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Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%B5%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86" title="إصلاح ستوليبين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إصلاح ستوليبين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stol%C4%B1pin_aqrar_islahat%C4%B1" title="Stolıpin aqrar islahatı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Stolıpin aqrar islahatı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Сталыпінская аграрная рэформа – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сталыпінская аграрная рэформа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolypin-reformerne" title="Stolypin-reformerne – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stolypin-reformerne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stol%C3%B5pini_reformid" title="Stolõpini reformid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Stolõpini reformid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrara_reformo_de_Stolipin" title="Agrara reformo de Stolipin – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Agrara reformo de Stolipin" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A3%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BC%D5%A5%D6%86%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B4" title="Ստոլիպինյան գյուղատնտեսական ռեֆորմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ստոլիպինյան գյուղատնտեսական ռեֆորմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformasi_Stolypin" title="Reformasi Stolypin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Reformasi Stolypin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9F" title="רפורמת סטוליפין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רפורמת סטוליפין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="სტოლიპინის აგრარული რეფორმა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სტოლიპინის აგრარული რეფორმა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Столыпин реформасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Столыпин реформасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Столыпиндик агрардык реформа – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Столыпиндик агрардык реформа" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolipina_agr%C4%81r%C4%81_reforma" title="Stolipina agrārā reforma – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Stolipina agrārā reforma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolypino_reforma" title="Stolypino reforma – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Stolypino reforma" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landbouwhervormingen_van_Stolypin" title="Landbouwhervormingen van Stolypin – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Landbouwhervormingen van Stolypin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolypin-reformene" title="Stolypin-reformene – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stolypin-reformene" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reforma_lui_Stol%C3%AEpin" title="Reforma lui Stolîpin – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Reforma lui Stolîpin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Столыпинская аграрная реформа – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Столыпинская аграрная реформа" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolypinin_reformi" title="Stolypinin reformi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Stolypinin reformi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Столипінська реформа – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Столипінська реформа" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BA%A3i_c%C3%A1ch_Stolypin" title="Cải cách Stolypin – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cải cách Stolypin" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E9%9B%B7%E5%B9%B3%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9" title="斯托雷平土地改革 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="斯托雷平土地改革" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2221926#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> 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searchaux" style="display:none">Anti-radicalist changes to agrarian society in 1910s Russia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Russia" title="Category:History of Russia">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">History of <span class="fn org label">Russia</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg/80px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg/120px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg/160px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Federation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="437" data-file-height="517" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Periods</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia#Prehistory" title="History of Russia">Prehistory</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia#Antiquity" title="History of Russia">Antiquity</a>  •  <a href="/wiki/Early_Slavs" title="Early Slavs">Early Slavs</a></span> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rus%27_people" title="Rus' people">Rus' people</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> pre-9th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Rus%27_Khaganate" title="Rus' Khaganate">Rus' Khaganate</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Arthania" title="Arthania">Arthania</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <a href="/wiki/Gar%C3%B0ar%C3%ADki" title="Garðaríki">Garðaríki</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>879–1240: <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Ancient Rus'</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Rurik" title="Rurik">Rurik</a> • <a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Rus%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptism of Rus'">Baptism of Rus'</a> • <i><a href="/wiki/Russkaya_Pravda" title="Russkaya Pravda">Russkaya Pravda</a></i><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div></li></ul> </div> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Land" title="Novgorod Land">Novgorod Land</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 882–1136</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Polotsk" title="Principality of Polotsk">Principality of Polotsk</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 987–1397</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Chernigov" title="Principality of Chernigov">Principality of Chernigov</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 988–1402</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Rostov-Suzdal" class="mw-redirect" title="Rostov-Suzdal">Rostov-Suzdal</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1093–1157</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_tribes_and_states_in_Belarus,_Russia_and_Ukraine#Early_Middle_Ages_(c._500_–_1097)" title="List of tribes and states in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine">full list...