp;viewtype=text&amp;pageseq=1</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">,&#32;läst 1 november 2008</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Extracts+from+letters+to+Professor+Henslow&amp;rft.aulast=Darwin&amp;rft.aufirst=Charles&amp;rft.au=Darwin%2C+Charles&amp;rft.date=1835&amp;rft.place=Cambridge&amp;rft.pub=%5Bprivately+printed%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3FitemID%3DF1%26viewtype%3Dtext%26pageseq%3D1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="" id="CITEREFDarwin1837">Darwin, Charles&#32;(1837),&#32;<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=side&amp;itemID=CUL-DAR121.-&amp;pageseq=1">Notebook B: [Transmutation of species</a>]</i>, Darwin Online, CUL-DAR121<span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=side&amp;itemID=CUL-DAR121.-&amp;pageseq=1">http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=side&amp;itemID=CUL-DAR121.-&amp;pageseq=1</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">,&#32;läst 20 december 2008</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Notebook+B%3A+%5BTransmutation+of+species%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Darwin&amp;rft.aufirst=Charles&amp;rft.au=Darwin%2C+Charles&amp;rft.date=1837&amp;rft.pub=Darwin+Online&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3Fviewtype%3Dside%26itemID%3DCUL-DAR121.-%26pageseq%3D1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="" id="CITEREFDarwin1839">Darwin, Charles&#32;(1839),&#32;<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F10.3&amp;viewtype=text&amp;pageseq=1">Narrative of the surveying voyages of His Majesty's Ships Adventure and Beagle between the years 1826 and 1836, describing their examination of the southern shores of South America, and the Beagle's circumnavigation of the globe. </a><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Voyage_of_the_Beagle&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="The Voyage of the Beagle [inte skriven än]">Journal and remarks</a>. 1832-1836.</i>, "III", London: Henry Colburn<span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F10.3&amp;viewtype=text&amp;pageseq=1">http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F10.3&amp;viewtype=text&amp;pageseq=1</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">,&#32;läst 24 oktober 2008</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Narrative+of+the+surveying+voyages+of+His+Majesty%27s+Ships+Adventure+and+Beagle+between+the+years+1826+and+1836%2C+describing+their+examination+of+the+southern+shores+of+South+America%2C+and+the+Beagle%27s+circumnavigation+of+the+globe.+%5B%5BThe+Voyage+of+the+Beagle%7CJournal+and+remarks%5D%5D.+1832-1836.&amp;rft.aulast=Darwin&amp;rft.aufirst=Charles&amp;rft.au=Darwin%2C+Charles&amp;rft.date=1839&amp;rft.volume=III&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Henry+Colburn&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3FitemID%3DF10.3%26viewtype%3Dtext%26pageseq%3D1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="" id="CITEREFDarwin1842">Darwin, Charles&#32;(1842),&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&amp;itemID=F1556&amp;pageseq=33">”Pencil Sketch of 1842”</a>, i&#32;<a href="/wiki/Francis_Darwin" title="Francis Darwin">Darwin, Francis</a>,&#32;<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1556&amp;viewtype=text&amp;pageseq=1">The foundations of The origin of species: Two essays written in 1842 and 1844.</a></i>, Cambridge University Press, 1909<span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&amp;itemID=F1556&amp;pageseq=33">http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&amp;itemID=F1556&amp;pageseq=33</a></span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Pencil+Sketch+of+1842&amp;rft.atitle=The+foundations+of+The+origin+of+species%3A+Two+essays+written+in+1842+and+1844.&amp;rft.aulast=Darwin&amp;rft.aufirst=Charles&amp;rft.au=Darwin%2C+Charles&amp;rft.date=1842&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3FitemID%3DF1556%26viewtype%3Dtext%26pageseq%3D1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="" id="CITEREFDarwin1845">Darwin, Charles&#32;(1845),&#32;<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F20&amp;viewtype=text&amp;pageseq=1"></a><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Voyage_of_the_Beagle&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="The Voyage of the Beagle [inte skriven än]">Journal of researches</a> into the natural history and geology of the countries visited during the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle round the world, under the Command of Capt. Fitz Roy, R.N. 2d edition</i>, London: John Murray<span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F20&amp;viewtype=text&amp;pageseq=1">http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F20&amp;viewtype=text&amp;pageseq=1</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">,&#32;läst 24 oktober 2008</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%5B%5BThe+Voyage+of+the+Beagle%7CJournal+of+researches%5D%5D+into+the+natural+history+and+geology+of+the+countries+visited+during+the+voyage+of+H.M.S.+Beagle+round+the+world%2C+under+the+Command+of+Capt.+Fitz+Roy%2C+R.N.+2d+edition&amp;rft.aulast=Darwin&amp;rft.aufirst=Charles&amp;rft.au=Darwin%2C+Charles&amp;rft.date=1845&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=John+Murray&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3FitemID%3DF20%26viewtype%3Dtext%26pageseq%3D1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="" id="CITEREFDarwinWallace1858">Darwin, Charles; <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Wallace, Alfred Russel</a>&#32;(1858),&#32;<i><span><a href="/w/index.php?title=On_the_Tendency_of_Species_to_form_Varieties;_and_on_the_Perpetuation_of_Varieties_and_Species_by_Natural_Means_of_Selection&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection [inte skriven än]">On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection</a></span></i>, Zoology 3, Journal of the Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London, s.&#160;46–50<span class="reference-accessdate">,&#32;läst 30 oktober 2008</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%5B%5BOn+the+Tendency+of+Species+to+form+Varieties%3B+and+on+the+Perpetuation+of+Varieties+and+Species+by+Natural+Means+of+Selection%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Darwin&amp;rft.aufirst=Charles&amp;rft.au=Darwin%2C+Charles&amp;rft.au=Wallace%2C+Alfred+Russel&amp;rft.date=1858&amp;rft.series=Zoology+3&amp;rft.pages=s.