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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_division" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_division"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Soviet division </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_division-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prelude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prelude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Prelude </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prelude-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Prelude subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Prelude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Revival_of_the_Karabakh_issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revival_of_the_Karabakh_issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Revival of the Karabakh issue </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revival_of_the_Karabakh_issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Operation_Ring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Ring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Operation Ring </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Ring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_reconciliation_efforts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_reconciliation_efforts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.2 Early reconciliation efforts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_reconciliation_efforts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implosion_and_Soviet_dissolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implosion_and_Soviet_dissolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.3 Implosion and Soviet dissolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implosion_and_Soviet_dissolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weapons_vacuum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weapons_vacuum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Weapons vacuum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weapons_vacuum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Building_armies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Building_armies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Building armies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Building_armies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 War </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle War subsection </button> <ul id="toc-War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stepanakert_under_siege" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stepanakert_under_siege"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Stepanakert under siege </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stepanakert_under_siege-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Armenian_offensives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Armenian_offensives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Early Armenian offensives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Armenian_offensives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Khojaly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Khojaly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Khojaly </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khojaly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capture_of_Shusha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capture_of_Shusha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Capture of Shusha </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capture_of_Shusha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lachin_corridor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lachin_corridor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 Lachin corridor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lachin_corridor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Escalation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Escalation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Escalation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Escalation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Azerbaijani_offensive_in_June_1992" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Azerbaijani_offensive_in_June_1992"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Azerbaijani offensive in June 1992 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Azerbaijani_offensive_in_June_1992-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renewed_peace_talks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renewed_peace_talks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 Renewed peace talks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renewed_peace_talks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_southern_front" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_southern_front"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.3 The southern front </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_southern_front-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Winter_thaw" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Winter_thaw"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.4 Winter thaw </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Winter_thaw-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mid-1993" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mid-1993"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Mid-1993 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mid-1993-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_northern_front" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_northern_front"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.1 The northern front </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_northern_front-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kalbajar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kalbajar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.2 Kalbajar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kalbajar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agdam,_Fuzuli,_Jabrail_and_Zangilan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agdam,_Fuzuli,_Jabrail_and_Zangilan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.3 Agdam, Fuzuli, Jabrail and Zangilan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agdam,_Fuzuli,_Jabrail_and_Zangilan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_war_over_Karabakh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_war_over_Karabakh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Air war over Karabakh </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_war_over_Karabakh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Armenian_and_Azerbaijani_aircraft_equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenian_and_Azerbaijani_aircraft_equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.1 Armenian and Azerbaijani aircraft equipment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenian_and_Azerbaijani_aircraft_equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1993–1994,_exhaustion_and_peace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1993–1994,_exhaustion_and_peace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 1993–1994, exhaustion and peace </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1993–1994,_exhaustion_and_peace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1994_ceasefire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1994_ceasefire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 1994 ceasefire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1994_ceasefire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_coverage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_coverage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Media coverage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_coverage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-ceasefire_violence_and_mediation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-ceasefire_violence_and_mediation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Post-ceasefire violence and mediation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-ceasefire_violence_and_mediation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_situation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_situation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Current situation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Current_situation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Current situation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Current_situation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Clashes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clashes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Clashes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clashes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Second Nagorno-Karabakh War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_crimes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_crimes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 War crimes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_crimes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Cultural legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Works cited </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 63 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" > 63 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eerste_Nagorno-Karabach-oorlog" title="Eerste Nagorno-Karabach-oorlog – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Eerste Nagorno-Karabach-oorlog" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%89" title="حرب مرتفعات قره باغ الأولى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حرب مرتفعات قره باغ الأولى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%B1%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF" title="Արցախեան Ազատամարտ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Արցախեան Ազատամարտ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_del_Altu_Karabakh" title="Guerra del Altu Karabakh – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Guerra del Altu Karabakh" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birinci_Qaraba%C4%9F_m%C3%BCharib%C9%99si" title="Birinci Qarabağ müharibəsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Birinci Qarabağ müharibəsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C" title="بیرینجی قاراباغ ساواشی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیرینجی قاراباغ ساواشی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B-%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%96_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7" title="প্রথম নাগর্নো-কারাবাখ যুদ্ধ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রথম নাগর্নো-কারাবাখ যুদ্ধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Карабахская вайна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Карабахская вайна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Карабаская вайна – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Карабаская вайна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82" title="Нагорнокарабахски конфликт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нагорнокарабахски конфликт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezel_Nagorno-Karabac%27h" title="Brezel Nagorno-Karabac'h – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Brezel Nagorno-Karabac'h" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_de_l%27Alt_Karabakh" title="Guerra de l'Alt Karabakh – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Guerra de l'Alt Karabakh" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%B2%C4%83%D1%80%C3%A7%D0%B8" title="Карабах вăрçи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Карабах вăрçи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prvn%C3%AD_v%C3%A1lka_o_N%C3%A1horn%C3%AD_Karabach" title="První válka o Náhorní Karabach – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="První válka o Náhorní Karabach" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh-krigen" title="Nagorno-Karabakh-krigen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nagorno-Karabakh-krigen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erster_Krieg_um_Bergkarabach" title="Erster Krieg um Bergkarabach – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Erster Krieg um Bergkarabach" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A4gi-Karabahhi_s%C3%B5da" title="Mägi-Karabahhi sõda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mägi-Karabahhi sõda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9D%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%BD%CE%BF_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AC%CF%87" title="Πόλεμος του Ναγκόρνο Καραμπάχ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πόλεμος του Ναγκόρνο Καραμπάχ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_guerra_del_Alto_Karabaj" title="Primera guerra del Alto Karabaj – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Primera guerra del Alto Karabaj" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milito_en_Montara_Karaba%C4%A5o_(1988-1994)" title="Milito en Montara Karabaĥo (1988-1994) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Milito en Montara Karabaĥo (1988-1994)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karabakh_Garaiko_Lehen_Gerra" title="Karabakh Garaiko Lehen Gerra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Karabakh Garaiko Lehen Gerra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84_%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA" title="جنگ اول قره‌باغ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ اول قره‌باغ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premi%C3%A8re_guerre_du_Haut-Karabagh" title="Première guerre du Haut-Karabagh – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Première guerre du Haut-Karabagh" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primeira_guerra_de_Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Primeira guerra de Nagorno-Karabakh – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Primeira guerra de Nagorno-Karabakh" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C1%EC%B0%A8_%EB%82%98%EA%B3%A0%EB%A5%B4%EB%85%B8%EC%B9%B4%EB%9D%BC%EB%B0%94%ED%9D%90_%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="제1차 나고르노카라바흐 전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제1차 나고르노카라바흐 전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BF" title="Արցախյան ազատամարտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արցախյան ազատամարտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prvi_rat_u_Gorskom_Karabahu_(1988._%E2%80%93_1994.)" title="Prvi rat u Gorskom Karabahu (1988. – 1994.) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Prvi rat u Gorskom Karabahu (1988. – 1994.)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Perang Nagorno-Karabakh – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Nagorno-Karabakh" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prima_guerra_del_Nagorno_Karabakh" title="Prima guerra del Nagorno Karabakh – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Prima guerra del Nagorno Karabakh" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%95_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%90%D7%9A_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%94" title="מלחמת נגורנו קרבאך הראשונה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת נגורנו קרבאך הראשונה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ყარაბაღის ომი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ყარაბაღის ომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%B6%D0%B0%D2%A3%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Карабах жаңжалы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Карабах жаңжалы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirmais_Kalnu_Karabahas_kar%C5%A1" title="Pirmais Kalnu Karabahas karš – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pirmais Kalnu Karabahas karš" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Садлагьай Къарабагъдин дяве – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Садлагьай Къарабагъдин дяве" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegyi-karabahi_h%C3%A1bor%C3%BA" title="Hegyi-karabahi háború – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hegyi-karabahi háború" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9A%E1%83%B7%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="ყარაბაღიშ ლჷმა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ყარაბაღიშ ლჷმა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%87" title="قره‌باغ الجه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="قره‌باغ الجه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oorlog_in_Nagorno-Karabach_(1988-1994)" title="Oorlog in Nagorno-Karabach (1988-1994) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Oorlog in Nagorno-Karabach (1988-1994)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8A%E3%82%B4%E3%83%AB%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A9%E3%83%90%E3%83%95%E6%88%A6%E4%BA%89" title="ナゴルノ・カラバフ戦争 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ナゴルノ・カラバフ戦争" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh-krigen" title="Nagorno-Karabakh-krigen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nagorno-Karabakh-krigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh-krigen" title="Nagorno-Karabakh-krigen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nagorno-Karabakh-krigen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%81%D9%84%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AE_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF" title="پہلی کاراباخ جنگ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پہلی کاراباخ جنگ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%D9%88-%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%DA%93%DB%8D_%D8%AC%DA%AB%DA%93%D9%87" title="د ناګورنو-قره باغ لومړۍ جګړه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د ناګورنو-قره باغ لومړۍ جګړه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_wojna_o_G%C3%B3rski_Karabach" title="I wojna o Górski Karabach – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="I wojna o Górski Karabach" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_do_Alto_Carabaque_(1988%E2%80%931994)" title="Guerra do Alto Carabaque (1988–1994) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Guerra do Alto Carabaque (1988–1994)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%83zboiul_din_Nagorno-Karabah" title="Războiul din Nagorno-Karabah – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Războiul din Nagorno-Karabah" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Первая карабахская война – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Первая карабахская война" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lufta_e_Par%C3%AB_e_Nagorno-Karabakut" title="Lufta e Parë e Nagorno-Karabakut – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lufta e Parë e Nagorno-Karabakut" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="First Nagorno-Karabakh War" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%95%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B4%DB%95%DA%95%DB%8C_%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%AF%DB%86%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%86-%D9%82%DB%95%D8%B1%DB%95%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA" title="یەکەمین شەڕی ناگۆرنۆ-قەرەباغ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یەکەمین شەڕی ناگۆرنۆ-قەرەباغ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Први рат за Нагорно-Карабах – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Први рат за Нагорно-Карабах" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prvi_rat_za_Nagorno-Karabah" title="Prvi rat za Nagorno-Karabah – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Prvi rat za Nagorno-Karabah" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Perang Nagorno-Karabakh – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Perang Nagorno-Karabakh" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensimm%C3%A4inen_Vuoristo-Karabahin_sota" title="Ensimmäinen Vuoristo-Karabahin sota – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ensimmäinen Vuoristo-Karabahin sota" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagorno-Karabach-kriget" title="Nagorno-Karabach-kriget – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1988–1994 Armenia-Azerbaijan war</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the armed conflict over the Nagorno-Karabakh region between 1988 and 1994. For the 2020 armed conflict, see <a href="/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Second Nagorno-Karabakh War</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">Nagorno-Karabakh conflict</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Karabakhwar01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Karabakhwar01.jpg/300px-Karabakhwar01.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Karabakhwar01.jpg/450px-Karabakhwar01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Karabakhwar01.jpg/600px-Karabakhwar01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5120" data-file-height="3840" /></a> Clockwise from top: Remnants of Azerbaijani APCs; internally displaced Azerbaijanis from the Armenian-occupied territories; Armenian T-72 tank memorial at the outskirts of Stepanakert; Armenian soldiers</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>20 February 1988 – 12 May 1994 (6 years, 2 months, 3 weeks and 1 day)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Nagorno-Karabakh">Nagorno-Karabakh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Armenian victory<a href="#cite_note-21">[18]</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial changes</th><td> <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">De facto</a> independence of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">Nagorno-Karabakh Republic</a> and de facto unification with Armenia<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrenin2011p._[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9QqVCwAAQBAJdqkarabakh22defactounitedpgPA67_67]:_"Armenia_is_de_facto_united_with_Nagorno-Karabakh,_an_unrecognized_state,_in_a_single_entity."_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrenin2011p._[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9QqVCwAAQBAJdqkarabakh22defactounitedpgPA67_67]:_"Armenia_is_de_facto_united_with_Nagorno-Karabakh,_an_unrecognized_state,_in_a_single_entity."-22">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell2011p._135:_"Following_the_war,_the_territories_that_fell_under_Armenian_control,_in_particular_Mountainous_Karabakh_itself,_were_slowly_integrated_into_Armenia."_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell2011p._135:_"Following_the_war,_the_territories_that_fell_under_Armenian_control,_in_particular_Mountainous_Karabakh_itself,_were_slowly_integrated_into_Armenia."-24">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Armenian-occupied_territories_surrounding_Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Armenian-occupied territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh">Armenian occupation of territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="margin-bottom:0.5em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">Nagorno-Karabakh</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[a]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[b]</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_Flag.gif/23px-Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_Flag.gif" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_Flag.gif/35px-Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_Flag.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_Flag.gif/45px-Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation_Flag.gif 2x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="216" /> <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation" title="Armenian Revolutionary Federation">Armenian Revolutionary Federation</a></li></ul> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Foreign groups:</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-bottom:0.5em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Kuban_People%27s_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuban_People%27s_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Kuban_People%27s_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuban_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Kuban_People%27s_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_Kuban_People%27s_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kuban_Cossacks" title="Kuban Cossacks">Kuban Cossacks</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[1]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_North_Ossetia_%281991%E2%80%941994%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Ossetia_%281991%E2%80%941994%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_North_Ossetia_%281991%E2%80%941994%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_North_Ossetia_%281991%E2%80%941994%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_North_Ossetia_%281991%E2%80%941994%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_North_Ossetia_%281991%E2%80%941994%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Ossetians" title="Ossetians">Ossetian</a> volunteers<a href="#cite_note-4">[2]</a></li> <li>Slavic mercenaries<a href="#cite_note-Slavmerc-5">[3]</a></li></ul> </div></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-bottom:0.5em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> (from 1991)</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (until 1991)<a href="#cite_note-10">[c]</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic">Azerbaijan SSR</a></li></ul> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>Foreign groups:</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-bottom:0.5em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Hezbe_Wahdat.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hezbe_Wahdat.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Hezbe_Wahdat.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hezbe_Wahdat.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_Hezbe_Wahdat.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hezbe_Wahdat.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="386" data-file-height="257" /> <a href="/wiki/Hezbe_Wahdat" title="Hezbe Wahdat">Hezbe Wahdat</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[8]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Hezbi_Islami_Gulbuddin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hezbi_Islami_Gulbuddin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Hezbi_Islami_Gulbuddin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hezbi_Islami_Gulbuddin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Hezbi_Islami_Gulbuddin.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hezbi_Islami_Gulbuddin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="383" /> <a href="/wiki/Hezb-e_Islami_Gulbuddin" title="Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin">Hezb-e-Islami</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaarnby20086-12">[9]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Grey_Wolves_Gokturk_Flag.svg/23px-Grey_Wolves_Gokturk_Flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Grey_Wolves_Gokturk_Flag.svg/35px-Grey_Wolves_Gokturk_Flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Grey_Wolves_Gokturk_Flag.svg/45px-Grey_Wolves_Gokturk_Flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)" title="Grey Wolves (organization)">Grey Wolves</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrzezinskiSullivan1997616-13">[10]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen volunteers</a><a href="#cite_note-Griffin-14">[11]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/UNSO-flag.svg/15px-UNSO-flag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/UNSO-flag.svg/23px-UNSO-flag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/UNSO-flag.svg/30px-UNSO-flag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/UNA-UNSO" class="mw-redirect" title="UNA-UNSO">UNA-UNSO</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[15]</a></li> <li>Slavic mercenaries<a href="#cite_note-Slavmerc-5">[3]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_the_Nationalist_Movement_Party.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Nationalist_Movement_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_the_Nationalist_Movement_Party.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Nationalist_Movement_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_the_Nationalist_Movement_Party.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Nationalist_Movement_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="301" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Wind_Unit" title="Wind Unit">Turkish volunteers</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[16]</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemoyan2006p._226:_"Turkey_continued_to_provide_military_as_well_as_economic_aid_to_Azerbaijan._As_further_proof,_the_Turkish_army_and_intelligence_services_launched_undercover_operations_to_supply_Azerbaijan_with_arms_and_military_personnel._According_to_Turkish_sources,_over_350_high-ranking_officers_and_thousands_of_volunteers_from_Turkey_participated_in_the_warfare_on_the_Azerbaijani_side."_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemoyan2006p._226:_"Turkey_continued_to_provide_military_as_well_as_economic_aid_to_Azerbaijan._As_further_proof,_the_Turkish_army_and_intelligence_services_launched_undercover_operations_to_supply_Azerbaijan_with_arms_and_military_personnel._According_to_Turkish_sources,_over_350_high-ranking_officers_and_thousands_of_volunteers_from_Turkey_participated_in_the_warfare_on_the_Azerbaijani_side."-20">[17]</a></li></ul> </div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Levon_Ter-Petrosyan" title="Levon Ter-Petrosyan">Levon Ter-Petrosyan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Serzh_Sargsyan" title="Serzh Sargsyan">Serzh Sargsyan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kocharyan" title="Robert Kocharyan">Robert Kocharyan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Vazgen_Sargsyan" title="Vazgen Sargsyan">Vazgen Sargsyan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ayaz_Mutallibov" title="Ayaz Mutallibov">Ayaz Mutallibov</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Yagub_Mammadov_(politician)" title="Yagub Mammadov (politician)">Yagub Mammadov</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Isa_Gambar" title="Isa Gambar">Isa Gambar</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Abulfaz_Elchibey" title="Abulfaz Elchibey">Abulfaz Elchibey</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev" title="Heydar Aliyev">Heydar Aliyev</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Isgandar_Hamidov" title="Isgandar Hamidov">Isgandar Hamidov</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan_%281991%E2%80%932013%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Surat_Huseynov" title="Surat Huseynov">Surat Huseynov</a></li></ul> </div> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Hezbi_Islami_Gulbuddin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hezbi_Islami_Gulbuddin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Hezbi_Islami_Gulbuddin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hezbi_Islami_Gulbuddin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_Hezbi_Islami_Gulbuddin.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hezbi_Islami_Gulbuddin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="383" /> <a href="/wiki/Gulbuddin_Hekmatyar" title="Gulbuddin Hekmatyar">Gulbuddin Hekmatyar</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaarnby20086-12">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 30,000–40,000 (1993–94)<a href="#cite_note-SIPRI1994-25">[22]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 42,600 (1993–94)<a href="#cite_note-SIPRI1994-25">[22]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>: 350 officers<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemoyan2006p._226:_"Turkey_continued_to_provide_military_as_well_as_economic_aid_to_Azerbaijan._As_further_proof,_the_Turkish_army_and_intelligence_services_launched_undercover_operations_to_supply_Azerbaijan_with_arms_and_military_personnel._According_to_Turkish_sources,_over_350_high-ranking_officers_and_thousands_of_volunteers_from_Turkey_participated_in_the_warfare_on_the_Azerbaijani_side."_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemoyan2006p._226:_"Turkey_continued_to_provide_military_as_well_as_economic_aid_to_Azerbaijan._As_further_proof,_the_Turkish_army_and_intelligence_services_launched_undercover_operations_to_supply_Azerbaijan_with_arms_and_military_personnel._According_to_Turkish_sources,_over_350_high-ranking_officers_and_thousands_of_volunteers_from_Turkey_participated_in_the_warfare_on_the_Azerbaijani_side."-20">[17]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)" title="Grey Wolves (organization)">Grey Wolves</a>: 200<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrzezinskiSullivan1997p._616:_"It_is_also_revealed_that_a_new_force_of_200_armed_members_of_the_Grey_Wolves_organization_has_been_dispatched_from_Turkey_in_preparation_for_a_new_Azeri_offensive_and_to_train_units_of_the_Azeri_army."_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrzezinskiSullivan1997p._616:_"It_is_also_revealed_that_a_new_force_of_200_armed_members_of_the_Grey_Wolves_organization_has_been_dispatched_from_Turkey_in_preparation_for_a_new_Azeri_offensive_and_to_train_units_of_the_Azeri_army."-26">[23]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Mazari#Mujahideen_commander_and_politician" class="mw-redirect" title="Baba Mazari">Hezbe Wahdat</a>: 1,000–3,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharalampidis20136-27">[24]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamil_Basayev#Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="Shamil Basayev">Chechen volunteers</a>: 100–300<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharalampidis20134,_6-28">[25]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Dead: 5,856<a href="#cite_note-AMS-29">[26]</a>–6,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2013327-30">[27]</a></li> <li>Wounded: 20,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertsch1999297-31">[28]</a></li> <li>Missing: 196<a href="#cite_note-AMS-29">[26]</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Dead: 11,557<a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a> 25,000–30,000 (Western and Russian estimates)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2013326-33">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-AMS-29">[26]</a></li> <li>Wounded: 20,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFRD199598-35">[32]</a> or 50,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2013327-30">[27]</a></li> <li>Missing: 4,210<a href="#cite_note-OhanyanVelikhanova-36">[33]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> Civilian deaths: <ul><li>16,000 Azerbaijani civilians<a href="#cite_note-Omnilogos_2020-37">[34]</a></li> <li>4,000 Armenian civilians (including citizens of Armenia)<a href="#cite_note-Omnilogos_2020-37">[34]</a></li></ul> Civilians missing: <ul><li>400 according to Karabakh State Commission<a href="#cite_note-OhanyanVelikhanova-36">[33]</a></li> <li>749 according to Azerbaijani State Commission<a href="#cite_note-OhanyanVelikhanova-36">[33]</a></li></ul> Civilians displaced: <ul><li>724,000 Azerbaijanis<a href="#cite_note-Wiener_Zeitung-38">[35]</a> from Armenia, Nagorno-Karabakh and the surrounding areas</li> <li>300,000–500,000 Armenians<a href="#cite_note-Wiener_Zeitung-38">[35]</a> from Azerbaijan, Nagorno-Karabakh and Nakhchivan</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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<li><a href="/wiki/Kirovabad_pogrom" title="Kirovabad pogrom">Kirovabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baku_pogrom" title="Baku pogrom">Baku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_January" title="Black January">Black January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baganis_Ayrum_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Baganis Ayrum massacre">Baganis Ayrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Gushchular_and_Malibeyli" title="Capture of Gushchular and Malibeyli">Gushchular−Malibeyli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Garadaghly" title="Capture of Garadaghly">Garadaghly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojaly_massacre" title="Khojaly massacre">Khojaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraga_massacre" title="Maraga massacre">Maraga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Offensives</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ring" title="Operation Ring">Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Stepanakert" title="Siege of Stepanakert">Stepanakert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Shusha" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Shusha">Shusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Goranboy" title="Operation Goranboy">Goranboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardakert_and_Martuni_Offensives" title="Mardakert and Martuni Offensives">Mardakert−Martuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lachin" title="Battle of Lachin">Lachin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kalbajar" title="Battle of Kalbajar">Kalbajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aghdam" title="Battle of Aghdam">Aghdam</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/1993_Summer_Offensives" title="1993 Summer Offensives">Summer 1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Horadiz" title="Operation Horadiz">Horadiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Kalbajar" title="Operation Kalbajar">Kalbajar</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" 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template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Post-Soviet_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Post-Soviet conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Post-Soviet_conflicts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_territory_of_the_former_Soviet_Union" title="List of conflicts in territory of the former Soviet Union">Post-Soviet conflicts</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Caucasus</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">Nagorno-Karabakh</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Azerbaijan_border_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis">Border crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_2022_Armenia%E2%80%93Azerbaijan_clashes" title="September 2022 Armenia–Azerbaijan clashes">2022 clashes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Azerbaijani_offensive_in_Nagorno-Karabakh" title="2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh">2023 offensive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Civil_War" title="Georgian Civil War">Georgia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991%E2%80%931992_South_Ossetia_War" class="mw-redirect" title="1991–1992 South Ossetia War">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abkhaz%E2%80%93Georgian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz–Georgian conflict">Abkhazia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%931993)" title="War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1998)" title="War in Abkhazia (1998)">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Kodori_crisis" title="2001 Kodori crisis">Kodori</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Prigorodny_conflict" title="East Prigorodny conflict">North Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen%E2%80%93Russian_conflict" title="Chechen–Russian conflict">Chechen–Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_phase_of_the_Second_Chechen_War" title="Guerrilla phase of the Second Chechen War">guerrilla phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="Insurgency in the North Caucasus">North Caucasus insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_the_North_Caucasus" title="Islamic State insurgency in the North Caucasus">IS insurgency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Dagestan_(1999)" title="War in Dagestan (1999)">Dagestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Ingushetia" class="mw-redirect" title="War in Ingushetia">Ingushetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Central Asia</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_Civil_War" title="Tajikistani Civil War">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Terrorism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batken_conflict" title="Batken conflict">Batken spillover</a></li></ul></li> <li>Kyrgyz revolutions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tulip_Revolution" title="Tulip Revolution">Tulip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Revolution_of_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz Revolution of 2010">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Revolution_of_2020" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyz Revolution of 2020">2020</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_South_Kyrgyzstan_ethnic_clashes" title="2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes">South Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Gorno-Badakhshan_(2010%E2%80%932015)" title="Insurgency in Gorno-Badakhshan (2010–2015)">Gorno-Badakhshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Dungan%E2%80%93Kazakh_ethnic_clashes" title="2020 Dungan–Kazakh ethnic clashes">Dungan–Kazakh clashes</a></li> <li>Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Kyrgyzstan%E2%80%93Tajikistan_clashes" title="2021 Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Kyrgyzstan%E2%80%93Tajikistan_clashes" title="2022 Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan clashes">2022</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Kazakh_unrest" title="2022 Kazakh unrest">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Karakalpak_protests" title="2022 Karakalpak protests">Karakalpakstan</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Eastern Europe</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">1992</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis">1993 Moscow</a></li> <li>Ukraine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Euromaidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_Dignity" title="Revolution of Dignity">Revolution of Dignity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_pro-Russian_unrest_in_Ukraine" title="2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine">pro-Russian unrest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Outline of the Russo-Ukrainian War">(outline)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">annexation of Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Donbas" title="War in Donbas">Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerch_Strait_incident" title="Kerch Strait incident">Kerch Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 invasion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prelude_to_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Prelude to the Russian invasion of Ukraine">prelude</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="Template:Campaignbox Nagorno-Karabakh conflict"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Nagorno-Karabakh conflict"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Nagorno-Karabakh conflict"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">Nagorno-Karabakh conflict</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a class="mw-selflink selflink">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a> (1988−1994)</dt></dl> <a href="/wiki/Bishkek_Protocol" title="Bishkek Protocol">1994 ceasefire</a> <dl><dt>Ceasefire violations</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Mardakert_clashes" title="2008 Mardakert clashes">2008 Mardakert clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Nagorno-Karabakh_clashes" title="2010 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes">2010 clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Mardakert_clashes" title="2010 Mardakert clashes">2010 Mardakert clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_border_clashes" title="2012 Armenian–Azerbaijani border clashes">2012 clashes</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/2014_Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_clashes" title="2014 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes">2014 clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Armenian_Mil_Mi-24_shootdown" title="2014 Armenian Mil Mi-24 shootdown">2014 helicopter shootdown</a></li> <li> <a href="/wiki/2016_Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">2016 conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_clashes" title="2018 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes">2018 clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2020_Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_clashes" title="July 2020 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes">July 2020 clashes</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Second Nagorno-Karabakh War</a> (2020)</dt></dl> <a href="/wiki/2020_Nagorno-Karabakh_ceasefire_agreement" title="2020 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement">2020 ceasefire</a> <dl><dt>Ceasefire violations</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Azerbaijan_border_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis">2021−2023 border crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_2022_Armenia%E2%80%93Azerbaijan_clashes" title="September 2022 Armenia–Azerbaijan clashes">September 2022 clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Blockade of Nagorno-Karabakh">Blockade of Nagorno-Karabakh</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/2023_Azerbaijani_offensive_in_Nagorno-Karabakh" title="2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh">Azerbaijani offensive</a> (2023)</dt></dl> <a href="/wiki/2023_Nagorno-Karabakh_ceasefire_agreement" title="2023 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement">2023 ceasefire</a> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> The First Nagorno-Karabakh War<a href="#cite_note-39">[d]</a> was an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">ethnic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Territorial_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial conflict">territorial conflict</a> that took place from February 1988 to May 1994, in the <a href="/wiki/Enclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclave">enclave</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Nagorno-Karabakh">Nagorno-Karabakh</a> in southwestern <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, between the majority ethnic <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> of Nagorno-Karabakh backed by <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, and the Republic of Azerbaijan with support from <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. As the war progressed, Armenia and Azerbaijan, both former <a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">Soviet republics</a>, entangled themselves in protracted, undeclared <a href="/wiki/Mountain_warfare" title="Mountain warfare">mountain warfare</a> in the mountainous heights of Karabakh as Azerbaijan attempted to curb the <a href="/wiki/Secession" title="Secession">secessionist</a> movement in Nagorno-Karabakh. The <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Nagorno-Karabakh)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly (Nagorno-Karabakh)">enclave's parliament</a> had voted in favor of uniting with Armenia and a <a href="/wiki/1991_Nagorno-Karabakh_independence_referendum" title="1991 Nagorno-Karabakh independence referendum">referendum</a>, boycotted by the Azerbaijani population of Nagorno-Karabakh, was held, in which a 99.89% voted in favor of independence with an 82.2% turnout.