</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>1240–1480: <a href="/wiki/List_of_tribes_and_states_in_Belarus,_Russia_and_Ukraine#Council_of_Liubech_and_after_(1097–1237)" title="List of tribes and states in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine">Feudal Rus'</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Liubech" title="Council of Liubech">Council of Liubech</a> • <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Uvetichi" title="Council of Uvetichi">Council of Uvetichi</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Kievan_Rus%27" title="Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus'">Mongol conquest</a> • <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kulikovo" title="Battle of Kulikovo">Battle of Kulikovo</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div></li></ul> </div> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1136–1478</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal" title="Vladimir-Suzdal">Vladimir-Suzdal</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1157–1331</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Moscow" title="Principality of Moscow">Principality of Moscow</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1263–1547</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_tribes_and_states_in_Belarus,_Russia_and_Ukraine#Council_of_Liubech_and_after_(1097–1237)" title="List of tribes and states in Belarus, Russia and Ukraine">full list...</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>1480–1917: <a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">Tsarist Russia</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Great_Stand_on_the_Ugra_River" title="Great Stand on the Ugra River">Great Stand on the Ugra River</a> • <a href="/wiki/Time_of_Troubles" title="Time of Troubles">Time of<br />Troubles</a> • <a href="/wiki/Zemsky_Sobor" title="Zemsky Sobor">Zemsky Sobor</a> • <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nystad" title="Treaty of Nystad">Treaty of Nystad</a> • <a href="/wiki/Government_reform_of_Peter_the_Great" title="Government reform of Peter the Great">Petrovian reforms</a> • <a href="/wiki/1812_Patriotic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="1812 Patriotic War">1812 Patriotic War</a> • <a href="/wiki/Decembrist_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Decembrist Revolt">Decembrist Revolt</a> • <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861" title="Emancipation reform of 1861">Emancipation reform</a> • <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> • <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_of_1905" title="Russian Revolution of 1905">1905 Revolution</a> • <a href="/wiki/October_Manifesto" title="October Manifesto">October Manifesto</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Eastern Front (World War I)">Second Patriotic War</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div></li></ul> </div> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tsardom_of_Russia" title="Tsardom of Russia">Tsardom of Russia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1547–1721</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1721–1917</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <a href="/wiki/Russian_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian America">Russian America</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1799–1867</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland" title="Grand Duchy of Finland">Grand Duchy of Finland</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1809–1917</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <a href="/wiki/Congress_Poland" title="Congress Poland">Congress Poland</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1867–1915</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <a href="/wiki/Russian_Manchuria_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Manchuria (China)">Russian Manchuria</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1900–1905</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <a href="/wiki/Uryankhay_Krai" title="Uryankhay Krai">Uryankhay Krai</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1914–1921</td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>1917–1923: <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> • <a href="/wiki/Russian_Provisional_Government" title="Russian Provisional Government">Provisional Government</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dual_power" title="Dual power"><i>Dvoyevlastiye</i></a> • <a href="/wiki/July_Days" title="July Days">July Days</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kornilov_affair" title="Kornilov affair">Kornilov affair</a> • <a href="/wiki/Directorate_(Russia)" title="Directorate (Russia)">Directorate</a> • <a href="/wiki/Russian_Constituent_Assembly" title="Russian Constituent Assembly">Constituent Assembly</a> (<a href="/wiki/1917_Russian_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="1917 Russian Constituent Assembly election">election</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_Coup" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik Coup">Bolshevik Coup</a> • <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Civil War</a> • <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White Guard</a> • <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> • <a href="/wiki/Soviet-Polish_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet-Polish War">Soviet-Polish War</a> • <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Priamurye_Government" title="Provisional Priamurye Government">Priamurye<br />Govt.</a> • <a href="/wiki/War_Communism" class="mw-redirect" title="War Communism">War Communism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Creation_of_the_Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" title="Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics">USSR</a> • <a href="/wiki/White_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9" title="White émigré">Emigrants</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div></li></ul> </div> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1917–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <a href="/wiki/General_Secretariat_of_Ukraine" title="General Secretariat of Ukraine">General Secretariat of Ukraine</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1917–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR#Early_years_(1917–1920)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russian SFSR</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1917–1922</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian SSR</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1919–1922</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Byelorussian SSR">Byelorussian SSR</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1920–1922</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasian SFSR">Transcaucasian SFSR</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1922–1922</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Russian_State_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Russian State (1918–1920)">Russian State</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1918–1920</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Priamurye_Government" title="Provisional Priamurye Government">Provisional Priamurye Govt.