%26nbsp%3B46%E2%80%9350&amp;rft.pub=Journal+of+the+Proceedings+of+the+Linnean+Society+of+London&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="" id="CITEREFDarwin1859">Darwin, Charles&#32;(1859),&#32;<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F373&amp;viewtype=text&amp;pageseq=1"></a><a href="/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Origin of Species">On the Origin of Species</a> by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life</i>&#32;(1st), London: John Murray<span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F373&amp;viewtype=text&amp;pageseq=1">http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F373&amp;viewtype=text&amp;pageseq=1</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">,&#32;läst 24 oktober 2008</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%5B%5BOn+the+Origin+of+Species%5D%5D+by+Means+of+Natural+Selection%2C+or+the+Preservation+of+Favoured+Races+in+the+Struggle+for+Life&amp;rft.aulast=Darwin&amp;rft.aufirst=Charles&amp;rft.au=Darwin%2C+Charles&amp;rft.date=1859&amp;rft.edition=1st&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=John+Murray&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3FitemID%3DF373%26viewtype%3Dtext%26pageseq%3D1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="" id="CITEREFDarwin1868">Darwin, Charles&#32;(1868),&#32;<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F880.1&amp;viewtype=text&amp;pageseq=1">The variation of animals and plants under domestication</a></i>, London: John Murray<span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F880.1&amp;viewtype=text&amp;pageseq=1">http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F880.1&amp;viewtype=text&amp;pageseq=1</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">,&#32;läst 1 november 2008</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+variation+of+animals+and+plants+under+domestication&amp;rft.aulast=Darwin&amp;rft.aufirst=Charles&amp;rft.au=Darwin%2C+Charles&amp;rft.date=1868&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=John+Murray&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3FitemID%3DF880.1%26viewtype%3Dtext%26pageseq%3D1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="" id="CITEREFDarwin1871">Darwin, Charles&#32;(1871),&#32;<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Freeman_TheDescentofMan.html"></a><a href="/wiki/The_Descent_of_Man,_and_Selection_in_Relation_to_Sex" class="mw-redirect" title="The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex">The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex</a></i>&#32;(1st), London: John Murray<span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Freeman_TheDescentofMan.html">http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Freeman_TheDescentofMan.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">,&#32;läst 24 oktober 2008</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%5B%5BThe+Descent+of+Man%2C+and+Selection+in+Relation+to+Sex%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Darwin&amp;rft.aufirst=Charles&amp;rft.au=Darwin%2C+Charles&amp;rft.date=1871&amp;rft.edition=1st&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=John+Murray&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2FEditorialIntroductions%2FFreeman_TheDescentofMan.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="" id="CITEREFDarwin1872">Darwin, Charles&#32;(1872),&#32;<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1142&amp;viewtype=text&amp;pageseq=1"></a><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Expression_of_the_Emotions_in_Man_and_Animals&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals [inte skriven än]">The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals</a></i>, London: John Murray<span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1142&amp;viewtype=text&amp;pageseq=1">http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1142&amp;viewtype=text&amp;pageseq=1</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">,&#32;läst 4 november 2008</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%5B%5BThe+Expression+of+the+Emotions+in+Man+and+Animals%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Darwin&amp;rft.aufirst=Charles&amp;rft.au=Darwin%2C+Charles&amp;rft.date=1872&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=John+Murray&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3FitemID%3DF1142%26viewtype%3Dtext%26pageseq%3D1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="" id="CITEREFDarwin1887">Darwin, Charles&#32;(1887), <a href="/wiki/Francis_Darwin" title="Francis Darwin">Darwin, Francis</a>, red.,&#32;<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Freeman_LifeandLettersandAutobiography.html">The life and letters of Charles Darwin, including an autobiographical chapter</a></i>, London: John Murray<span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Freeman_LifeandLettersandAutobiography.html">http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Freeman_LifeandLettersandAutobiography.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">,&#32;läst 4 november 2008</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+life+and+letters+of+Charles+Darwin%2C+including+an+autobiographical+chapter&amp;rft.aulast=Darwin&amp;rft.aufirst=Charles&amp;rft.au=Darwin%2C+Charles&amp;rft.date=1887&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=John+Murray&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2FEditorialIntroductions%2FFreeman_LifeandLettersandAutobiography.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="" id="CITEREFDarwin1958">Darwin, Charles&#32;(1958), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nora_Barlow&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nora Barlow [inte skriven än]">Barlow, Nora</a>, red.,&#32;<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Freeman_LifeandLettersandAutobiography.html"></a><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Autobiography_of_Charles_Darwin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="The Autobiography of Charles Darwin [inte skriven än]">The Autobiography of Charles Darwin</a> 1809–1882. With the original omissions restored. Edited and with appendix and notes by his granddaughter Nora Barlow</i>, London: Collins<span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Freeman_LifeandLettersandAutobiography.html">http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/Freeman_LifeandLettersandAutobiography.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">,&#32;läst 4 november 2008</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=%5B%5BThe+Autobiography+of+Charles+Darwin%5D%5D+1809%E2%80%931882.+With+the+original+omissions+restored.+Edited+and+with+appendix+and+notes+by+his+granddaughter+Nora+Barlow&amp;rft.aulast=Darwin&amp;rft.aufirst=Charles&amp;rft.au=Darwin%2C+Charles&amp;rft.date=1958&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Collins&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2FEditorialIntroductions%2FFreeman_LifeandLettersandAutobiography.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="" id="CITEREFDarwin2006">Darwin, Charles&#32;(2006),&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=side&amp;itemID=CUL-DAR158.1-76&amp;pageseq=1">”Journal”</a>, i&#32;van Wyhe, John,&#32;<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/EditorialIntroductions/vanWyhe_JournalDAR158.html">[Darwin's personal 'Journal' (1809-1881)</a>]</i>, Darwin Online, CUL-DAR158.1-76<span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=side&amp;itemID=CUL-DAR158.1-76&amp;pageseq=1">http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=side&amp;itemID=CUL-DAR158.1-76&amp;pageseq=1</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">,&#32;läst 20 december 2008</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Journal&amp;rft.atitle=%5BDarwin%27s+personal+%27Journal%27+%281809-1881%29%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Darwin&amp;rft.aufirst=Charles&amp;rft.au=Darwin%2C+Charles&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.pub=Darwin+Online&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2FEditorialIntroductions%2FvanWyhe_JournalDAR158.