<a href="#cite_note-40">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[37]</a> The demand to unify with Armenia began in a relatively peaceful manner in 1988; in the following months, as the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union disintegrated</a>, it gradually grew into an increasingly violent conflict between Armenians and Azerbaijanis, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnic cleansing</a>,<a href="#cite_note-CASE-STUDY-IN-ETHNIC-STRIFE-42">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELieberman2006284–292-43">[39]</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Sumgait_pogrom" title="Sumgait pogrom">Sumgait</a> (1988) and <a href="/wiki/Baku_pogrom" title="Baku pogrom">Baku</a> (1990) <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a> directed against Armenians, and the <a href="/wiki/Gugark_pogrom" title="Gugark pogrom">Gugark pogrom</a> (1988) and <a href="/wiki/Khojaly_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Khojaly Massacre">Khojaly Massacre</a> (1992) directed against Azerbaijanis. Inter-ethnic clashes between the two broke out shortly after the parliament of the <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast">Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast</a> (NKAO) in Azerbaijan voted to unite the region with Armenia on 20 February 1988. The declaration of secession from Azerbaijan was the culmination of a territorial conflict.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroissant1998-44">[40]</a> As Azerbaijan declared its independence from the Soviet Union and removed the powers held by the enclave's government, the Armenian majority voted to secede from Azerbaijan and in the process proclaimed the <a href="/wiki/List_of_unrecognized_states" class="mw-redirect" title="List of unrecognized states">unrecognized</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Nagorno-Karabakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh">Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh</a>. Full-scale fighting erupted in early 1992. Turkey sent mercenaries to fight for Azerbaijan and assisted in blockading trade to Armenia, including <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">humanitarian aid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bonner-45">[41]</a> International mediation by several groups including the <a href="/wiki/Conference_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Conference for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Conference for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a> (CSCE) failed to bring an end resolution that both sides could work with. In early 1993, Armenian forces captured <a href="/wiki/Armenian-occupied_territories_surrounding_Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Armenian-occupied territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh">seven Azerbaijani-majority districts</a> outside the enclave itself, threatening the involvement of other countries in the region.<a href="#cite_note-46">[e]</a> By the end of the war in 1994, the Armenians were in full control of the enclave, in addition to surrounding Azerbaijani territories, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Lachin_corridor" title="Lachin corridor">Lachin corridor</a> – a mountain pass that links Nagorno-Karabakh with mainland Armenia. A <a href="/wiki/Bishkek_Protocol" title="Bishkek Protocol">Russian-brokered ceasefire</a> was signed in May 1994. As a result of the conflict, approximately 724,000 Azerbaijanis were expelled from Armenia, Nagorno-Karabakh and the surrounding territories, while 300,000–500,000 Armenians living in Azerbaijan or Armenian border areas were displaced.<a href="#cite_note-Wiener_Zeitung-38">[35]</a> After the end of the war and over a period of many years, regular peace talks between Armenia and Azerbaijan were mediated by the <a href="/wiki/OSCE_Minsk_Group" title="OSCE Minsk Group">OSCE Minsk Group</a> but failed to result in a peace treaty. This left the Nagorno-Karabakh area in a state of legal limbo, with the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">Republic of Artsakh</a> remaining <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> independent but internationally unrecognized. <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">Ongoing tensions</a> persisted, with occasional outbreaks of armed clashes. Armenian forces occupied approximately 9% of Azerbaijan's territory outside the enclave until the <a href="/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Second Nagorno-Karabakh War</a> in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-48">[f]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Nagorno-Karabakh" title="History of Nagorno-Karabakh">History of Nagorno-Karabakh</a></div> The territorial ownership of Nagorno-Karabakh today is heavily contested between Armenians and Azerbaijanis. The current conflict has its roots in events following <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. Amid the dissolution of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> in November 1917 and seizure of power by the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a>, the three main ethnic groups of the <a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a>, Armenians, Azerbaijanis and <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgians</a>, struggled to come to an agreement on the nature of political government in the region. An attempt at shared political authority in the form of the <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasian Federation">Transcaucasian Federation</a> in the spring of 1918 came to naught in the face of an invasion by the forces of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. In May 1918, separate Armenian, Azerbaijani and Georgian national republics declared their formal independence from Russia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReynolds2011191–218-49">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armenian–Azerbaijani_war">Armenian–Azerbaijani war</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Artsakh" title="Category:History of Artsakh">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Artsakh" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Artsakh">History of Artsakh</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_Artsakh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_Artsakh.svg/75px-Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_Artsakh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_Artsakh.svg/113px-Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_Artsakh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_Artsakh.svg/150px-Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_Artsakh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="723" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Artsakh_history" title="Timeline of Artsakh history">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> Antiquity</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artsakh_(historic_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Artsakh (historic province)">Artsakh</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> Middle Ages</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania_(satrapy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Albania (satrapy)">Satrapy of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arminiya" title="Arminiya">Arminiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Artsakh" title="Kingdom of Artsakh">Kingdom of Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Khachen" title="Principality of Khachen">Principality of Khachen</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> Early Modern Age</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melikdoms_of_Karabakh" title="Melikdoms of Karabakh">Khamsa / Melikdoms of Karabakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Karabakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Province of Karabakh">Province of Karabakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karabakh_Khanate" title="Karabakh Khanate">Karabakh Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Artsakh#Russian_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Artsakh">Russian Karabakh</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#eee"> Modern Age</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast">Autonomous oblast</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Second Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">Independent state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Nagorno-Karabakh_ceasefire_agreement" title="2023 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement">Dissolution</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_the_Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Template:History of the Republic of Artsakh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_the_Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Template talk:History of the Republic of Artsakh"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_the_Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of the Republic of Artsakh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani War</a></div> Fighting soon broke out between the <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">First Republic of Armenia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Democratic_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Democratic Republic">Azerbaijan Democratic Republic</a> in three regions in particular: <a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic" title="Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic">Nakhchivan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zangezur_uezd" title="Zangezur uezd">Zangezur</a> (today the Armenian provinces of <a href="/wiki/Syunik_Province" title="Syunik Province">Syunik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vayots_Dzor_Province" title="Vayots Dzor Province">Vayotz Dzor</a>) and Karabakh itself. Armenia and Azerbaijan quarreled over the prospective boundaries of the three regions. The Armenians of Nagorno-Karabakh sought to unite the region with the Armenian republic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian197165–92-50">[44]</a> Following the defeat of the Ottoman Empire in World War I, forces led by Armenian general <a href="/wiki/Andranik_Ozanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Andranik Ozanian">Andranik Ozanian</a> entered Karabakh and made for the regional capital of <a href="/wiki/Shusha" title="Shusha">Shusha</a> in December 1918 when they were stopped by newly arrived British troops. The British commander suggested Andranik desist from marching on to Shusha and allow Armenia's and Azerbaijan's territorial disputes be left to the diplomats meeting at the forthcoming <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Conference,_1919" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Peace Conference, 1919">Paris Peace Conference</a>. The British in the meantime decided to appoint <a href="/wiki/Khosrov_bey_Sultanov" title="Khosrov bey Sultanov">Khosrov bey Sultanov</a>, an Azerbaijani statesman, as provisional governor, but insisted that all sides await the decision made at the peace conference.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian197165–92,_156–96-51">[45]</a> Intermittent fighting broke out shortly after and accelerated following the British pull-out in early 1919. The violence culminated in <a href="/wiki/Shusha_massacre" title="Shusha massacre">Shusha's</a> partial destruction by Azerbaijani forces in April 1920.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHovannisian1996140–52-52">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_division">Soviet division</h3></div> In April 1920, the Soviet <a href="/wiki/11th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="11th Army (Soviet Union)">Eleventh Army</a> invaded the Caucasus and within two years, the Caucasian republics were formed into the <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasian SFSR">Transcaucasian SFSR</a> of the Soviet Union. The Bolsheviks created a seven-member committee, the Caucasus Bureau (known as the Kavburo). Established under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/Narkomnats" class="mw-redirect" title="Narkomnats">People's Commissariat for Nationalities</a>, the Kavburo was tasked with resolving a myriad of national-related issues in the Caucasus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaporov2012301-53">[47]</a> On 4 July 1921 the committee voted 4–3 in favor of assigning Nagorno-Karabakh to the newly created <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Socialist_Republic_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Socialist Republic of Armenia">Soviet Socialist Republic of Armenia</a>, but a day later the Kavburo reversed its decision and voted to leave the region within the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic">Azerbaijan SSR</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaporov2012311–12-54">[48]</a> Historians to this day debate the reason for the Kavburo's last-minute reversal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaporov2012-55">[49]</a> Early scholarship argued that the decision was driven by a Soviet nationality policy that sought to create divisions within different ethnic and national groups.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2013144-56">[50]</a> In addition to Nagorno-Karabakh, the Soviets also turned Nakhichevan, a region with a large Armenian minority population, into an exclave of Azerbaijan, separated by Armenia's border. More recent research has pointed to geography, Soviet economic policy, and ensuring close relations with Turkish nationalist leader <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal" class="mw-redirect" title="Mustafa Kemal">Mustafa Kemal</a> as factoring heavily in the Soviet decision-making.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaporov2012319-57">[51]</a> The creation of the <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast">Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast</a> (NKAO) in 1923 left the region with a 94% Armenian population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYamskov1991659-58">[52]</a> The region's capital was moved from Shusha to <a href="/wiki/Khankendi" class="mw-redirect" title="Khankendi">Khankendi</a>, which was subsequently renamed <a href="/wiki/Stepanakert" title="Stepanakert">Stepanakert</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_Caucasus_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Soviet_Caucasus_map.svg/220px-Soviet_Caucasus_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Soviet_Caucasus_map.svg/330px-Soviet_Caucasus_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Soviet_Caucasus_map.svg/440px-Soviet_Caucasus_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="629" /></a><figcaption>Administrative map of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> in the USSR, 1957–1991</figcaption></figure> Over the following decades of Soviet rule, the Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians retained a strong desire to reunite with Armenia. A number of <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Armenia_(Soviet_Union)" title="Communist Party of Armenia (Soviet Union)">Armenian Communist Party</a> officials attempted to persuade Moscow to reconsider the question, to little avail.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroissant1998-44">[40]</a> In 1936, First Secretary of the Communist Party of Armenia <a href="/wiki/Aghasi_Khanjian" title="Aghasi Khanjian">Aghasi Khanjian</a> was murdered by the deputy head (and soon head) of the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> <a href="/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria" title="Lavrentiy Beria">Lavrentiy Beria</a> after submitting Armenian grievances to Stalin, which included requests to return Nagorno-Karabakh and Nakhichevan to Armenia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELibaridian1988150-59">[53]</a> The Armenians of the region frequently complained over the span of Soviet rule that their cultural and national rights were continually trampled upon by the Soviet Azerbaijani authorities in Baku. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revival_of_the_Karabakh_issue">Revival of the Karabakh issue</h3></div> After Stalin's death, Armenian discontent began to be voiced. In 1963, around 2,500 Karabakh Armenians signed a petition calling for Karabakh to be put under Armenian control or to be transferred to <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russia</a>. The same year saw violent clashes in Stepanakert, leading to the death of 18 Armenians. In 1965 and 1977, there were large demonstrations in <a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a> calling to unify Karabakh with Armenia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZürcher2007154-60">[54]</a> In 1985, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> came to power as the new general secretary of the Soviet Union and began implementing plans to reform the Soviet Union through his policies of <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">glasnost</a>. Many Armenians took advantage of the unprecedented opening of political expression offered by his policies and brought the issue of Nagorno-Karabakh back into the limelight. Karabakh Armenian leaders complained that the region had neither Armenian language textbooks in schools nor in television broadcasting, and that Azerbaijan's Communist Party General Secretary <a href="/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev" title="Heydar Aliyev">Heydar Aliyev</a> had attempted to "Azerify" the region by increasing the influence and number of Azerbaijanis living in Nagorno-Karabakh while at the same time pressuring its Armenian population to emigrate (Aliyev himself moved to Moscow in 1982, when was promoted to the position of the first deputy prime minister of the USSR).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1996a262-61">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroers201927–28,_81-62">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[57]</a> Over the course of seventy years, the Armenian population of Karabakh had dwindled to nearly three-quarters of the total population by the late 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELobellMauceri2004[httpsarchiveorgdetailsethnicconflictin00lobepagen64_58]-64">[58]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detailed_ethnic_map_of_Nagorno-Karabakh_before_the_First_Karabakh_War_(with_legend).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Detailed_ethnic_map_of_Nagorno-Karabakh_before_the_First_Karabakh_War_%28with_legend%29.png/200px-Detailed_ethnic_map_of_Nagorno-Karabakh_before_the_First_Karabakh_War_%28with_legend%29.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Detailed_ethnic_map_of_Nagorno-Karabakh_before_the_First_Karabakh_War_%28with_legend%29.png/300px-Detailed_ethnic_map_of_Nagorno-Karabakh_before_the_First_Karabakh_War_%28with_legend%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Detailed_ethnic_map_of_Nagorno-Karabakh_before_the_First_Karabakh_War_%28with_legend%29.png/400px-Detailed_ethnic_map_of_Nagorno-Karabakh_before_the_First_Karabakh_War_%28with_legend%29.png 2x" data-file-width="4071" data-file-height="4951" /></a><figcaption>Ethnic situation in Nagorno-Karabakh in the early 1980s</figcaption></figure> In February 1988, Armenians began protesting and staging workers' strikes in Yerevan, demanding unification with the enclave. On 20 February 1988, the leaders of the regional Soviet of Karabakh voted in favour of unifying the autonomous region with Armenia in a resolution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal201311–12-65">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Operation_Ring">Operation Ring</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Ring" title="Operation Ring">Operation Ring</a></div> In early 1991, President Gorbachev held a <a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_Union_referendum" title="1991 Soviet Union referendum">special countrywide referendum</a> called the Union Treaty which would decide if the Soviet republics would remain together. Newly elected non-communist leaders had come to power in the Soviet republics, including <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a> in Russia (Gorbachev remained the President of the Soviet Union), Levon Ter-Petrosyan in Armenia, and <a href="/wiki/Ayaz_Mutallibov" title="Ayaz Mutallibov">Ayaz Mutalibov</a> in Azerbaijan. Armenia and five other republics boycotted the referendum (Armenia declared its independence from the Soviet Union on 23 August 1990, whereas Azerbaijan voted in favor of joining).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZubok2021200-66">[60]</a> As many Armenians and Azerbaijanis in Karabakh began acquiring arms located in caches throughout Karabakh, Mutalibov turned to Gorbachev for support in launching a joint military operation in order to disarm Armenian militants in the region. Codenamed <a href="/wiki/Operation_Ring" title="Operation Ring">Operation Ring</a>, Soviet forces, acting in conjunction with the local Azerbaijani <a href="/wiki/Special_Purpose_Police_Unit" title="Special Purpose Police Unit">OMON</a>, entered villages in the <a href="/wiki/Shahumyan_Province" title="Shahumyan Province">Shahumyan</a> region and began to forcibly expel their Armenian inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-67">[g]</a> The operation involved the use of ground troops, armored vehicles and artillery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroissant199841-68">[61]</a> The deportations of the Armenian civilians was accompanied by allegations of gross human rights violations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenberGoldman19929-69">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1991-70">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-vestnik-71">[64]</a> Operation Ring was viewed by many Soviet and Armenian government officials as a heavy-handed attempt by Moscow to intimidate the Armenian populace and forced them to give up their demands for unification.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroissant1998-44">[40]</a> In the end, the operation proved counter-productive, with the violence only reinforcing the belief among Armenians that armed resistance remained the only solution to the conflict. The initial Armenian resistance inspired volunteers to start forming irregular volunteer detachments. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_reconciliation_efforts">Early reconciliation efforts</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Zheleznovodsk_Communiqu%C3%A9" title="Zheleznovodsk Communiqué">Zheleznovodsk Communiqué</a></div> In September 1991, Russian president Boris Yeltsin and <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> President <a href="/wiki/Nursultan_Nazarbayev" title="Nursultan Nazarbayev">Nursultan Nazarbayev</a> tried their first hand at mediation efforts. After peace talks in Baku, Ganja, Stepanakert, and Yerevan on 20–23 September, the sides agreed to sign the <a href="/wiki/Zheleznovodsk_Communiqu%C3%A9" title="Zheleznovodsk Communiqué">Zheleznovodsk Communiqué</a> in the Russian city of <a href="/wiki/Zheleznovodsk" title="Zheleznovodsk">Zheleznovodsk</a> taking the principles of territorial integrity, non-interference in internal affairs of sovereign states, observance of civil rights as a base of the agreement. The agreement was signed by Yeltsin, Nazarbayev, Mutalibov and Ter-Petrosyan.<a href="#cite_note-72">[65]</a> The peace talks came to an end, however, due to continuing bombardment and atrocities by Azerbaijani OMON in Stepanakert and <a href="/wiki/Chapar,_Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Chapar, Nagorno-Karabakh">Chapar</a> in late September.<a href="#cite_note-73">[66]</a> with the final blow brought about by the <a href="/wiki/1991_Azerbaijani_Mil_Mi-8_shootdown" title="1991 Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 shootdown">shooting down of an Mi-8 helicopter</a> near the village of <a href="/wiki/Karakend" title="Karakend">Karakend</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Martuni_District_(NKAO)" title="Martuni District (NKAO)">Martuni District</a>. The helicopter contained a peace mediating team made up of Russian and Kazakh observers and Azerbaijani high-ranking officials.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEichensehrReisman199855-74">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Implosion_and_Soviet_dissolution">Implosion and Soviet dissolution</h4></div> In late 1991, Armenian militia groups launched a number of operations to capture Armenian-populated villages seized by Azerbaijani OMON in May–July 1991. A number of Azerbaijani units burned these villages down as they withdrew from their positions.<a href="#cite_note-memo-75">[68]</a> According to the Moscow-based Human Rights organization <a href="/wiki/Memorial_(society)" title="Memorial (society)">Memorial</a>, at the same time, as a result of attacks by Armenian armed forces, several thousand residents of Azerbaijani villages in the former Shahumian, Hadrut, Martakert, Askeran and Martuni rayons of Azerbaijan left their homes. Some villages (e.g., Imereti and Gerevent) were burned by the militants. There were instances of violence against the civilian population (in particular, in the village <a href="/wiki/Me%C5%9F%C9%99li,_Goranboy" title="Meşəli, Goranboy">Meshali</a>).<a href="#cite_note-memo-75">[68]</a> Starting in late 1991, when the Azerbaijani side started its counter-offensive, the Armenian side began targeting Azerbaijani villages. According to Memorial, the villages <a href="/wiki/Mal%C4%B1b%C9%99yli" class="mw-redirect" title="Malıbəyli">Malibeyli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yuxar%C4%B1_Qu%C5%9F%C3%A7ular" title="Yuxarı Quşçular">Gushchular</a>, from which Azerbaijani forces regularly bombarded Stepanakert,<a href="#cite_note-76">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[71]</a> were attacked by Armenians. Houses were burned and dozens of civilians were killed. Each side accused the other of using the villages for military purposes.<a href="#cite_note-memo-75">[68]</a> On 19 December, interior ministry troops began to withdraw from Nagorno-Karabakh, completing their departure on 27 December.<a href="#cite_note-Вывод_ВВ-79">[72]</a> With the collapse of the Soviet Union and the withdrawal of interior ministry troops from Nagorno-Karabakh, the situation in the region spiraled out of control. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weapons_vacuum">Weapons vacuum</h3></div> As the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> accelerated in late 1991, both sides sought to acquire weaponry from military caches located throughout the region. The initial advantage tilted in Azerbaijan's favour. During the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, Soviet military doctrine for the defense of the Caucasus had outlined a strategy where Armenia would become a combat zone in the event that <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> member Turkey invaded from the west. Thus, there were only three military divisions stationed in the Armenian SSR, and the country had no airfields, while Azerbaijan had a total of five divisions and five military air bases. Furthermore, Armenia had approximately 500 railroad cars of ammunition compared to Azerbaijan's 10,000.<a href="#cite_note-80">[73]</a> As MVD forces began pulling out, they bequeathed the Armenians and Azerbaijanis a vast arsenal of ammunition and armored vehicles. The government forces initially sent by Gorbachev three years earlier were from other Soviet republics and many had no wish to stay too long. Most were poor, young <a href="/wiki/Conscript" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscript">conscripts</a> and many simply sold their weapons for cash or even vodka to either side, some even trying to sell tanks and <a href="/wiki/Armored_personnel_carrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Armored personnel carrier">armored personnel carriers</a> (APCs). The unsecured weapons caches led both sides to accuse Gorbachev of allowing the region to slip into conflict.<a href="#cite_note-timestepanakert-81">[74]</a> The Azerbaijanis purchased a large quantity of vehicles, with the Foreign Ministry of Azerbaijan reporting in November 1993 the acquisition of 286 tanks, 842 armored vehicles and 386 <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">artillery</a> pieces during the power vacuum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2003199-82">[75]</a> The emergence of <a href="/wiki/Black_market" title="Black market">black markets</a> helped facilitate the import of Western-made weaponry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1991344–45-83">[76]</a> Most weaponry was of either Russian or former <a href="/wiki/Eastern_bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern bloc">Eastern bloc</a> manufacture; although, some improvisation was also made by both sides. Azerbaijan received substantial military aid and provisions from Turkey, Israel and numerous Middle East countries. The <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Diaspora" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Diaspora">Armenian Diaspora</a> donated a significant amount of aid to Armenia through the course of the war and even managed to push for <a href="/wiki/Section_907_of_the_Freedom_Support_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 907 of the Freedom Support Act">legislation</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a> to ban American military aid to Azerbaijan in 1992.<a href="#cite_note-84">[h]</a> While Azerbaijan charged the Russians with helping the Armenians, a reporter from Time magazine confirmed that "the Azerbaijani fighters in the region [were] far better equipped with Soviet military weaponry than their opponents."<a href="#cite_note-timestepanakert-81">[74]</a> Following Gorbachev's resignation as president of the USSR on 25 December 1991, the remaining republics, including Kazakhstan, Belarus and Russia itself, declared their independence and the Soviet Union ceased to exist on 31 December 1991. This dissolution removed any barriers that were keeping Armenia and Azerbaijan from waging a full-scale war. One month prior, on 26 November, the Azerbaijani Parliament had rescinded Karabakh's status as an autonomous region and renamed Stepanakert "Xankandi." In response, on 10 December, a referendum was held in Karabakh by parliamentary leaders (the local Azerbaijani community boycotted the referendum), with the Armenians voting overwhelmingly in favour of independence. On 6 January 1992, the region declared its independence from Azerbaijan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroissant1998-44">[40]</a> The withdrawal of Soviet interior troops from Nagorno-Karabakh did not necessarily lead to the complete drawdown of former Soviet military power. In February 1992, the former Soviet republics came to form the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a> (CIS). While Azerbaijan abstained from joining, Armenia, fearing a possible invasion by Turkey, did, bringing the country under the organization's "collective security umbrella". In January 1992, CIS forces established their new headquarters at Stepanakert and took up an active role in peacekeeping. The CIS incorporated older Soviet formations, including the <a href="/wiki/366th_Guards_Motor_Rifle_Regiment" title="366th Guards Motor Rifle Regiment">366th Guards Motor Rifle Regiment</a> and elements of the Soviet <a href="/wiki/4th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="4th Army (Soviet Union)">4th Army</a><a href="#cite_note-Karagiannis-85">[77]</a> the longtime Ground Forces garrison in the Azerbaijani SSR. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Building_armies">Building armies</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Armenian_volunteer_units_during_the_First_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Armenian volunteer units during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War">Armenian volunteer units during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_soldiers_in_northern_Artsakh_1994.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Armenian_soldiers_in_northern_Artsakh_1994.tif/lossless-page1-220px-Armenian_soldiers_in_northern_Artsakh_1994.tif.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Armenian_soldiers_in_northern_Artsakh_1994.tif/lossless-page1-330px-Armenian_soldiers_in_northern_Artsakh_1994.tif.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Armenian_soldiers_in_northern_Artsakh_1994.tif/lossless-page1-440px-Armenian_soldiers_in_northern_Artsakh_1994.tif.png 2x" data-file-width="803" data-file-height="555" /></a><figcaption>Armenian soldiers in Karabakh, 1994, wearing Soviet Army combat helmets and wielding <a href="/wiki/AK-74" title="AK-74">AK-74</a> assault rifles</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Azerbaijani_soldiers_during_Nagorno_Karabagh_war.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Azerbaijani_soldiers_during_Nagorno_Karabagh_war.jpg/220px-Azerbaijani_soldiers_during_Nagorno_Karabagh_war.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Azerbaijani_soldiers_during_Nagorno_Karabagh_war.jpg/330px-Azerbaijani_soldiers_during_Nagorno_Karabagh_war.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Azerbaijani_soldiers_during_Nagorno_Karabagh_war.jpg/440px-Azerbaijani_soldiers_during_Nagorno_Karabagh_war.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="663" /></a><figcaption>Azerbaijani soldiers during the war, 1992</figcaption></figure> Sporadic battles between Armenians and Azerbaijanis intensified after Operation Ring. Thousands of volunteers joined the new armies Armenia and Azerbaijan were trying to build from the ground up. In addition to the formation of regular army units, in Armenia many men volunteered to join detachments (jokats), units of about forty men, which, combined with several others, were placed under the command of a lieutenant colonel. Many styled themselves in the mold of late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century Armenian revolutionary figures, such as <a href="/wiki/Andranik_Ozanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Andranik Ozanian">Andranik Ozanian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Garegin_Nzhdeh" title="Garegin Nzhdeh">Garegin Nzhdeh</a>, who had fought against the Ottoman Empire and Azerbaijan Democratic Republic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2003208-86">[78]</a> According to a biographer of one of the men who served in these units, the detachments lacked organization at the outset of the war, often choosing to attack or defend certain targets and areas without much coordination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelkonian2005-87">[79]</a> Insubordination was common, as many men simply chose not to show up, looted the belongings of dead soldiers, and sold supplies, such as diesel oil intended for armoured vehicles, on the black market.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelkonian2005-87">[79]</a> Some former troops in the Soviet military offered their services to both sides. One of the most prominent officers to serve on the Armenian side, for example, was General <a href="/wiki/Anatoly_Zinevich" title="Anatoly Zinevich">Anatoly Zinevich</a>, who remained in Nagorno-Karabakh for five years (1992–1997) and was involved in the planning and implementation of many operations of the Armenian forces. By the end of the war, he held the position of Chief of Staff of the Republic of Artsakh armed forces. Women were allowed to enlist in the Nagorno-Karabakh military, sometimes taking part in the fighting but mainly serving in auxiliary roles such as providing first-aid and evacuating wounded men from the battlefield. Azerbaijan's military functioned in much the same manner. It was better organized during the first years of the war. The Azerbaijan government carried out conscription and many Azerbaijanis enthusiastically enlisted for combat in the first months after the Soviet collapse. Azerbaijan's national army consisted of roughly 30,000 men, as well as nearly 10,000 in its OMON paramilitary force and several thousand volunteers from the Popular Front. <a href="/wiki/Suret_Huseynov" class="mw-redirect" title="Suret Huseynov">Suret Huseynov</a>, a wealthy Azerbaijani, improvised by creating his own military brigade, the 709th, and purchased weapons and vehicles from the former Soviet <a href="/wiki/23rd_Guards_Motor_Rifle_Division" title="23rd Guards Motor Rifle Division">23rd Motor Rifle Division</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2003199-82">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Isgandar_Hamidov" title="Isgandar Hamidov">Isgandar Hamidov</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Grey_Wolves_(organization)" title="Grey Wolves (organization)">Grey Wolves</a> (bozqurt) Brigade was another privately funded military outfit. According to Mariana Budjeryn's 2022 book Inheriting the Bomb, in winter 1990 Azerbaijani nationalist militias even attempted to secure or prevent the Soviet military from removing <a href="/wiki/Tactical_nuclear_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Tactical nuclear weapons">tactical nuclear weapons</a> stationed on Azerbaijani territory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBudjeryn202239-88">[80]</a> The Azerbaijani government sought foreign support as well, flush with money from oil revenues, it hired foreign <a href="/wiki/Mercenaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercenaries">mercenaries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gurdelik-89">[81]</a> The military further retained the services of <a href="/wiki/Gulbuddin_Hekmatyar" title="Gulbuddin Hekmatyar">Gulbuddin Hekmatyar</a>, a veteran of the Afghan war against the Soviets. Recruitment took place mostly in <a href="/wiki/Peshawar" title="Peshawar">Peshawar</a> by commander Fazle Haq Mujahid and several groups were dispatched to Azerbaijan for different duties.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaarnby20086-12">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[82]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">Washington post</a>, who refers to unidentified diplomats, the Afghans started arriving in August 1993 after Azerbaijani Deputy Interior Minister Roshan Jivadov had visited Afghanistan and the deployment was approved by <a href="/wiki/Gulbuddin_Hekmatyar" title="Gulbuddin Hekmatyar">Gulbuddin Hekmatyar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[83]</a> The estimated manpower and equipment of each side in 1993–1994 was:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChorbajianDonabedianMutafian1994[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOUlnYdOHJ3wCpgPA14_13–18]-92">[84]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> and <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">Nagorno-Karabakh</a></th> <th><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Military personnel</td> <td>40,000</td> <td>42,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Artillery</td> <td>177–187 (160–170 + 17)<a href="#cite_note-Khramchikhin-93">[85]</a></td> <td>388<a href="#cite_note-Khramchikhin-93">[85]</a>–395<a href="#cite_note-Mikhail_Barabanov-94">[86]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tanks</td> <td>90–173 (77–160 + 13)<a href="#cite_note-Khramchikhin-93">[85]</a></td> <td>436<a href="#cite_note-Khramchikhin-93">[85]</a>–458<a href="#cite_note-Mikhail_Barabanov-94">[86]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Armored personnel carriers </td> <td>290–360 (150<a href="#cite_note-Khramchikhin-93">[85]</a>–240 + 120)</td> <td>558<a href="#cite_note-Khramchikhin-93">[85]</a>–1,264<a href="#cite_note-Mikhail_Barabanov-94">[86]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Armored fighting vehicles</td> <td>39<a href="#cite_note-Khramchikhin-93">[85]</a>–200 + N/A</td> <td>389<a href="#cite_note-Khramchikhin-93">[85]</a>–480 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fighter aircraft</td> <td>3<a href="#cite_note-Khramchikhin-93">[85]</a> + N/A</td> <td>63<a href="#cite_note-Khramchikhin-93">[85]</a>–170 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Helicopters</td> <td>13<a href="#cite_note-Khramchikhin-93">[85]</a> + N/A</td> <td>45–51 </td></tr></tbody></table> Because Armenia did not have any secure treaty guarantees like those it would conclude with Russia (in 1997 and 2010) and the <a href="/wiki/CSTO" class="mw-redirect" title="CSTO">CSTO</a>, it had to divide some of its own forces for the defense of its western border with Turkey. For the duration of the war, most of the military personnel and equipment of the Republic of Armenia stayed in the country proper.<a href="#cite_note-Khramchikhin-93">[85]</a> In an overall military comparison, the number of men eligible for military service in Armenia, in the age group of 17–32, totalled 550,000, while in Azerbaijan it reached 1.3 million. Most men on both sides had served in the Soviet army and so had some form of military experience prior to the conflict, including men who had served <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">tours of duty in Afghanistan</a>. Among Karabakh Armenians, about 60% had served in the Soviet amy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChorbajianDonabedianMutafian1994[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidOUlnYdOHJ3wCpgPA14_13–18]-92">[84]</a> Most Azerbaijanis were often subject to discrimination during their service in the Soviet military and relegated to work in construction battalions rather than fighting corps.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFRD1995-95">[87]</a> Despite the presence of two military academies, including a <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Higher_Naval_Academy" title="Azerbaijan Higher Naval Academy">naval school in Azerbaijan</a>, the lack of such military experience was one factor that left Azerbaijan unprepared for the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFRD1995-95">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War">War</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stepanakert_under_siege">Stepanakert under siege</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Stepanakert" title="Siege of Stepanakert">Siege of Stepanakert</a></div> During the winter of 1991–1992 Stepanakert, the capital of Nagorno-Karabakh was blockaded by Azerbaijani forces and many civilian targets in the city were intentionally bombarded by artillery and aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECSCE1993125-96">[88]</a> The bombardment of Stepanakert and adjacent Armenian-held towns and villages during the blockade caused widespread destruction<a href="#cite_note-97">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenberGoldman199232-98">[90]</a> and the Interior Minister of Nagorno-Karabakh claimed that 169 Armenians died between October 1991 and April 1992.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenberPetrovDerry19935,_11-99">[91]</a> Azerbaijan used weapons such as the <a href="/wiki/BM-21_Grad" title="BM-21 Grad">BM-21 Grad</a> multiple-launch rocket system during the bombardment. The indiscriminate shelling and aerial attacks, terrorized the civilian population and destroyed numerous civilian buildings, including homes, hospitals and other non-<a href="/wiki/Legitimate_military_target" title="Legitimate military target">legitimate military targets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHRW1993-100">[92]</a> Human Rights Watch reported that main bases used by Azerbaijani armed forces for the bombardment of Stepanakert were the towns of <a href="/wiki/Khojaly_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Khojaly (city)">Khojaly</a> and Shusha.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHRW1993-100">[92]</a> In February 1992, Khojaly was captured by a mixed force of ethnic Armenians and, according to international observers, the 366th CIS Regiment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenberGoldman199221-101">[93]</a> After its capture, Khojaly became the site of <a href="/wiki/Khojaly_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Khojaly Massacre">the largest massacre</a> to occur during the First Nagorno-Karabakh War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHRW1994[httpsarchiveorgdetailsazerbaijanseveny00humapage6_6]-102">[94]</a> Human Rights Watch estimates that at least 161 Azerbaijani civilians, as well as a number of unarmed <a href="/wiki/Hors_de_combat" title="Hors de combat">hors de combat</a> soldiers, were killed as they fled the town.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHRW1993-100">[92]</a> The siege was finally lifted a few months later, in May 1992, when Armenian forces scored a decisive victory by <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Shusha" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Shusha">capturing Shusha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmbrosio2001148-103">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Armenian_offensives">Early Armenian offensives</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Khojaly">Khojaly</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Khojaly_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Khojaly Massacre">Khojaly Massacre</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:368px;max-width:368px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:18_xojali_ilgar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/18_xojali_ilgar.jpg/180px-18_xojali_ilgar.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/18_xojali_ilgar.jpg/270px-18_xojali_ilgar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/18_xojali_ilgar.jpg/360px-18_xojali_ilgar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="472" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Azerbaijani_refugees_after_the_Khojaly_massacre_in_train.