</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1921–1923</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">     <b><a href="/wiki/Leaders_of_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Leaders of the Russian Civil War">full list...</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>1923–1991: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">Soviet Era</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">NEP</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Revolution in the Soviet Union">Cultural revolution</a> • <a href="/wiki/Korenization" class="mw-redirect" title="Korenization">Korenization</a> • <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Collectivization" class="mw-redirect" title="Collectivization">Collectivization</a> • <a href="/wiki/Industrialization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Industrialization in the Soviet Union">Industrialization</a> • <a href="/wiki/GULAG" class="mw-redirect" title="GULAG">GULAG</a> • <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(WWII)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Front (WWII)">Great Patriotic War</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> • <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> • <a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a> • <a href="/wiki/1954_transfer_of_Crimea" class="mw-redirect" title="1954 transfer of Crimea">Crimea<br />transfer</a> • <a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">Era of Stagnation</a> • <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Afghan War</a> • <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a> • <a href="/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War">Karabakh<br />War</a> • <a href="/wiki/Parade_of_sovereignties" title="Parade of sovereignties">Parade of sovereignties</a> (<a href="/wiki/War_of_Laws" title="War of Laws">War of Laws</a>)<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div></li></ul> </div> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1922–1991</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russian SFSR</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1922–1991</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <a href="/wiki/Karelo-Finnish_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Karelo-Finnish SSR">Karelo-Finnish SSR</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1940–1956</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">         <b><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">full list...</a></b></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tuvan_People%27s_Republic" title="Tuvan People's Republic">Tannu Tuva</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1921–1944</td></tr></tbody></table> <hr /> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>since 1991: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1991%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Russia (1991–present)">Modern Russia</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/1991_August_Coup" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 August Coup">August Coup</a> • <a href="/wiki/Belavezha_Accords" class="mw-redirect" title="Belavezha Accords">Belavezha Accords</a> • <a href="/wiki/Alma-Ata_Protocol" title="Alma-Ata Protocol">Alma-Ata<br />Protocol</a> • <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">USSR dissolution</a> • <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">CIS</a> • "<a href="/wiki/Near_abroad" title="Near abroad">Near<br />abroad</a>" • <a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis">Constitutional crisis</a> • <a href="/wiki/Privatization_in_Russia" title="Privatization in Russia">Privatization</a> • <a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">CSTO</a> • <a href="/wiki/Chechen%E2%80%93Russian_conflict#Post-Soviet_era" title="Chechen–Russian conflict">Chechen wars</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">1st</a> • <a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">2nd</a>) • <a href="/wiki/Loans_for_shares_scheme" title="Loans for shares scheme">Oligarchy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Putinism" title="Putinism">Putinism</a> • <a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Five-Days War</a> • <a href="/wiki/2008_amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_Russia" title="2008 amendments to the Constitution of Russia">Presidential terms<br />amendments</a> • <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a> • <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Annexation of Crimea</a> • <a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas" title="War in Donbas">War in Donbas</a> • <a href="/wiki/2020_amendments_to_the_Constitution_of_Russia" title="2020 amendments to the Constitution of Russia">2020 amendments</a> • <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Invasion of Ukraine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prelude_to_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Prelude to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">Prelude</a> • <a href="/wiki/Russian_emigration_following_the_invasion_of_Ukraine_(2022%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian emigration following the invasion of Ukraine (2022–present)">Mass emigration</a> • <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_debt_default" title="2022 Russian debt default">Debt default</a> • <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_during_the_2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="International sanctions during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">Sanctions</a> • <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_mobilization" title="2022 Russian mobilization">Mobilization</a> • <a href="/wiki/Russian_annexation_of_Donetsk,_Kherson,_Luhansk_and_Zaporizhzhia_oblasts" title="Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts">2022 annexation</a>)<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div></li></ul> </div> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1991–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan" title="Tatarstan">Republic of Tatarstan</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/Tatarstan#Present-day" title="Tatarstan">1994</a>–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <a href="/wiki/Chechnya" title="Chechnya">Chechen Republic</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">2000</a>–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <i><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Crimea_(Russia)" title="Republic of Crimea (Russia)">Republic of Crimea</a></i><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_alpha"><a href="#endnote_alpha">A</a></sup></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">2014</a>–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></i></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <i><a href="/wiki/Donetsk_People%27s_Republic" title="Donetsk People's Republic">Donetsk People's