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="" id="CITEREFDesmondMoore1991">Desmond, Adrian; <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Moore_(biographer)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="James Moore (biographer) [inte skriven än]">Moore, James</a>&#32;(1991),&#32;<i><span>Darwin</span></i>, London: Michael Joseph, Penguin Group, <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0-7181-3430-3" title="Special:Bokkällor/0-7181-3430-3">ISBN 0-7181-3430-3</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Darwin&amp;rft.aulast=Desmond&amp;rft.aufirst=Adrian&amp;rft.au=Desmond%2C+Adrian&amp;rft.au=Moore%2C+James&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Michael+Joseph%2C+Penguin+Group&amp;rft.isbn=0-7181-3430-3&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="" id="CITEREFDobzhansky1973"><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_Dobzhansky" title="Theodosius Dobzhansky">Dobzhansky, Theodosius</a>&#32;(March 1973),&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.2think.org/dobzhansky.shtml">”Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution”</a>,&#32;<i>The American Biology Teacher</i>&#32;35: 125–129<span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.2think.org/dobzhansky.shtml">http://www.2think.org/dobzhansky.shtml</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">,&#32;läst 4 november 2008</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Nothing+in+Biology+Makes+Sense+Except+in+the+Light+of+Evolution&amp;rft.jtitle=The+American+Biology+Teacher&amp;rft.aulast=Dobzhansky&amp;rft.aufirst=Theodosius&amp;rft.au=Dobzhansky%2C+Theodosius&amp;rft.date=March+1973&amp;rft.volume=35&amp;rft.pages=125%E2%80%93129&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.2think.org%2Fdobzhansky.shtml&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="" id="CITEREFEldredge2006"><a href="/wiki/Niles_Eldredge" title="Niles Eldredge">Eldredge, Niles</a>&#32;(2006),&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vqronline.org/articles/2006/spring/eldredge-confessions-darwinist/">”Confessions of a Darwinist”</a>,&#32;<i>The Virginia Quarterly Review</i>&#32;(Spring 2006): 32–53<span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.vqronline.org/articles/2006/spring/eldredge-confessions-darwinist/">http://www.vqronline.org/articles/2006/spring/eldredge-confessions-darwinist/</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">,&#32;läst 4 november 2008</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Confessions+of+a+Darwinist&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Virginia+Quarterly+Review&amp;rft.aulast=Eldredge&amp;rft.aufirst=Niles&amp;rft.au=Eldredge%2C+Niles&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.issue=Spring+2006&amp;rft.pages=32%E2%80%9353&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vqronline.org%2Farticles%2F2006%2Fspring%2Feldredge-confessions-darwinist%2F&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="" id="CITEREFFreeman1977">Freeman, R. B.&#32;(1977),&#32;<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=A1&amp;viewtype=text&amp;pageseq=1">The Works of Charles Darwin: An Annotated Bibliographical Handlist</a></i>, Folkestone: Wm Dawson &amp; Sons Ltd<span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=A1&amp;viewtype=text&amp;pageseq=1">http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=A1&amp;viewtype=text&amp;pageseq=1</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">,&#32;läst 4 november 2008</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Works+of+Charles+Darwin%3A+An+Annotated+Bibliographical+Handlist&amp;rft.aulast=Freeman&amp;rft.aufirst=R.+B.&amp;rft.au=Freeman%2C+R.+B.&amp;rft.date=1977&amp;rft.place=Folkestone&amp;rft.pub=Wm+Dawson+%26+Sons+Ltd&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3FitemID%3DA1%26viewtype%3Dtext%26pageseq%3D1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="" id="CITEREFHerbert1980">Herbert, Sandra&#32;(1980),&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&amp;itemID=F1583e&amp;pageseq=1">”The red notebook of Charles Darwin”</a>,&#32;<i>Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History)</i>, Historical Series&#32;(7 (24 April)): 1–164<span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&amp;itemID=F1583e&amp;pageseq=1">http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&amp;itemID=F1583e&amp;pageseq=1</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">,&#32;läst 11 januari 2009</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=The+red+notebook+of+Charles+Darwin&amp;rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+British+Museum+%28Natural+History%29&amp;rft.aulast=Herbert&amp;rft.aufirst=Sandra&amp;rft.au=Herbert%2C+Sandra&amp;rft.date=1980&amp;rft.series=Historical+Series&amp;rft.issue=7+%2824+April%29&amp;rft.pages=1%E2%80%93164&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3Fviewtype%3Dtext%26itemID%3DF1583e%26pageseq%3D1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="" id="CITEREFHerbert1991">Herbert, Sandra&#32;(1991),&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&amp;itemID=A342&amp;pageseq=1">”Charles Darwin as a prospective geological author”</a>,&#32;<i>British Journal for the History of Science</i>&#32;(24): 159–192<span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&amp;itemID=A342&amp;pageseq=1">http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&amp;itemID=A342&amp;pageseq=1</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">,&#32;läst 24 oktober 2008</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Charles+Darwin+as+a+prospective+geological+author&amp;rft.jtitle=British+Journal+for+the+History+of+Science&amp;rft.aulast=Herbert&amp;rft.aufirst=Sandra&amp;rft.au=Herbert%2C+Sandra&amp;rft.date=1991&amp;rft.issue=24&amp;rft.pages=159%E2%80%93192&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3Fviewtype%3Dtext%26itemID%3DA342%26pageseq%3D1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="" id="CITEREFKeynes2000"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Keynes&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Keynes [inte skriven än]">Keynes, Richard</a>&#32;(2000),&#32;<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1840&amp;viewtype=text&amp;pageseq=1">Charles Darwin’s zoology notes &amp; specimen lists from H.M.S. Beagle.</a></i>, Cambridge University Press<span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1840&amp;viewtype=text&amp;pageseq=1">http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1840&amp;viewtype=text&amp;pageseq=1</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">,&#32;läst 22 november 2008</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Charles+Darwin%E2%80%99s+zoology+notes+%26+specimen+lists+from+H.M.S.+Beagle.&amp;rft.aulast=Keynes&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard&amp;rft.au=Keynes%2C+Richard&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3FitemID%3DF1840%26viewtype%3Dtext%26pageseq%3D1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="" id="CITEREFKeynes2001"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Keynes&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Keynes [inte skriven än]">Keynes, Richard</a>&#32;(2001),&#32;<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1925&amp;viewtype=text&amp;pageseq=1">Charles Darwin's Beagle Diary</a></i>, Cambridge University Press<span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1925&amp;viewtype=text&amp;pageseq=1">http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?itemID=F1925&amp;viewtype=text&amp;pageseq=1</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">,&#32;läst 24 oktober 2008</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Charles+Darwin%27s+Beagle+Diary&amp;rft.aulast=Keynes&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard&amp;rft.au=Keynes%2C+Richard&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3FitemID%3DF1925%26viewtype%3Dtext%26pageseq%3D1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="" id="CITEREFLeff2000">Leff, David&#32;(2000),&#32;<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130828111301/http://www.aboutdarwin.com/index.html">AboutDarwin.com</a></i>&#32;(2000–2008), arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aboutdarwin.com/index.html">ursprungsadressen</a> &#32;den 2013-08-28<span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130828111301/http://www.aboutdarwin.com/index.