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Azerbaijani_refugees_after_the_Khojaly_massacre_in_train.jpg/180px-Azerbaijani_refugees_after_the_Khojaly_massacre_in_train.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Azerbaijani_refugees_after_the_Khojaly_massacre_in_train.jpg/270px-Azerbaijani_refugees_after_the_Khojaly_massacre_in_train.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Azerbaijani_refugees_after_the_Khojaly_massacre_in_train.jpg/360px-Azerbaijani_refugees_after_the_Khojaly_massacre_in_train.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3543" data-file-height="2362" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center">Azerbaijani refugees from Khojaly</div></div></div></div> On 2 January 1992 Ayaz Mutalibov assumed the presidency of Azerbaijan. Officially, the newly created <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Armenia">Republic of Armenia</a> publicly denied any involvement in providing any weapons, fuel, food, or other logistics to the secessionists in Nagorno-Karabakh. Ter-Petrosyan later did admit to supplying them with logistical supplies and paying the salaries of the separatists, but denied sending any of its own men into combat. Armenia faced a debilitating blockade by the now <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of Azerbaijan">Republic of Azerbaijan</a>, as well as pressure from neighbouring Turkey, which decided to side with Azerbaijan and build a closer relationship with it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGokay2003189–190-104">[96]</a> In early February, the Azerbaijani villages of Malıbəyli, Karadagly and <a href="/wiki/A%C4%9Fdaban" title="Ağdaban">Agdaban</a> were conquered and their population evicted, leading to at least 99 civilian deaths and 140 wounded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1999-105">[97]</a> The only land connection Armenia had with Karabakh was through the narrow, mountainous <a href="/wiki/Lachin_corridor" title="Lachin corridor">Lachin corridor</a> which could only be reached by helicopters. The region's only airport was in <a href="/wiki/Khojaly_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Khojaly (city)">Khojaly</a>, a small town 7 kilometres (4 miles) north of Stepanakert and a population of somewhere between 6,000 and 10,000 people. Khojaly had been serving as an artillery base from which <a href="/wiki/BM-21_Grad" title="BM-21 Grad">Grad</a> rockets were launched upon the civilian population of capital Stepanakert: On some days as many as 400 Grad rockets rained down on Armenian multi-story apartments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufman200173-106">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker199689–111-107">[99]</a> By late February, the Armenian forces reportedly warned about the upcoming attack and issued an ultimatum that unless the Azerbaijanis stopped the shelling from Khojaly they would seize the town.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker199689–111-107">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenberGoldman199220-108">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[i]</a> By late February, Khojaly had largely been cut off. On 26 February, Armenian forces, with the aid of some armored vehicles from the 366th, mounted an offensive to capture Khojaly. According to the Azerbaijani side and the affirmation of other sources including Human Rights Watch, the Moscow-based human rights organization Memorial and the biography of a leading Armenian commander, <a href="/wiki/Monte_Melkonian" title="Monte Melkonian">Monte Melkonian</a>, documented and published by his brother,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelkonian2005213-110">[101]</a> after Armenian forces captured Khojaly, they killed several hundred civilians evacuating from the town. Armenian forces had previously stated they would attack the city and leave a land corridor for them to escape through. When the attack began, the attacking Armenian force easily outnumbered and overwhelmed the defenders who along with the civilians attempted to retreat north to the Azerbaijani held city of Agdam. The airport's runway was found to have been intentionally destroyed, rendering it temporarily useless. The attacking forces then went on to pursue those fleeing through the corridor and opened fire upon them, killing scores of civilians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelkonian2005213-110">[101]</a> Facing charges of an intentional massacre of civilians by international groups, Armenian government officials denied the occurrence of a massacre and asserted an objective of silencing the artillery coming from Khojaly.<a href="#cite_note-111">[j]</a> An exact body count was never ascertained but conservative estimates have placed the number to 485.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2003171-112">[102]</a> The official death toll according to Azerbaijani authorities for casualties suffered during the events of 25–26 February is 613 civilians, of them 106 women and 83 children.<a href="#cite_note-113">[103]</a> On 3 March 1992, the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Globe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boston Globe">Boston Globe</a> reported over 1,000 people had been slain over four years of conflict. It quoted the mayor of Khojaly, Elmar Mamedov, as also saying 200 more were missing, 300 were held hostage and 200 injured in the fighting.<a href="#cite_note-ARMENIANS-KILLED-1000-AZERIS-CHARGE-114">[104]</a> A report published in 1992 by the human rights organization <a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Watch" title="Helsinki Watch">Helsinki Watch</a> stated that their inquiry found that the Azerbaijani OMON and "the militia, still in uniform and some still carrying their guns, were interspersed with the masses of civilians" which may have been the reason why Armenian troops fired upon them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenberGoldman199219–21-115">[105]</a> Under pressure from the APF due to the mismanagement of the defence of Khojaly and the safety of its inhabitants, Mutalibov was forced to submit his resignation to the National Assembly of Azerbaijan. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Capture_of_Shusha">Capture of Shusha</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Shusha" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of Shusha">Capture of Shusha</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ridge_Shushi_battle.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Ridge_Shushi_battle.JPG/220px-Ridge_Shushi_battle.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Ridge_Shushi_battle.JPG/330px-Ridge_Shushi_battle.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Ridge_Shushi_battle.JPG/440px-Ridge_Shushi_battle.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>The road leading up to Shusha was the scene of a battle between Armenian and Azerbaijani armored vehicles.</figcaption></figure> On 26 January 1992, the Azerbaijani forces stationed in Shusha encircled and attacked the nearby Armenian village Karintak (located on the way from Shusha to Stepanakert) in an attempt to capture it. This operation was conducted by Azerbaijan's then-defence minister Tajedin Mekhtiev and was supposed to prepare the ground for a future attack on Stepanakert. The operation failed as the villagers and the Armenian fighters strongly retaliated. Mekhtiev was ambushed and up to 70 Azeri soldiers died. After this debacle, Mekhtiev left Shusha and was fired as defence minister.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2013189-116">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGore2008-118">[108]</a> On 28 March, Azerbaijani troops deployed to attack Stepanakert, attacked Armenian positions above the village <a href="/wiki/Krkjan,_Nagorno-Karabakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Krkjan, Nagorno-Karabakh">Kərkicahan</a> from the village of Dzhangasan. During the afternoon of the next day, Azerbaijani units took up positions in close proximity to the city, but were quickly repulsed by the Armenians.<a href="#cite_note-119">[109]</a> In the ensuing months after the capture of Khojaly, Azerbaijani commanders holding out in the region's last bastion of Shusha began a <a href="/wiki/Shelling_of_Stepanakert" class="mw-redirect" title="Shelling of Stepanakert">large-scale artillery bombardment</a> with Grad rocket launchers against Stepanakert. By April, the shelling had forced many of the 50,000 people living in Stepanakert to seek refuge in underground bunkers and basements.<a href="#cite_note-timestepanakert-81">[74]</a> Facing ground incursions near the city's outlying areas, military leaders in Nagorno-Karabakh organized an offensive to take the town. On 8 May a force of several hundred Armenian troops accompanied by tanks and helicopters attacked Shusha. Fierce fighting took place in the town's streets and several hundred men were killed on both sides. Although the Armenians were outnumbered and outgunned by the Azerbaijani Army, they managed to capture the town and force the Azerbaijanis to retreat on 9 May.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelkonian2005-87">[79]</a> The capture of Shusha resonated loudly in neighbouring Turkey. Its relations with Armenia had grown better after it had declared its independence from the Soviet Union; they gradually worsened as a result of Armenia's gains in the Nagorno-Karabakh region. Turkey's prime minister <a href="/wiki/Suleyman_Demirel" class="mw-redirect" title="Suleyman Demirel">Suleyman Demirel</a> said that he was under intense pressure by his people to have his country intervene and aid Azerbaijan. Demirel was opposed to such an intervention, saying that Turkey's entrance into the war would trigger an even greater Muslim-Christian conflict (Turkey is overwhelmingly Muslim).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubinKirişci2001175-120">[110]</a> Turkey sent mercenary infantry composed of <a href="/wiki/Turkish_nationalism" title="Turkish nationalism">Turkish nationalists</a> to Azerbaijan and also contributed substantial military aid and advisers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroissant1998-44">[40]</a> In addition, Turkey also <a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">blockaded</a> supplies from being transferred to Armenia, including <a href="/wiki/Humanitarian_aid" title="Humanitarian aid">humanitarian aid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bonner-45">[41]</a> In May 1992, the military commander of the CIS forces, Marshal <a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Shaposhnikov" title="Yevgeny Shaposhnikov">Yevgeny Shaposhnikov</a>, issued a warning to Western nations, especially the United States, to not interfere with the conflict in the Caucasus, stating it would "place us [the Commonwealth] on the verge of a third world war and that cannot be allowed".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroissant1998-44">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lachin_corridor">Lachin corridor</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lachin_corridor" title="Lachin corridor">Lachin corridor</a></div> The Azerbaijani parliament blamed <a href="/wiki/Yaqub_Mammadov" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaqub Mammadov">Yaqub Mammadov</a>, then acting President of Azerbaijan, for Shusha's loss, and removed him from power. This cleared Mutalibov of any responsibility after the loss of Khojaly, and paved the way for reinstatement him as president on 15 May 1992. Many Azerbaijanis objected to this move, viewing as an attempt to forestall parliamentary elections due in June of that year. The Azerbaijani parliament at that time was made up of former leaders from the country's communist regime, and the losses of Khojaly and Shusha led to further agitation for free elections.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroissant1998-44">[40]</a> To add to the turmoil, on 18 May Armenian forces launched an offensive to take the town of <a href="/wiki/Lachin" title="Lachin">Lachin</a>, situated along a narrow corridor that separated Armenia proper from Nagorno-Karabakh. The town was poorly guarded, and the next day Armenian forces took control of the town and opened a humanitarian corridor known as the <a href="/wiki/Lachin_corridor" title="Lachin corridor">Lachin corridor</a> that linked the Nagorno-Karabakh to Armenia. The capture of Lachin allowed an overland route for supply convoys between Nagorno-Karabakh and Armenia, thereby providing relief against the blockade imposed by Azerbaijan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker1999167–171,_172–173,_297-121">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[113]</a> The loss of Lachin was the final blow to Mutalibov's regime. Demonstrations were held despite Mutalibov's ban and an armed coup was staged by Popular Front activists. Fighting between government forces and Popular Front supporters escalated as the political opposition seized the parliament building in Baku as well as the airport and presidential office. On 16 June 1992 <a href="/wiki/Abulfaz_Elchibey" title="Abulfaz Elchibey">Abulfaz Elchibey</a> was elected leader of Azerbaijan with many political leaders from the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Popular_Front_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijan Popular Front Party">Azerbaijan Popular Front Party</a> were elected into the parliament. The instigators lambasted Mutalibov as an undedicated and weak leader in the war in Karabakh. Elchibey was staunchly opposed to asking for help from Russians, preferring instead to build closer ties with Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1996b125-124">[114]</a> There were times when the fighting also spilled outside the Nagorno-Karabakh region. Nakhchivan, for example, was shelled by Armenian troops in May 1992.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENotholt20087.17-125">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Escalation">Escalation</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Azerbaijani_offensive_in_June_1992">Azerbaijani offensive in June 1992</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Goranboy" title="Operation Goranboy">Operation Goranboy</a></div> On 12 June 1992, the Azeri military, along with Huseynov's own brigade, used a large number of tanks, armored personnel carriers and attack helicopters to launch a three-day offensive from the relatively unguarded region of Shahumian, north of Nagorno-Karabakh, in the process taking back several dozen villages in the Shahumian region originally held by Armenian forces. Another reason the front collapsed so effortlessly was because it was manned by the volunteer detachments from Armenia, having abandoned their positions to return to Armenia proper after the capture of Lachin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2013208-126">[116]</a> The offensive prompted the Armenian government to openly threaten Azerbaijan that it would overtly intervene and assist the separatists fighting in Karabakh.<a href="#cite_note-Goldberg_1992-127">[117]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Destroyed_Military_Vehicle_,_Karintak,_NKR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Destroyed_Military_Vehicle_%2C_Karintak%2C_NKR.jpg/220px-Destroyed_Military_Vehicle_%2C_Karintak%2C_NKR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Destroyed_Military_Vehicle_%2C_Karintak%2C_NKR.jpg/330px-Destroyed_Military_Vehicle_%2C_Karintak%2C_NKR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Destroyed_Military_Vehicle_%2C_Karintak%2C_NKR.jpg/440px-Destroyed_Military_Vehicle_%2C_Karintak%2C_NKR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>A derelict <a href="/wiki/BRDM-2" title="BRDM-2">BRDM-2</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dashalty" title="Dashalty">Dashalty</a></figcaption></figure> The scale of the Azerbaijani offensive prompted the Armenian government to threaten Azerbaijan with directly intervening and assisting the separatists.<a href="#cite_note-Goldberg_1992-127">[117]</a> The assault forced Armenian forces to retreat south towards Stepanakert, where Karabakh commanders contemplated destroying a vital <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric">hydroelectric</a> dam in the <a href="/wiki/Martakert" title="Martakert">Martakert</a> region if the offensive was not halted. An estimated 30,000 Armenian refugees were also forced to flee to the capital as the assaulting forces had taken back nearly half of Nagorno-Karabakh. However, the offensive soon ground to a halt as helicopter gunships began picking away at the columns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2013209-128">[118]</a> On 18 June 1992, a <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a> was announced throughout the NKR. On 15 August, the Committee for State Defense of the NKR was created, headed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Kocharyan" title="Robert Kocharyan">Robert Kocharyan</a> and later by <a href="/wiki/Serzh_Sargsyan" title="Serzh Sargsyan">Serzh Sargsyan</a>. Partial mobilization was called for, which covered <a href="/wiki/Sergeant" title="Sergeant">sergeants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Private_(rank)" title="Private (rank)">privates</a> in the NKR, NKR men available for military service aged 18–40, <a href="/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)" title="Officer (armed forces)">officers</a> up to the age of 50 and women with previous military training.<a href="#cite_note-Zhirokhov_2009-129">[119]</a> Many of the crew members of the armored units in the offensive belonged to the Russian 23rd Division of the 4th Army, based out of Ganja and, ironically, as were the units that eventually stopped them. According to an Armenian government official, they were able to persuade Russian military units to bombard and effectively halt the advance within a few days;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2013209-128">[118]</a> allowing the Armenian government to recuperate for the losses and mount a counteroffensive to restore the original lines of the front. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Renewed_peace_talks">Renewed peace talks</h4></div> New efforts at peace talks were initiated by Iranian President <a href="/wiki/Akbar_Hashemi_Rafsanjani" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani">Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani</a> in the first half of 1992, after the events in Khojaly and the resignation of Azerbaijani President <a href="/wiki/Ayaz_Mutallibov" title="Ayaz Mutallibov">Ayaz Mutallibov</a>. Iranian diplomats conducted <a href="/wiki/Shuttle_diplomacy" title="Shuttle diplomacy">shuttle diplomacy</a> and were able to bring the new president of Azerbaijan Yaqub Mammadov and President of Armenia Levon Ter-Petrosian to Tehran for bilateral talks on 7 May 1992.<a href="#cite_note-Strategic-130">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-RFE-131">[121]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tehran_Communiqu%C3%A9" title="Tehran Communiqué">Tehran Communiqué</a> was signed by Mammadov, Ter-Petrosian and Rafsanjani following the agreement of the parties to international legal norms, stability of borders and to deal with the refugee crisis. The peace efforts were disrupted on the next day when Armenian troops captured the town of Shusha and completely failed following the capture of Lachin on 18 May.<a href="#cite_note-132">[122]</a> In mid-1992, the CSCE (later to become the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a>), created the <a href="/wiki/OSCE_Minsk_Group" title="OSCE Minsk Group">Minsk Group</a> in Helsinki which comprised eleven nations and was co-chaired by France, Russia and the United States with the purpose of mediating a peace deal with Armenia and Azerbaijan. In their annual summit in 1992, the organization failed to address and solve the many new problems that had arisen since the Soviet Union collapsed, much less the Karabakh conflict. The <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">wars in Yugoslavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>'s war with the breakaway republic of <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a>, the secessionist movement in Chechnya and Georgia's renewed disputes with Russia, <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ossetia" title="Ossetia">Ossetia</a> were all top agenda issues that involved various ethnic groups fighting each other.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreire2003-133">[123]</a> The CSCE proposed the use of NATO and CIS <a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">peacekeepers</a> to monitor ceasefires and protect shipments of humanitarian aid being sent to displaced refugees. Several ceasefires were put into effect after the June offensive, but the implementation of a European peacekeeping force, endorsed by Armenia, never came to fruition. The idea of sending 100 international observers to Karabakh was once raised but talks broke down completely between Armenian and Azerbaijani leaders in July. Russia was especially opposed to allowing a multinational peacekeeping force from NATO to entering the Caucasus, seeing it as a move that encroached on its "backyard".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroissant1998-44">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_southern_front">The southern front</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mardakert_and_Martuni_Offensives" title="Mardakert and Martuni Offensives">Mardakert and Martuni Offensives</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heydar_Aliyev_with_Azerbaijani_warriors_in_a_trench.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Heydar_Aliyev_with_Azerbaijani_warriors_in_a_trench.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="199" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="199" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev" title="Heydar Aliyev">Heydar Aliyev</a> with Azerbaijani soldiers in a trench</figcaption></figure> In late June, a new, smaller Azerbaijani offensive was planned, this time against the town of <a href="/wiki/Khojavend_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Khojavend (town)">Martuni</a> in the southeastern half of Karabakh. The attack force consisted of several dozen tanks and armored fighting vehicles along with a complement of several infantry companies massing along the <a href="/wiki/Machkalashen" title="Machkalashen">Machkalashen</a> and Jardar fronts near Martuni and <a href="/wiki/Krasnyy_Bazar" class="mw-redirect" title="Krasnyy Bazar">Krasnyy Bazar</a>. Martuni's regimental commander, Monte Melkonian, although lacking heavy armor, managed to beat back repeated assaults by the Azerbaijani forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelkonian2005-87">[79]</a> In late August 1992, Nagorno-Karabakh's government was in order disorder, and its members resigned on 17 August. Power was subsequently assumed by a council called the State Defense Committee and chaired by Robert Kocharyan. The committee would temporarily govern the enclave until war's end.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2003196–197-134">[124]</a> At the same time, Azerbaijan also launched attacks by fixed-wing aircraft, often bombing civilian targets. Kocharyan accused Azerbaijan of intentionally targeting civilians in the aerial campaign. He also blamed Russia for allowing its army's weapons stockpiles to be sold or transferred to Azerbaijan.<a href="#cite_note-135">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[k]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Winter_thaw">Winter thaw</h4></div> As winter approached, both sides largely abstained from launching full-scale offensives so as to preserve resources, such as gas and electricity, for domestic use. Despite the opening of an economic highway to the residents living in Karabakh, both Armenia and the enclave suffered a great deal due to the economic blockades imposed by Azerbaijan. While not completely shut off, material aid sent through Turkey arrived sporadically.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroissant1998-44">[40]</a> Experiencing both food shortages and power shortages, after the shutting down of the <a href="/wiki/Metsamor" title="Metsamor">Metsamor</a> nuclear power plant, Armenia's economic outlook appeared bleak: in Georgia, a new bout of civil wars against separatists in Abkhazia and Ossetia began, and supply convoys were raided and the only oil pipeline leading from Russia to Armenia was repeatedly destroyed. As in 1991–1992, the 1992–1993 winter was especially cold, as many families throughout Armenia and Karabakh were left without heating and hot water.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChrysanthopoulos2002-137">[126]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] Grain had become difficult to procure. The Armenian Diaspora raised money and donated supplies to Armenia. In December, two shipments of 33,000 tons of grain and 150 tons of infant formula arrived from the United States via the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> port of <a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a>, Georgia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChrysanthopoulos2002-137">[126]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] In February 1993, the <a href="/wiki/European_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Community">European Community</a> sent 4.5 million <a href="/wiki/European_Currency_Unit" title="European Currency Unit">ECUs</a> to Armenia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChrysanthopoulos2002-137">[126]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">full citation needed</a>] Iran also helped by providing power and electricity to Armenian. Elchibey's acrimonious stance toward Iran and provocative remarks about unifying with <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Iran's Azerbaijani minority</a> alienated relations between the two countries.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Azerbaijanis were displaced as <a href="/wiki/Internally_displaced_person" title="Internally displaced person">internal</a> and international refugees were forced to live in makeshift camps provided by both the Azerbaijan government and Iran. The <a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="International Red Cross">International Red Cross</a> also distributed blankets to the Azerbaijanis and noted that by December, enough food was being allocated for the refugees.<a href="#cite_note-138">[127]</a> Azerbaijan also struggled to rehabilitate its petroleum industry, the country's chief export. Its oil refineries were not generating at full capacity and production quotas fell well short of estimates. In 1965, the oil fields in Baku were producing 21.5 million tons of oil annually; by 1988, that number had dropped down to almost 3.3 million. Outdated Soviet refinery equipment and a reluctance by Western oil companies to invest in a war region where pipelines would routinely be destroyed prevented Azerbaijan from fully exploiting its oil wealth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroissant1998-44">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mid-1993">Mid-1993</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_northern_front">The northern front</h4></div> Despite a brutal winter, both sides looked to the new year to break the inertia of the war. Azerbaijan's President Elchibey expressed optimism toward bringing solution to the conflict with Armenia's Ter-Petrosyan. Glimmers of such hope quickly began to fade in January 1993, despite the calls for a new ceasefire by Boris Yeltsin and George H. W. Bush.<a href="#cite_note-139">[128]</a> Armenian forces launched a new round of attacks that overran villages in northern Karabakh that had been held by the Azerbaijanis since the previous year. After Armenian losses in 1992, Russia started massive armament shipments to Armenia in the following year. Russia supplied Armenia with arms with a total cost of US$1 billion in value in 1993. According to Russian general <a href="/wiki/Lev_Rokhlin" title="Lev Rokhlin">Lev Rokhlin</a>, Russians supplied Armenians with such massive arms shipment in return for "money, personal contacts and lots of vodkas".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorin2017162–163-140">[129]</a> Frustration over these military defeats took a toll on the domestic front in Azerbaijan. Azerbaijan's military had grown more desperate and defence minister Gaziev and Huseynov's brigade turned to Russian help, a move which ran against Elchibey's policies and was construed as insubordination. Political infighting and arguments about where to shift military units between the country's ministry of the interior Isgandar Hamidov and Gaziev led to the latter's resignation on 20 February. Armenia was similarly wracked by political turmoil and growing Armenian dissension against President Ter-Petrosyan.<a href="#cite_note-141">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kalbajar">Kalbajar</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kalbajar" title="Battle of Kalbajar">Battle of Kalbajar</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Captured_azeri_tank.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4d/Captured_azeri_tank.jpg/220px-Captured_azeri_tank.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4d/Captured_azeri_tank.jpg/330px-Captured_azeri_tank.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4d/Captured_azeri_tank.jpg 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="274" /></a><figcaption>An Armenian engineer repairing a captured Azerbaijani tank. Note the crescent emblem on the turret of the tank.</figcaption></figure> Situated west of northern Karabakh, outside the official boundaries of the region, was the rayon of <a href="/wiki/Kalbajar" title="Kalbajar">Kalbajar</a>, which bordered Armenia. With a population of about 60,000, the several dozen villages were made up of Azerbaijani and Kurds.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHRW199414-142">[131]</a> In March 1993, the Armenian-held areas near the <a href="/wiki/Sarsang_reservoir" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarsang reservoir">Sarsang reservoir</a> in Mardakert were reported to have been coming under attack by the Azerbaijanis. After successfully defending the Martuni region, Melkonian's fighters were tasked to move to capture the region of Kalbajar, where the incursions and artillery shelling were said to have been coming from.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelkonian2005-87">[79]</a> Scant military opposition by the Azerbaijanis allowed Melkonian's fighters to gain a foothold in the region and along the way capture several abandoned armored vehicles and tanks. At 2:45 pm, on 2 April, Armenian forces from two directions advanced toward Kalbajar in an attack that struck Azerbaijani armor and troops entrenched near the Ganja-Kalbajar intersection. Azerbaijani forces were unable to halt the advances made by Armenian armor and were wiped out completely. The second attack toward Kalbajar also quickly overran the defenders. By 3 April, Armenian forces were in possession of Kalbajar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelkonian2005-87">[79]</a> On 30 April, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council (UNSC)</a> passed <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_822" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 822">Resolution 822</a>, co-sponsored by Turkey and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, demanding the immediate cessation of all hostilities and the withdrawal of all occupying forces from Kalbajar.<a href="#cite_note-UN-143">[132]</a> Human Rights Watch concluded that during the Kalbajar offensive Armenian forces committed numerous violations of the rules of war, including the forcible exodus of a civilian population, indiscriminate fire, and taking of hostages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHRW199414-142">[131]</a> The political repercussions were also felt in Azerbaijan when Huseynov embarked on his "march to Baku". Frustrated with what he felt was Elchibey's incompetence and demoted from his rank of colonel, his brigade advanced in early June from its base in Ganja toward Baku with the explicit aim of unseating the president. Elchibey stepped down from office on 18 June and power was assumed by then parliamentary member Heydar Aliyev. On 1 July, Huseynov was appointed prime minister of Azerbaijan.<a href="#cite_note-144">[133]</a> As acting president, Aliyev disbanded 33 voluntary battalions of the Popular Front, which he deemed politically unreliable.<a href="#cite_note-145">[134]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Agdam,_Fuzuli,_Jabrail_and_Zangilan">Agdam, Fuzuli, Jabrail and Zangilan</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1993_Summer_Offensives" title="1993 Summer Offensives">1993 Summer Offensives</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agdam-nagorno-karabakh-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Agdam-nagorno-karabakh-3.jpg/220px-Agdam-nagorno-karabakh-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Agdam-nagorno-karabakh-3.jpg/330px-Agdam-nagorno-karabakh-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Agdam-nagorno-karabakh-3.jpg/440px-Agdam-nagorno-karabakh-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of <a href="/wiki/Aghdam" title="Aghdam">Aghdam</a> in 2009.</figcaption></figure> The Armenian side took advantage of the turmoil in Baku, which had left the Karabakh front almost undefended. The following four months of political instability in Azerbaijan led to the loss of control over five districts, as well as the north of Nagorno-Karabakh. Azerbaijani military forces were unable to put up much resistance in the face of Armenian advances and abandoned most of their positions with little resistance. In late June 1993, they were driven out from Mardakert, losing their final foothold of the enclave. By July, Armenian forces were seen preparing for to attack and capture <a href="/wiki/Agdam_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Agdam District">Agdam</a>, another district that fell outside of Nagorno-Karabakh, with the aim of widening a <a href="/wiki/Security_belt_of_Nagorno-Karabakh_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Security belt of Nagorno-Karabakh Republic">cordon</a> that would keep towns and villages and their positions out of the range of Azerbaijani artillery.<a href="#cite_note-146">[l]</a> On 4 July Armenian forces commenced an artillery bombardment on Agdam, destroying many parts of the town. Soldiers, along with civilians, began to evacuate Agdam. Facing military collapse, Aliyev resumed talks with the Karabakh government and Minsk Group officials. In mid-August, Armenians massed a force to take <a href="/wiki/Fuzuli_District" title="Fuzuli District">Fuzuli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jabrayil" title="Jabrayil">Jebrail</a>, two regions in Azerbaijan proper. In the wake of the Armenian offensive in these two regions, Turkish prime minister <a href="/wiki/Tansu_%C3%87iller" title="Tansu Çiller">Tansu Çiller</a> demanded that the Armenians withdraw and issued a warning to the Armenian government not to undertake any offensives in Nakhichevan. Thousands of Turkish troops were sent to the border between Turkey and Armenia in early September. Russian forces in Armenia, in turn, likewise mobilized in the country's northwest border.<a href="#cite_note-147">[m]</a> By early September, Azerbaijani forces were in a state of complete disarray. Many of the heavy weapons they had received and bought from the Russians were either taken out of action or abandoned during battles. Since the June 1992 offensive, Armenian forces had captured dozens of tanks, light armor, and artillery from Azerbaijan. According to Monte Melkonian, his forces in Martuni alone had captured or destroyed a total of 55 <a href="/wiki/T-72" title="T-72">T-72s</a>, 24 <a href="/wiki/BMP-2" title="BMP-2">BMP-2s</a>, 15 APCs and 25 heavy artillery pieces since the June 1992 Goranboy offensive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelkonian2005-87">[79]</a> Serzh Sargsyan, the then-military leader of the Karabakh armed forces, calculated a total of 156 tanks captured over the course of the war.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2003316-148">[135]</a> Azerbaijan was so desperate for manpower that Aliyev recruited 1,000–1,500 <a href="/wiki/Mujahadeen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mujahadeen">mujahadeen</a> fighters from Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECharalampidis2013-149">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[137]</a> Azerbaijan's government refuted the claim at the time, although the Armenian side provided correspondence and photographs to support their presence in the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroissant1998-44">[40]</a> A shady American petroleum company, MEGA OIL, was also alleged to have sent American military trainers to Azerbaijan in order to acquire oil drilling rights in the country.<a href="#cite_note-Gurdelik-89">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_war_over_Karabakh">Air war over Karabakh</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Air_Force" title="Armenian Air Force">Armenian Air Force</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijani Air Force">Azerbaijani Air Force</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_Defense_Army#Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army">Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army § Air Force</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1992_Azerbaijani_Mil_Mi-8_shootdown" title="1992 Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 shootdown">1992 Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 shootdown</a></div> The aerial warfare in Karabakh involved primarily fighter jets and attack helicopters. The primary transport helicopters of the war were the Mi-8 and its cousin, the <a href="/wiki/Mil_Mi-17" title="Mil Mi-17">Mi-17</a> and were used extensively by both sides. The most widely used helicopter gunship by both sides was the Soviet-made Mi-24 Krokodil.<a href="#cite_note-151">[n]</a> Armenia's active air force at the time consisted of only two <a href="/wiki/Su-25" class="mw-redirect" title="Su-25">Su-25</a> ground support bombers, one of which was lost due to <a href="/wiki/Friendly_fire" title="Friendly fire">friendly fire</a>. There were also several <a href="/wiki/Su-22" class="mw-redirect" title="Su-22">Su-22s</a> and <a href="/wiki/Su-17" class="mw-redirect" title="Su-17">Su-17s</a>; these ageing craft took a backseat for the duration of the war.<a href="#cite_note-Topguns-152">[138]</a> Azerbaijan's air force was composed of 45 combat aircraft which were often piloted by experienced Russian and <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukrainian</a> mercenaries from the former Soviet military. They flew mission sorties over Karabakh with such sophisticated jets as the <a href="/wiki/MiG-25" class="mw-redirect" title="MiG-25">MiG-25</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-24" title="Sukhoi Su-24">Sukhoi Su-24</a> and with older-generation Soviet fighter bombers, such as the <a href="/wiki/MiG-21" class="mw-redirect" title="MiG-21">MiG-21</a>. They were reported to have been paid a monthly salary of over 5,000 rubles and flew bombing campaigns from air force bases in Azerbaijan, often targeting Stepanakert.<a href="#cite_note-Topguns-152">[138]</a> These pilots, like the men from the Soviet interior forces at the onset of the conflict, were also poor and took the jobs as a means of supporting their families. Several were shot down over the city by Armenian forces and according to one of the pilots' commanders, with assistance provided by the Russians. Many of these pilots risked the threat of execution by Armenian forces if they were shot down. The setup of the defence system severely hampered Azerbaijan's ability to carry out and launch more airstrikes.<a href="#cite_note-Topguns-152">[138]</a> Azerbaijani fighter jets attacked civilian airplanes too. An Armenian civil aviation <a href="/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-40" title="Yakovlev Yak-40">Yak-40</a> plane traveling <a href="/wiki/Stepanakert_Airport" title="Stepanakert Airport">Stepanakert Airport</a> to Yerevan with 34 passengers and crew was attacked by an Azerbaijani Su-25. Though suffering engine failure and a fire in rear of the plane, it eventually made a safe landing in Armenian territory.<a href="#cite_note-153">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Armenian_and_Azerbaijani_aircraft_equipment">Armenian and Azerbaijani aircraft equipment</h4></div> Below is a table listing the number of aircraft that were used by Armenia and Azerbaijan during the war.<a href="#cite_note-154">[140]</a> <table class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"> <tbody><tr> <th>Aircraft </th> <th>Armenian </th> <th>Armenian losses </th> <th>Azerbaijani </th> <th>Azerbaijani losses </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th style="align: center;" colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">Fighter aircraft</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-21" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21">MiG-21</a> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>18 </td> <td>8 </td> <td> <ul><li>1 Azerbaijani MiG-21 was shot down near Shokhiy on 20 August 1992</li> <li>1 Azerbaijani MiG-21 shot down near Shokhiy on 31 August 1992 using <a href="/wiki/Small-arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Small-arms">small-arms</a> fire</li> <li>1 or 2 Azerbaijani MiG-21s shot down over Argadzar on 30 October 1992</li> <li>1 Azerbaijani MiG-21 shot down in January 1993</li> <li>1 Armenian MiG-21 shot down on 15 January 1993</li> <li>1 Azerbaijani MiG-21 shot down between Agdam and Martuni on 22 July 1993</li> <li>1 Azerbaijani MiG-21 shot down over Verdenisskiy on 17 February 1994 using <a href="/wiki/SA-14" class="mw-redirect" title="SA-14">SA-14</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-23" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23">MiG-23</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>? </td> <td>1 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-25" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25">MiG-25</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>20 </td> <td>~10 </td> <td>20 MiG-25RBs were taken over from Russian base <ul><li>1 Azerbaijani MiG-25 flown by Yuri Belichenko was shot down near Cherban on 20 August 1992 using <a href="/wiki/SA-7" class="mw-redirect" title="SA-7">SA-7</a>A</li> <li>1 Azerbaijani MiG-25 shot down over Srkharend on 30 October 1992</li> <li>1 Azerbaijani MiG-25 shot down over Shushimsky on 11 November 1992</li> <li>1 (or 3) Azerbaijani MiG-25s reported as shot down in late 1992</li> <li>2 Azerbaijani MiG-25s shot down on 1 January 1993</li> <li>1 Azerbaijani MiG-25 shot down near Srkhavend and Gazanchi on 15 January 1993 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Petros_Ghevondyan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petros Ghevondyan (page does not exist)">Petros Ghevondyan</a> using <a href="/wiki/9K38_Igla" title="9K38 Igla">Igla</a></li> <li>1 Azerbaijani MiG-25 shot down in January 1993 (?)</li> <li>4 Azerbaijani MiG-25s shot down on 22 July 1993 (?)</li></ul> By the end of the war AzAF was down to 10 MiG-25s </td></tr> <tr> <th style="align: center;" colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Ground_attack_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground attack aircraft">Ground attack aircraft</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-17" title="Sukhoi Su-17">Su-17M</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-17" title="Sukhoi Su-17">Su-22</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>4 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 Azerbaijani Su-22 was shot down on 19 February 1994 over Verdenisskiy using <a href="/wiki/SA-14" class="mw-redirect" title="SA-14">SA-14</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-24" title="Sukhoi Su-24">Su-24</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>19–20 </td> <td>? </td> <td>initially Azerbaijani had 3–4 Su-24s, then an additional 16 Su-24MRs were taken over from Russian base </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-25" title="Sukhoi Su-25">Su-25</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>7<a href="#cite_note-Zhirokhov_2009-129">[119]</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td> <ul><li>1 Azerbaijani Su-25 flown by Kurbanov was shot down over Mkhrdag on 13 June 1992 using <a href="/wiki/MANPAD" class="mw-redirect" title="MANPAD">MANPAD</a></li> <li>1 Azerbaijani Su-25 shot down near Malibeili on 10 October 1992 using MANPAD</li></ul> Armenians had 3 additional Su-25s, but they were inactive and never used in combat. </td></tr> <tr> <th style="align: center;" colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Trainer_(aircraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trainer (aircraft)">Trainer aircraft</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aero_L-29" class="mw-redirect" title="Aero L-29">Aero L-29</a> </td> <td>1<a href="#cite_note-Zhirokhov_2009-129">[119]</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>18 </td> <td>14 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aero_L-39" class="mw-redirect" title="Aero L-39">Aero L-39</a> </td> <td>1–2 (?) </td> <td>? </td> <td>12 </td> <td>? </td> <td>Azerbaijanis lost at least 1 L-39 on 24 June 1992 near Lachin </td></tr> <tr> <th style="align: center;" colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Attack_helicopter" title="Attack helicopter">Attack helicopters</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mil_Mi-24" title="Mil Mi-24">Mi-24</a> </td> <td>12<a href="#cite_note-Zhirokhov_2009-129">[119]</a> – 15 </td> <td>2 or 4 </td> <td>25–30 </td> <td>19–24 </td> <td>By the end of the war <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijani Air Force">AzAF</a> had only six Mi-24s left. </td></tr> <tr> <th style="align: center;" colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Tactical_airlift" class="mw-redirect" title="Tactical airlift">Transport and utility helicopters</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mil_Mi-2" title="Mil Mi-2">Mi-2</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>? </td> <td>7 </td> <td>? </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mil_Mi-8" title="Mil Mi-8">Mi-8</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mil_Mi-17" title="Mil Mi-17">Mi-17</a> </td> <td>7 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>13–14 </td> <td>4 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="align: center;" colspan="7"><a href="/wiki/Military_transport_aircraft" title="Military transport aircraft">Transport aircraft</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ilyushin_Il-76" title="Ilyushin Il-76">Il-76</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>3 </td> <td>0 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Antonov_An-12" title="Antonov An-12">An-12</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Antonov_An-24" title="Antonov An-24">An-24</a> </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-134" title="Tupolev Tu-134">Tu-134</a> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>0 </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1993–1994,_exhaustion_and_peace">1993–1994, exhaustion and peace</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_Artsakh_en.