Republic</a></i><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_alpha"><a href="#endnote_alpha">A</a></sup><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_beta"><a href="#endnote_beta">B</a></sup></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Russian_annexation_of_Donetsk,_Kherson,_Luhansk_and_Zaporizhzhia_oblasts" title="Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts">2022</a>–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></i></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <i><a href="/wiki/Luhansk_People%27s_Republic" title="Luhansk People's Republic">Luhansk People's Republic</a></i><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_alpha"><a href="#endnote_alpha">A</a></sup><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_beta"><a href="#endnote_beta">B</a></sup></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Russian_annexation_of_Donetsk,_Kherson,_Luhansk_and_Zaporizhzhia_oblasts" title="Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts">2022</a>–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></i></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <i><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Kherson_Oblast" title="Russian occupation of Kherson Oblast">Kherson Oblast</a></i><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_alpha"><a href="#endnote_alpha">A</a></sup><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_beta"><a href="#endnote_beta">B</a></sup></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Russian_annexation_of_Donetsk,_Kherson,_Luhansk_and_Zaporizhzhia_oblasts" title="Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts">2022</a>–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></i></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">      <i><a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Zaporizhzhia_Oblast" title="Russian occupation of Zaporizhzhia Oblast">Zaporizhzhia Oblast</a></i><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_alpha"><a href="#endnote_alpha">A</a></sup><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_beta"><a href="#endnote_beta">B</a></sup></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> <i><a href="/wiki/Russian_annexation_of_Donetsk,_Kherson,_Luhansk_and_Zaporizhzhia_oblasts" title="Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts">2022</a>–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></i></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;">         <b><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_federal_subjects" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Russian federal subjects">full list...</a></b> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <span class="nowrap"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_alpha"><b><a href="#ref_alpha">^A</a></b> <i>Not internationally recognized.</i></span> </span><br /><span class="nowrap"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_beta"><b><a href="#ref_beta">^B</a></b> <i>Not fully controlled.</i></span> </span></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding:0.2em; border-top:#aaa 1px solid;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Timeline</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_history" title="Timeline of Russian history">860–1721</a> • <a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1721%E2%80%931796)" title="History of Russia (1721–1796)">1721–1796</a> • <a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1796%E2%80%931855)" title="History of Russia (1796–1855)">1796–1855</a><br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1855%E2%80%931894)" title="History of Russia (1855–1894)">1855–1894</a> • <a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1894%E2%80%931917)" title="History of Russia (1894–1917)">1894–1917</a> • <a href="/wiki/History_of_Soviet_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union_(1917%E2%80%931927)" title="History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–1927)">1917–1927</a><br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1927%E2%80%931953)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)">1927–1953</a> • <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1953%E2%80%931964)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1953–1964)">1953–1964</a> • <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1964%E2%80%931982)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1964–1982)">1964–1982</a><br /><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1982%E2%80%931991)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1982–1991)">1982–1991</a> • <a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia_(1991%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Russia (1991–present)">1991–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#aaa 1px solid; border-bottom:#aaa 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/16px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Russia" title="Portal:Russia">Russia portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Russia" title="Template:History of Russia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Russia" title="Template talk:History of Russia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Russia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Russia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Stolypin agrarian reforms</b> were a series of changes to <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Russia">Imperial Russia</a>'s agricultural sector instituted during the tenure of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Russia" title="Prime Minister of Russia">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Stolypin" title="Pyotr Stolypin">Pyotr Stolypin</a>. Most, if not all, of these reforms were based on recommendations from a committee known as the "Needs of Agricultural Industry Special Conference," which was held in Russia between 1901 and 1903 during the tenure of Minister of Finance <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Witte" title="Sergei Witte">Sergei Witte</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Agrarian_reforms">Agrarian reforms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stolypin_reform&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Agrarian reforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Russian_peasants%27_uprising_of_1905%E2%80%9306" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian peasants' uprising of 1905–06">Russian peasants' uprising of 1905–06</a></div> <p>The reforms aimed to transform the traditional <i><a href="/wiki/Obshchina" title="Obshchina">obshchina</a></i> form of Russian <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, which bore some similarities to the <a href="/wiki/Open-field_system" title="Open-field system">open-field system</a> of Britain. Serfs who had been liberated by the <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_reform_of_1861_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Emancipation reform of 1861 in Russia">emancipation reform of 1861</a> lacked the financial ability to leave their new lands, as they owed money to the state for periods of up to 49 years.