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20130828111301/http://www.aboutdarwin.com/index.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">,&#32;läst 30 december 2008</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=AboutDarwin.com&amp;rft.aulast=Leff&amp;rft.aufirst=David&amp;rft.au=Leff%2C+David&amp;rft.date=2000&amp;rft.edition=2000%E2%80%932008&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20130828111301%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.aboutdarwin.com%2Findex.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="" id="CITEREFLeifchild1859">Leifchild&#32;(1859),&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=image&amp;itemID=CUL-DAR226.1.8&amp;pageseq=1">”Review of 'Origin'”</a>,&#32;<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athenaeum_(magazine)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Athenaeum (magazine) [inte skriven än]">Athenaeum</a></i>&#32;(No. 1673, 19 November 1859)<span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=image&amp;itemID=CUL-DAR226.1.8&amp;pageseq=1">http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=image&amp;itemID=CUL-DAR226.1.8&amp;pageseq=1</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">,&#32;läst 22 november 2008</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Review+of+%27Origin%27&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BAthenaeum+%28magazine%29%7CAthenaeum%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Leifchild&amp;rft.au=Leifchild&amp;rft.date=1859&amp;rft.issue=No.+1673%2C+19+November+1859&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3Fviewtype%3Dimage%26itemID%3DCUL-DAR226.1.8%26pageseq%3D1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="" id="CITEREFLucas1979">Lucas, J. R.&#32;(1979),&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.ox.ac.uk/~jrlucas/legend.html">”Wilberforce and Huxley: A Legendary Encounter”</a>,&#32;<i>The Historical Journal</i>&#32;22&#32;(2): 313–330<span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://users.ox.ac.uk/~jrlucas/legend.html">http://users.ox.ac.uk/~jrlucas/legend.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">,&#32;läst 22 november 2008</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Wilberforce+and+Huxley%3A+A+Legendary+Encounter&amp;rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Journal&amp;rft.aulast=Lucas&amp;rft.aufirst=J.+R.&amp;rft.au=Lucas%2C+J.+R.&amp;rft.date=1979&amp;rft.volume=22&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=313%E2%80%93330&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusers.ox.ac.uk%2F%7Ejrlucas%2Flegend.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="" id="CITEREFMiles2001">Miles, Sara Joan&#32;(2001),&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/2001/PSCF9-01Miles.html">”Charles Darwin and Asa Gray Discuss Teleology and Design”</a>,&#32;<i>Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith</i>&#32;53: 196–201<span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/2001/PSCF9-01Miles.html">http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/2001/PSCF9-01Miles.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">,&#32;läst 22 november 2008</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Charles+Darwin+and+Asa+Gray+Discuss+Teleology+and+Design&amp;rft.jtitle=Perspectives+on+Science+and+Christian+Faith&amp;rft.aulast=Miles&amp;rft.aufirst=Sara+Joan&amp;rft.au=Miles%2C+Sara+Joan&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.volume=53&amp;rft.pages=196%E2%80%93201&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asa3.org%2FASA%2FPSCF%2F2001%2FPSCF9-01Miles.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="" id="CITEREFMoore2005"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Moore_(biographer)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="James Moore (biographer) [inte skriven än]">Moore, James</a>&#32;(2005)&#32;(PDF),&#32;<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080227014518/http://speakingoffaith.publicradio.org/programs/darwin/moore-devilschaplain.pdf">Darwin — A 'Devil’s Chaplain'?</a></i>, American Public Media, arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://speakingoffaith.publicradio.org/programs/darwin/moore-devilschaplain.pdf">ursprungsadressen</a> &#32;den 2008-02-27<span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080227014518/http://speakingoffaith.publicradio.org/programs/darwin/moore-devilschaplain.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20080227014518/http://speakingoffaith.publicradio.org/programs/darwin/moore-devilschaplain.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">,&#32;läst 22 november 2008</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Darwin+%E2%80%94+A+%27Devil%E2%80%99s+Chaplain%27%3F&amp;rft.aulast=Moore&amp;rft.aufirst=James&amp;rft.au=Moore%2C+James&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.pub=American+Public+Media&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20080227014518%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fspeakingoffaith.publicradio.org%2Fprograms%2Fdarwin%2Fmoore-devilschaplain.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="" id="CITEREFMoore2006"><a href="/w/index.php?title=James_Moore_(biographer)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="James Moore (biographer) [inte skriven än]">Moore, James</a>&#32;(2006),&#32;<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081222020720/http://speakingoffaith.publicradio.org/programs/darwin/transcript.shtml">Evolution and Wonder - Understanding Charles Darwin</a></i>, Speaking of Faith (Radio Program), American Public Media, arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://speakingoffaith.publicradio.org/programs/darwin/transcript.shtml">ursprungsadressen</a> &#32;den 2008-12-22<span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081222020720/http://speakingoffaith.publicradio.org/programs/darwin/transcript.shtml">https://web.archive.org/web/20081222020720/http://speakingoffaith.publicradio.org/programs/darwin/transcript.shtml</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">,&#32;läst 22 november 2008</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Evolution+and+Wonder+-+Understanding+Charles+Darwin&amp;rft.aulast=Moore&amp;rft.aufirst=James&amp;rft.au=Moore%2C+James&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.series=Speaking+of+Faith+%28Radio+Program%29&amp;rft.pub=American+Public+Media&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20081222020720%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fspeakingoffaith.publicradio.org%2Fprograms%2Fdarwin%2Ftranscript.shtml&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="" id="CITEREFOwen1840"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Owen" title="Richard Owen">Owen, Richard</a>&#32;(1840), Darwin, C. R., red.,&#32;<i><span>Fossil Mammalia Part 1</span></i>, The zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle, London: Smith Elder and Co</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Fossil+Mammalia+Part+1&amp;rft.aulast=Owen&amp;rft.aufirst=Richard&amp;rft.au=Owen%2C+Richard&amp;rft.date=1840&amp;rft.series=The+zoology+of+the+voyage+of+H.M.S.