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Location_Artsakh_en.png/330px-Location_Artsakh_en.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Location_Artsakh_en.png/495px-Location_Artsakh_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c6/Location_Artsakh_en.png 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="387" /></a><figcaption>The final borders of the conflict after the 1994 ceasefire was signed. Armenian forces of Nagorno-Karabakh occupied 16% of Azerbaijan's territory,<a href="#cite_note-CIA-FACTBOOK-AJ-155">[141]</a> while Azerbaijani forces control <a href="/wiki/Shahumian" class="mw-redirect" title="Shahumian">Shahumian</a> and the eastern parts of <a href="/wiki/Martakert" title="Martakert">Martakert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martuni_Province" title="Martuni Province">Martuni</a>.</figcaption></figure> In October 1993, Aliyev was formally elected president of Azerbaijan and promised to bring social order to the country in addition to recapturing the lost regions. In October, Azerbaijan joined the CIS. The winter season was marked with similar conditions as in the previous year, both sides scavenging for wood and harvesting foodstuffs months in advance. Two subsequent <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_on_the_Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions on the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">UNSC resolutions on the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict</a> were passed, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_874" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 874">874</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_884" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 884">884</a>, in October and November. Reemphasizing the same points as the previous two, they acknowledged Nagorno-Karabakh as a region of Azerbaijan.<a href="#cite_note-156">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN-143">[132]</a> In early January 1994, Azerbaijani forces and Afghan guerrillas recaptured part of the Fuzuli district, including the railway junction of Horadiz on the Iranian border, but failed to recapture the town of Fuzuli itself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooley2002150–51-158">[144]</a> On 10 January an offensive was launched by Azerbaijan toward the region of Mardakert in an attempt to recapture the northern section of the enclave. The offensive managed to advance and take back several parts of Karabakh in the north and to the south but soon petered out. In response, Armenia began sending conscripts and regular Army and Interior Ministry troops to stop the Azerbaijani advance in Karabakh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHRW1994121-159">[145]</a> To bolster the ranks of its army, the Armenian government issued a decree that instituted a three-month call-up for men up to age 45 and resorted to press-gang raids to enlist recruits. Several active-duty Armenian Army soldiers were captured by the Azerbaijani forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHRW1994122–123-160">[146]</a> Azerbaijan's offensives grew more desperate as boys as young as 16, with little to no training, were recruited and sent to take part in ineffective <a href="/wiki/Human_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Human wave">human wave</a> attacks (a tactic often compared to the one employed by Iran during the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a>). The two offensives that took place in the winter cost Azerbaijan as many as 5,000 lives (at the loss of several hundred Armenians).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroissant1998-44">[40]</a> The main Azerbaijani offensive was aimed at recapturing the Kalbajar district, which would thus threaten the Lachin corridor. The attack initially met little resistance and was successful in capturing the vital Omar Pass. As the Armenian forces reacted, the bloodiest clashes of the war ensued and the Azerbaijani forces were soundly defeated. In a single clash, Azerbaijan lost about 1,500 of its soldiers after the failed offensive in Kalbajar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2010123-161">[147]</a> While the political leadership changed hands several times in Azerbaijan, most Armenian soldiers in Karabakh claimed that the Azerbaijani youth and Azerbaijanis themselves, were demoralized and lacked a sense of purpose and commitment to fighting the war.<a href="#cite_note-162">[o]</a> Russian professor Georgiy I. Mirsky supported this contention in his 1997 book On Ruins of Empire, writing that "Karabakh does not matter to Azerbaijanis as much as it does to Armenians. Probably, this is why young volunteers from Armenia proper have been much more eager to fight and die for Karabakh than the Azerbaijanis have."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMirsky199763-163">[148]</a> A <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a> correspondent who visited the region in 1994 noted that, "In Stepanakert, it is impossible to find an able-bodied man – whether volunteer from Armenia or local resident – out of uniform. [Whereas in] Azerbaijan, draft-age men hang out in cafes."<a href="#cite_note-164">[149]</a> At the outset of the conflict, Andrei Sakharov famously remarked: "For Azerbaijan, the issue of Karabakh is a matter of ambition, for the Armenians of Karabakh, it is a matter of life or death."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChorbajian20011,_16-165">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1994_ceasefire">1994 ceasefire</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bishkek_Protocol" title="Bishkek Protocol">Bishkek Protocol</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stepanakert_Graveyard.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Stepanakert_Graveyard.JPG/220px-Stepanakert_Graveyard.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Stepanakert_Graveyard.JPG/330px-Stepanakert_Graveyard.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Stepanakert_Graveyard.JPG/440px-Stepanakert_Graveyard.JPG 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>The graves of Armenian soldiers in <a href="/wiki/Stepanakert" title="Stepanakert">Stepanakert</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gravestones_of_Azeri_soldiers_died_in_Karabakh_war.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Gravestones_of_Azeri_soldiers_died_in_Karabakh_war.jpg/220px-Gravestones_of_Azeri_soldiers_died_in_Karabakh_war.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Gravestones_of_Azeri_soldiers_died_in_Karabakh_war.jpg/330px-Gravestones_of_Azeri_soldiers_died_in_Karabakh_war.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Gravestones_of_Azeri_soldiers_died_in_Karabakh_war.jpg/440px-Gravestones_of_Azeri_soldiers_died_in_Karabakh_war.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The graves of Azerbaijani soldiers in <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a></figcaption></figure>After six years of intense fighting, both sides were ready for a ceasefire. Azerbaijan, with its manpower exhausted and aware that Armenian forces had an unimpeded path to march on to Baku, counted on a new ceasefire proposal from either the OSCE or Russia. As the final battles of the conflict took place near Shahumyan, in a series of brief engagements in <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCl%C3%BCstan,_Goranboy" title="Gülüstan, Goranboy">Gulustan</a>, Armenian and Azerbaijani diplomats met in the early part of 1994 to hammer out the details of the ceasefire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECroissant1998-44">[40]</a> On 5 May, with Russia acting as a mediator, all parties agreed to cease hostilities and vowed to observe a ceasefire that would go into effect at 12:01 AM on 12 May. The agreement was signed by the respective defence ministers of the three principal warring parties (Armenia, Azerbaijan and the Republic of Artsakh).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHakobyan2008pp._506–08,_Appendix_Documents_38–39-166">[151]</a> In Azerbaijan, many welcomed the end of hostilities. Sporadic fighting continued in some parts of the region but all sides vowed to abide by the terms of the ceasefire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell2005326-167">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media_coverage">Media coverage</h2></div> Coverage of the war was provided by a number of journalists from both sides, including <a href="/wiki/Vardan_Hovhannisyan" title="Vardan Hovhannisyan">Vardan Hovhannisyan</a>, who won the 2007 <a href="/wiki/Tribeca_Film_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribeca Film Festival">Tribeca Film Festival</a>'s prize for a best new documentary filmmaker for his <a href="/wiki/A_Story_of_People_in_War_and_Peace" title="A Story of People in War and Peace">A Story of People in War and Peace</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chingiz_Mustafayev_(journalist)" title="Chingiz Mustafayev (journalist)">Chingiz Mustafayev</a>, who was posthumously awarded the title of <a href="/wiki/National_Hero_of_Azerbaijan" title="National Hero of Azerbaijan">National Hero of Azerbaijan</a>. Armenian-Russian journalist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dmitri_Pisarenko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dmitri Pisarenko (page does not exist)">Dmitri Pisarenko</a> who spent a year at the front line and filmed many of the battles later wrote that both Armenian and Azerbaijani journalists were preoccupied with echoing the official stands of their respective governments and that "objectiveness was being sacrificed for ideology." Armenian military commanders were eager to give interviews following Azerbaijani offensives when they were able to criticise the other side for launching heavy artillery attacks that the "small-numbered but proud Armenians" had to fight off. Yet they were reluctant to speak out when Armenian troops seized a village outside Nagorno-Karabakh in order to avoid justifying such acts. Therefore, Armenian journalists felt the need to be creative enough to portray the event as "an Armenian counter-offensive" or as "a necessary military operation".<a href="#cite_note-168">[153]</a> Bulgarian journalist <a href="/wiki/Tsvetana_Paskaleva" title="Tsvetana Paskaleva">Tsvetana Paskaleva</a> is noted for her coverage of Operation Ring. Some foreign journalists previously concerned with emphasizing the Soviets conceding in the Cold War, gradually shifted toward presenting the USSR as a country awash in <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflicts_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ethnic conflicts in the Soviet Union">ethnic conflict</a>, the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict being one of them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarim2000180–185-169">[154]</a> Due to lack of available information about the roots and causes of the conflict, foreign reporters filled the information vacuum with constant references to the religious factor, i.e. the fact that Armenians were predominantly Christian, whereas Azeris were predominantly Muslim; a factor which in fact was virtually irrelevant in the course of the entire conflict.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChorbajianDonabedianMutafian19949-170">[155]</a> Readers already aware of rising military Islamism in the Middle East were considered a perfect audience to be informed of a case of "Muslim oppressors victimising a Christian minority".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarim2000180–185-169">[154]</a> Religion was unduly stressed more than political, territorial and ethnic factors, with very rare references to democratic and self-determination movements in both countries. It was not until the Khojaly Massacre in late February 1992, when hundreds of civilian Azeris were massacred by Armenian units, that references to religion largely disappeared, as being contrary to the neat journalistic scheme where "Christian Armenians" were shown as victims and "Muslim Azeris" as their victimisers. A study of the four largest Canadian newspapers covering the event showed that the journalists tended to present the massacre of Azeris as a secondary issue, as well as to rely on Armenian sources, to give priority to Armenian denials over Azerbaijani "allegations" (which were described as "grossly exaggerated"), to downplay the scale of death, not to publish images of the bodies and mourners, and not to mention the event in editorials and opinion columns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarim2000180–185-169">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-ceasefire_violence_and_mediation">Post-ceasefire violence and mediation</h2></div> The Nagorno-Karabakh conflict remains one of several frozen <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Soviet conflicts">post-Soviet conflicts</a>, alongside Georgia's conflicts with <a href="/wiki/Abkhaz%E2%80%93Georgian_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Abkhaz–Georgian conflict">Abkhazia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Georgian%E2%80%93Ossetian_conflict" title="Georgian–Ossetian conflict">South Ossetia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Transnistria_conflict" title="Transnistria conflict">Transnistria conflict</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a>. Karabakh remains under the jurisdiction of the government of the unrecognized but de facto independent Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh (now the Republic of Artsakh), which maintains its own uniformed military, the <a href="/wiki/Artsakh_Defense_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Artsakh Defense Army">Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDurch1996[httpsarchiveorgdetailsunpeacekeepingam0000unsepage444_444]-171">[156]</a> Contrary to media reports that nearly always mentioned the religions of the Armenians and Azerbaijanis, religious aspects never gained significance as an additional <a href="/wiki/Casus_belli" title="Casus belli">casus belli</a>, and the Karabakh conflict has remained primarily an issue of territory and the human rights of Armenians in Karabakh.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETishkov1997107-172">[157]</a> Since 1995, the co-chairs of the OSCE Minsk Group has been mediating with the governments of Armenia and Azerbaijan for a new solution. Numerous proposals have been made which have primarily been based on both sides making several concessions. One such proposal stipulated that as Armenian forces withdrew from the seven regions surrounding Karabakh, Azerbaijan would share some of its economic assets including profits from an oil pipeline that would go from Baku through Armenia to Turkey.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen200560-173">[158]</a> Other proposals also included that Azerbaijan would provide the broadest form of autonomy to Karabakh next to granting it full independence. Armenia has also been pressured by being excluded from major economic projects throughout the region, including the <a href="/wiki/Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan_pipeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline">Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kars-Tbilisi-Baku_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Kars-Tbilisi-Baku railway">Kars-Tbilisi-Baku railway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen200560-173">[158]</a> According to Armenia's former president, <a href="/wiki/Levon_Ter-Petrosyan" title="Levon Ter-Petrosyan">Levon Ter-Petrosyan</a>, by giving certain Karabakh territories to Azerbaijan, the Karabakh conflict would have been resolved in 1997. A peace agreement could have been concluded and a status for Nagorno-Karabakh would have been determined. Ter-Petrosyan noted years later that the Karabakh leadership approach was maximalist and "they thought they could get more."<a href="#cite_note-174">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[160]</a> Most autonomy proposals have been rejected by the Armenians, who consider it as a matter that is not negotiable. Likewise, Azerbaijan warns the country is ready to free its territories by war, but still prefers to solve the problem by peaceful means.<a href="#cite_note-176">[161]</a> On 30 March 1998, Robert Kocharyan was elected president and continued to reject calls for making a deal to resolve the conflict. In 2001, Kocharyan and Aliyev met in <a href="/wiki/Key_West" title="Key West">Key West</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> for peace talks sponsored by the OSCE. While several Western diplomats expressed optimism, failure to prepare the populations of either country for compromise reportedly thwarted hopes for a peaceful resolution.<a href="#cite_note-177">[162]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0_%D1%81_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BC_(%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0)_%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/%D0%92%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0_%D1%81_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BC_%28%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%29_%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC.jpeg/220px-thumbnail.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/%D0%92%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0_%D1%81_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BC_%28%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%29_%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC.jpeg/330px-thumbnail.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/%D0%92%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0_%D1%81_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BC_%28%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%29_%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BC_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC.jpeg/440px-thumbnail.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ilham_Aliyev" title="Ilham Aliyev">Ilham Aliyev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serzh_Sargsyan" title="Serzh Sargsyan">Serzh Sargsyan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>, 10 August 2014</figcaption></figure> An estimated 400,000 Armenians living in Azerbaijan fled to Armenia or Russia and a further 30,000 came from Karabakh.<a href="#cite_note-178">[163]</a> Many of those who left Karabakh returned after the war ended.<a href="#cite_note-179">[164]</a> An estimated 655,000 Azerbaijanis were displaced from the fighting including those from both Armenia and Karabakh.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-FACTBOOK-AJ-155">[141]</a> Various other ethnic groups living in Karabakh were also forced to live in refugee camps built by both the Azerbaijani and Iranian governments.<a href="#cite_note-180">[p]</a> While Azerbaijan has repeatedly claimed that 20% of its territory has fallen under Armenian control, other sources have given figures as high 40% (the number comes down to 9% if Nagorno-Karabakh itself is excluded).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2003286-47">[42]</a> The First Nagorno-Karabakh War has given rise to strong <a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Armenianism">anti-Armenianism</a> in Azerbaijan<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEECRI20032-181">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAklar2005-183">[167]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-Azerbaijani_sentiment_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Azerbaijani sentiment in Armenia">anti-Azerbaijani sentiment in Armenia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[168]</a> The ramifications of the war were said to have played a part in the February 2004 murder of Armenian Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Gurgen_Markaryan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurgen Markaryan">Gurgen Markaryan</a> who was hacked to death with an axe by his Azerbaijani counterpart, <a href="/wiki/Ramil_Safarov" title="Ramil Safarov">Ramil Safarov</a> at a NATO training seminar in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, Hungary.<a href="#cite_note-185">[169]</a> Presumably trying to erase any traces of Armenian heritage, the Azerbaijani government ordered its military the <a href="/wiki/Khachkar_destruction_in_Nakhchivan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khachkar destruction in Nakhchivan">destruction of thousands</a> of unique medieval Armenian gravestones, known as <a href="/wiki/Khachkars" class="mw-redirect" title="Khachkars">khachkars</a>, at a massive historical cemetery in <a href="/wiki/Julfa,_Azerbaijan_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Julfa, Azerbaijan (town)">Julfa</a>, Nakhichevan. This destruction was temporarily halted when first revealed in 1998, but then continued on to completion in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-186">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_situation">Current situation</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Madrid_Principles" title="Madrid Principles">Madrid Principles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prague_Process_(Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_negotiations)" title="Prague Process (Armenian–Azerbaijani negotiations)">Prague Process (Armenian–Azerbaijani negotiations)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_Declaration" title="Nagorno-Karabakh Declaration">Nagorno-Karabakh Declaration</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Landmine_situation_in_Nagorno-Karabakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Landmine situation in Nagorno-Karabakh">Landmine situation in Nagorno-Karabakh</a></div> In the years since the end of the war, a number of organizations have passed resolutions regarding the conflict. On 25 January 2005, for example, <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe">Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe</a> (PACE) adopted a controversial non-binding resolution, <a href="/wiki/PACE_Resolution_1416" class="mw-redirect" title="PACE Resolution 1416">Resolution 1416</a>, which criticized the "large-scale ethnic expulsion and the creation of mono-ethnic areas" and declared that Armenian forces were occupying Azerbaijan lands.<a href="#cite_note-187">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-PACE_2005-188">[172]</a> The Assembly recalled that the occupation of a foreign country by a Member State was a serious violation of the obligations undertaken by that State as a member of the Council of Europe and once again reaffirmed the right of displaced persons to return to their homes safely.<a href="#cite_note-PACE_2005-188">[172]</a> On 14 May 2008 thirty-nine countries from the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly" title="United Nations General Assembly">United Nations General Assembly</a> adopted <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_62/243" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 62/243">Resolution 62/243</a> which called for "the immediate, complete and unconditional withdrawal of all Armenian forces from all occupied territories of the Republic of Azerbaijan". Almost one hundred countries abstained from voting while seven countries, including the three co-chairs of the Minsk Group, Russia, the United States and France, voted against it.<a href="#cite_note-189">[173]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nagorno-Karabakh_ethnic_map_(1995).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Nagorno-Karabakh_ethnic_map_%281995%29.png/210px-Nagorno-Karabakh_ethnic_map_%281995%29.png" decoding="async" width="210" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Nagorno-Karabakh_ethnic_map_%281995%29.png/315px-Nagorno-Karabakh_ethnic_map_%281995%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Nagorno-Karabakh_ethnic_map_%281995%29.png 2x" data-file-width="346" data-file-height="329" /></a><figcaption>Ethnic groups of the region in 1995. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/commonwealth/ethnocaucasus.jpg">See entire map</a>)</figcaption></figure> During the summit of the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of the Islamic Conference</a> (OIC) and the session of its Council of Ministers of Foreign Affairs, member states adopted <a href="/wiki/OIC_Resolution_10/11" title="OIC Resolution 10/11">OIC Resolution No. 10/11</a> and <a href="/wiki/OIC_Council_of_Foreign_Ministers_Resolution_10/37" title="OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37">OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution No. 10/37</a>, on 14 March 2008 and 18–20 May 2010, respectively. Both resolutions condemned alleged aggression of Armenia against Azerbaijan and called for immediate implementation of UN Security Council Resolutions 822, 853, 874 and 884.<a href="#cite_note-190">[174]</a> As a response, Armenian leaders have stated Azerbaijan was "exploiting Islam to muster greater international support".<a href="#cite_note-191">[175]</a> In 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Defense_Brief" title="Moscow Defense Brief">Moscow Defense Brief</a> opined that because of the rapid growth of Azerbaijani defence expenditures – which is driving the strong rearmament of the Azerbaijani armed forces – the military balance appeared to be now shifting in Azerbaijan's favour: "The overall trend is clearly in Azerbaijan's favour, and it seems that Armenia will not be able to sustain an arms race with Azerbaijan's oil-fueled economy. And this could lead to the destabilization of the frozen conflict between these two states", the journal wrote.<a href="#cite_note-Mikhail_Barabanov-94">[86]</a> Other analysts have made more cautious observations, noting that administrative and military deficiencies are obviously found in the Azerbaijani military and that the Nagorno-Karabakh Defense Army maintains a "constant state of readiness".<a href="#cite_note-AGBU-192">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clashes">Clashes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/2016_Nagorno-Karabakh_skirmishes" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Nagorno-Karabakh skirmishes">2016 Nagorno-Karabakh skirmishes</a></div> In early 2008, tensions between Armenia, the NKR Karabakh and Azerbaijan grew. On the diplomatic front, President Ilham Aliyev repeated statements that Azerbaijan would resort to force, if necessary, to take the territories back;<a href="#cite_note-193">[177]</a> concurrently, shooting incidents along the line of contact increased. On 5 March 2008 <a href="/wiki/2008_Mardakert_skirmishes" class="mw-redirect" title="2008 Mardakert skirmishes">a significant breach of the ceasefire</a> occurred in Mardakert when up to sixteen soldiers were killed. Both sides accused the other of starting the battle.<a href="#cite_note-194">[178]</a> Moreover, the use of artillery in the skirmishes marked a significant departure from previous clashes, which usually involved only sniper or machine-gun fire.<a href="#cite_note-195">[179]</a> Deadly skirmishes <a href="/wiki/2010_Mardakert_skirmishes" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 Mardakert skirmishes">took place</a> during mid-2010 as well. Tensions escalated again in July–August 2014 with ceasefire breaches by Azerbaijan taking place and President Aliyev, threatening Armenia with war.<a href="#cite_note-196">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[182]</a> Rather than receding, the tension in the area increased in April 2016 with the <a href="/wiki/2016_Nagorno-Karabakh_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes">2016 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes</a> when the worst clashes since the 1994 ceasefire erupted.<a href="#cite_note-199">[183]</a> The Armenian Defense Ministry alleged that Azerbaijan launched an offensive to seize territory in the region. Azerbaijan reported that 12 of its soldiers were killed in action and that an Mi-24 helicopter and tank were also destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-wsjapril2-200">[184]</a> Armenian President Serzh Sargsyan stated that 18 Armenian soldiers were killed and 35 were wounded.<a href="#cite_note-201">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War">Second Nagorno-Karabakh War</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Second Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2020_Nagorno-Karabakh_war.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/2020_Nagorno-Karabakh_war.svg/220px-2020_Nagorno-Karabakh_war.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/2020_Nagorno-Karabakh_war.svg/330px-2020_Nagorno-Karabakh_war.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/2020_Nagorno-Karabakh_war.svg/440px-2020_Nagorno-Karabakh_war.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption>Situation after the 2020 Nagorno Karabakh War <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Areas captured by Azerbaijan during the war.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Areas returned to Azerbaijan per the <a href="/wiki/2020_Nagorno-Karabakh_ceasefire_agreement" title="2020 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement">ceasefire agreement</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Areas in <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Nagorno-Karabakh">Nagorno-Karabakh</a> where Russian peacekeepers operate.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Lachin_corridor" title="Lachin corridor">Lachin corridor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dadivank" title="Dadivank">Dadivank</a> monastery where Russian peacekeepers operate.</div></figcaption></figure> The second war began on the morning of 27 September 2020 along the <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_Line_of_Contact" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagorno-Karabakh Line of Contact">Nagorno-Karabakh Line of Contact</a>. In response to initial clashes, Armenia and Artsakh introduced <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a> and total <a href="/wiki/Mobilization" title="Mobilization">mobilization</a>;<a href="#cite_note-bbc_270920-202">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-203">[187]</a> Azerbaijan also introduced martial law and a <a href="/wiki/Curfew" title="Curfew">curfew</a>,<a href="#cite_note-204">[188]</a> and declared partial mobilization the day after.<a href="#cite_note-205">[189]</a> Engagements were characterised by the use of <a href="/wiki/Artillery" title="Artillery">heavy artillery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armoured_warfare" title="Armoured warfare">armoured warfare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rocket" title="Rocket">rocket</a> attacks, and <a href="/wiki/Drone_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Drone strike">drone warfare</a>, as well as by emerging accounts of the use of <a href="/wiki/Cluster_munition" title="Cluster munition">cluster munitions</a>, banned by most of the international community, but not by Armenia or Azerbaijan.<a href="#cite_note-206">[190]</a> The second war ended with the victory of Azerbaijan, which took control of 4 Armenian-occupied districts, as well as towns of Shusha and Hadrut in Nagorno-Karabakh proper, and signing of a Russian-brokered <a href="/wiki/2020_Nagorno-Karabakh_ceasefire_agreement" title="2020 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement">ceasefire agreement</a>, under which Armenia agreed to withdraw from another 3 occupied districts. The agreement also provided for deployment of Russian peacekeeping forces along the line of contact and the <a href="/wiki/Lachin_corridor" title="Lachin corridor">Lachin corridor</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War_crimes">War crimes</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Refugees_in_Azerbaijan" title="Refugees in Azerbaijan">Refugees in Azerbaijan</a></div> Emerging from the collapse of the Soviet Union as nascent states and due to the near-immediate fighting, it was not until mid-1993 that Armenia and Azerbaijan became signatories of international law agreements, including the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a>. Allegations from all three governments (including Nagorno-Karabakh's) regularly accused the other side of committing atrocities which were at times confirmed by third party media sources or human rights organizations. Khojaly Massacre, for example, was confirmed by both Human Rights Watch and Memorial. The <a href="/wiki/Maraga_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Maraga Massacre">Maraga Massacre</a> was testified to by British-based organization <a href="/wiki/Christian_Solidarity_Worldwide" title="Christian Solidarity Worldwide">Christian Solidarity International</a> and by the Vice-Speaker of the British Parliament's House of Lords, Caroline Cox, in 1992.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2003176-207">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[192]</a> Azerbaijan was condemned by HRW for its use of aerial bombing in densely populated civilian areas and both sides were criticized for indiscriminate fire, hostage-taking, and the forcible displacement of civilians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHRW1994passim-209">[193]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Baku_pogrom" title="Baku pogrom">pogrom of Armenians</a> in Baku was one of the acts of ethnic violence in the context of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKushen19917-210">[194]</a> As neither side was party to international military conventions, instances of ill-discipline and atrocity were rife. Looting and mutilation of body parts (brought back as war trophies) of dead soldiers were common.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2013181-211">[195]</a> Another activity that was by regular civilians and not just soldiers during the war was the bartering of prisoners between Armenians and Azerbaijanis. Often, when contact was lost between family members and a soldier or a militiaman serving at the front, they took it upon themselves to organize an exchange by personally capturing a soldier from the battle lines and holding them in the confines of their own homes. New York Times journalist Yo'av Karny noted this practice was as "old as the people occupying [the] land".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarny2000405–406-212">[196]</a> After the war ended, both sides accused their opponents of continuing to hold captives; Azerbaijan claimed Armenia was continuing to hold nearly 5,000 Azerbaijani prisoners while Armenians claimed Azerbaijan was holding 600 prisoners. The non-profit group, Helsinki Initiative 92, investigated two prisons in Shusha and Stepanakert after the war ended, but concluded there were no prisoners-of-war there. A similar investigation arrived at the same conclusion while searching for Armenians allegedly labouring in Azerbaijan's quarries.<a href="#cite_note-OhanyanVelikhanova-36">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_legacy">Cultural legacy</h2></div> The 1992–94 war figures heavily in popular Armenian and Azerbaijani media. It is a subject of many films and popular television shows. In June 2006, the film Destiny (Chakatagir) premiered in Yerevan and Stepanakert. The film, written and starring Gor Vardanyan, is a fictional account of the events revolving around Operation Ring. It cost $3.8 million to make, the most expensive film ever made in the country, and was touted as the first film made about the First Nagorno-Karabakh War.<a href="#cite_note-213">[197]</a> In mid-2012, Azerbaijanis in Azerbaijan released a video game entitled İşğal Altında: Şuşa (Under Occupation: Shusha),<a href="#cite_note-214">[198]</a> a free <a href="/wiki/First-person_shooter" title="First-person shooter">first-person shooter</a> that allows the player to assume the role of an Azerbaijani soldier who takes part in the 1992 battle of Shusha. Commentators have noted that the game "is not for the faint of heart: there's lots of killing and computer-generated gore. To a great extent, it's a celebration of violence: to advance, players must handle a variety of tasks, including shooting lots of Armenian enemies, rescuing a wounded Azerbaijani soldier, retrieving a document, and blowing up a building in the town of Shusha."<a href="#cite_note-215">[199]</a> Another opus followed, İşğal Altında: Ağdam,<a href="#cite_note-216">[200]</a> which was released in 2013. This episode is very similar to the previous one, but this time it takes place in Agdam. In April 2018, a documentary film about an <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijani</a> Nagorno-Karabakh War participant Imran Gurbanov, called Return was premiered in Baku. It was directed by Rufat Asadov and written by Orkhan Fikratoglu.<a href="#cite_note-217">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast">Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast</a> (NKAO) until 1991. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic">Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic</a> (Soviet Armenia) until 1990 (renamed Republic of Armenia)/1991 (declared independence). </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> "Until the dissolution of the USSR, the Soviet authorities sided, in general, with Azerbaijan. ... Soviet troops sent to the conflict area ... on numerous occasions, took the side of the Azerbaijani forces to 'punish' the Armenians for raising the NK issue."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanossian2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQBWgBAAAQBAJdqsovietsidedazerbaijankarabakhpgPA145_145]-6">[4]</a> "Soviet troops have been in Nagorno-Karabakh for <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>2+1⁄2 years ... The troops support armed Azerbaijani militias who have imposed a blockade of the region ..."<a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a> Soviet troops directly intervened during <a href="/wiki/Operation_Ring" title="Operation Ring">Operation Ring</a> in April–May 1991 on the Azerbaijani side.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1999p._26:_"Sporadic_clashes_became_frequent_by_the_first_months_of_1991,_with_an_ever-increasing_organization_of_paramilitary_forces_on_the_Armenian_side,_whereas_Azerbaijan_still_relied_on_the_support_of_Moscow.&nbsp;..._In_response_to_this_development,_a_joint_Soviet_and_Azerbaijani_military_and_police_operation_directed_from_Moscow_was_initiated_in_these_areas_during_the_Spring_and_Summer_of_1991."_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1999p._26:_"Sporadic_clashes_became_frequent_by_the_first_months_of_1991,_with_an_ever-increasing_organization_of_paramilitary_forces_on_the_Armenian_side,_whereas_Azerbaijan_still_relied_on_the_support_of_Moscow.&nbsp;..._In_response_to_this_development,_a_joint_Soviet_and_Azerbaijani_military_and_police_operation_directed_from_Moscow_was_initiated_in_these_areas_during_the_Spring_and_Summer_of_1991."-8">[6]</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPapazian2008p._25:_"units_of_the_4th_army_stationed_in_Azerbaijan_and_Azeri_OMONs_were_used_in_'Operation_Ring',_to_empty_a_number_of_Armenian_villages_in_Nagorno-Karabakh_in_April_1991."_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPapazian2008p._25:_"units_of_the_4th_army_stationed_in_Azerbaijan_and_Azeri_OMONs_were_used_in_'Operation_Ring',_to_empty_a_number_of_Armenian_villages_in_Nagorno-Karabakh_in_April_1991."-9">[7]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>: Birinci Qarabağ müharibəsi, referred to in Armenia as the Artsakh Liberation War (<a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>: Արցախյան ազատամարտ, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian" title="Romanization of Armenian">romanized</a>: Artsakhyan azatamart) </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Four <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_on_the_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Security Council resolutions on the Nagorno-Karabakh War">UN Security Council resolutions</a>, passed in 1993, called on withdrawal of Armenian forces from the regions falling outside of the borders of the former NKAO. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Numbers provided by journalist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Waal" title="Thomas de Waal">Thomas de Waal</a> for the area of each rayon as well as the area of the Nagorno-Karabakh Oblast and the total area of Azerbaijan are (in km2): 1,936, Kalbajar; 1,835, Lachin; 802, Qubadlı; 1,050, Jabrayil; 707, Zangilan; 842, Aghdam; 462, Fuzuli; 75, exclaves; totaling 7,709 km2 (2,976 sq mi) or 8.9%.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2003286-47">[42]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Mutalibov stated in this regard, "Я помню, как мы в свое время с помощью русских смогли очистить от армян около 30 сел вокруг Гянджи... Мы были близки даже к освобождению всего Карабаха, но внутренние распри, разногласия, междоусобицы свели на нет наши старания" (I remember how we with the help of Russians managed to cleanse from Armenians 30 villages around Gyandja... we were even close to the liberation of the whole Karabakh but our inner disagreements diminished our efforts). 1news.az 18 November 2008 Аяз Муталибов: "Если мы с Москвой будем говорить четко, я думаю, мы сможем завоевать ее расположение по Карабахской проблеме" (Ayaz Mutalibov: "If we speak clearly with Moscow, I think we will be able to win its favor on the Karabakh issue) </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Section_907" title="Section 907">Section 907 of the Freedom Support Act</a>. Humanitarian aid was not explicitly banned but such supplies had to be routed through indirectly to aid organizations. On 25 January 2002, President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> signed a waiver that effectively repealed Section 907, thereby removing any restrictions that were barring the United States from sending military aid to Azerbaijan; military parity is maintained toward both sides. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/01/20020130-6.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111031141346/http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/01/20020130-6.html">Archived</a> 31 October 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> The HRW report quotes the testimony of an Azerbaijani woman: "According to A.H., an Azerbaijani woman interviewed by Helsinki Watch in Baku, 'After Armenians seized Malybeyli, they made an ultimatum to Khojaly ... and that Khojaly people had better leave with white flag. Alif Gajiev [the head of the militia in Khojaly] told us this on 15 February, but this didn't frighten me or other people. We never believed they could occupy Khojaly'"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDenberGoldman199220-108">[100]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> The Armenian government denies that a deliberate massacre took place in Khojaly and maintains most of the civilians were killed in a crossfire shooting between Armenian and Azerbaijani troops. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> In a Russian documentary titled The Russian Mercenaries Who Fought in Karabakh, produced and broadcast by <a href="/wiki/REN_TV" title="REN TV">REN TV</a>, several captured Russian and Ukrainian pilots hired to fly for Azerbaija confess that they were ordered to attack civilian targets. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> The sincerity of Armenian claims to establish security were called into question by observers at the time and it was said that Karabakh forces were wantonly seizing the territories surrounding the enclave, though it should be noted periodic fighting between the two sides in the region were reported to have taken place in the months before the offensives took place. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Russian_constitutional_crisis_of_1993" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian constitutional crisis of 1993">Russian constitutional crisis of 1993</a>, one of the coup's leaders against Russian President Yeltsin, Chechen <a href="/wiki/Ruslan_Khasbulatov" title="Ruslan Khasbulatov">Ruslan Khasbulatov</a>, was reported by the US and French intelligence agencies to preparing Russian troop withdrawals from Armenia if the coup succeeded. An estimated 23,000 Russian soldiers were stationed in Armenia on the border with Turkey. Çiller was reported by the agencies to be in talks with Khasbulatov to approve a Turkish incursion into Armenia under the pretext of pursuing <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Workers%27_Party" title="Kurdistan Workers' Party">PKK</a> guerrillas, something it had done earlier that year in northern <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>. Russian armed forces crushed the coup. </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Under the protocols of the Tashkent Agreement signed in <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> in May 1992, the former Soviet republics were allocated a certain number of tanks, armored vehicles, and combat aircraft. The agreement allowed Armenia and Azerbaijan to have a total of 100 aircraft. In 1993 the Armenian Air Force possessed a fleet of 12 Mi-24s gunships, 9 <a href="/wiki/Mil_Mi-2" title="Mil Mi-2">Mil Mi-2s</a>, and 13 Mi-8s transport helicopters. Azerbaijan's air force had a near-similar fleet of 15 Mi-24s, 7 Mi-2, 15 <a href="/wiki/Mil_Mi-6" title="Mil Mi-6">Mil Mi-6</a> and 13 Mi-8 utility helicopters. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> As one Armenian fighter commented: "The difference is in what you do and what you do it for. You know a few miles back is your family, children, women and old people and therefore you're duty-bound to fight to the death so that those behind you will live."[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> For more detailed statistics on the status of refugees and the number of internally displaced persons see <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Nagorno-Karabakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Human rights in Nagorno-Karabakh">human rights in Nagorno-Karabakh</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200817160304/https://regnum.ru/news/polit/1410060.html">"В карабахском селе открылся памятник погибшим в войне кубанским казакам [A monument to the Kuban Cossacks who died in the war was opened in the Karabakh village]"</a> (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/REGNUM_News_Agency" title="REGNUM News Agency">REGNUM News Agency</a>. 