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Perceived drawbacks of the <i>obshchina</i> system included collective ownership, scattered land allotments based on family size, and a significant level of control by the family elder. Stolypin, as a staunch conservative, also sought to eliminate the commune system — known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Mir_(commune)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mir (commune)">mir</a></i> — and to reduce radicalism among the peasants, thus preventing further political unrest such as that which occurred during the <a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_1905" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolution of 1905">Revolution of 1905</a>. Stolypin believed that tying the peasants to their own private land-holdings would produce profit-minded and politically conservative farmers like those living in parts of western Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stolypin referred to his own programs as a "wager on the strong and sober".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reforms began with and introduced the unconditional right of individual landownership (<a href="/wiki/Ukase" title="Ukase">Ukase</a> of November 9, 1906). Stolypin's reforms abolished the <i>obshchina</i> system and replaced it with a capitalist-oriented form highlighting private ownership and consolidated modern farmsteads designed to make peasants conservative instead of radical. </p><p>The multifaceted reforms introduced the following: </p> <ul><li>development of large-scale individual farming (<i><a href="/wiki/Khutor" title="Khutor">khutors</a></i>)</li> <li>introduction of <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_cooperative" title="Agricultural cooperative">agricultural cooperatives</a></li> <li>development of agricultural education</li> <li>dissemination of new methods of <a href="/wiki/Land_improvement" class="mw-redirect" title="Land improvement">land improvement</a></li> <li>affordable lines of <a href="/wiki/Credit_(finance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Credit (finance)">credit</a> for peasants i.e the <a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_Land_Bank" title="Peasants' Land Bank">Peasants' Land Bank</a> to help peasants purchase their own farms</li></ul> <p>The state implemented the Stolypin agrarian reforms in a comprehensive campaign from 1906 through 1914. This system was not a <a href="/wiki/Command_economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Command economy">command economy</a> like that found in the Soviet Union in the 1920s, but rather a continuation of the modified <a href="/wiki/State_capitalism" title="State capitalism">state capitalism</a> program begun under <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Witte" title="Sergei Witte">Sergei Witte</a>. Stolypin's program differed from Witte's reforms not in the rapid push — which was a characteristic also found in the Witte reforms — but in the fact that Stolypin's reforms were to the agricultural sector, including improvements to the rights of individuals on a broad level and had the backing of the police. These reforms laid the groundwork for a market-based agricultural system for Russian peasants. </p><p>The principal ministers involved in the implementation of the Stolypin agrarian reforms included Stolypin himself as Interior Minister and Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Krivoshein" title="Alexander Krivoshein">Alexander Krivoshein</a> as <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Property" title="Ministry of State Property">Agriculture and State Property Minister</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Kokovtsov" title="Vladimir Kokovtsov">Vladimir Kokovtsov</a> as Finance Minister and Stolypin's successor as Prime Minister. </p><p>The Soviet agrarian program in the 1920s reversed the Stolypin reforms. The state took over land owned by peasants and moved them to collective farms.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Colonization">Colonization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stolypin_reform&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Colonization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a result of the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Siberian_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-Siberian Railroad">Trans-Siberian Railroad</a> and other railroads east of the <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>, migration to <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> increased. Thompson estimated that between 1890 and 1914 that over 10 million persons migrated freely from western Russia to areas east of the Urals.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This was encouraged by the Trans-Siberian Railroad Committee, which was personally headed by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Tsar Nicholas II</a>. The Stolypin agrarian reforms included resettlement benefits for peasants who moved to Siberia. An emigration department was created in 1906 at the ministry of agriculture. It organized resettlement and assisted the settlers during their first years in the new settlements. The settlers received on average 16.5 hectares (40.8 acres) of land per man. The total area allocated was 21 million hectares. Migrants received a small state subsidy, exemption from some taxes, and advice from state agencies specifically developed to help with peasant resettlement.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In part thanks to these initiatives, approximately 2.8 million of the 10 million migrants to Siberia relocated between 1908 and 1913. This increased the population of the regions east of the Urals by 2.5 times before the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cooperative_initiatives">Cooperative initiatives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stolypin_reform&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cooperative initiatives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of new types of <a href="/wiki/Cooperative#Producer_cooperative" title="Cooperative">cooperative assistance</a> were developed as part of the Stolypin agrarian reforms, including financial-credit cooperation, production cooperation, and consumer cooperation. Many elements of Stolypin's cooperation-assistance programs were later incorporated into the early agrarian programs of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, reflecting the lasting influence of Stolypin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stolypin_reform&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRiasanovsky,_Nicholas_V.2000" class="citation book cs1">Riasanovsky, Nicholas V. (2000). <i>A History of Russia</i> (6 ed.). p. 373.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Russia&rft.pages=373&rft.edition=6&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Riasanovsky%2C+Nicholas+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStolypin+reform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson,_John_M.1996" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, John M. (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/visionunfulfille00thom"><i>A Vision Unfulfilled: Russia and the Soviet Union in the Twentieth Century</i></a></span>. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath and Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/visionunfulfille00thom/page/83">83–85</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780669282917" title="Special:BookSources/9780669282917"><bdi>9780669282917</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Vision+Unfulfilled%3A+Russia+and+the+Soviet+Union+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=83-85&rft.pub=Lexington%2C+MA%3A+D.C.+Heath+and+Company&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780669282917&rft.au=Thompson%2C+John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvisionunfulfille00thom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStolypin+reform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiasanovsky,_Nicholas_V.2000" class="citation book cs1">Riasanovsky, Nicholas V. (2000). <i>A History of Russia</i> (sixth ed.). p. 414.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Russia&rft.pages=414&rft.edition=sixth&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Riasanovsky%2C+Nicholas+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStolypin+reform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger Bartlett, <i>Land commune and peasant community in Russia: communal forms in imperial and early Soviet society</i> ( Springer, 1990).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson,_John_M.1996" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, John M. (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/visionunfulfille00thom"><i>A Vision Unfulfilled: Russia and the Soviet Union in the Twentieth Century</i></a></span>. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath and Company. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/visionunfulfille00thom/page/83">83–85</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780669282917" title="Special:BookSources/9780669282917"><bdi>9780669282917</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Vision+Unfulfilled%3A+Russia+and+the+Soviet+Union+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=83-85&rft.pub=Lexington%2C+MA%3A+D.C.+Heath+and+Company&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780669282917&rft.au=Thompson%2C+John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvisionunfulfille00thom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStolypin+reform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiasanovsky,_Nicholas_V.2000" class="citation book cs1">Riasanovsky, Nicholas V. (2000). <i>A History of Russia</i> (sixth ed.). p. 432.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Russia&rft.pages=432&rft.edition=sixth&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Riasanovsky%2C+Nicholas+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStolypin+reform" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stolypin_reform&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAscher2001" class="citation book cs1">Ascher, Abraham (2001). <i>P. A. Stolypin: The Search for Stability in Late Imperial Russia</i>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-3977-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-3977-3"><bdi>0-8047-3977-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=P.+A.+Stolypin%3A+The+Search+for+Stability+in+Late+Imperial+Russia&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8047-3977-3&rft.aulast=Ascher&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStolypin+reform" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bartlett, Roger (ed.). <i>Land Commune and Peasant Community in Russia: Communal Forms in Imperial and Early Soviet Society</i>. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1990.</li> <li>Conroy, M.S. <i>Peter Arkadʹevich Stolypin: Practical Politics in Late Tsarist Russia</i>, (1976). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8915-8143-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8915-8143-X">0-8915-8143-X</a></li> <li>Kotsonis, Yanni. "The problem of the individual in the Stolypin reforms." <i>Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History</i> 12.1 (2011): 25–52.</li> <li>Macey, David. "Reflections on peasant adaptation in rural Russia at the beginning of the twentieth century: the Stolypin agrarian reforms." <i>Journal of Peasant Studies</i> 31.3-4 (2004): 400–426.</li> <li>Pallot, Judith. <i>Land Reform in Russia, 1906–1917: Peasant Responses to Stolypin's Project of Rural Transformation</i>. Oxford and New York: Clarendon Press, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-820656-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-820656-9">0-19-820656-9</a></li> <li>Riasanovsky, Nicholas V. <i>A History of Russia</i>. Sixth edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-512179-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-512179-1">0-19-512179-1</a></li> <li>Shelokhaev, Valentin V. "The Stolypin Variant of Russian Modernization." <i>Russian Social Science Review</i> 57.5 (2016): 350–377.</li> <li>Thompson, John M. <i>A Vision Unfulfilled: Russia and the Soviet Union in the Twentieth Century</i>. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath and Company, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-669-28291-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-669-28291-X">0-669-28291-X</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stolypin_reform&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Translation of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160711122558/https://community.dur.ac.uk/a.k.harrington/stolypin.html"><i>Ukase</i> of 9 November 1906</a> delineating reforms (at Archive.org)</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stolypin_reform&oldid=1259897403">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stolypin_reform&oldid=1259897403</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agricultural_labor" title="Category:Agricultural labor">Agricultural labor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_movements_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Category:Political movements in the Russian Empire">Political movements in the Russian Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Reform_movements" title="Category:Reform movements">Reform movements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Agrarian_politics" title="Category:Agrarian politics">Agrarian politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1906_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Category:1906 in the Russian Empire">1906 in the Russian Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Reform_in_Russia" title="Category:Reform in Russia">Reform in Russia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Land_reform" title="Category:Land reform">Land reform</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 November 2024, at 18:04<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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