+Beagle&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Smith+Elder+and+Co&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="" id="CITEREFSmith1999">Smith, Charles H.&#32;(1999),&#32;<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wku.edu/~smithch/essays/ARWPAMPH.htm">Alfred Russel Wallace on Spiritualism, Man, and Evolution: An Analytical Essay</a></i><span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.wku.edu/~smithch/essays/ARWPAMPH.htm">http://www.wku.edu/~smithch/essays/ARWPAMPH.htm</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">,&#32;läst 7 december 2008</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Alfred+Russel+Wallace+on+Spiritualism%2C+Man%2C+and+Evolution%3A+An+Analytical+Essay&amp;rft.aulast=Smith&amp;rft.aufirst=Charles+H.&amp;rft.au=Smith%2C+Charles+H.&amp;rft.date=1999&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wku.edu%2F%7Esmithch%2Fessays%2FARWPAMPH.htm&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="" id="CITEREFSulloway1982"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Sulloway&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank Sulloway [inte skriven än]">Sulloway, Frank J.</a>&#32;(1982),&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sulloway.org/Finches.pdf">”Darwin and His Finches: The Evolution of a Legend”</a>&#32;(pdf),&#32;<i>Journal of the History of Biology</i>&#32;15&#32;(1): 1–53, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00132004">10.1007/BF00132004</a></span>, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/0022-5010">0022-5010</a><span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.sulloway.org/Finches.pdf">http://www.sulloway.org/Finches.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">,&#32;läst 9 december 2008</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Darwin+and+His+Finches%3A+The+Evolution+of+a+Legend&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Biology&amp;rft.aulast=Sulloway&amp;rft.aufirst=Frank+J.&amp;rft.au=Sulloway%2C+Frank+J.&amp;rft.date=1982&amp;rft.volume=15&amp;rft.issue=1&amp;rft.pages=1%E2%80%9353&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1007%2FBF00132004&amp;rft.issn=0022-5010&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sulloway.org%2FFinches.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="" id="CITEREFWilkins1997">Wilkins, John S.&#32;(1997),&#32;<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/evolphil/social.html">Evolution and Philosophy: Does evolution make might right?</a></i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=TalkOrigins_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="TalkOrigins Archive [inte skriven än]">TalkOrigins Archive</a><span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/evolphil/social.html">http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/evolphil/social.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">,&#32;läst 22 november 2008</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Evolution+and+Philosophy%3A+Does+evolution+make+might+right%3F&amp;rft.aulast=Wilkins&amp;rft.aufirst=John+S.&amp;rft.au=Wilkins%2C+John+S.&amp;rft.date=1997&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BTalkOrigins+Archive%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.talkorigins.org%2Ffaqs%2Fevolphil%2Fsocial.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="" id="CITEREFvan_Wyhe2007">van Wyhe, John&#32;(27 March 2007),&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&amp;itemID=A544&amp;pageseq=1">”Mind the gap: Did Darwin avoid publishing his theory for many years?”</a>,&#32;<i>Notes and Records of the Royal Society</i>&#32;61: 177–205, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frsnr.2006.0171">10.1098/rsnr.2006.0171</a></span><span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&amp;itemID=A544&amp;pageseq=1">http://darwin-online.org.uk/content/frameset?viewtype=text&amp;itemID=A544&amp;pageseq=1</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">,&#32;läst 7 februari 2008</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Mind+the+gap%3A+Did+Darwin+avoid+publishing+his+theory+for+many+years%3F&amp;rft.jtitle=Notes+and+Records+of+the+Royal+Society&amp;rft.aulast=van+Wyhe&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft.au=van+Wyhe%2C+John&amp;rft.date=27+March+2007&amp;rft.volume=61&amp;rft.pages=177%E2%80%93205&amp;rft_id=info:doi/10.1098%2Frsnr.2006.0171&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fcontent%2Fframeset%3Fviewtype%3Dtext%26itemID%3DA544%26pageseq%3D1&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="" id="CITEREFvan_Wyhe2008">van Wyhe, John&#32;(2008),&#32;<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/darwin.html">Charles Darwin: gentleman naturalist: A biographical sketch</a></i>, Darwin Online<span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://darwin-online.org.uk/darwin.html">http://darwin-online.org.uk/darwin.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">,&#32;läst 17 november 2008</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Charles+Darwin%3A+gentleman+naturalist%3A+A+biographical+sketch&amp;rft.aulast=van+Wyhe&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft.au=van+Wyhe%2C+John&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.pub=Darwin+Online&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdarwin-online.org.uk%2Fdarwin.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="" id="CITEREFvan_Wyhe2008b">van Wyhe, John&#32;(2008b),&#32;<i><span>Darwin: The Story of the Man and His Theories of Evolution</span></i>, London: Andre Deutsch Ltd&#32;(publicerad 1 September 2008), <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0-233-00251-0" title="Special:Bokkällor/0-233-00251-0">ISBN 0-233-00251-0</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Darwin%3A+The+Story+of+the+Man+and+His+Theories+of+Evolution&amp;rft.aulast=van+Wyhe&amp;rft.aufirst=John&amp;rft.au=van+Wyhe%2C+John&amp;rft.date=2008b&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.pub=Andre+Deutsch+Ltd&amp;rft.isbn=0-233-00251-0&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="" id="CITEREFvon_Sydow2005">von Sydow, Momme&#32;(2005),&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psych.uni-goettingen.de/abt/1/sydow/von_Sydow_(2005)_Darwin_A_Christian_Undermining_Christianity.pdf">”Darwin – A Christian Undermining Christianity? On Self-Undermining Dynamics of Ideas Between Belief and Science”</a>, i&#32;Knight, David M.; Eddy, Matthew D.,&#32;<i><span>Science and Beliefs: From Natural Philosophy to Natural Science, 1700–1900</span></i>, Burlington: Ashgate, s.&#160;141–156, <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0-7546-3996-7" title="Special:Bokkällor/0-7546-3996-7">ISBN 0-7546-3996-7</a><span class="reference-accessdate">,&#32;läst 16 december 2008</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=Darwin+%E2%80%93+A+Christian+Undermining+Christianity%3F+On+Self-Undermining+Dynamics+of+Ideas+Between+Belief+and+Science&amp;rft.atitle=Science+and+Beliefs%3A+From+Natural+Philosophy+to+Natural+Science%2C+1700%E2%80%931900&amp;rft.aulast=von+Sydow&amp;rft.aufirst=Momme&amp;rft.au=von+Sydow%2C+Momme&amp;rft.date=2005&amp;rft.pages=s.