30 May 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://regnum.ru/news/1410060.html">the original</a> on 17 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%92+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5+%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BC+%D0%B2+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC+%5BA+monument+to+the+Kuban+Cossacks+who+died+in+the+war+was+opened+in+the+Karabakh+village%5D&rft.date=2011-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fregnum.ru%2Fnews%2F1410060.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Tibilov" title="Leonid Tibilov">Leonid Tibilov</a>, President of South Ossetia in 2012-17. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200829225457/https://presidentruo.org/leonid-tibilov-pozdravil-bako-saakyana-s-25-j-godovshhinoj-obrazovaniya-nagorno-karabaxskoj-respubliki/print/">"Леонид Тибилов поздравил Бако Саакяна с 25-й годовщиной образования Нагорно-Карабахской Республики [Leonid Tibilov congratulated Bako Sahakyan on the 25th anniversary of the formation of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic]"</a>. presidentruo.org (in Russian). President of the Republic of South Ossetia. 2 September 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://presidentruo.org/leonid-tibilov-pozdravil-bako-saakyana-s-25-j-godovshhinoj-obrazovaniya-nagorno-karabaxskoj-respubliki/print/">the original</a> on 29 August 2020. <q>В борьбе за свободу и независимость на помощь народу Арцаха пришли и волонтеры из Южной Осетии. Они скрепили нашу дружбу своей праведной кровью, пролитой на вашей благословенной земле. Мы высоко ценим, что вами увековечены их имена в памятниках, названиях улиц и учебных заведений ряда населенных пунктов Вашей республики.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=presidentruo.org&rft.atitle=%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B4+%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BB+%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE+%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%81+25-%D0%B9+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%89%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%5BLeonid+Tibilov+congratulated+Bako+Sahakyan+on+the+25th+anniversary+of+the+formation+of+the+Nagorno-Karabakh+Republic%5D&rft.date=2016-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpresidentruo.org%2Fleonid-tibilov-pozdravil-bako-saakyana-s-25-j-godovshhinoj-obrazovaniya-nagorno-karabaxskoj-respubliki%2Fprint%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Slavmerc-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Slavmerc_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Slavmerc_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200628191526/https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/AZER%20Conflict%20in%20N-K%20Dec94.pdf">Azerbaijan: Seven Years of Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>. 1994. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56432-142-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-56432-142-8"><bdi>1-56432-142-8</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/AZER%20Conflict%20in%20N-K%20Dec94.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 28 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Azerbaijan%3A+Seven+Years+of+Conflict+in+Nagorno-Karabakh&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-56432-142-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Freports%2FAZER%2520Conflict%2520in%2520N-K%2520Dec94.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"> p. xiii "Slavic mercenaries also take part in the fighting. The Slavs on both sides ..."; p. 106 "Russian, Ukrainian, and Belorussian mercenaries or rogue units of the Soviet/Russian Army have fought on both sides." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPanossian2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQBWgBAAAQBAJdqsovietsidedazerbaijankarabakhpgPA145_145]-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPanossian2002[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidQBWgBAAAQBAJdqsovietsidedazerbaijankarabakhpgPA145_145]_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPanossian2002">Panossian 2002</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QBWgBAAAQBAJ&dq=soviet+sided+azerbaijan+karabakh&pg=PA145">145</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShogren1990" class="citation news cs1">Shogren, Elizabeth (21 September 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1990-09-21-mn-730-story.html">"Armenians Wage Hunger Strike in Regional Dispute: Soviet Union: Five threaten to starve themselves to death unless Moscow ends military rule in Azerbaijan enclave"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Armenians+Wage+Hunger+Strike+in+Regional+Dispute%3A+Soviet+Union%3A+Five+threaten+to+starve+themselves+to+death+unless+Moscow+ends+military+rule+in+Azerbaijan+enclave.&rft.date=1990-09-21&rft.aulast=Shogren&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1990-09-21-mn-730-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell1999p._26:_"Sporadic_clashes_became_frequent_by_the_first_months_of_1991,_with_an_ever-increasing_organization_of_paramilitary_forces_on_the_Armenian_side,_whereas_Azerbaijan_still_relied_on_the_support_of_Moscow.&nbsp;..._In_response_to_this_development,_a_joint_Soviet_and_Azerbaijani_military_and_police_operation_directed_from_Moscow_was_initiated_in_these_areas_during_the_Spring_and_Summer_of_1991."-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell1999p._26:_"Sporadic_clashes_became_frequent_by_the_first_months_of_1991,_with_an_ever-increasing_organization_of_paramilitary_forces_on_the_Armenian_side,_whereas_Azerbaijan_still_relied_on_the_support_of_Moscow.&nbsp;..._In_response_to_this_development,_a_joint_Soviet_and_Azerbaijani_military_and_police_operation_directed_from_Moscow_was_initiated_in_these_areas_during_the_Spring_and_Summer_of_1991."_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCornell1999">Cornell 1999</a>, p. 26: "Sporadic clashes became frequent by the first months of 1991, with an ever-increasing organization of paramilitary forces on the Armenian side, whereas Azerbaijan still relied on the support of Moscow. ... In response to this development, a joint Soviet and Azerbaijani military and police operation directed from Moscow was initiated in these areas during the Spring and Summer of 1991.". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPapazian2008p._25:_"units_of_the_4th_army_stationed_in_Azerbaijan_and_Azeri_OMONs_were_used_in_'Operation_Ring',_to_empty_a_number_of_Armenian_villages_in_Nagorno-Karabakh_in_April_1991."-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPapazian2008p._25:_"units_of_the_4th_army_stationed_in_Azerbaijan_and_Azeri_OMONs_were_used_in_'Operation_Ring',_to_empty_a_number_of_Armenian_villages_in_Nagorno-Karabakh_in_April_1991."_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPapazian2008">Papazian 2008</a>, p. 25: "units of the 4th army stationed in Azerbaijan and Azeri OMONs were used in 'Operation Ring', to empty a number of Armenian villages in Nagorno-Karabakh in April 1991.". </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1993/11/08/afghan-fighters-aiding-azerbaijan-in-civil-war/48f8e736-75b6-4472-8d6f-4665df1debe8/">"AFGHAN FIGHTERS AIDING AZERBAIJAN IN CIVIL WAR"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220121095218/https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1993/11/08/afghan-fighters-aiding-azerbaijan-in-civil-war/48f8e736-75b6-4472-8d6f-4665df1debe8/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=AFGHAN+FIGHTERS+AIDING+AZERBAIJAN+IN+CIVIL+WAR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fpolitics%2F1993%2F11%2F08%2Fafghan-fighters-aiding-azerbaijan-in-civil-war%2F48f8e736-75b6-4472-8d6f-4665df1debe8%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaarnby20086-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaarnby20086_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaarnby20086_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaarnby20086_12-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaarnby2008">Taarnby 2008</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrzezinskiSullivan1997616-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrzezinskiSullivan1997616_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrzezinskiSullivan1997">Brzezinski & Sullivan 1997</a>, p. 616: "It is also revealed that a new force of 200 armed members of the Grey Wolves organization has been dispatched from Turkey in preparation for a new Azeri offensive and to train units of the Azeri army." </li> <li id="cite_note-Griffin-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Griffin_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffin2004" class="citation book cs1">Griffin, Nicholas (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/caucasusjourneyt00grif/page/185">Caucasus: A Journey to the Land Between Christianity and Islam</a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/caucasusjourneyt00grif/page/185">185–186</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-30859-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-30859-6"><bdi>0-226-30859-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caucasus%3A+A+Journey+to+the+Land+Between+Christianity+and+Islam&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=185-186&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-226-30859-6&rft.aulast=Griffin&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcaucasusjourneyt00grif%2Fpage%2F185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170517033224/http://www.panorama.am/ru/news/2010/09/17/mikola-karpyuk/1056213">"Украинские националисты УНАО-УНСО признали, что воевали на стороне Азербайджана в Карабахе"</a>. panorama.am (in Russian). 17 September 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.panorama.am/ru/news/2010/09/17/mikola-karpyuk/1056213">the original</a> on 17 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=panorama.am&rft.atitle=%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B+%D0%A3%D0%9D%D0%90%D0%9E-%D0%A3%D0%9D%D0%A1%D0%9E+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%2C+%D1%87%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B2+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B5&rft.date=2010-09-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.panorama.am%2Fru%2Fnews%2F2010%2F09%2F17%2Fmikola-karpyuk%2F1056213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200731131641/https://eadaily.com/ru/news/2016/07/05/armyanskiy-ekspert-v-pervuyu-karabahskuyu-voynu-ukrainskie-neonacisty-sluzhili-v-armii-azerbaydzhana-letchikami-i">"Армянский эксперт: В Первую Карабахскую войну украинские неонацисты служили в армии Азербайджана летчиками и артиллеристами"</a>. eadaily.com (in Russian). 5 July 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eadaily.com/ru/news/2016/07/05/armyanskiy-ekspert-v-pervuyu-karabahskuyu-voynu-ukrainskie-neonacisty-sluzhili-v-armii-azerbaydzhana-letchikami-i">the original</a> on 31 July 2020. <q>Кроме чеченских боевиков, радикальных исламистов из Афганистана, „Серых волков" и других, отметились в Карабахе и украинские нацисты из УНА-УНСО.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=eadaily.com&rft.atitle=%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%3A+%D0%92+%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%8E+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%8E+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%83+%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B+%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8&rft.date=2016-07-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feadaily.com%2Fru%2Fnews%2F2016%2F07%2F05%2Farmyanskiy-ekspert-v-pervuyu-karabahskuyu-voynu-ukrainskie-neonacisty-sluzhili-v-armii-azerbaydzhana-letchikami-i&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://euraspravda.ru/novosti/lenta-novostey/v-sluchae-voyny-my-okazhem-baku-posilnuyu-pomosch.html">""В случае войны мы окажем баку посильную помощь""</a>. euraspravda.ru (in Russian). 5 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=euraspravda.ru&rft.atitle=%22%D0%92+%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B5+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D0%BC%D1%8B+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BC+%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8E+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%89%D1%8C%22&rft.date=2014-03-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feuraspravda.ru%2Fnovosti%2Flenta-novostey%2Fv-sluchae-voyny-my-okazhem-baku-posilnuyu-pomosch.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minval.az/news/40603">""В случае войны мы окажем Баку посильную помощь""</a>. Minval.az (in Russian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minval.az&rft.atitle=%22%D0%92+%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%B5+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D0%BC%D1%8B+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BC+%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8E+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%89%D1%8C%22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminval.az%2Fnews%2F40603&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://regnum.ru/news/fd-abroad/armenia/1381433.html">"Турецкие националисты намерены участвовать в новой карабахской войне"</a> [Turkish nationalists intend to participate in a new Karabakh war]. <a href="/wiki/REGNUM_News_Agency" title="REGNUM News Agency">REGNUM</a> (in Russian). 14 July 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120714071627/http://regnum.ru/news/fd-abroad/armenia/1381433.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=REGNUM&rft.atitle=%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%B2+%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.date=2012-07-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fregnum.ru%2Fnews%2Ffd-abroad%2Farmenia%2F1381433.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemoyan2006p._226:_"Turkey_continued_to_provide_military_as_well_as_economic_aid_to_Azerbaijan._As_further_proof,_the_Turkish_army_and_intelligence_services_launched_undercover_operations_to_supply_Azerbaijan_with_arms_and_military_personnel._According_to_Turkish_sources,_over_350_high-ranking_officers_and_thousands_of_volunteers_from_Turkey_participated_in_the_warfare_on_the_Azerbaijani_side."-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemoyan2006p._226:_"Turkey_continued_to_provide_military_as_well_as_economic_aid_to_Azerbaijan._As_further_proof,_the_Turkish_army_and_intelligence_services_launched_undercover_operations_to_supply_Azerbaijan_with_arms_and_military_personnel._According_to_Turkish_sources,_over_350_high-ranking_officers_and_thousands_of_volunteers_from_Turkey_participated_in_the_warfare_on_the_Azerbaijani_side."_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDemoyan2006p._226:_"Turkey_continued_to_provide_military_as_well_as_economic_aid_to_Azerbaijan._As_further_proof,_the_Turkish_army_and_intelligence_services_launched_undercover_operations_to_supply_Azerbaijan_with_arms_and_military_personnel._According_to_Turkish_sources,_over_350_high-ranking_officers_and_thousands_of_volunteers_from_Turkey_participated_in_the_warfare_on_the_Azerbaijani_side."_20-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDemoyan2006">Demoyan 2006</a>, p. 226: "Turkey continued to provide military as well as economic aid to Azerbaijan. As further proof, the Turkish army and intelligence services launched undercover operations to supply Azerbaijan with arms and military personnel. According to Turkish sources, over 350 high-ranking officers and thousands of volunteers from Turkey participated in the warfare on the Azerbaijani side.". </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.refworld.org/docid/4954ce0923.html">"World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Armenia"</a>. Refworld. <a href="/wiki/Minority_Rights_Group_International" title="Minority Rights Group International">Minority Rights Group International</a>. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160422105613/http://www.refworld.org/docid/4954ce0923.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2016. <q>The war ended at Ceasefire Agreement in 1994, with the Armenians of Karabakh (supported by Armenia) taking control not only of Nagorny Karabakh itself but also occupying in whole or in part seven regions of Azerbaijan surrounding the former NKAO.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Refworld&rft.atitle=World+Directory+of+Minorities+and+Indigenous+Peoples+%E2%80%93+Armenia&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.refworld.org%2Fdocid%2F4954ce0923.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrenin2011p._[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9QqVCwAAQBAJdqkarabakh22defactounitedpgPA67_67]:_"Armenia_is_de_facto_united_with_Nagorno-Karabakh,_an_unrecognized_state,_in_a_single_entity."-22"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrenin2011p._[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid9QqVCwAAQBAJdqkarabakh22defactounitedpgPA67_67]:_"Armenia_is_de_facto_united_with_Nagorno-Karabakh,_an_unrecognized_state,_in_a_single_entity."_22-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTrenin2011">Trenin 2011</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9QqVCwAAQBAJ&dq=karabakh+%22de+facto+united&pg=PA67">67</a>: "Armenia is de facto united with Nagorno-Karabakh, an unrecognized state, in a single entity.". </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulcaire2015" class="citation news cs1">Mulcaire, Jack (9 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nationalinterest.org/feature/face-the-coming-war-between-armenia-azerbaijan-12585">"Face Off: The Coming War between Armenia and Azerbaijan"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Interest" title="The National Interest">The National Interest</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170103170830/http://nationalinterest.org/feature/face-the-coming-war-between-armenia-azerbaijan-12585">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2017. Retrieved 14 December 2016. <q>The mostly Armenian population of the disputed region now lives under the control of the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic, a micronation that is supported by Armenia and is effectively part of that country.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National+Interest&rft.atitle=Face+Off%3A+The+Coming+War+between+Armenia+and+Azerbaijan&rft.date=2015-04-09&rft.aulast=Mulcaire&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnationalinterest.org%2Ffeature%2Fface-the-coming-war-between-armenia-azerbaijan-12585&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECornell2011p._135:_"Following_the_war,_the_territories_that_fell_under_Armenian_control,_in_particular_Mountainous_Karabakh_itself,_were_slowly_integrated_into_Armenia."-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECornell2011p._135:_"Following_the_war,_the_territories_that_fell_under_Armenian_control,_in_particular_Mountainous_Karabakh_itself,_were_slowly_integrated_into_Armenia."_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCornell2011">Cornell 2011</a>, p. 135: "Following the war, the territories that fell under Armenian control, in particular Mountainous Karabakh itself, were slowly integrated into Armenia.". </li> <li id="cite_note-SIPRI1994-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SIPRI1994_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SIPRI1994_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200826153836/https://www.sipri.org/yearbook/1994">"SIPRI Yearbook 1994"</a>. sipri.org. <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_International_Peace_Research_Institute" title="Stockholm International Peace Research Institute">Stockholm International Peace Research Institute</a>. 1994. p. 88. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/SIPRI%20Yearbook%201994.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sipri.org&rft.atitle=SIPRI+Yearbook+1994&rft.pages=88&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sipri.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FSIPRI%2520Yearbook%25201994.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"><a href="#CITEREFChorbajianDonabedianMutafian1994">Chorbajian, Donabedian & Mutafian 1994</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OUlnYdOHJ3wC&pg=PA14">13–18</a> Table of conflict locations with at least one major armed conflict in 1993 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrzezinskiSullivan1997p._616:_"It_is_also_revealed_that_a_new_force_of_200_armed_members_of_the_Grey_Wolves_organization_has_been_dispatched_from_Turkey_in_preparation_for_a_new_Azeri_offensive_and_to_train_units_of_the_Azeri_army."-26"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrzezinskiSullivan1997p._616:_"It_is_also_revealed_that_a_new_force_of_200_armed_members_of_the_Grey_Wolves_organization_has_been_dispatched_from_Turkey_in_preparation_for_a_new_Azeri_offensive_and_to_train_units_of_the_Azeri_army."_26-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrzezinskiSullivan1997">Brzezinski & Sullivan 1997</a>, p. 616: "It is also revealed that a new force of 200 armed members of the Grey Wolves organization has been dispatched from Turkey in preparation for a new Azeri offensive and to train units of the Azeri army.". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECharalampidis20136-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharalampidis20136_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCharalampidis2013">Charalampidis 2013</a>, p. 6: "Different independent sources – expert, intelligence and official – estimated that the number of Afghan fighters during the period of 1993–1994 fluctuated between 1500–3000." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECharalampidis20134,_6-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharalampidis20134,_6_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCharalampidis2013">Charalampidis 2013</a>, pp. 4, 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-AMS-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AMS_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AMS_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AMS_29-2">c</a> (in Russian) Melik-Shahnazarov, Arsen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sumgait.info/caucasus-conflicts/nagorno-karabakh-facts/nagorno-karabakh-facts-14.htm">Нагорный Карабах: факты против лжи</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101129070058/http://sumgait.info/caucasus-conflicts/nagorno-karabakh-facts/nagorno-karabakh-facts-14.htm">Archived</a> 29 November 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2013327-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2013327_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2013327_30-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Waal2013">de Waal 2013</a>, p. 327. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBertsch1999297-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBertsch1999297_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBertsch1999">Bertsch 1999</a>, p. 297. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuleymanov2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Suleymanov, Rashad (13 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180724154005/http://ru.apa.az/nagornyj_karabakh/nazvano-chislo-azerbajdzhanskikh-voennosluzhashikh-pogibshikh-vo-vremya-i-karabakhskoj-vojny-eksklyuziv.html"><bdi lang="ru">Названо число азербайджанских военнослужащих, погибших во время I Карабахской войны</bdi></a> [The number of Azerbaijani servicemen killed during the First Karabakh War has been named] (in Russian). Baku: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Azeri_Press_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Azeri Press Agency (page does not exist)">APA</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ru.apa.az/nagornyj_karabakh/nazvano-chislo-azerbajdzhanskikh-voennosluzhashikh-pogibshikh-vo-vremya-i-karabakhskoj-vojny-eksklyuziv.html">the original</a> on 24 July 2018. Retrieved 12 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE+%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE+%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B8%D1%85%2C+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B2%D0%BE+%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%8F+I+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B&rft.place=Baku&rft.pub=APA&rft.date=2014-01-13&rft.aulast=Suleymanov&rft.aufirst=Rashad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fru.apa.az%2Fnagornyj_karabakh%2Fnazvano-chislo-azerbajdzhanskikh-voennosluzhashikh-pogibshikh-vo-vremya-i-karabakhskoj-vojny-eksklyuziv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2013326-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2013326_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Waal2013">de Waal 2013</a>, p. 326. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euronews.net/2009/11/28/winds-of-change-in-nagorno-karabakh/">"Winds of Change in Nagorno Karabakh"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111206040424/http://www.euronews.net/2009/11/28/winds-of-change-in-nagorno-karabakh/">Archived</a> 6 December 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Euronews" title="Euronews">Euronews</a>. 28 November 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFRD199598-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFRD199598_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFRD1995">FRD 1995</a>, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-OhanyanVelikhanova-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OhanyanVelikhanova_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OhanyanVelikhanova_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OhanyanVelikhanova_36-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OhanyanVelikhanova_36-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOhanyanZarema_Velikhanova2004" class="citation news cs1">Ohanyan, Karine; Zarema Velikhanova (12 May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101103044222/http://iwpr.net/report-news/investigation-karabakh-missing-action-alive-or-dead">"Investigation: Karabakh: Missing in Action – Alive or Dead?"</a>. Institute for War and Peace Reporting. 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Retrieved 6 March 2016. <q>But Turkey backs the Azerbaijanis, and has sealed its border with Armenia. 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ARMENIA"</a>. HUDOC - European Court of Human Rights. Retrieved 9 June 2023. <q>The capture of these two towns [Lachin and Shusha/Shushi] had been deemed necessary by the "NKR" forces in order to stop Azerbaijani war crimes and open up a humanitarian corridor to Armenia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HUDOC+-+European+Court+of+Human+Rights&rft.atitle=CASE+OF+CHIRAGOV+AND+OTHERS+v.+ARMENIA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhudoc.echr.coe.int%2Ffre%3Fi%3D001-155353&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen2017" class="citation web cs1">Green, Anna (20 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://evnreport.com/spotlight-karabakh/spotlight-karabakh/">"Spotlight Karabakh"</a>. EVN Report. Retrieved 9 June 2023. <q>On May 18, [1992] the Karabakh Army entered Lachin (Kashatagh), thus ending the three-year blockade.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EVN+Report&rft.atitle=Spotlight+Karabakh&rft.date=2017-03-20&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fevnreport.com%2Fspotlight-karabakh%2Fspotlight-karabakh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1996b125-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1996b125_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1996b">Brown 1996b</a>, p. 125. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENotholt20087.17-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENotholt20087.17_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNotholt2008">Notholt 2008</a>, p. 7.17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2013208-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2013208_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Waal2013">de Waal 2013</a>, p. 208. </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldberg_1992-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goldberg_1992_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldberg_1992_127-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldberg1992" class="citation news cs1">Goldberg, Carey (14 June 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/">"Azerbaijan Troops Launch Karabakh Offensive Conflict"</a>. Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130730230323/http://www.latimes.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2013. Retrieved 17 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Azerbaijan+Troops+Launch+Karabakh+Offensive+Conflict&rft.date=1992-06-14&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=Carey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2013209-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2013209_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2013209_128-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Waal2013">de Waal 2013</a>, p. 209. </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhirokhov_2009-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zhirokhov_2009_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhirokhov_2009_129-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhirokhov_2009_129-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhirokhov_2009_129-3">d</a> (in Russian) Zhirokhov, M. A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://artofwar.ru/z/zhirohow_m_a/text_0100.shtml">"Авиация в Нагорном Карабахе"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100428054526/http://artofwar.ru/z/zhirohow_m_a/text_0100.shtml">Archived</a> 28 April 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> [Aviation in Nagorno-Karabakh] 2009-02-17 artofwar.ru </li> <li id="cite_note-Strategic-130"><a href="#cite_ref-Strategic_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahmood_Vaezi" class="citation web cs1">Mahmood Vaezi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722014529/http://www.csr.ir/departments.aspx?lng=en&abtid=07&depid=74&semid=989">"Mediation in the Karabakh Dispute"</a>. Center for Strategic Research. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csr.ir/departments.aspx?lng=en&abtid=07&depid=74&semid=989">the original</a> on 22 July 2011. Retrieved 6 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mediation+in+the+Karabakh+Dispute&rft.pub=Center+for+Strategic+Research&rft.au=Mahmood+Vaezi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csr.ir%2Fdepartments.aspx%3Flng%3Den%26abtid%3D07%26depid%3D74%26semid%3D989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RFE-131"><a href="#cite_ref-RFE_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean-Christophe_Peuch2001" class="citation news cs1">Jean-Christophe Peuch (25 July 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1097022.html">"Caucasus: Iran Offers To Mediate In Nagorno-Karabakh Dispute"</a>. <a href="/wiki/RFE/RL" class="mw-redirect" title="RFE/RL">RFE/RL</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090218132555/http://www.rferl.org/content/Article/1097022.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2009. Retrieved 6 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RFE%2FRL&rft.atitle=Caucasus%3A+Iran+Offers+To+Mediate+In+Nagorno-Karabakh+Dispute&rft.date=2001-07-25&rft.au=Jean-Christophe+Peuch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F1097022.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100529121728/http://www.portugal.mid.ru/rus/news_10.html"><bdi lang="ru">Важный документ по Карабаху или ничего особенного?</bdi></a> [An important document on Karabakh or one of no significance?]. <a href="/wiki/Vremya_Novostei" title="Vremya Novostei">Vremya Novostei</a> (in Russian). 11 June 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portugal.mid.ru/rus/news_10.html">the original</a> on 29 May 2010. Retrieved 6 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vremya+Novostei&rft.atitle=%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%83+%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%3F&rft.date=2008-06-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.portugal.mid.ru%2Frus%2Fnews_10.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreire2003-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreire2003_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFreire2003">Freire 2003</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2003196–197-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2003196–197_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Waal2003">de Waal 2003</a>, pp. 196–197. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahlburg1992" class="citation news cs1">Dahlburg, John-Thor (24 August 1992). "Azerbaijan Accused of Bombing Civilians". <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times" title="Chicago Sun-Times">Chicago Sun-Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Sun-Times&rft.atitle=Azerbaijan+Accused+of+Bombing+Civilians&rft.date=1992-08-24&rft.aulast=Dahlburg&rft.aufirst=John-Thor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChrysanthopoulos2002-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChrysanthopoulos2002_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChrysanthopoulos2002_137-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChrysanthopoulos2002_137-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFChrysanthopoulos2002">Chrysanthopoulos 2002</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSammakia1992" class="citation news cs1">Sammakia, Nejla (23 December 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060811044703/http://www.sfgate.com/chronicle/">"Winter Brings Misery to Azerbaijani Refugees"</a>. San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sfgate.com/chronicle/">the original</a> on 11 August 2006. Retrieved 8 August 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Winter+Brings+Misery+to+Azerbaijani+Refugees&rft.date=1992-12-23&rft.aulast=Sammakia&rft.aufirst=Nejla&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsfgate.com%2Fchronicle%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourdreaux1993" class="citation news cs1">Bourdreaux, Richard (5 January 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/">"Despite Appeals, Karabakh Battles Rage"</a>. Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130730230323/http://www.latimes.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2013. Retrieved 8 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Despite+Appeals%2C+Karabakh+Battles+Rage&rft.date=1993-01-05&rft.aulast=Bourdreaux&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorin2017162–163-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorin2017162–163_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorin2017">Norin 2017</a>, pp. 162–163. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-02-06-mn-1065-story.html">"Armenians Rally to Protest Leader"</a>. Los Angeles Times. 6 February 1993. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170214200914/http://articles.latimes.com/1993-02-06/news/mn-1065_1_armenians-rally-to-protest-leader">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2017. Retrieved 21 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Armenians+Rally+to+Protest+Leader&rft.date=1993-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1993-02-06-mn-1065-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHRW199414-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHRW199414_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHRW199414_142-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHRW1994">HRW 1994</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-UN-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UN_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_143-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/p/eur/rls/or/13508.htm#822">United Nations Security Council Resolution 822 passed on 30 April 1993</a>. A total of four UNSC resolutions were passed in regards to the conflict. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com/">"Rebel troops push toward Azeri capital"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161006234524/https://www.thestar.com/">Archived</a> 6 October 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Star" title="Toronto Star">Toronto Star</a>. 21 June 1993, p. A12. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaura_Baghdasaryan_and_Arif_Yunusov" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Laura Baghdasaryan and Arif Yunusov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-r.org/our-work/accord/nagorny-karabakh/russian/russian15.php"><bdi lang="ru">Война, социальные изменения и синдромы 'ни войны, ни мира' в азербайджанском и армянском обществах</bdi></a> [War, social changes and "neither war nor peace" syndromes in Azerbaijani and Armenian societies] (in Russian). Conciliation Resources. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110111013549/http://www.c-r.org/our-work/accord/nagorny-karabakh/russian/russian15.php">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2011. Retrieved 20 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%2C+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8B+%27%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B%2C+%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%27+%D0%B2+%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%B8+%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%85&rft.au=Laura+Baghdasaryan+and+Arif+Yunusov&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-r.org%2Four-work%2Faccord%2Fnagorny-karabakh%2Frussian%2Frussian15.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"> "в 1993 году президент Гейдар Алиев расформировал 33 добровольческих батальона, состоявших в основном из сторонников оппозиции. Это стало во многом причиной кризиса на фронте и последовавшего захвата армянами семи районов вокруг Нагорного Карабаха." [In 1993, President Heydar Aliyev disbanded 33 volunteer battalions, consisting mainly of opposition supporters. This was largely the reason for the crisis at the front and the subsequent seizure by the Armenians of seven districts around Nagorno-Karabakh.] </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2003316-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2003316_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Waal2003">de Waal 2003</a>, p. 316. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECharalampidis2013-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECharalampidis2013_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCharalampidis2013">Charalampidis 2013</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407100252/http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/portal/rielcano_eng/Content?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=%2Felcano%2Felcano_in%2Fzonas_in%2Finternational%20terrorism%2Fdt20-2008">"Real Instituto Elcano"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.realinstitutoelcano.org/wps/portal/rielcano_eng/Content?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/elcano/elcano_in/zonas_in/international+terrorism/dt20-2008">the original</a> on 7 April 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Real+Instituto+Elcano&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.realinstitutoelcano.org%2Fwps%2Fportal%2Frielcano_eng%2FContent%3FWCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT%3D%2Felcano%2Felcano_in%2Fzonas_in%2Finternational%2Bterrorism%2Fdt20-2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Topguns-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Topguns_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Topguns_152-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Topguns_152-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoiko1993" class="citation news cs1">Loiko, Sergei L (19 July 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090203023849/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/2155582.html?dids=2155582&FMT=ABS">"Ex-Soviet 'Top Guns' Shot Down, Face Possible Death as Mercenaries"</a>. Los Angeles Times. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/2155582.html?dids=2155582&FMT=ABS">the original</a> on 3 February 2009. Retrieved 7 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Ex-Soviet+%27Top+Guns%27+Shot+Down%2C+Face+Possible+Death+as+Mercenaries&rft.date=1993-07-19&rft.aulast=Loiko&rft.aufirst=Sergei+L&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Flatimes%2Faccess%2F2155582.html%3Fdids%3D2155582%26FMT%3DABS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRanter" class="citation web cs1">Ranter, Harro. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19920327-1">"ASN Aircraft accident Yakovlev 40 registration unknown Stepanakert"</a>. aviation-safety.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112160554/https://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19920327-1">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2018. Retrieved 12 January 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aviation-safety.net&rft.atitle=ASN+Aircraft+accident+Yakovlev+40+registration+unknown+Stepanakert&rft.aulast=Ranter&rft.aufirst=Harro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faviation-safety.net%2Fdatabase%2Frecord.php%3Fid%3D19920327-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_280.shtml">Air War over Nagorniy-Kharabakh, 1988–1994</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130604074555/http://www.acig.org/artman/publish/article_280.shtml">Archived</a> 4 June 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Air Combat Information Group. </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA-FACTBOOK-AJ-155">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIA-FACTBOOK-AJ_155-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA-FACTBOOK-AJ_155-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Central_Intelligence_Agency" class="citation web cs1">The <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/azerbaijan/">"The CIA World Factbook: Transnational Issues in Country Profile of Azerbaijan"</a>. Retrieved 14 February 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+CIA+World+Factbook%3A+Transnational+Issues+in+Country+Profile+of+Azerbaijan&rft.au=The+Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fazerbaijan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N93/557/41/PDF/N9355741.pdf?OpenElement">"UN SC Resolution 874"</a> (PDF). United Nations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170515201315/https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N93/557/41/PDF/N9355741.pdf?OpenElement">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 May 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2017. <q>Expressing its serious concern that a continuation of the conflict in and around the Nagorny Karabakh region of the Azerbaijani Republic, and of the tensions between the Republic of Armenia and the Azerbaijani Republic, would endanger peace and security in the region,</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations&rft.atitle=UN+SC+Resolution+874&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocuments-dds-ny.un.org%2Fdoc%2FUNDOC%2FGEN%2FN93%2F557%2F41%2FPDF%2FN9355741.pdf%3FOpenElement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N93/631/20/PDF/N9363120.pdf?OpenElement">"UN SC Resolution 884"</a> (PDF). United Nations. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170515201320/https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N93/631/20/PDF/N9363120.pdf?OpenElement">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 May 2017. Retrieved 2 July 2017. <q>Expressing its serious concern that a continuation of the conflict in and around the Nagorny Karabakh region of the Azerbaijani Republic, and of the tensions between the Republic of Armenia and the Azerbaijani Republic, would endanger peace and security in the region,</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations&rft.atitle=UN+SC+Resolution+884&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocuments-dds-ny.un.org%2Fdoc%2FUNDOC%2FGEN%2FN93%2F631%2F20%2FPDF%2FN9363120.pdf%3FOpenElement&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECooley2002150–51-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECooley2002150–51_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCooley2002">Cooley 2002</a>, pp. 150–51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHRW1994121-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHRW1994121_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHRW1994">HRW 1994</a>, p. 121. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHRW1994122–123-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHRW1994122–123_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHRW1994">HRW 1994</a>, pp. 122–123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2010123-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2010123_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Waal2010">de Waal 2010</a>, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMirsky199763-163"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMirsky199763_163-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMirsky1997">Mirsky 1997</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpecter,_Michael1994" class="citation news cs1">Specter, Michael (15 July 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9907E1D8103FF936A25754C0A962958260">"Armenians Suffer Painfully in War, But With Pride and Determination"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090204094344/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9907E1D8103FF936A25754C0A962958260">Archived</a> from the original on 4 February 2009. Retrieved 7 January 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Armenians+Suffer+Painfully+in+War%2C+But+With+Pride+and+Determination&rft.date=1994-07-15&rft.au=Specter%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9907E1D8103FF936A25754C0A962958260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChorbajian20011,_16-165"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChorbajian20011,_16_165-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChorbajian2001">Chorbajian 2001</a>, pp. 1, 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHakobyan2008pp._506–08,_Appendix_Documents_38–39-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHakobyan2008pp._506–08,_Appendix_Documents_38–39_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHakobyan2008">Hakobyan 2008</a>, pp. 506–08, Appendix Documents 38–39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBell2005326-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBell2005326_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBell2005">Bell 2005</a>, p. 326. </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> (in Russian) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121221155833/http://www.library.cjes.ru/online/?a=con&b_id=32&c_id=736">"Журналисты на войне в Карабахе: Писаренко Дмитрий (Journalists in the Karabakh War: Dmitri Pisarenko)"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asbarez.com/95222/by-giving-karabakh-lands-to-azerbaijan-conflict-would-have-ended-in-%E2%80%9997-says-ter-petrosian/comment-page-1/">the original</a> on 1 October 2012. Retrieved 21 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asbarez&rft.atitle=By+Giving+Karabakh+Lands+to+Azerbaijan%2C+Conflict+Would+Have+Ended+in+%2797%2C+Says+Ter-Petrosian&rft.date=2011-04-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasbarez.com%2F95222%2Fby-giving-karabakh-lands-to-azerbaijan-conflict-would-have-ended-in-%25E2%2580%259997-says-ter-petrosian%2Fcomment-page-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110519030034/http://www.armenianow.com/news/29088/terpetrosyan_bbc_interview">"Ter-Petrosyan on the BBC: Karabakh conflict could have been resolved by giving certain territories to Azerbaijan"</a>. ArmeniaNow. ArmeniaNow. 