%26nbsp%3B141%E2%80%93156&amp;rft.place=Burlington&amp;rft.pub=Ashgate&amp;rft.isbn=0-7546-3996-7&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="" id="CITEREFYates2003">Yates, Simon&#32;(2003),&#32;<i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/hope.html">The Lady Hope Story: A Widespread Falsehood</a></i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=TalkOrigins_Archive&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="TalkOrigins Archive [inte skriven än]">TalkOrigins Archive</a><span class="printonly">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/hope.html">http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/hope.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">,&#32;läst 15 december 2006</span></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Lady+Hope+Story%3A+A+Widespread+Falsehood&amp;rft.aulast=Yates&amp;rft.aufirst=Simon&amp;rft.au=Yates%2C+Simon&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.pub=%5B%5BTalkOrigins+Archive%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.talkorigins.org%2Ffaqs%2Fhope.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vidare_läsning"><span id="Vidare_l.C3.A4sning"></span>Vidare läsning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=18" title="Redigera avsnitt: Vidare läsning" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Vidare läsning"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFElisdotter,_Mia2009">Elisdotter, Mia&#32;(2009).&#32;”Charles Darwin&#160;: evolutionsteorins fader”.&#32;<i>Allt om vetenskap</i>&#32;(nr. 1): sid.&#160;54–61.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Charles+Darwin+%3A+evolutionsteorins+fader&amp;rft.jtitle=Allt+om+vetenskap&amp;rft.aulast=Elisdotter%2C+Mia&amp;rft.au=Elisdotter%2C+Mia&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.issue=nr.+1&amp;rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B54%E2%80%9361&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFHanneberg,_Peter2009">Hanneberg, Peter&#32;(2009).&#32;”En världsomsegling i bilder&#160;: tema Darwin”.&#32;<i><a href="/wiki/Forskning_%26_Framsteg" title="Forskning &amp; Framsteg">Forskning &amp; Framsteg</a></i>&#32;(nr. 1): sid.&#160;36–41.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=En+v%C3%A4rldsomsegling+i+bilder+%3A+tema+Darwin&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BForskning+%26+Framsteg%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=Hanneberg%2C+Peter&amp;rft.au=Hanneberg%2C+Peter&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.issue=nr.+1&amp;rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B36%E2%80%9341&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFHöjer,_Dan2009">Höjer, Dan&#32;(2009).&#32;”När Darwins teorier kom till Sverige”.&#32;<i><a href="/wiki/Forskning_%26_Framsteg" title="Forskning &amp; Framsteg">Forskning &amp; Framsteg</a></i>&#32;(nr. 1): sid.&#160;22–26.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=N%C3%A4r+Darwins+teorier+kom+till+Sverige&amp;rft.jtitle=%5B%5BForskning+%26+Framsteg%5D%5D&amp;rft.aulast=H%C3%B6jer%2C+Dan&amp;rft.au=H%C3%B6jer%2C+Dan&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.issue=nr.+1&amp;rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B22%E2%80%9326&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFKärnefelt,_Ingvar2009">Kärnefelt, Ingvar&#32;(2009).&#32;”Charles Darwin&#160;: äventyr, dramatik framgång, liv och död”.&#32;<i>Fauna &amp; flora</i>&#32;(nr. 3): sid.&#160;2–14.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Charles+Darwin+%3A+%C3%A4ventyr%2C+dramatik+framg%C3%A5ng%2C+liv+och+d%C3%B6d&amp;rft.jtitle=Fauna+%26+flora&amp;rft.aulast=K%C3%A4rnefelt%2C+Ingvar&amp;rft.au=K%C3%A4rnefelt%2C+Ingvar&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.issue=nr.+3&amp;rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B2%E2%80%9314&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFLarsdotter,_Anna2009">Larsdotter, Anna&#32;(2009).&#32;”Han utmanade Gud med sin evolutionsteori”.&#32;<i>Allt om historia</i>&#32;(nr. 4): sid.&#160;56–59.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Han+utmanade+Gud+med+sin+evolutionsteori&amp;rft.jtitle=Allt+om+historia&amp;rft.aulast=Larsdotter%2C+Anna&amp;rft.au=Larsdotter%2C+Anna&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.issue=nr.+4&amp;rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B56%E2%80%9359&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFMadsen,_Jørn2009">Madsen, Jørn&#32;(2009).&#32;”Han gav oss naturens lagar&#160;: [Darwin 200 år]”.&#32;<i>Illustrerad vetenskap</i>&#32;(nr. 1): sid.&#160;65–81.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Han+gav+oss+naturens+lagar+%3A+%5BDarwin+200+%C3%A5r%5D&amp;rft.jtitle=Illustrerad+vetenskap&amp;rft.aulast=Madsen%2C+J%C3%B8rn&amp;rft.au=Madsen%2C+J%C3%B8rn&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.issue=nr.+1&amp;rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B65%E2%80%9381&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFOverbye,_Stine2009">Overbye, Stine&#32;(2009).&#32;”Darwin blev ovän med Gud och hela världen”.&#32;<i>Världens historia</i>&#32;(nr. 1): sid.&#160;14–21.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Darwin+blev+ov%C3%A4n+med+Gud+och+hela+v%C3%A4rlden&amp;rft.jtitle=V%C3%A4rldens+historia&amp;rft.aulast=Overbye%2C+Stine&amp;rft.au=Overbye%2C+Stine&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.issue=nr.+1&amp;rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B14%E2%80%9321&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFQuammen,_David2009">Quammen, David&#32;(2009).&#32;”Darwins 200-årsjubileum”.&#32;<i>National Geographic</i>&#32;(nr. 2): sid.&#160;24–51.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Darwins+200-%C3%A5rsjubileum&amp;rft.jtitle=National+Geographic&amp;rft.aulast=Quammen%2C+David&amp;rft.au=Quammen%2C+David&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.issue=nr.+2&amp;rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B24%E2%80%9351&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFQuammen,_David2009">Quammen, David&#32;(2009).&#32;<i><span>Den motvillige Mr. Darwin</span></i>. Lidingö: Adoxa förlag.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Den+motvillige+Mr.+Darwin&amp;rft.aulast=Quammen%2C+David&amp;rft.au=Quammen%2C+David&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.issue=nr.+2&amp;rft.place=Liding%C3%B6&amp;rft.pub=Adoxa+f%C3%B6rlag&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li></ul> <ul><li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFSörlin,_Sverker2009"><a href="/wiki/Sverker_S%C3%B6rlin" title="Sverker Sörlin">Sörlin, Sverker</a>&#32;(2009).&#32;<i><span>Den blinde skaparen: en essä om Darwin och livets sammanhang</span></i>. Svante Weyler Bokförlag AB.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Den+blinde+skaparen%3A+en+ess%C3%A4+om+Darwin+och+livets+sammanhang&amp;rft.aulast=%5B%5BSverker+S%C3%B6rlin%7CS%C3%B6rlin%2C+Sverker%5D%5D&amp;rft.au=%5B%5BSverker+S%C3%B6rlin%7CS%C3%B6rlin%2C+Sverker%5D%5D&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.pub=Svante+Weyler+Bokf%C3%B6rlag+AB&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li></ul> <ul><li>Thompson, Harry, <i>This Thing of Darkness</i> (2005)</li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFvan_Whyhe,_John2009">van Whyhe, John&#32;(2009).&#32;”Darwin vs God?”.&#32;<i>BBC History magazine</i>&#32;(nr. 1): sid.&#160;26–31.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=Darwin+vs+God%3F&amp;rft.jtitle=BBC+History+magazine&amp;rft.aulast=van+Whyhe%2C+John&amp;rft.au=van+Whyhe%2C+John&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.issue=nr.+1&amp;rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B26%E2%80%9331&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Charles_Darwin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li></ul> <dl><dd><span class="plainlinks"><i>Den här artikeln är helt eller delvis baserad på material från <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&amp;oldid=272580683">engelskspråkiga Wikipedia</a>.</i></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externa_länkar"><span id="Externa_l.C3.A4nkar"></span>Externa länkar</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=19" title="Redigera avsnitt: Externa länkar" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Externa länkar"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> Wikimedia Commons har media som rör <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Charles_Darwin" class="extiw" title="commons:Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>.<div class="interProject commons" 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href="https://sverigesradio.se/avsnitt/bildningsbyran-tanka-mot-strommen-charles-darwin-evolutionsteorin">Dokumentär på P1 om Charles Darwin, läst 24 oktober 2022.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081207163253/http://darwin-online.org.uk/">Darwin online</a> Alla Darwins publikationer, brev och biografier</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.charlesdarwin.nu">Charles Darwin 200 år</a> Fakta om Darwins liv</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/hitlist.jsp?q=f%C3%B6rf%3A%28Darwin%2C+Charles%2C+1809-1882%29&amp;m=50">Charles Darwin</a> i <a href="/wiki/Libris_(bibliotekskatalog)" title="Libris (bibliotekskatalog)">Libris</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://litteraturbanken.se/författare/DarwinC">Charles Darwin</a> hos <a href="/wiki/Litteraturbanken" title="Litteraturbanken">Litteraturbanken</a></li></ul> <style 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style="border:none;;">v</span></a>&#160;<span style="font-size:80%;">•</span>&#160;<a class="external text" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mall:Evolutionsbiologi&amp;action=edit"><span style="border:none;;" title="Redigera den här mallen">r</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;">Grundläggande <a href="/wiki/Evolutionsbiologi" title="Evolutionsbiologi">evolutionsbiologi</a></span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";line-height:1.1; padding:0.35em 1em;;"><a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">Evolutionens</a> processer</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:1.4;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Makroevolution" title="Makroevolution">Makroevolution</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span> <a href="/wiki/Mikroevolution" title="Mikroevolution">Mikroevolution</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span> <a href="/wiki/Artbildning" title="Artbildning">Artbildning</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";line-height:1.1; padding:0.35em 1em;;">Mekanismer</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:1.4;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Naturligt_urval" title="Naturligt urval">Naturligt urval</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span> <a href="/wiki/Genetisk_drift" title="Genetisk drift">Genetisk drift</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span> <a href="/wiki/Genfl%C3%B6de" title="Genflöde">Genflöde</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span> <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">Mutation</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";line-height:1.1; padding:0.35em 1em;;">Historia</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:1.4;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Lamarckism" title="Lamarckism">Lamarckism</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles&#160;Darwin</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Om_arternas_uppkomst" title="Om arternas uppkomst">Om arternas uppkomst</a></i><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span> <a href="/wiki/Modern_evolution%C3%A4r_syntes" title="Modern evolutionär syntes">Modern evolutionär syntes</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";line-height:1.1; padding:0.35em 1em;;">Underfält</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;line-height:1.4;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Populationsgenetik" title="Populationsgenetik">Populationsgenetik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span> <a href="/wiki/Kvantitativ_genetik" title="Kvantitativ genetik">Kvantitativ genetik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span> <a href="/wiki/Ekologisk_genetik" title="Ekologisk genetik">Ekologisk genetik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span> <a href="/wiki/Molekyl%C3%A4r_evolution" title="Molekylär evolution">Molekylär evolution</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span> <a href="/wiki/Fylogeni" title="Fylogeni">Fylogeni</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span> <a href="/wiki/Systematik_(biologi)" title="Systematik (biologi)">Systematik</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span> <a href="/wiki/Evolutionsbiologi" title="Evolutionsbiologi">Evolutionsbiologi</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"><table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0; ;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"><tbody><tr><th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:3em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; white-space:nowrap; font-weight:normal; font-size:80%; border:none;; color: inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mall:Copleymedalj%C3%B6rer_1851%E2%80%931900" title="Mall:Copleymedaljörer 1851–1900"><span title="Visa denna mall" style="border:none;;">v</span></a>&#160;<span style="font-size:80%;">•</span>&#160;<a class="external text" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mall:Copleymedalj%C3%B6rer_1851%E2%80%931900&amp;action=edit"><span style="border:none;;" title="Redigera den här mallen">r</span></a></div></div><span style="font-size:110%;"><a href="/wiki/Copleymedaljen" title="Copleymedaljen">Copleymedaljörer</a> 1851–1900</span></th></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Owen" title="Richard Owen">Richard Owen</a>&#160;(1851)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a>&#160;(1852)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Wilhelm_Dove" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinrich Wilhelm Dove">Heinrich Wilhelm Dove</a>&#160;(1853)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Peter_M%C3%BCller" title="Johannes Peter Müller">Johannes Peter Müller</a>&#160;(1854)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Foucault" title="Léon Foucault">Léon Foucault</a>&#160;(1855)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Henri_Milne-Edwards" title="Henri Milne-Edwards">Henri Milne-Edwards</a>&#160;(1856)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Michel_Eug%C3%A8ne_Chevreul" class="mw-redirect" title="Michel Eugène Chevreul">Michel Eugène Chevreul</a>&#160;(1857)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lyell" title="Charles Lyell">Charles Lyell</a>&#160;(1858)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber" title="Wilhelm Eduard Weber">Wilhelm Eduard Weber</a>&#160;(1859)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wilhelm_Bunsen" title="Robert Wilhelm Bunsen">Robert Wilhelm Bunsen</a>&#160;(1860)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Louis_Agassiz" title="Louis