19 April 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armenianow.com/news/29088/terpetrosyan_bbc_interview">the original</a> on 19 May 2011. Retrieved 21 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ArmeniaNow&rft.atitle=Ter-Petrosyan+on+the+BBC%3A+Karabakh+conflict+could+have+been+resolved+by+giving+certain+territories+to+Azerbaijan&rft.date=2011-04-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.armenianow.com%2Fnews%2F29088%2Fterpetrosyan_bbc_interview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3706459.stm">"Azerbaijan threatens renewed war"</a>. BBC News. 12 May 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050417141530/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/3706459.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2005. 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Retrieved 25 July 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RFE%2FRL&rft.atitle=Armenia%2FAzerbaijan%3A+International+Mediators+Report+Progress+On+Karabakh+Dispute&rft.date=2001-04-10&rft.aulast=Peuch&rft.aufirst=Jean-Christophe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Ffeatures%2F2001%2F04%2F10042001120004.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> Collin, Matthew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6247776.stm">"Azeris criticised on human rights"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070711171759/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6247776.stm">Archived</a> 11 July 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> BBC News. 28 June 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> The U.S. Committee for Refugees and Immigrants. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.refugees.org/countryreports.aspx?__VIEWSTATE=dDwxMTA1OTA4MTYwOztsPENvdW50cnlERDpHb0J1dHRvbjs%2BPrImhOOqDI29eBMz8b04PTi8xjW2&cid=558&subm=&ssm=&map=&_ctl0%3ASearchInput=+KEYWORD+SEARCH&CountryDD%3ALocationList=">2001 Country Report of Armenia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080107111423/http://www.refugees.org/countryreports.aspx?__VIEWSTATE=dDwxMTA1OTA4MTYwOztsPENvdW50cnlERDpHb0J1dHRvbjs%20PrImhOOqDI29eBMz8b04PTi8xjW2&cid=558&subm=&ssm=&map=&_ctl0%3ASearchInput=%20KEYWORD%20SEARCH&CountryDD%3ALocationList=">Archived</a> 7 January 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. USCRI, 2001 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEECRI20032-181"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEECRI20032_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFECRI2003">ECRI 2003</a>, p. 2"Due to the conflict, there is a widespread negative sentiment toward Armenians in Azerbaijani society today." 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://in.reuters.com/article/armenia-azerbaijan-martial-law/nagorno-karabakh-announces-martial-law-and-total-mobilization-idINKBN26I086?il=0">the original</a> on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nagorno-Karabakh+announces+martial+law+and+total+mobilization&rft.pub=Reuters&rft.date=2020-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fin.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Farmenia-azerbaijan-martial-law%2Fnagorno-karabakh-announces-martial-law-and-total-mobilization-idINKBN26I086%3Fil%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/armenia-azerbaijan-curfew/azerbaijans-parliament-approves-martial-law-curfews-presidents-aide-idINKBN26I0OU">"Azerbaijan's parliament approves martial law, curfews – president's aide"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a>. 27 September 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200928062034/https://www.reuters.com/article/armenia-azerbaijan-curfew/azerbaijans-parliament-approves-martial-law-curfews-presidents-aide-idINKBN26I0OU">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 27 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Azerbaijan%27s+parliament+approves+martial+law%2C+curfews+%E2%80%93+president%27s+aide&rft.date=2020-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Farmenia-azerbaijan-curfew%2Fazerbaijans-parliament-approves-martial-law-curfews-presidents-aide-idINKBN26I0OU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aa.com.tr/en/azerbaijan-front-line/azerbaijan-declares-partial-military-mobilization/19881335">"Azerbaijan declares partial military mobilization"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Azeri_Press_Agency&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Azeri Press Agency (page does not exist)">Azeri Press Agency</a>. 28 September 2020. Retrieved 28 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Azeri+Press+Agency&rft.atitle=Azerbaijan+declares+partial+military+mobilization&rft.date=2020-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aa.com.tr%2Fen%2Fazerbaijan-front-line%2Fazerbaijan-declares-partial-military-mobilization%2F19881335&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-6&chapter=26&lang=en">"United Nations Treaty Collection"</a>. treaties.un.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200618150323/https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVI-6&chapter=26&lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 18 June 2020. Retrieved 5 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=treaties.un.org&rft.atitle=United+Nations+Treaty+Collection&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftreaties.un.org%2FPages%2FViewDetails.aspx%3Fsrc%3DTREATY%26mtdsg_no%3DXXVI-6%26chapter%3D26%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2003176-207"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2003176_207-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Waal2003">de Waal 2003</a>, p. 176. </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> Speech given by <a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">Baroness</a> <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Cox" class="mw-redirect" title="Caroline Cox">Caroline Cox</a> in April 1998. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sumgait.info/maraga/maraga-eng/survivors-maraghar.htm">"Survivors of Maraghar massacre: It was truly like a contemporary Golgotha many times over"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070304222926/http://sumgait.info/maraga/maraga-eng/survivors-maraghar.htm">Archived</a> 4 March 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Accessed 10 February 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHRW1994passim-209"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHRW1994passim_209-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHRW1994">HRW 1994</a>, p. passim. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKushen19917-210"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKushen19917_210-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKushen1991">Kushen 1991</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2013181-211"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Waal2013181_211-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Waal2013">de Waal 2013</a>, p. 181. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKarny2000405–406-212"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKarny2000405–406_212-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKarny2000">Karny 2000</a>, pp. 405–406. </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://armeniainfo.am/news/view.php?news_id=609">"First Armenian Action Film Released About Karabakh War"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060726072937/http://www.armeniainfo.am/news/view.php?news_id=609">Archived</a> 26 July 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Armenia Information. 29 June 2006. Retrieved 20 January 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.today/20140420022040/http://azdimension.az/en/under-occupation-shusha/">[2]</a> Under Occupation: Shusha video game website. </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> Gojiashvili, Nino. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurasianet.org/node/65808">"Azerbaijan: Video Game Revisits Nagorno-Karabakh War"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130414195926/http://www.eurasianet.org/node/65808">Archived</a> 14 April 2013 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> Eurasianet.org. 21 August 2012. Retrieved 22 August 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.today/20140420022023/http://azdimension.az/en/under-occupation-agdam/">[3]</a> Under Occupation: Agdam video game website. </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180418142905/http://www.apa.tv/video/48188">"Kapitan Qurbanovun "Dönüş"ü – TƏQDİMAT"</a> [Captain Gurbanov's "return" – presentation] (in Azerbaijani). <a href="/w/index.php?title=APA_TV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="APA TV (page does not exist)">APA TV</a>. 17 April 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apa.tv/video/48188">the original</a> on 18 April 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kapitan+Qurbanovun+%22D%C3%B6n%C3%BC%C5%9F%22%C3%BC+%E2%80%93+T%C6%8FQD%C4%B0MAT&rft.pub=APA+TV&rft.date=2018-04-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apa.tv%2Fvideo%2F48188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3></div> <dl><dt>Books</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmbrosio2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ambrosio" title="Thomas Ambrosio">Ambrosio, Thomas</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/irredentismethni0000ambr">Irredentism: ethnic conflict and international politics</a>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275972608" title="Special:BookSources/9780275972608"><bdi>9780275972608</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irredentism%3A+ethnic+conflict+and+international+politics&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780275972608&rft.aulast=Ambrosio&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Firredentismethni0000ambr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBell2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christine_Bell" title="Christine Bell">Bell, Christine</a> (2005). Peace Agreements and Human Rights. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-927096-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-927096-1"><bdi>0-19-927096-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peace+Agreements+and+Human+Rights&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-19-927096-1&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertsch1999" class="citation book cs1">Bertsch, Gary (1999). Crossroads and Conflict: Security and Foreign Policy in the Caucasus and Central Asia. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-92273-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-92273-9"><bdi>0-415-92273-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crossroads+and+Conflict%3A+Security+and+Foreign+Policy+in+the+Caucasus+and+Central+Asia&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-415-92273-9&rft.aulast=Bertsch&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroers2019" class="citation book cs1">Broers, Laurence (2019). Armenia and Azerbaijan: Anatomy of a Rivalry. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenia+and+Azerbaijan%3A+Anatomy+of+a+Rivalry&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Broers&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1996a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Archie_Brown_(historian)" title="Archie Brown (historian)">Brown, Archie</a> (1996a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gorbachevfactor00brow_0">The Gorbachev Factor</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-288052-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-288052-9"><bdi>978-0-19-288052-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gorbachev+Factor&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-288052-9&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Archie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgorbachevfactor00brow_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1996b" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_E._Brown_(political_scientist)" title="Michael E. Brown (political scientist)">Brown, Michael E.</a> (1996b). The International Dimensions of Internal Conflict. Cambridge: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-52209-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-52209-8"><bdi>0-262-52209-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+International+Dimensions+of+Internal+Conflict&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-262-52209-8&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Michael+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrzezinskiSullivan1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Zbigniew_Brzezinski" title="Zbigniew Brzezinski">Brzezinski, Zbigniew</a>; Sullivan, Paige, eds. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/russiacommonweal0000unse">Russia and the Commonwealth of Independent States: Documents, Data, and Analysis</a>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/M._E._Sharpe" title="M. E. Sharpe">M. E. Sharpe</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781563246371" title="Special:BookSources/9781563246371"><bdi>9781563246371</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+and+the+Commonwealth+of+Independent+States%3A+Documents%2C+Data%2C+and+Analysis&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=M.+E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9781563246371&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frussiacommonweal0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBudjeryn2022" class="citation book cs1">Budjeryn, Mariana (2022). Inheriting the Bomb: The Collapse of the USSR and the Nuclear Disarmament of Ukraine. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inheriting+the+Bomb%3A+The+Collapse+of+the+USSR+and+the+Nuclear+Disarmament+of+Ukraine&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Budjeryn&rft.aufirst=Mariana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharalampidis2013" class="citation book cs1">Charalampidis, Ioannis (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://karabakhfacts.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Ioannis-Charalampidis-Sponsored-to-Kill-ENG.pdf">Sponsored To Kill: Mercenaries and Terrorist Networks in Azerbaijan</a> (PDF). Moscow: "MIA" Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-9986-0115-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-9986-0115-6"><bdi>978-5-9986-0115-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129225618/http://karabakhfacts.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Ioannis-Charalampidis-Sponsored-to-Kill-ENG.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 29 November 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sponsored+To+Kill%3A+Mercenaries+and+Terrorist+Networks+in+Azerbaijan&rft.place=Moscow&rft.pub=%22MIA%22+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-5-9986-0115-6&rft.aulast=Charalampidis&rft.aufirst=Ioannis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkarabakhfacts.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F02%2FIoannis-Charalampidis-Sponsored-to-Kill-ENG.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChorbajianDonabedianMutafian1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Levon_Chorbajian" title="Levon Chorbajian">Chorbajian, Levon</a>; Donabedian, Patrick; <a href="/wiki/Claude_Mutafian" title="Claude Mutafian">Mutafian, Claude</a> (1994). The Caucasian Knot: The History and Geopolitics of Nagorno-Karabagh. London: Zed Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85649-288-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-85649-288-5"><bdi>1-85649-288-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Caucasian+Knot%3A+The+History+and+Geopolitics+of+Nagorno-Karabagh&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Zed+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-85649-288-5&rft.aulast=Chorbajian&rft.aufirst=Levon&rft.au=Donabedian%2C+Patrick&rft.au=Mutafian%2C+Claude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChorbajian2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Levon_Chorbajian" title="Levon Chorbajian">Chorbajian, Levon</a> (2001). The Making of Nagorno-Karabagh: From Secession to Republic. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-77340-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-77340-3"><bdi>0-333-77340-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Nagorno-Karabagh%3A+From+Secession+to+Republic&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+MacMillan&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-333-77340-3&rft.aulast=Chorbajian&rft.aufirst=Levon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChrysanthopoulos2002" class="citation book cs1">Chrysanthopoulos, Leonidas T. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/caucasuschronicl0000chry">Caucasus Chronicles: Nation-building and Diplomacy in Armenia, 1993–1994</a>. Princeton: <a href="/wiki/Gomidas_Institute" title="Gomidas Institute">Gomidas Institute</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-884630-05-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-884630-05-7"><bdi>1-884630-05-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Caucasus+Chronicles%3A+Nation-building+and+Diplomacy+in+Armenia%2C+1993%E2%80%931994&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Gomidas+Institute&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-884630-05-7&rft.aulast=Chrysanthopoulos&rft.aufirst=Leonidas+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcaucasuschronicl0000chry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ariel_Cohen" title="Ariel Cohen">Cohen, Ariel</a>, ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eurasiainbalance0000unse/mode/2up">Eurasia in Balance: US and the Regional Power Shift</a>. Aldershot, England: Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-4449-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-4449-9"><bdi>0-7546-4449-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eurasia+in+Balance%3A+US+and+the+Regional+Power+Shift&rft.place=Aldershot%2C+England&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7546-4449-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feurasiainbalance0000unse%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooley2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_K._Cooley" title="John K. Cooley">Cooley, John K.</a> (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unholywarsafghan0000cool_w4p3">Unholy Wars: Afghanistan, America and International Terrorism</a>. London: Pluto Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unholy+Wars%3A+Afghanistan%2C+America+and+International+Terrorism&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Cooley&rft.aufirst=John+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funholywarsafghan0000cool_w4p3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornell2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Svante_Cornell" title="Svante Cornell">Cornell, Svante E.</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/azerbaijansincei0000corn">Azerbaijan Since Independence</a>. New York: M.E. Sharpe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-3004-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-3004-9"><bdi>978-0-7656-3004-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Azerbaijan+Since+Independence&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-3004-9&rft.aulast=Cornell&rft.aufirst=Svante+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fazerbaijansincei0000corn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCroissant1998" class="citation book cs1">Croissant, Michael (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armeniaazerbaija00croi">The Armenia-Azerbaijan Conflict: Causes and Implications</a>. Westport, CT: Prager. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780275962418" title="Special:BookSources/9780275962418"><bdi>9780275962418</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armenia-Azerbaijan+Conflict%3A+Causes+and+Implications&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Prager&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780275962418&rft.aulast=Croissant&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farmeniaazerbaija00croi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFRD1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Research_Division" title="Federal Research Division">Federal Research Division</a> (1995) [Research completed March 1994]. Curtis, Glenn E. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armeniaazerbaija00curt">Armenia, Azerbaijan and Georgia: Country Studies</a>. Area handbook series. Washington D.C.: Library of Congress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8444-0848-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8444-0848-4"><bdi>0-8444-0848-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenia%2C+Azerbaijan+and+Georgia%3A+Country+Studies&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.series=Area+handbook+series&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-8444-0848-4&rft.au=Federal+Research+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farmeniaazerbaija00curt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Waal2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Waal" title="Thomas de Waal">de Waal, Thomas</a> (2003). <a href="/wiki/Black_Garden:_Armenia_and_Azerbaijan_Through_Peace_and_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War">Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War</a>. New York: New York University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Garden%3A+Armenia+and+Azerbaijan+Through+Peace+and+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=de+Waal&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Waal2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_de_Waal" title="Thomas de Waal">de Waal, Thomas</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/caucasusintroduc0000dewa">The Caucasus. An Introduction</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Caucasus.+An+Introduction&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=de+Waal&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcaucasusintroduc0000dewa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Waal2013" class="citation book cs1">——— (2013). <a href="/wiki/Black_Garden:_Armenia_and_Azerbaijan_Through_Peace_and_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War">Black Garden: Armenia and Azerbaijan Through Peace and War</a>. New York: New York University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Garden%3A+Armenia+and+Azerbaijan+Through+Peace+and+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=de+Waal&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurch1996" class="citation book cs1">Durch, William J., ed. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unpeacekeepingam0000unse/page/444">UN Peacekeeping, American Politics and the Uncivil Wars of the 1990s</a>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-12930-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-12930-0"><bdi>0-312-12930-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=UN+Peacekeeping%2C+American+Politics+and+the+Uncivil+Wars+of+the+1990s&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-312-12930-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funpeacekeepingam0000unse%2Fpage%2F444&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemoyan2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Hayk_Demoyan" title="Hayk Demoyan">Demoyan, Hayk</a> (2006). "Turkey and the Karabakh Conflict: Summary". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054926/http://www.historyofarmenia.am/images/menus/326/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%20%D0%B8%20%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82.pdf">Турция и Карабахский конфликт в конце XX – начале XXI веков. Историко-сравнительный анализ</a> [Turkey and the Karabakh Conflict in the 1990s: a Comparative Historical Analysis] (PDF) (in Russian and English). Yerevan. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofarmenia.am/images/menus/326/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%20%D0%B8%20%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Turkey+and+the+Karabakh+Conflict%3A+Summary&rft.btitle=%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%80%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B8+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82+%D0%B2+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5+XX+%E2%80%93+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5+XXI+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2.+%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7&rft.place=Yerevan&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Demoyan&rft.aufirst=Hayk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofarmenia.am%2Fimages%2Fmenus%2F326%2F%25D0%25A2%25D1%2583%25D1%2580%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%2520%25D0%25B8%2520%25D0%259A%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580%25D0%25B0%25D0%25B1%25D0%25B0%25D1%2585%25D1%2581%25D0%25BA%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B9_%25D0%259A%25D0%25BE%25D0%25BD%25D1%2584%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B8%25D0%25BA%25D1%2582.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEichensehrReisman1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name">Eichensehr, Kristen; <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._Michael_Reisman" class="extiw" title="de:W. Michael Reisman">Reisman, W. Michael</a> [in German] (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tjcSb5Yw2_UC&q=November+20+Azerbaijan+helicopter&pg=PA55">Stopping Wars and Making Peace: Studies in International Intervention</a>. Leiden, The Netherlands: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17855-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17855-7"><bdi>978-90-04-17855-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stopping+Wars+and+Making+Peace%3A+Studies+in+International+Intervention&rft.place=Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17855-7&rft.aulast=Eichensehr&rft.aufirst=Kristen&rft.au=Reisman%2C+W.+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtjcSb5Yw2_UC%26q%3DNovember%2B20%2BAzerbaijan%2Bhelicopter%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreire2003" class="citation book cs1">Freire, Maria Raquel (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/conflictsecurity0000frei">Conflict and Security in the Former Soviet Union: The Role of the OSCE</a>. Burlington, VT: Ashgate. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-3526-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-3526-0"><bdi>0-7546-3526-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+and+Security+in+the+Former+Soviet+Union%3A+The+Role+of+the+OSCE&rft.place=Burlington%2C+VT&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7546-3526-0&rft.aulast=Freire&rft.aufirst=Maria+Raquel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconflictsecurity0000frei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGokay2003" class="citation book cs1">Gokay, Bulent (2003). The Politics of Caspian Oil. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-73973-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-73973-6"><bdi>0-333-73973-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Caspian+Oil&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+MacMillan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-333-73973-6&rft.aulast=Gokay&rft.aufirst=Bulent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGore2008" class="citation book cs1">Gore, Patrick Wilson (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tissomepoorfello0000gore">'Tis Some Poor Fellow's Skull: Post-Soviet Warfare in the Southern Caucasus</a>. Lincoln, Nebraska: iUniverse. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780595486793" title="Special:BookSources/9780595486793"><bdi>9780595486793</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Tis+Some+Poor+Fellow%27s+Skull%3A+Post-Soviet+Warfare+in+the+Southern+Caucasus&rft.place=Lincoln%2C+Nebraska&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780595486793&rft.aulast=Gore&rft.aufirst=Patrick+Wilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftissomepoorfello0000gore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHakobyan2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Tatul_Hakobyan" title="Tatul Hakobyan">Hakobyan, Tatul</a> (2008). <bdi lang="hy">Կանաչ ու Սև: Արցախյան օրագիր</bdi> [Green and Black: An Artsakh Diary] (in Armenian). Yerevan-Stepanakert: Heghinakayin Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B9+%D5%B8%D6%82+%D5%8D%D6%87%3A+%D4%B1%D6%80%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6+%D6%85%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%AB%D6%80&rft.place=Yerevan-Stepanakert&rft.pub=Heghinakayin+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Hakobyan&rft.aufirst=Tatul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHovannisian1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hovannisian" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Hovannisian">Hovannisian, Richard G.</a> (1971). The Republic of Armenia. Vol. 1. Berkeley: University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Republic+of+Armenia&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Hovannisian&rft.aufirst=Richard+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHovannisian1996" class="citation book cs1">Hovannisian, Richard G. (1996). The Republic of Armenia. Vol. 3. Berkeley: University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Republic+of+Armenia&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Hovannisian&rft.aufirst=Richard+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarny2000" class="citation book cs1">Karny, Yo'av (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/highlandersjourn0000karn">Highlanders: A Journey to the Caucasus in Quest of Memory</a>. New York: Douglas & McIntyre.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Highlanders%3A+A+Journey+to+the+Caucasus+in+Quest+of+Memory&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Douglas+%26+McIntyre&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Karny&rft.aufirst=Yo%27av&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhighlandersjourn0000karn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufman2001" class="citation book cs1">Kaufman, Stuart (2001). Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Hatreds%3A+The+Symbolic+Politics+of+Ethnic+War&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Kaufman&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLibaridian1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Libaridian" title="Gerard Libaridian">Libaridian, Gerard</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201215042241/https://zoryaninstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Karabagh-File.pdf">The Karabagh File: Documents and Facts on the Region of Mountainous Karabagh, 1918–1988</a> (PDF). New York: Zoryan Institute for Contemporary Armenian Research & Documentation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-916431-26-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-916431-26-6"><bdi>0-916431-26-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zoryaninstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/Karabagh-File.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 15 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Karabagh+File%3A+Documents+and+Facts+on+the+Region+of+Mountainous+Karabagh%2C+1918%E2%80%931988&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Zoryan+Institute+for+Contemporary+Armenian+Research+%26+Documentation&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-916431-26-6&rft.aulast=Libaridian&rft.aufirst=Gerard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzoryaninstitute.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F03%2FKarabagh-File.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLieberman2006" class="citation book cs1">Lieberman, Benjamin (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/terriblefateethn0000lieb/page/n7/mode/2up">Terrible Fate: Ethnic Cleansing in the Making of Modern Europe</a>. Chicago: Ivan R. Dee. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56663-646-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-56663-646-9"><bdi>1-56663-646-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terrible+Fate%3A+Ethnic+Cleansing+in+the+Making+of+Modern+Europe&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Ivan+R.+Dee&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-56663-646-9&rft.aulast=Lieberman&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fterriblefateethn0000lieb%2Fpage%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLobellMauceri2004" class="citation book cs1">Lobell, Steven E.; Mauceri, Philip (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ethnicconflictin00lobe">Ethnic Conflict and International Politics: Explaining Diffusion and Escalation</a>. New York: Palgrave MacMillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4039-6356-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-4039-6356-8"><bdi>1-4039-6356-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Conflict+and+International+Politics%3A+Explaining+Diffusion+and+Escalation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Palgrave+MacMillan&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-4039-6356-8&rft.aulast=Lobell&rft.aufirst=Steven+E.&rft.au=Mauceri%2C+Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fethnicconflictin00lobe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelkonian2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Markar_Melkonian" title="Markar Melkonian">Melkonian, Markar</a> (2005). <a href="/wiki/My_Brother%27s_Road" title="My Brother's Road">My Brother's Road: An American's Fateful Journey to Armenia</a>. London: I. B. Tauris.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Brother%27s+Road%3A+An+American%27s+Fateful+Journey+to+Armenia&rft.place=London&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Melkonian&rft.aufirst=Markar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMirsky1997" class="citation book cs1">Mirsky, Georgiy I. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onruinsofempiree0000mirs">On Ruins of Empire: Ethnicity and Nationalism in the Former Soviet Union</a>. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+Ruins+of+Empire%3A+Ethnicity+and+Nationalism+in+the+Former+Soviet+Union&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Mirsky&rft.aufirst=Georgiy+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fonruinsofempiree0000mirs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorin2017" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Norin, Yevgeny (2017). <bdi lang="ru">Под знаменами демократии: Войны и конфликты на развалинах СССР</bdi> [Under the banner of democracy: Wars and conflicts on the ruins of the USSR] (in Russian). "Издательский дом ""Питер""". <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-4461-0561-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-5-4461-0561-8"><bdi>978-5-4461-0561-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4+%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B8%3A+%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8B+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0&rft.pub=%22%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC+%22%22%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%22%22%22&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-5-4461-0561-8&rft.aulast=Norin&rft.aufirst=Yevgeny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNotholt2008" class="citation book cs1">Notholt, Stuart (2008). Fields of Fire: An Atlas of Ethnic Conflict. London: Troubador Publishing Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906510-47-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906510-47-3"><bdi>978-1-906510-47-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fields+of+Fire%3A+An+Atlas+of+Ethnic+Conflict&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Troubador+Publishing+Ltd.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-906510-47-3&rft.aulast=Notholt&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2011" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, Michael (2011). Shattering Empires: The Clash and Collapse of the Ottoman and Russian Empires 1908–1918. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shattering+Empires%3A+The+Clash+and+Collapse+of+the+Ottoman+and+Russian+Empires+1908%E2%80%931918&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubinKirişci2001" class="citation book cs1">Rubin, Barry; Kirişci, Kemal, eds. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/turkeyinworldpol0000unse">Turkey in World Politics: An Emerging Multiregional Power</a>. Boulder, Co: Lynne Rienner. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55587-954-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-55587-954-3"><bdi>1-55587-954-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkey+in+World+Politics%3A+An+Emerging+Multiregional+Power&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Co&rft.pub=Lynne+Rienner&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-55587-954-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fturkeyinworldpol0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1991" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Hedrick (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newrussians0000smit_u9h8">The New Russians</a>. New York: Harper Perennial. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780679412946" title="Special:BookSources/9780679412946"><bdi>9780679412946</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Russians&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9780679412946&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Hedrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewrussians0000smit_u9h8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTishkov1997" class="citation book cs1">Tishkov, Valery (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ethnicitynationa0000tish">Ethnicity, Nationalism and Conflict in and after the Soviet Union: The Mind Aflame</a>. London: Sage.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnicity%2C+Nationalism+and+Conflict+in+and+after+the+Soviet+Union%3A+The+Mind+Aflame&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sage&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Tishkov&rft.aufirst=Valery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fethnicitynationa0000tish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrenin2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Trenin" title="Dmitri Trenin">Trenin, Dmitri V.</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220324043721/https://carnegieendowment.org/pdf/book/post-imperium.pdf">Post-Imperium: A Eurasian Story</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Brookings_Institution_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Brookings Institution Press">Brookings Institution Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780870033452" title="Special:BookSources/9780870033452"><bdi>9780870033452</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carnegieendowment.org/pdf/book/post-imperium.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Post-Imperium%3A+A+Eurasian+Story&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780870033452&rft.aulast=Trenin&rft.aufirst=Dmitri+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcarnegieendowment.org%2Fpdf%2Fbook%2Fpost-imperium.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZürcher2007" class="citation book cs1">Zürcher, Christoph (2007). The Post-Soviet Wars: Rebellion, Ethnic Conflict, and Nationhood in the Caucasus. New York: New York University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Post-Soviet+Wars%3A+Rebellion%2C+Ethnic+Conflict%2C+and+Nationhood+in+the+Caucasus&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Z%C3%BCrcher&rft.aufirst=Christoph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZubok2021" class="citation book cs1">Zubok, Vladislav (2021). Collapse: The Fall of the Soviet Union. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collapse%3A+The+Fall+of+the+Soviet+Union&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Zubok&rft.aufirst=Vladislav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Chapters</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li>Karim, Karim H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8Ucl0kvNaVAC&pg=PA180">"Covering the South Caucasus and Bosnian Conflicts: Or How the Jihad Model Appears and Disappears"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160419030140/https://books.google.com/books?id=8Ucl0kvNaVAC&pg=PA180">Archived</a> 19 April 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> in Abbas Malek, Anandam P. Kavoori. The Global Dynamics of News. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanossian2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Razmik_Panossian" title="Razmik Panossian">Panossian, Razmik</a> (2002). "The Irony of Nagorno-Karabakh: Formal Institutions versus Informal Politics". In <a href="/wiki/Jim_Hughes_(academic)" title="Jim Hughes (academic)">Hughes, James</a>; <a href="/wiki/Gwendolyn_Sasse" title="Gwendolyn Sasse">Sasse, Gwendolyn</a> (eds.). Ethnicity and Territory in the Former Soviet Union: Regions in Conflict. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136342042" title="Special:BookSources/9781136342042"><bdi>9781136342042</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Irony+of+Nagorno-Karabakh%3A+Formal+Institutions+versus+Informal+Politics&rft.btitle=Ethnicity+and+Territory+in+the+Former+Soviet+Union%3A+Regions+in+Conflict&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781136342042&rft.aulast=Panossian&rft.aufirst=Razmik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1996" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Christopher J. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/transcaucasianbo00wrig/page/88">"The Armenian presence in mountainous Karabakh"</a>. In Wright, John F. R.; Goldenberg, Suzanne; Schofield, Richard (eds.). Transcaucasian Boundaries. London: UCL Press. pp. 89–112. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312129125" title="Special:BookSources/9780312129125"><bdi>9780312129125</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Armenian+presence+in+mountainous+Karabakh&rft.btitle=Transcaucasian+Boundaries&rft.place=London&rft.pages=89-112&rft.pub=UCL+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780312129125&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Christopher+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftranscaucasianbo00wrig%2Fpage%2F88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1999" class="citation book cs1">Walker, Edward (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crossroadsconfli0000unse/page/152">"No War, No Peace in the Caucasus: Contested Sovereignty in Chechnya, Abkhazia, and Karabakh"</a>. In Bertsch, Gary K.; Craft, Cassady; Jones, Scott A.; Beck, Michael (eds.). Crossroads and Conflict: Security and Foreign Policy in the Caucasus and Central Asia. London: Routledge. pp. 152–187.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=No+War%2C+No+Peace+in+the+Caucasus%3A+Contested+Sovereignty+in+Chechnya%2C+Abkhazia%2C+and+Karabakh&rft.btitle=Crossroads+and+Conflict%3A+Security+and+Foreign+Policy+in+the+Caucasus+and+Central+Asia&rft.place=London&rft.pages=152-187&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrossroadsconfli0000unse%2Fpage%2F152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Journal articles</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li>Yasemin Kilit Aklar (<a href="/wiki/Kocaeli_University" title="Kocaeli University">Kocaeli University</a>). The Teaching of History in Azerbaijan and Nationalism // <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ab_imperio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ab imperio (page does not exist)">Ab imperio</a> 2/2005</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPapazian2008" class="citation journal cs1">Papazian, Taline (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/pipss/1623">"State at War, State in War: The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict and State-Making in Armenia, 1991–1995"</a>. The Journal of Power Institutions in Post-Soviet Societies (8): 25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fpipss.1623">10.4000/pipss.1623</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1769-7069">1769-7069</a>. <q>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Power+Institutions+in+Post-Soviet+Societies&rft.atitle=State+at+War%2C+State+in+War%3A+The+Nagorno-Karabakh+Conflict+and+State-Making+in+Armenia%2C+1991%E2%80%931995&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=25&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fpipss.1623&rft.issn=1769-7069&rft.aulast=Papazian&rft.aufirst=Taline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fpipss%2F1623&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaporov2012" class="citation journal cs1">Saporov, Arsène (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09668136.2011.642583">"Why Autonomy? The Making of Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Region 1918–1925"</a>. Europe-Asia Studies. 64 (2): 281–323. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09668136.2011.642583">10.1080/09668136.2011.642583</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154783461">154783461</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Europe-Asia+Studies&rft.atitle=Why+Autonomy%3F+The+Making+of+Nagorno-Karabakh+Autonomous+Region+1918%E2%80%931925&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=281-323&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09668136.2011.642583&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A154783461%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Saporov&rft.aufirst=Ars%C3%A8ne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F09668136.2011.642583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaarnby2008" class="citation book cs1">Taarnby, Michael (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305152902/https://www.scribd.com/doc/21698244/The-Mujahedin-in-Nagorno-Karabakh-A-Case-Study-in-the-Evolution-of-Global-Jihad">The Mujahedin in Nagorno-Karabakh: A Case Study in the Evolution of Global Jihad</a>. <a href="/wiki/Real_Instituto_Elcano" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Instituto Elcano">Real Instituto Elcano</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/21698244/The-Mujahedin-in-Nagorno-Karabakh-A-Case-Study-in-the-Evolution-of-Global-Jihad">the original</a> on 5 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mujahedin+in+Nagorno-Karabakh%3A+A+Case+Study+in+the+Evolution+of+Global+Jihad&rft.pub=Real+Instituto+Elcano&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Taarnby&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F21698244%2FThe-Mujahedin-in-Nagorno-Karabakh-A-Case-Study-in-the-Evolution-of-Global-Jihad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYamskov1991" class="citation journal cs1">Yamskov, A.N. (October 1991). "Ethnic Conflict in the Transcausasus: The Case of Nagorno-Karabakh". Theory and Society. 20: 281–323. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00232663">10.1007/BF00232663</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140492606">140492606</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theory+and+Society&rft.atitle=Ethnic+Conflict+in+the+Transcausasus%3A+The+Case+of+Nagorno-Karabakh&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=281-323&rft.date=1991-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00232663&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A140492606%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Yamskov&rft.aufirst=A.N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>Reports</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornell1999" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Svante_Cornell" title="Svante Cornell">Cornell, Svante E.</a> (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110531191005/http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003079/Nagorno-Karabakh%20Conflict.pdf?hosts=local">"The Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict"</a> (PDF). Report no. 46, Department of East European Studies. <a href="/wiki/Uppsala_University" title="Uppsala University">Uppsala University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://is.muni.cz/el/fss/jaro2019/POL587/um/Cornell_The_Nagorno-Karabakh_Conflict.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 31 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Report+no.+46%2C+Department+of+East+European+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Nagorno-Karabakh+Conflict&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Cornell&rft.aufirst=Svante+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fis.muni.cz%2Fel%2Ffss%2Fjaro2019%2FPOL587%2Fum%2FCornell_The_Nagorno-Karabakh_Conflict.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCSCE1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Commission_on_Security_and_Cooperation_in_Europe" title="Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe">Commission on Security and Cooperation in Europe</a> (January 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PvhoCDGOIMQC">Human rights and democratization in the newly independent states of the former Soviet Union, Volume 4; Volume 85</a>. Implementation of the Helsinki Accords. Washington, D.C.: United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170103130526/https://books.google.com/books/about/Human_Rights_and_Democratization_in_the.html?id=PvhoCDGOIMQC">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2017. Retrieved 21 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+rights+and+democratization+in+the+newly+independent+states+of+the+former+Soviet+Union%2C+Volume+4%3B+Volume+85&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.series=Implementation+of+the+Helsinki+Accords&rft.pub=United+States+Congress&rft.date=1993-01&rft.au=Commission+on+Security+and+Cooperation+in+Europe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPvhoCDGOIMQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenberGoldman1992" class="citation book cs1">Denber, Rachel; Goldman, Robert Kogod (September 1992). Laber, Jeri (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/1992%20Bloodshed%20in%20Cauc%20-%20Escalation%20in%20NK.pdf">Bloodshed in the Caucasus: Escalation of the Armed Conflict in Nagorno Karabakh</a> (PDF). Human Rights Watch/Helsinki. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56432-081-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56432-081-0"><bdi>978-1-56432-081-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055642/http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/1992%20Bloodshed%20in%20Cauc%20-%20Escalation%20in%20NK.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bloodshed+in+the+Caucasus%3A+Escalation+of+the+Armed+Conflict+in+Nagorno+Karabakh&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch%2FHelsinki&rft.date=1992-09&rft.isbn=978-1-56432-081-0&rft.aulast=Denber&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft.au=Goldman%2C+Robert+Kogod&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Freports%2F1992%2520Bloodshed%2520in%2520Cauc%2520-%2520Escalation%2520in%2520NK.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenberPetrovDerry1993" class="citation book cs1">Denber, Rachel; Petrov, Alexander; Derry, Christina (July 1993). Whitman, Lois; Dailey, Erika (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/USSR2937.PDF">Bloodshed in the Caucasus: Indiscriminate Bombing and Shelling by Azerbaijani Forces in Nagorno Karabakh</a> (PDF). Human Rights Watch/Helsinki. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170105091029/https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/USSR2937.PDF">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 5 January 2017. Retrieved 22 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bloodshed+in+the+Caucasus%3A+Indiscriminate+Bombing+and+Shelling+by+Azerbaijani+Forces+in+Nagorno+Karabakh&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch%2FHelsinki&rft.date=1993-07&rft.aulast=Denber&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rft.au=Petrov%2C+Alexander&rft.au=Derry%2C+Christina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Freports%2FUSSR2937.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFECRI2003" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/European_Commission_against_Racism_and_Intolerance" title="European Commission against Racism and Intolerance">European Commission against Racism and Intolerance</a> (15 April 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921073055/http://hudoc.fcnm.coe.int/XMLEcri/ENGLISH/Cycle_02/02_CbC_eng/02-cbc-azerbaijan-eng.pdf">"Report on Azerbaijan"</a> (PDF). Strasbourg: <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hudoc.fcnm.coe.int/XMLEcri/ENGLISH/Cycle_02/02_CbC_eng/02-cbc-azerbaijan-eng.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 21 September 2013. Retrieved 22 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Report+on+Azerbaijan&rft.place=Strasbourg&rft.pub=Council+of+Europe&rft.date=2003-04-15&rft.au=European+Commission+against+Racism+and+Intolerance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhudoc.fcnm.coe.int%2FXMLEcri%2FENGLISH%2FCycle_02%2F02_CbC_eng%2F02-cbc-azerbaijan-eng.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHRW1993" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/1993/WR93/Hsw-07.htm">"Human Rights Watch World Report – The Former Soviet Union"</a>. Human Rights Watch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150218230025/http://www.hrw.org/reports/1993/WR93/Hsw-07.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2015. Retrieved 21 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Rights+Watch+World+Report+%E2%80%93+The+Former+Soviet+Union&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freports%2F1993%2FWR93%2FHsw-07.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHRW1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch/Helsinki</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/azerbaijanseveny00huma">Azerbaijan: Seven Years of Conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh</a>. New York [u.a.]: Human Rights Watch. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56432-142-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-56432-142-8"><bdi>1-56432-142-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved 12 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Azerbaijan%3A+Seven+Years+of+Conflict+in+Nagorno-Karabakh&rft.place=New+York+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-56432-142-8&rft.au=Human+Rights+Watch%2FHelsinki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fazerbaijanseveny00huma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKushen1991" class="citation book cs1">Kushen, Robert (1991). Neier, Aryeh (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211214214014/https://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/u/ussr/ussr915.pdf">Conflict in the Soviet Union: Black January in Azerbaidzhan</a> (PDF). Report by Human Rights Watch/Helsinki and Inter-Republic Memorial Society. Human Rights Watch. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56432-027-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-56432-027-8"><bdi>1-56432-027-8</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/reports/pdfs/u/ussr/ussr915.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 14 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+in+the+Soviet+Union%3A+Black+January+in+Azerbaidzhan&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=1-56432-027-8&rft.aulast=Kushen&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Freports%2Fpdfs%2Fu%2Fussr%2Fussr915.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.physics.harvard.edu/~wilson/publications/VOSKEPAR_files/VOSKEPAR.html">Report by Professor Richard Wilson</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060342/http://users.physics.harvard.edu/~wilson/publications/VOSKEPAR_files/VOSKEPAR.html">Archived</a> 21 September 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> "On the Visit to the Armenian-Azerbaijani Border, May 25–29, 1991" Presented to the First International Sakharov Conference on Physics, Lebedev Institute, Moscow on 31 May 1991.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAltstadt1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Altstadt" title="Audrey Altstadt">Altstadt, Audrey L.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7eyoAAAAQBAJ">The Azerbaijani Turks: power and identity under Russian rule</a>. Studies of nationalities. Stanford, Calif: <a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoover Institution Press">Hoover Institution Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-9181-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-9181-4"><bdi>978-0-8179-9181-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Azerbaijani+Turks%3A+power+and+identity+under+Russian+rule&rft.place=Stanford%2C+Calif&rft.series=Studies+of+nationalities&rft.pub=Hoover+Institution+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8179-9181-4&rft.aulast=Altstadt&rft.aufirst=Audrey+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7eyoAAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBroers2005" class="citation journal cs1">Broers, Laurence (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170218064125/http://www.c-r.org/downloads/17_Nagorny_Karabakh.pdf">"The limits of leadership: Elites and societies in the Nagorny Karabakh peace process"</a> (PDF). Accord. London: <a href="/wiki/Conciliation_Resources" title="Conciliation Resources">Conciliation Resources</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1365-0742">1365-0742</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-r.org/downloads/17_Nagorny_Karabakh.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 18 February 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Accord&rft.atitle=The+limits+of+leadership%3A+Elites+and+societies+in+the+Nagorny+Karabakh+peace+process&rft.date=2005&rft.issn=1365-0742&rft.aulast=Broers&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.c-r.org%2Fdownloads%2F17_Nagorny_Karabakh.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFČeterjan2008" class="citation book cs1">Četerjan, Viken (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j7WIDwAAQBAJ">War and peace in the Caucasus: Russia's troubled frontier</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/C._Hurst_%26_Co." title="C. Hurst & Co.">C. Hurst & Co.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-929-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-929-7"><bdi>978-1-85065-929-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+and+peace+in+the+Caucasus%3A+Russia%27s+troubled+frontier&rft.place=London&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-85065-929-7&rft.aulast=%C4%8Ceterjan&rft.aufirst=Viken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj7WIDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornell2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Svante_Cornell" title="Svante Cornell">Cornell, Svante E.</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G_qQAgAAQBAJ">Small nations and great powers: a study of ethnopolitical conflict in the Caucasus</a>. Caucasus world. Richmond, Surrey, England: <a href="/wiki/Curzon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Curzon Press">Curzon Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1162-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1162-8"><bdi>978-0-7007-1162-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Small+nations+and+great+powers%3A+a+study+of+ethnopolitical+conflict+in+the+Caucasus&rft.place=Richmond%2C+Surrey%2C+England&rft.series=Caucasus+world&rft.pub=Curzon+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-7007-1162-8&rft.aulast=Cornell&rft.aufirst=Svante+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG_qQAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawishaParrott1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karen_Dawisha" title="Karen Dawisha">Dawisha, Karen</a>; Parrott, Bruce, eds. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XvMfeIVY71sC">Conflict, cleavage, and change in Central Asia and the Caucasus</a>. Democratization and authoritarianism in postcommunist societies. Cambridge, U.K.: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59246-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59246-8"><bdi>978-0-521-59246-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict%2C+cleavage%2C+and+change+in+Central+Asia+and+the+Caucasus&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+U.K.&rft.series=Democratization+and+authoritarianism+in+postcommunist+societies&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-521-59246-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXvMfeIVY71sC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGahramanova2010" class="citation journal cs1">Gahramanova, Aytan (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/247713598">"Paradigms of Political Mythologies and Perspectives of Reconciliation in the Case of the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict"</a>. International Negotiation. 15 (1). <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>: 133–152. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F157180610X488218">10.1163/157180610X488218</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170218063535/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Aytan_Gahramanova/publication/247713598_Paradigms_of_Political_Mythologies_and_Perspectives_of_Reconciliation_in_the_Case_of_the_Nagorno-Karabakh_Conflict/links/55cc4c8208aeca747d6c25c4.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 18 February 2017. Retrieved 17 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Negotiation&rft.atitle=Paradigms+of+Political+Mythologies+and+Perspectives+of+Reconciliation+in+the+Case+of+the+Nagorno-Karabakh+Conflict&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=133-152&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F157180610X488218&rft.aulast=Gahramanova&rft.aufirst=Aytan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F247713598&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoltz1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Goltz" title="Thomas Goltz">Goltz, Thomas</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_siBrVgWxkQC">Azerbaijan diary: a rogue reporter's adventures in an oil-rich, war-torn, post-Soviet republic</a>. Armonk, N.Y: <a href="/wiki/M._E._Sharpe" title="M. E. Sharpe">M. E. Sharpe</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0243-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0243-5"><bdi>978-0-7656-0243-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Azerbaijan+diary%3A+a+rogue+reporter%27s+adventures+in+an+oil-rich%2C+war-torn%2C+post-Soviet+republic&rft.place=Armonk%2C+N.Y&rft.pub=M.+E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-0243-5&rft.aulast=Goltz&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_siBrVgWxkQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeukjian2016" class="citation book cs1">Geukjian, Ohannes (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PPEoDAAAQBAJ">Ethnicity, nationalism and conflict in the South Caucasus: Nagorno-Karabakh and the legacy of Soviet nationalities policy</a>. Post-Soviet politics. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-27903-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-27903-2"><bdi>978-1-138-27903-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnicity%2C+nationalism+and+conflict+in+the+South+Caucasus%3A+Nagorno-Karabakh+and+the+legacy+of+Soviet+nationalities+policy&rft.place=London&rft.series=Post-Soviet+politics&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-138-27903-2&rft.aulast=Geukjian&rft.aufirst=Ohannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPPEoDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHakobyan2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tatul_Hakobyan" title="Tatul Hakobyan">Hakobyan, Tʻatʻul</a> (2010). Karabakh diary: green and black; neither war nor peace. Antelias: Tatul Hakobyan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9953-0-1816-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-9953-0-1816-4"><bdi>978-9953-0-1816-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karabakh+diary%3A+green+and+black%3B+neither+war+nor+peace&rft.place=Antelias&rft.pub=Tatul+Hakobyan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-9953-0-1816-4&rft.aulast=Hakobyan&rft.aufirst=T%CA%BBat%CA%BBul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Hovannisian" title="Richard G. Hovannisian">Hovannisian, Richard G.</a> (1971). "The Armeno-Azerbaijani Conflict Over Mountainous Karabagh". <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Review">Armenian Review</a>. 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Armenian+Review&rft.atitle=The+Armeno-Azerbaijani+Conflict+Over+Mountainous+Karabagh&rft.volume=24&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Hovannisian&rft.aufirst=Richard+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHovannisian1993" class="citation journal cs1">Hovannisian, Richard G. (1993). "Mountainous Karabagh in 1920: An Unresolved Contest". <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Review">Armenian Review</a>. 46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Armenian+Review&rft.atitle=Mountainous+Karabagh+in+1920%3A+An+Unresolved+Contest&rft.volume=46&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Hovannisian&rft.aufirst=Richard+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalkasian1996" class="citation book cs1">Malkasian, Mark (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aRJJ9qs6PeQC">'Gha-ra-bagh!': the emergence of the National Democratic Movement in Armenia"</a>. Detroit: <a href="/wiki/Wayne_State_University_Press" title="Wayne State University Press">Wayne State University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-2604-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8143-2604-6"><bdi>978-0-8143-2604-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%27Gha-ra-bagh%21%27%3A+the+emergence+of+the+National+Democratic+Movement+in+Armenia%22&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8143-2604-6&rft.aulast=Malkasian&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaRJJ9qs6PeQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillerMiller2003" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Donald E.; Miller, Lorna Touryan (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EG4lDQAAQBAJ">Armenia: portraits of survival and hope</a>. Berkeley, Calif: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23492-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23492-5"><bdi>978-0-520-23492-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armenia%3A+portraits+of+survival+and+hope&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+Calif&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-520-23492-5&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Donald+E.&rft.au=Miller%2C+Lorna+Touryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEG4lDQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopescu2011" class="citation book cs1">Popescu, Nicu (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o5GsAgAAQBAJ">EU foreign policy and post-Soviet conflicts: stealth intervention</a>. Routledge advances in european politics. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-58720-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-58720-4"><bdi>978-0-415-58720-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/643082319">643082319</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=EU+foreign+policy+and+post-Soviet+conflicts%3A+stealth+intervention&rft.place=London&rft.series=Routledge+advances+in+european+politics&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F643082319&rft.isbn=978-0-415-58720-4&rft.aulast=Popescu&rft.aufirst=Nicu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do5GsAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahmuratian1990" class="citation book cs1">Shahmuratian, Samvel, ed. (1990). The Sumgait tragedy: pogroms against Armenians in Soviet Azerbaijan. Zoryan Institute files. Translated by Jones, Steven. New Rochelle, N.Y.: Aristide D. Caratzas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-916431-31-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-916431-31-0"><bdi>978-0-916431-31-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sumgait+tragedy%3A+pogroms+against+Armenians+in+Soviet+Azerbaijan&rft.place=New+Rochelle%2C+N.Y.&rft.series=Zoryan+Institute+files&rft.pub=Aristide+D.+Caratzas&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-916431-31-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStocker2024" class="citation journal cs1">Stocker, James R. (21 June 2024). "Beginning of Winter: The George H.W. Bush Administration, the Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict, and the Emergence of the Post–Cold War World". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Cold_War_Studies" title="Journal of Cold War Studies">Journal of Cold War Studies</a>. 26 (2): 26–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2Fjcws_a_01208">10.1162/jcws_a_01208</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1520-3972">1520-3972</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cold+War+Studies&rft.atitle=Beginning+of+Winter%3A+The+George+H.W.+Bush+Administration%2C+the+Nagorno-Karabakh+Conflict%2C+and+the+Emergence+of+the+Post%E2%80%93Cold+War+World&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=26-62&rft.date=2024-06-21&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2Fjcws_a_01208&rft.issn=1520-3972&rft.aulast=Stocker&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaubman2017" class="citation book cs1">Taubman, William (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iNDADQAAQBAJ">Gorbachev: his life and times</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4711-2862-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4711-2862-2"><bdi>978-1-4711-2862-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gorbachev%3A+his+life+and+times&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4711-2862-2&rft.aulast=Taubman&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiNDADQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFirst+Nagorno-Karabakh+War" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media 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title="commons:Category:Nagorno-Karabakh War (1989-1994)">Nagorno-Karabakh War (1989-1994)</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.caucasianjournal.org/2020/05/dr-laurence-broers-there-wont-be.html/">Dr. Laurence BROERS: "There won't be Armenian-Azerbaijani Dayton*"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727114148/https://english.caucasianjournal.org/2020/05/dr-laurence-broers-there-wont-be.html">Archived</a> 27 July 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> — Interview for Caucasian Journal</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.Artsakh.Org.UK:">Articles and Photography on Artsakh/Nagorno-Karabakh – War and its Legacy, from Russell Pollard UK Photojournalist</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mountainous-karabakh.org:">Information Site about Nagorno-Karabakh, history and background of the present-day conflict, maps and resolutions</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alertnet.org/db/crisisprofiles/NK_CON.htm?v=in_detail">Crisis Briefing Nagorno-Karabakh</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090909155734/http://www.alertnet.org/db/crisisprofiles/NK_CON.htm?v=in_detail">Archived</a> 9 September 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> From <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alertnet.org/">Reuters Alertnet</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090311155456/http://www.alertnet.org/">Archived</a> 11 March 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311053930/http://www.icbl.org/lm/2005/nagorno-karabakh.html">A 2005 report on the status of undetonated land mines in Nagorno-Karabakh</a> compiled by the <a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Ban_Landmines" title="International Campaign to Ban Landmines">International Campaign to Ban Landmines</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/02/908366e9-f535-4958-9383-09f351a1ef0c.html">A chronology of the events of Nagorno-Karabakh from 1988 to Present</a> by Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/3658938.stm">Regions and territories: Nagorno-Karabakh</a> Overview of the region by the BBC</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nLrrG1q2Uzo">A Story of People in War and Peace: Preview</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> – a documentary film by Armenia's Vardan Hovhannisyan, who won the prize for best new documentary filmmaker at the 2007 Tribeca Film Festival in New York, about the conflict in Nagorno-Karabakh.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/3658938.stm">BBC News, Regions and Territories- Nagorno-Karabakh</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Armenia&#124;link=Armenia_Armenian_nationalism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Armenian_nationalism" title="Template:Armenian nationalism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Armenian_nationalism" title="Template talk:Armenian nationalism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Armenian_nationalism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Armenian nationalism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Armenia&#124;link=Armenia_Armenian_nationalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia"><img alt="Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Armenian_nationalism" title="Armenian nationalism">Armenian nationalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Armenia" title="United Armenia">United Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tseghakronism" title="Tseghakronism">Tseghakronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miatsum" title="Miatsum">Miatsum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Active political parties</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Adequate_Party" title="Adequate Party">Adequate Party</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ramgavar" title="Ramgavar">Armenian Democratic Liberal Party</a> (Ramgavar)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation" title="Armenian Revolutionary Federation">Armenian Revolutionary Federation</a> (Dashnak)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hosank" title="Hosank">Hosank</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/National_Agenda_Party_(Armenia)" title="National Agenda Party (Armenia)">National Agenda Party</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/National_Revival_(Artsakh)" title="National Revival (Artsakh)">National Revival of Artsakh</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sasna_Tsrer_Pan-Armenian_Party" title="Sasna Tsrer Pan-Armenian Party">Sasna Tsrer Pan-Armenian Party</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Social_Democrat_Hunchakian_Party" title="Social Democrat Hunchakian Party">Social Democrat Hunchakian Party</a> (Hunchak)</dd></dl> <dl><dt>Defunct parties</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Armenakan_Party" title="Armenakan Party">Armenakan Party</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/National_United_Party_(Armenia)" title="National United Party (Armenia)">National United Party</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Defunct militant organizations</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Armenian_fedayi" title="Armenian fedayi">Armenian fedayi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Secret_Army_for_the_Liberation_of_Armenia" title="Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia">Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Independence" title="Army of Independence">Army of Independence</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/New_Armenian_Resistance_Group" title="New Armenian Resistance Group">New Armenian Resistance Group</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Justice_Commandos_of_the_Armenian_Genocide" title="Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide">Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Army" title="Armenian Revolutionary Army">Armenian Revolutionary Army</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Thinkers</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Khachatur_Abovian" title="Khachatur Abovian">Khachatur Abovian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mikayel_Nalbandian" title="Mikayel Nalbandian">Mikayel Nalbandian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Raffi_(novelist)" title="Raffi (novelist)">Raffi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mkrtich_Khrimian" title="Mkrtich Khrimian">Mkrtich Khrimian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shahan_Natalie" title="Shahan Natalie">Shahan Natalie</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Garegin_Nzhdeh" title="Garegin Nzhdeh">Garegin Nzhdeh</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Siamanto" title="Siamanto">Siamanto</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Avetis_Aharonian" title="Avetis Aharonian">Avetis Aharonian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hayk_Asatryan" title="Hayk Asatryan">Hayk Asatryan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kevork_Ajemian" title="Kevork Ajemian">Kevork Ajemian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Silva_Kaputikyan" title="Silva Kaputikyan">Silva Kaputikyan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rafayel_Ishkhanian" title="Rafayel Ishkhanian">Rafayel Ishkhanian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Monte_Melkonian" title="Monte Melkonian">Monte Melkonian</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Militants and commanders</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arabo" title="Arabo">Arabo</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Aghbiur_Serob" title="Aghbiur Serob">Aghbiur Serob</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kevork_Chavush" title="Kevork Chavush">Kevork Chavush</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Andranik" title="Andranik">Andranik</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Aram_Manukian" title="Aram Manukian">Aram Manukian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Armen_Garo" title="Armen Garo">Armen Garo</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Garegin_Nzhdeh" title="Garegin Nzhdeh">Garegin Nzhdeh</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hagop_Hagopian_(militant)" title="Hagop Hagopian (militant)">Hagop Hagopian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Movses_Gorgisyan" title="Movses Gorgisyan">Movses Gorgisyan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Monte_Melkonian" title="Monte Melkonian">Monte Melkonian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vazgen_Sargsyan" title="Vazgen Sargsyan">Vazgen Sargsyan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jirair_Sefilian" title="Jirair Sefilian">Jirair Sefilian</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_national_awakening" title="Armenian national awakening">Armenian national awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_national_movement" title="Armenian national movement">Armenian national movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Ottoman_Bank" title="Occupation of the Ottoman Bank">Occupation of the Ottoman Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z_assassination_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="Yıldız assassination attempt">Yıldız assassination attempt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sardarabad" title="Battle of Sardarabad">Battle of Sardarabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_Uprising" title="February Uprising">February Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karabakh_movement" title="Karabakh movement">Karabakh movement</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojaly_massacre" title="Khojaly massacre">Khojaly massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_consulate_attack_in_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish consulate attack in Paris">Turkish consulate attack in Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara_Esenbo%C4%9Fa_Airport_attack" title="Ankara Esenboğa Airport attack">Ankara Esenboğa Airport attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Orly_Airport_attack" title="1983 Orly Airport attack">1983 Orly Airport attack</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Western_Armenia" title="Occupation of Western Armenia">Provisional Republic of Van</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">First Republic of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mountainous_Armenia" title="Republic of Mountainous Armenia">Republic of Mountainous Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Republic of Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">Republic of Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Armenia_Government_in_Exile" title="Western Armenia Government in Exile">Western Armenia Government in Exile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="Template:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="Template talk:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">Nagorno-Karabakh conflict</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Nagorno-Karabakh">Nagorno-Karabakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nagorno-Karabakh" title="History of Nagorno-Karabakh">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_Azerbaijanis_from_Armenia" title="Deportation of Azerbaijanis from Armenia">Deportation of Azerbaijanis from Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karabakh_movement" title="Karabakh movement">Karabakh movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miatsum" title="Miatsum">Miatsum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Azerbaijan" title="Armenians in Azerbaijan">Armenians in Azerbaijan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Baku" title="Armenians in Baku">Armenians in Baku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis_in_Armenia" title="Azerbaijanis in Armenia">Azerbaijanis in Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Armenian_sentiment_in_Azerbaijan" title="Anti-Armenian sentiment in Azerbaijan">Anti-Armenian sentiment in Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Azerbaijan_relations" title="Armenia–Azerbaijan relations">Armenia–Azerbaijan relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">First war</a> (1988–1994)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ardaql%C4%B1,_Shamkir#Deportation_of_the_Armenian_population" title="Çardaqlı, Shamkir">Çardaqlı clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Askeran_clash" title="Askeran clash">Askeran clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumgait_pogrom" title="Sumgait pogrom">Sumgait pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gugark_pogrom" title="Gugark pogrom">Gugark pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zvartnots_Airport_clash" title="Zvartnots Airport clash">Zvartnots Airport clash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_violence_in_Shusha_and_Stepanakert" title="1988 violence in Shusha and Stepanakert">Shusha and Stepanakert pogroms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirovabad_pogrom" title="Kirovabad pogrom">Kirovabad pogrom</a></li> <li>Il-76 crash near Leninakan (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baku_pogrom" title="Baku pogrom">Baku pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%C4%9Fanis_Ayrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Bağanis Ayrum">Bağanis Ayrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990_Tbilisi%E2%80%93Agdam_bus_bombing" title="1990 Tbilisi–Agdam bus bombing">1990 Tbilisi–Agdam bus bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ring" title="Operation Ring">Operation Ring</a></li> <li>Voskepar massacre</li> <li>Battle of Togh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Azerbaijani_Mil_Mi-8_shootdown" title="1991 Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 shootdown">1991 Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_on_Abolishment_of_Nagorno-Karabakh_Autonomous_Oblast" title="Law on Abolishment of Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast">Law on Abolishment of Nagorno-Karabakh Autonomous Oblast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Stepanakert" title="Siege of Stepanakert">Siege of Stepanakert</a></li> <li>Operation Dashalty</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Azerbaijani_Mil_Mi-8_shootdown" title="1992 Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 shootdown">1992 Azerbaijani Mil Mi-8 shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Gushchular_and_Malibeyli" title="Capture of Gushchular and Malibeyli">Capture of Gushchular and Malibeyli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Garadaghly" title="Capture of Garadaghly">Capture of Garadaghly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojaly_massacre" title="Khojaly massacre">Khojaly massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maraga_massacre" title="Maraga massacre">Maraga massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shusha_(1992)" title="Battle of Shusha (1992)">Capture of Shusha</a></li> <li>Capture of Artsvashen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Goranboy" title="Operation Goranboy">Operation Goranboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardakert_and_Martuni_Offensives" title="Mardakert and Martuni Offensives">Mardakert and Martuni Offensives</a></li> <li>Operation Həsənqaya</li> <li>Battle of Lachin</li> <li>Operation Qazançı</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Azerbaijani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1993 Azerbaijani coup d'état">1993 Azerbaijani coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kalbajar" title="Battle of Kalbajar">Battle of Kalbajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aghdam" title="Battle of Aghdam">Battle of Aghdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Summer_Offensives" title="1993 Summer Offensives">1993 Summer Offensives</a></li> <li>Operation Geghamasar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Horadiz" title="Operation Horadiz">Operation Horadiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Kalbajar" title="Operation Kalbajar">Operation Kalbajar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Baku_Metro_bombings" title="1994 Baku Metro bombings">1994 Baku Metro bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Iranian_Air_Force_C-130_shootdown" title="1994 Iranian Air Force C-130 shootdown">1994 Iranian Air Force C-130 shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_Bagratashen_bombing" title="1994 Bagratashen bombing">1994 Bagratashen bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refugees_in_Azerbaijan" title="Refugees in Azerbaijan">Refugees in Azerbaijan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interwar clashes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Mardakert_clashes" title="2008 Mardakert clashes">2008 Mardakert clashes</a></li> <li>January 2009 Agdam military incident</li> <li>September 2009 Agdam military incident</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Nagorno-Karabakh_clashes" title="2010 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes">2010 Nagorno-Karabakh clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Mardakert_clashes" title="2010 Mardakert clashes">2010 Mardakert clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_border_clashes" title="2012 Armenian–Azerbaijani border clashes">2012 Armenian–Azerbaijani border clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_clashes" title="2014 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes">2014 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Armenian_Mil_Mi-24_shootdown" title="2014 Armenian Mil Mi-24 shootdown">2014 Armenian Mil Mi-24 shootdown</a></li> <li>2016 Odundağ clashes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict</a></li> <li>2017 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_shelling_of_Alxanl%C4%B1" title="2017 shelling of Alxanlı">Shelling of Alxanlı</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_clashes" title="2018 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes">2018 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes</a></li> <li>2019 clash near Chinari</li> <li><a href="/wiki/July_2020_Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_clashes" title="July 2020 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes">July 2020 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incidents_during_the_July_2020_Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_clashes" title="Incidents during the July 2020 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes">Incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Azerbaijani_protests" title="2020 Azerbaijani protests">Protests in Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_July_2020_Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="International reactions to the July 2020 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes">Reactions</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Second war</a> (2020)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Timeline of the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casualties_of_the_Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Casualties of the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_reactions_to_the_Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="International reactions to the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">International reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_third-party_involvement_in_the_Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Allegations of third-party involvement in the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Allegations of third-party involvement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagiz_offensive" title="Madagiz offensive">Madagiz offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aras_Valley_campaign" title="Aras Valley campaign">Aras Valley campaign</a></li> <li>Bombardments (<a href="/wiki/2020_Barda_missile_attacks" title="2020 Barda missile attacks">Barda</a>, <a href="/wiki/2020_Ganja_missile_attacks" title="2020 Ganja missile attacks">Ganja</a>, <a href="/wiki/2020_Ghazanchetsots_Cathedral_shelling" title="2020 Ghazanchetsots Cathedral shelling">Ghazanchetsots Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/2020_bombardment_of_Martuni" title="2020 bombardment of Martuni">Martuni</a>, <a href="/wiki/2020_bombardment_of_Stepanakert" title="2020 bombardment of Stepanakert">Stepanakert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Tartar" title="Bombardment of Tartar">Tartar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hadrut" title="Battle of Hadrut">Battle of Hadrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachin_offensive" title="Lachin offensive">Lachin offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shusha_(2020)" title="Battle of Shusha (2020)">Battle of Shusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Russian_Mil_Mi-24_shootdown" title="2020 Russian Mil Mi-24 shootdown">Russian Mil Mi-24 shootdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_the_Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="War crimes in the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">War crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_prisoners_of_the_Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Armenian prisoners of the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Treatment of Armenian POWs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-ceasefire events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%27s_construction_in_areas_gained_in_the_Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Azerbaijan's construction in areas gained in the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Azerbaijan's construction in gained areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_Armenian_protests" title="2020–2021 Armenian protests">2020–2021 Armenian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping_operations_in_Nagorno-Karabakh#2020" title="Peacekeeping operations in Nagorno-Karabakh">Chaylaggala and Hin Tagher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Azerbaijan_border_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis">Border crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_2022_Armenia%E2%80%93Azerbaijan_clashes" title="September 2022 Armenia–Azerbaijan clashes">September 2022 escalation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susuzluq_explosion" title="Susuzluq