Agassiz">Louis Agassiz</a>&#160;(1861)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Graham" title="Thomas Graham">Thomas Graham</a>&#160;(1862)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Adam_Sedgwick" title="Adam Sedgwick">Adam Sedgwick</a>&#160;(1863)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Charles Darwin</a>&#160;(1864)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Michel_Chasles" title="Michel Chasles">Michel Chasles</a>&#160;(1865)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Julius_Pl%C3%BCcker" title="Julius Plücker">Julius Plücker</a>&#160;(1866)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ernst_von_Baer" title="Karl Ernst von Baer">Karl Ernst von Baer</a>&#160;(1867)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a>&#160;(1868)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Henri_Victor_Regnault" title="Henri Victor Regnault">Henri Victor Regnault</a>&#160;(1869)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule">James Prescott Joule</a>&#160;(1870)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mayer" title="Robert Mayer">Julius Robert von Mayer</a>&#160;(1871)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler" title="Friedrich Wöhler">Friedrich Wöhler</a>&#160;(1872)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Hermann von Helmholtz</a>&#160;(1873)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a>&#160;(1874)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/August_Wilhelm_von_Hofmann" title="August Wilhelm von Hofmann">August Wilhelm von Hofmann</a>&#160;(1875)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Claude_Bernard" title="Claude Bernard">Claude Bernard</a>&#160;(1876)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/James_Dwight_Dana" title="James Dwight Dana">James Dwight Dana</a>&#160;(1877)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Boussingault" title="Jean-Baptiste Boussingault">Jean-Baptiste Boussingault</a>&#160;(1878)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Clausius" title="Rudolf Clausius">Rudolf Clausius</a>&#160;(1879)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/James_Joseph_Sylvester" title="James Joseph Sylvester">James Joseph Sylvester</a>&#160;(1880)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Wurtz" title="Adolphe Wurtz">Charles Adolphe Wurtz</a>&#160;(1881)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cayley" title="Arthur Cayley">Arthur Cayley</a>&#160;(1882)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/William_Thomson_Kelvin" class="mw-redirect" title="William Thomson Kelvin">William Thomson</a>&#160;(1883)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Carl_Ludwig" title="Carl Ludwig">Carl Ludwig</a>&#160;(1884)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/August_Kekul%C3%A9" title="August Kekulé">August Kekulé</a>&#160;(1885)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Franz_Ernst_Neumann" title="Franz Ernst Neumann">Franz Ernst Neumann</a>&#160;(1886)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Joseph Dalton Hooker</a>&#160;(1887)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Thomas Henry Huxley</a>&#160;(1888)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Salmon&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="George Salmon [inte skriven än]">George Salmon</a>&#160;(1889)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Simon_Newcomb" title="Simon Newcomb">Simon Newcomb</a>&#160;(1890)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Stanislao_Cannizzaro" title="Stanislao Cannizzaro">Stanislao Cannizzaro</a>&#160;(1891)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Virchow" title="Rudolf Virchow">Rudolf Virchow</a>&#160;(1892)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/George_Stokes" class="mw-redirect" title="George Stokes">George Stokes</a>&#160;(1893)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Edward_Frankland" title="Edward Frankland">Edward Frankland</a>&#160;(1894)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Karl_Weierstrass" title="Karl Weierstrass">Karl Weierstrass</a>&#160;(1895)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Carl_Gegenbaur" title="Carl Gegenbaur">Carl Gegenbaur</a>&#160;(1896)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Albert_von_K%C3%B6lliker" title="Albert von Kölliker">Albert von Kölliker</a>&#160;(1897)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/William_Huggins" title="William Huggins">William Huggins</a>&#160;(1898)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/John_Strutt,_3:e_baron_Rayleigh" title="John Strutt, 3:e baron Rayleigh">Lord Rayleigh</a>&#160;(1899)<span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Marcellin_Berthelot" title="Marcellin Berthelot">Marcellin Berthelot</a>&#160;(1900)</div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style=";" colspan="2"><span style="white-space:nowrap"><small><a href="/wiki/Mall:Copleymedalj%C3%B6rer_1731%E2%80%931750" title="Mall:Copleymedaljörer 1731–1750">1731–1750</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Mall:Copleymedalj%C3%B6rer_1751%E2%80%931800" title="Mall:Copleymedaljörer 1751–1800">1751–1800</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Mall:Copleymedalj%C3%B6rer_1801%E2%80%931850" title="Mall:Copleymedaljörer 1801–1850">1801–1850</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Mall:Copleymedalj%C3%B6rer_1851%E2%80%931900" title="Mall:Copleymedaljörer 1851–1900">1851–1900</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Mall:Copleymedalj%C3%B6rer_1901%E2%80%931950" title="Mall:Copleymedaljörer 1901–1950">1901–1950</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Mall:Copleymedalj%C3%B6rer_1951%E2%80%932000" title="Mall:Copleymedaljörer 1951–2000">1951–2000</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Mall:Copleymedalj%C3%B6rer_2001%E2%80%932050" title="Mall:Copleymedaljörer 2001–2050">2001–idag</a></small></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"><table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks hlist auktoritetsdata navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Auktoritetsdata" title="Auktoritetsdata">Auktoritetsdata</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> • <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn-n78095637">WorldCat</a> • <a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/27063124">27063124</a></span> • <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n78095637">n78095637</a></span> • <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">ISNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isni.org/0000000121251077">0000 0001 2125 1077</a></span> • <a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/118523813">118523813</a></span> • <a href="/wiki/Libris_XL" title="Libris XL">Libris XL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//libris.kb.se/pm135sp73dmxqcf">pm135sp73dmxqcf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//libris.kb.se/katalogisering/search/libris?_limit=20&amp;o=https%3A%2F%2Flibris.kb.se%2Fpm135sp73dmxqcf%23it">Katalogiserade verk.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//libris.kb.se/katalogisering/search/libris?_limit=20&amp;o=https%3A%2F%2Flibris.kb.se%2Fpm135sp73dmxqcf%23it&amp;p=contribution.agent.%40id&amp;p=instanceOf.contribution.agent.%40id">Andra katalogiserade bidrag.</a></span> • <a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation" title="Système universitaire de 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