explosion">Susuzluq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping_operations_in_Nagorno-Karabakh#2021" title="Peacekeeping operations in Nagorno-Karabakh">Shusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farukh#History" title="Farukh">Farukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_Armenian_protests" title="2022 Armenian protests">2022 Armenian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blockade_of_Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Blockade of Nagorno-Karabakh">Blockade of Nagorno-Karabakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Azerbaijani_offensive_in_Nagorno-Karabakh" title="2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh">2023 Azerbaijani offensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Armenian_protests" title="2023 Armenian protests">Protests in Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_of_Nagorno-Karabakh_Armenians" title="Flight of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians">Flight of Nagorno-Karabakh Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkadzor_fuel_depot_explosion" title="Berkadzor fuel depot explosion">Berkadzor fuel depot explosion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Administrative divisions of the Republic of Artsakh">Administrative divisions of the Republic of Artsakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stepanakert" title="Stepanakert">Stepanakert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Askeran_Province" title="Askeran Province">Askeran Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrut_Province" title="Hadrut Province">Hadrut Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashatagh_Province" title="Kashatagh Province">Kashatagh Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martakert_Province" title="Martakert Province">Martakert Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martuni_Province" title="Martuni Province">Martuni Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahumyan_Province" title="Shahumyan Province">Shahumyan Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shushi_Province" title="Shushi Province">Shushi Province</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian-occupied_territories_surrounding_Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Armenian-occupied territories surrounding Nagorno-Karabakh">Armenian-occupied territories</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghdam_District" title="Aghdam District">Aghdam District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzuli_District" title="Fuzuli District">Fuzuli District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabrayil_District" title="Jabrayil District">Jabrayil District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalbajar_District" title="Kalbajar District">Kalbajar District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lachin_District" title="Lachin District">Lachin District</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lachin_corridor" title="Lachin corridor">Lachin corridor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qubadli_District" title="Qubadli District">Qubadli District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zangilan_District" title="Zangilan District">Zangilan District</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Levon_Ter-Petrosyan" title="Levon Ter-Petrosyan">Levon Ter-Petrosyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kocharyan" title="Robert Kocharyan">Robert Kocharyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serzh_Sargsyan" title="Serzh Sargsyan">Serzh Sargsyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikol_Pashinyan" title="Nikol Pashinyan">Nikol Pashinyan</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/15px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/30px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">Republic of Artsakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artur_Mkrtchyan" title="Artur Mkrtchyan">Artur Mkrtchyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kocharyan" title="Robert Kocharyan">Robert Kocharyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Petrosyan" title="Leonard Petrosyan">Leonard Petrosyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkadi_Ghukasyan" title="Arkadi Ghukasyan">Arkadi Ghukasyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bako_Sahakyan" title="Bako Sahakyan">Bako Sahakyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arayik_Harutyunyan" title="Arayik Harutyunyan">Arayik Harutyunyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samvel_Shahramanyan" title="Samvel Shahramanyan">Samvel Shahramanyan</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayaz_Mutallibov" title="Ayaz Mutallibov">Ayaz Mutallibov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abulfaz_Elchibey" title="Abulfaz Elchibey">Abulfaz Elchibey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev" title="Heydar Aliyev">Heydar Aliyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilham_Aliyev" title="Ilham Aliyev">Ilham Aliyev</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Community_of_Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Azerbaijani Community of Nagorno-Karabakh">Azerbaijani Community of Nagorno-Karabakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayram_Safarov" title="Bayram Safarov">Bayram Safarov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizami_Bahmanov" title="Nizami Bahmanov">Nizami Bahmanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tural_Ganjaliyev" title="Tural Ganjaliyev">Tural Ganjaliyev</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/15px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/30px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turgut_%C3%96zal" title="Turgut Özal">Turgut Özal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recep_Tayyip_Erdo%C4%9Fan" title="Recep Tayyip Erdoğan">Recep Tayyip Erdoğan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vazgen_Sargsyan" title="Vazgen Sargsyan">Vazgen Sargsyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurgen_Dalibaltayan" title="Gurgen Dalibaltayan">Gurgen Dalibaltayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norat_Ter-Grigoryants" title="Norat Ter-Grigoryants">Norat Ter-Grigoryants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jirair_Sefilian" title="Jirair Sefilian">Jirair Sefilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiran_Khachatryan" title="Tiran Khachatryan">Tiran Khachatryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seyran_Ohanyan" title="Seyran Ohanyan">Seyran Ohanyan</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/15px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_Artsakh.svg/30px-Flag_of_Artsakh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">Republic of Artsakh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samvel_Babayan" title="Samvel Babayan">Samvel Babayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kristapor_Ivanyan" title="Kristapor Ivanyan">Kristapor Ivanyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkady_Ter-Tadevosyan" title="Arkady Ter-Tadevosyan">Arkady Ter-Tadevosyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monte_Melkonian" title="Monte Melkonian">Monte Melkonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalal_Harutyunyan" title="Jalal Harutyunyan">Jalal Harutyunyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikael_Arzumanyan" title="Mikael Arzumanyan">Mikael Arzumanyan</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isgandar_Hamidov" title="Isgandar Hamidov">Isgandar Hamidov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahim_Gaziyev" title="Rahim Gaziyev">Rahim Gaziyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surat_Huseynov" title="Surat Huseynov">Surat Huseynov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valeh_Barshadly" title="Valeh Barshadly">Valeh Barshadly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mais_Barkhudarov" title="Mais Barkhudarov">Mais Barkhudarov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikmat_Mirzayev" title="Hikmat Mirzayev">Hikmat Mirzayev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikmat_Hasanov" title="Hikmat Hasanov">Hikmat Hasanov</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Polyanichko" title="Viktor Polyanichko">Viktor Polyanichko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Grachev" title="Pavel Grachev">Pavel Grachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rustam_Muradov" title="Rustam Muradov">Rustam Muradov</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Chechen_Republic_of_Ichkeria" title="Chechen Republic of Ichkeria">Chechen Republic of Ichkeria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shamil_Basayev" title="Shamil Basayev">Shamil Basayev</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%281992%E2%80%932001%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulbuddin_Hekmatyar" title="Gulbuddin Hekmatyar">Gulbuddin Hekmatyar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Peace process</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baker_rules" title="Baker rules">Baker rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishkek_Protocol" title="Bishkek Protocol">Bishkek Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Communiqu%C3%A9" title="Tehran Communiqué">Tehran Communiqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheleznovodsk_Communiqu%C3%A9" title="Zheleznovodsk Communiqué">Zheleznovodsk Communiqué</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Minsk_Group" title="OSCE Minsk Group">OSCE Minsk Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Process_(Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_negotiations)" title="Prague Process (Armenian–Azerbaijani negotiations)">Prague Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Principles" title="Madrid Principles">Madrid Principles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Nagorno-Karabakh_ceasefire_agreement" title="2020 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement">2020 ceasefire agreement</a></li> <li>2020–2024 monitoring and peacekeeping <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping_operations_in_Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Peacekeeping operations in Nagorno-Karabakh">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSCE_Needs_Assessment_Team_in_Armenia" title="OSCE Needs Assessment Team in Armenia">OSCE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU" class="mw-redirect" title="EU">EU</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Monitoring_Capacity_to_Armenia" title="European Union Monitoring Capacity to Armenia">EUMCAP Oct–Dec 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EU_Planning_Assistance_Team_in_Armenia" title="EU Planning Assistance Team in Armenia">EUPAT Dec 2022–Jan 2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Mission_in_Armenia" title="European Union Mission in Armenia">EUMA Feb 2023–present</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Nagorno-Karabakh_ceasefire_agreement" title="2023 Nagorno-Karabakh ceasefire agreement">2023 ceasefire agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International documents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan_Declaration" title="Astrakhan Declaration">Astrakhan Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_Declaration" title="Nagorno-Karabakh Declaration">Nagorno-Karabakh Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_Lisbon_Summit_Declaration" title="NATO Lisbon Summit Declaration">NATO Lisbon Summit Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Resolution_10/11" title="OIC Resolution 10/11">OIC Resolution 10/11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Council_of_Foreign_Ministers_Resolution_10/37" title="OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37">OIC Resolution 10/37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe_Parliamentary_Assembly_Resolution_1416_(2005)" title="Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly Resolution 1416 (2005)">PACE Resolution 1416</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe_Parliamentary_Assembly_Resolution_2085_(2016)" title="Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly Resolution 2085 (2016)">PACE Resolution 2085</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_48/114" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 48/114">UNGA Resolution 48/114</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_60/285" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 60/285">UNGA Resolution 60/285</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_General_Assembly_Resolution_62/243" title="United Nations General Assembly Resolution 62/243">UNGA Resolution 62/243</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_Nations_Security_Council_resolutions_on_the_Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="List of United Nations Security Council resolutions on the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">UNSC resolutions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_822" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 822">822</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_853" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 853">853</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_874" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 874">874</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_884" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 884">884</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="18px_Wars_involving_the_Republic_of_Artsakh" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wars_involving_Artsakh" title="Template:Wars involving Artsakh"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wars_involving_Artsakh" title="Template talk:Wars involving Artsakh"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wars_involving_Artsakh" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wars involving Artsakh"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="18px_Wars_involving_the_Republic_of_Artsakh" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_Artsakh.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_Artsakh.svg/18px-Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_Artsakh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_Artsakh.svg/27px-Emblem_of_the_Republic_of_Artsakh.svg.png 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aria-labelledby="18px_Wars_involving_Armenia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wars_involving_Armenia" title="Template:Wars involving Armenia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wars_involving_Armenia" title="Template talk:Wars involving Armenia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wars_involving_Armenia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wars involving Armenia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="18px_Wars_involving_Armenia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Armenia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Coat_of_arms_of_Armenia.svg/18px-Coat_of_arms_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Coat_of_arms_of_Armenia.svg/27px-Coat_of_arms_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Coat_of_arms_of_Armenia.svg/36px-Coat_of_arms_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="412" data-file-height="396" /></a> Wars involving Armenia</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdom of Armenia (570 BC – 428 AD)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Parthian_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian–Parthian War">Armenian–Parthian War</a> (87–85 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Mithridatic_War" title="Third Mithridatic War">Third Mithridatic War</a> (73–66 BC)</li> <li>Pacorus I сampaigns against Rome (51–38 BCE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iberian%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Iberian–Armenian War">Iberian–Armenian War</a> (50–53 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_War_of_58%E2%80%9363" title="Roman–Parthian War of 58–63">Roman–Parthian War</a> (58–63)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rhandeia" title="Battle of Rhandeia">Battle of Rhandeia</a> (62)</li> <li>Armenian–Sasanian War (363–372)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Marzpanate Armenia (428–646)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Avarayr" title="Battle of Avarayr">Vartanantz War</a> <ul><li>episode 1: 450–451</li> <li>episode 2: 481–484</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principality of Armenia (645–884)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Varnakert" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Varnakert">Battle of Varnakert</a> (702)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bagrevand" title="Battle of Bagrevand">Battle of Bagrevand</a> (775)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdom of Armenia (885–1045)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sevan" title="Battle of Sevan">Battle of Sevan</a> (924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ani" title="Battle of Ani">The invasion of the Byzantine Empire</a> (1042)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Armenian Principality of Cilicia (1080–1198)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Crusade" title="First Crusade">First Crusade</a> (1096–1099)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Crusade" title="Second Crusade">Second Crusade</a> (1145–1149)</li> <li>Wars between <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> (1145–1160)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Crusade" title="Third Crusade">Third Crusade</a> (1189–1192)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1189%E2%80%931191)" title="Siege of Acre (1189–1191)">Siege of Acre</a> (1189–1191)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (1198–1375)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Wars between <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seljuks_of_Rum" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuks of Rum">Seljuks of Rum</a> (1257–1263)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Baghdad_(1258)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Baghdad (1258)">Siege of Baghdad</a> (1258)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Aleppo_(1260)" title="Siege of Aleppo (1260)">Siege of Aleppo</a> (1260)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Crusade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninth Crusade">Ninth Crusade</a> (1271–1272)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wadi_al-Khazandar" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar">Battle of Wadi al-Khazandar</a> (1299)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">First Republic of Armenia (1918–1920)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">Caucasus Campaign (World War I)</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani War</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Georgian_War" title="Armeno-Georgian War">Armeno-Georgian War</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Armenian_War" title="Turkish–Armenian War">Turkish–Armenian War</a> (1920)</li> <li>Battle of Mountainous Armenia (1921)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soviet Social Republic of Armenia (1920–1991)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> (1939–1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Republic of Armenia (1991–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a> (1988–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">Nagorno-Karabakh conflict</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Second Nagorno-Karabakh War</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="18px_Wars_involving_Azerbaijan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wars_involving_Azerbaijan" title="Template:Wars involving Azerbaijan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wars_involving_Azerbaijan" title="Template talk:Wars involving Azerbaijan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wars_involving_Azerbaijan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wars involving Azerbaijan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="18px_Wars_involving_Azerbaijan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg/18px-Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg/27px-Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg/36px-Emblem_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="444" /></a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Azerbaijan" title="List of wars involving Azerbaijan">Wars involving Azerbaijan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Azerbaijan Democratic Republic (1918–1920)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_campaign" title="Caucasus campaign">Caucasus Campaign (World War I)</a> (1914–1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughan_clashes" title="Mughan clashes">Mughan clashes</a> (1918–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_war_(1918%E2%80%931920)" title="Armenian–Azerbaijani war (1918–1920)">Armenian–Azerbaijani War</a> (1918–1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Azerbaijan" title="Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan">Red Army invasion of Azerbaijan</a> (1920)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soviet Azerbaijan (1920–1991)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Ganja_revolt" title="1920 Ganja revolt">Ganja revolt</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartar_Uprising_(1920)" title="Tartar Uprising (1920)">Tartar Uprising</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lankaran_Uprisings" title="Lankaran Uprisings">Lankaran Uprisings</a> (1920–1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Armenia" title="Red Army invasion of Armenia">Red Army invasion of Armenia</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army_invasion_of_Georgia" title="Red Army invasion of Georgia">Red Army invasion of Georgia</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/February_Uprising" title="February Uprising">February Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> (1939–1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a> (1979–1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Republic of Azerbaijan (1991–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">First Nagorno-Karabakh War</a> (1988–1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1995_Azerbaijani_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1995 Azerbaijani coup d'état attempt">OPON coup d'état attempt</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Eagle_(Azerbaijan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Eagle (Azerbaijan)">Operation Eagle</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">Four-Day War</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Armenian%E2%80%93Azerbaijani_clashes" title="2018 Armenian–Azerbaijani clashes">Operation Gyunnut</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Second Nagorno-Karabakh War</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93Azerbaijan_border_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis">Armenia–Azerbaijan border crisis</a> (2021–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Azerbaijani_offensive_in_Nagorno-Karabakh" title="2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh">Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Post–Cold_War_conflicts_in_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Post-Cold_War_Asian_conflicts" title="Template:Post-Cold War Asian conflicts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Post-Cold_War_Asian_conflicts" title="Template talk:Post-Cold War Asian conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Post-Cold_War_Asian_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Post-Cold War Asian conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Post–Cold_War_conflicts_in_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Post–<a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Asia" title="List of conflicts in Asia">conflicts in Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">India</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict (1947–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%932015_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932018_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Northeast_India" title="Insurgency in Northeast India">Insurgency in Northeast India (1964–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxalite%E2%80%93Maoist_insurgency" title="Naxalite–Maoist insurgency">Naxalite–Maoist insurgency (1967–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_violence_in_India" title="Religious violence in India">Religious violence in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Punjab,_India" title="Insurgency in Punjab, India">Insurgency in Punjab (1981–1995)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pakistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes">Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict (1947–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2013_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">2013 India–Pakistan border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%932015_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2014–2015 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2014–2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932018_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="2016–2018 India–Pakistan border skirmishes">India–Pakistan border skirmishes (2016–2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kargil_War" title="Kargil War">Kargil War (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir">Jammu and Kashmir insurgency (1989–present)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Balochistan" title="Insurgency in Balochistan">Insurgency in Balochistan (2004–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Khyber_Pakhtunkhwa" title="Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa">Insurgency in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (2004–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Sindh" title="Insurgency in Sindh">Insurgency in Sindh (2010–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sri Lanka</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1971_JVP_insurrection" title="1971 JVP insurrection">JVP insurrection (1971)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_civil_war" title="Sri Lankan civil war">Sri Lankan civil war (1983–2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_JVP_insurrection" title="1987–1989 JVP insurrection">JVP insurrection (1987–1989)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932013_Maldives_political_crisis" title="2011–2013 Maldives political crisis">Maldives political crisis (2011–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Nepalese Civil War (1996–2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_All_Clear" title="Operation All Clear">Operation All Clear</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">China</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Third Taiwan Strait Crisis">Taiwan Strait Crisis (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_conflict" title="Xinjiang conflict">Xinjiang conflict (1960s–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Tibetan_unrest" title="2008 Tibetan unrest">Tibetan unrest (2008)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Korea (North and South)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_conflict" title="Korean conflict">Korean conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_border_incidents_involving_North_and_South_Korea" title="List of border incidents involving North and South Korea">Maritime border incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_North_Korean_nuclear_crisis" title="1994 North Korean nuclear crisis">1994 North Korean nuclear crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_North_Korea_crisis" title="2017–2018 North Korea crisis">2017–2018 crisis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Taiwan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Third Taiwan Strait Crisis">Taiwan Strait Crisis (1996)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cambodia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Thai_border_dispute" title="Cambodian–Thai border dispute">Cambodian–Thai border dispute (2008–2011)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indonesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papua_conflict" title="Papua conflict">Papua conflict (1969–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Aceh" title="Insurgency in Aceh">Insurgency in Aceh (1976–2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Madago_Raya" title="Operation Madago Raya">East Indonesia Mujahideen insurgency (2015–2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Myanmar</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_conflict" title="Myanmar conflict">Myanmar conflict (1948–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karen_conflict" title="Karen conflict">Karen conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kachin_conflict" title="Kachin conflict">Kachin conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rohingya_conflict" title="Rohingya conflict">Rohingya conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar_civil_war_(2021%E2%80%93present)" title="Myanmar civil war (2021–present)">Civil war (2021–present)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Thailand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Thailand_insurgency" title="South Thailand insurgency">South Thailand insurgency (2004–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian%E2%80%93Thai_border_dispute" title="Cambodian–Thai border dispute">Cambodian–Thai border dispute (2008–2011)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Timor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_occupation_of_East_Timor" title="Indonesian occupation of East Timor">Indonesian occupation (1975–1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1999_East_Timorese_crisis" title="1999 East Timorese crisis">1999 crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_East_Timorese_crisis" title="2006 East Timorese crisis">2006 crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Conflict_(1979%E2%80%931998)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambodian Conflict (1979–1998)">Cambodian Conflict (1979–1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Laos" title="Insurgency in Laos">Laotian insurgency (1975–2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_conflict_in_the_Philippines" title="Civil conflict in the Philippines">Philippine civil conflict (1969–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Army_rebellion" title="New People's Army rebellion">NPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_conflict" title="Moro conflict">Moro</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FULRO_insurgency" title="FULRO insurgency">FULRO insurgency (1964–1992)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Afghanistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93Pakistan_border_skirmishes" title="Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes">Afghanistan–Pakistan border skirmishes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_conflict" title="Afghan conflict">Afghan conflict</a> <ul><li>Civil War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">1989–1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1992%E2%80%931996)" title="Afghan Civil War (1992–1996)">1992–1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1996%E2%80%932001)" title="Afghan Civil War (1996–2001)">1996–2001</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Afghanistan_(2001%E2%80%932021)" title="War in Afghanistan (2001–2021)">2001–2021 War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_insurgency_in_Afghanistan" title="Republican insurgency in Afghanistan">Republican insurgency</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kazakhstan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflicts_in_Kazakhstan" title="Ethnic conflicts in Kazakhstan">Ethnic conflicts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kyrgyzstan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1990_Osh_clashes" title="1990 Osh clashes">1990 Osh clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_Kyrgyz_Revolution" title="2010 Kyrgyz Revolution">2010 Kyrgyz Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_South_Kyrgyzstan_ethnic_clashes" title="2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes">2010 South Kyrgyzstan ethnic clashes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tajikistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_Civil_War" title="Tajikistani Civil War">Tajikistani Civil War (1992–1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Gorno-Badakhshan_(2010%E2%80%932015)" title="Insurgency in Gorno-Badakhshan (2010–2015)">Insurgency in Gorno-Badakhshan (2010–2015)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uzbekistan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fergana_massacre" title="Fergana massacre">Fergana massacre (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andijan_massacre" title="Andijan massacre">Andijan massacre (2005)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Azerbaijan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024)</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">First War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">2016 conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Second War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bahrain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011_Bahraini_uprising" title="2011 Bahraini uprising">Bahraini uprising (2011)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_separatism_in_Iran" title="Kurdish separatism in Iran">Kurdish separatism in Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/KDPI_insurgency_(1989%E2%80%931996)" title="KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)">KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93PJAK_conflict" title="Iran–PJAK conflict">Iran–PJAK conflict (2004–2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Iran_clashes_(2016%E2%80%93present)" title="Western Iran clashes (2016–present)">Western Iran clashes (2016–present)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_separatism_in_Khuzestan" title="Arab separatism in Khuzestan">Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict (1979–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qatif_conflict" title="Qatif conflict">Qatif conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel (1985–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Lebanon_conflict_(1985%E2%80%932000)" title="South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)">South Lebanon (1985–2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">Lebanon War (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Syrian arena (2012–present)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_insurgency" title="Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency">Sistan and Baluchestan insurgency (2004–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iraq</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi%E2%80%93Kurdish_conflict" title="Iraqi–Kurdish conflict">Iraqi–Kurdish conflict (1918–2003)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdish_Civil_War" title="Iraqi Kurdish Civil War">Iraqi Kurdish Civil War (1994–1997</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_conflict" title="Iraqi conflict">Iraqi conflict</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan_conflict_(2001%E2%80%932003)" title="Iraqi Kurdistan conflict (2001–2003)">Iraqi Kurdistan conflict (2001–2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">Iraq War (2003–2011)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_insurgency_(2011%E2%80%932013)" title="Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)">Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Iraq_(2013%E2%80%932017)" title="War in Iraq (2013–2017)">War in Iraq (2013–2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_insurgency_in_Iraq_(2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Islamic State insurgency in Iraq (2017–present)">ISIL insurgency (2017–present)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian (1948–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada (2000–2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Gaza–Israel conflict">Gaza–Israel (2006–present)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Israel proxy conflict">Iran–Israel (1985–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_conflict_during_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war">Syrian arena (2012–present)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lebanon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Lebanon_conflict_(1985%E2%80%932000)" title="South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)">South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">Lebanon War (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Lebanon_conflict" title="2007 Lebanon conflict">Conflict in Northern Lebanon (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Lebanon_conflict" title="2008 Lebanon conflict">Lebanon conflict (2008)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Palestine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli–Palestinian (1948–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Intifada" title="Second Intifada">Second Intifada (2000–2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaza%E2%80%93Israel_conflict" title="Gaza–Israel conflict">Gaza–Israel (2006–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatah%E2%80%93Hamas_conflict" title="Fatah–Hamas conflict">Fatah–Hamas conflict (2006–2008)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Saudi Arabia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict (1979–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qatif_conflict" title="Qatif conflict">Qatif conflict</a></li> <li>Persian Gulf crisis (2019–2021)</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian Civil War (2011–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spillover_of_the_Syrian_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Spillover of the Syrian Civil War">Regional spillover</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maoist_insurgency_in_Turkey" title="Maoist insurgency in Turkey">Maoist insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DHKP/C_insurgency_in_Turkey" title="DHKP/C insurgency in Turkey">DHKP/C insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish%E2%80%93Turkish_conflict_(1978%E2%80%93present)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present)">Kurdish–Turkish conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93Islamic_State_conflict" title="Turkey–Islamic State conflict">Turkey–ISIL conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yemen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(1994)" title="Yemeni civil war (1994)">Civil war (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_insurgency_in_Yemen" title="Al-Qaeda insurgency in Yemen">al-Qaeda (1998–2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_insurgency" title="Houthi insurgency">Houthi (2004–2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen_insurgency" title="South Yemen insurgency">South Yemen (2009–2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_crisis" title="Yemeni crisis">Yemeni crisis (2011–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houthi_takeover_in_Yemen" title="Houthi takeover in Yemen">Houthi takeover (2014–2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Civil War (2014–present)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inter-continental conflict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinai_insurgency" title="Sinai insurgency">Sinai insurgency (2011–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">War on terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Inherent_Resolve" title="Operation Inherent Resolve">Operation Inherent Resolve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Spring" title="Arab Spring">Arab Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Winter" title="Arab Winter">Arab Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colour_revolution" title="Colour revolution">Colour revolutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Post–Cold_War_conflicts_in_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Post-Cold_War_European_conflicts" title="Template:Post-Cold War European conflicts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Post-Cold_War_European_conflicts" title="Template talk:Post-Cold War European conflicts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Post-Cold_War_European_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Post-Cold War European conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Post–Cold_War_conflicts_in_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Post–<a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_Europe" title="List of conflicts in Europe">conflicts in Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">Nagorno-Karabakh conflict (1988–2024)</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">First War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Nagorno-Karabakh_conflict" title="2016 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict">2016 conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Nagorno-Karabakh_War" title="Second Nagorno-Karabakh War">Second War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauzia_conflict" title="Gagauzia conflict">Gagauzia conflict (1989–1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_conflict" title="Transnistria conflict">Transnistria conflict (1990–present)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria War (1990–1992)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Civil_War" title="Georgian Civil War">Georgian Civil War (1991–1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia_war_(1991%E2%80%931992)" title="South Ossetia war (1991–1992)">South Ossetia War (1991–92)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1992%E2%80%931993)" title="War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)">War in Abkhazia (1992–1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Prigorodny_conflict" title="East Prigorodny conflict">East Prigorodny conflict (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Russian_constitutional_crisis" title="1993 Russian constitutional crisis">Russian constitutional crisis (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Chechen_War" title="First Chechen War">First Chechen War (1994–1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_Abkhazia_(1998)" title="War in Abkhazia (1998)">War in Abkhazia (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Chechen_War" title="Second Chechen War">Second Chechen War (1999–2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2003_Tuzla_Island_conflict" title="2003 Tuzla Island conflict">Tuzla Island conflict (2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War (2008)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Maidan Uprising (2013)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_Dignity" title="Revolution of Dignity">Revolution of Dignity (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War (2014–present)</a> <ul><li><a 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[\"CITEREFChrysanthopoulos2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooley2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCornell1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCornell2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCornell2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCroissant1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDahlburg1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDawishaParrott1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDemoyan2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDenberGoldman1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDenberPetrovDerry1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDmitrii_Faydengold1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDurch1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFECRI2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEichensehrReisman1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFRD1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreire2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGahramanova2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeukjian2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGokay2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldberg1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoltz1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGore2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreen2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGriffin2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrigorianRauf_Orujev2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGurdelik1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHRW1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHRW1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHakobyan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHakobyan2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHodge2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHovannisian1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHovannisian1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHovannisian1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJean-Christophe_Peuch2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarim2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarny2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaufman2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhramchikin2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKushen1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaura_Baghdasaryan_and_Arif_Yunusov\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLibaridian1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLieberman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLobellMauceri2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoiko1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahmood_Vaezi\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalkasian1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMelkonian2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMillerMiller2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMirsky1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMulcaire2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorin2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNotholt2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOhanyanZarema_Velikhanova2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPanossian2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPapazian2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeuch2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPopescu2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuinn-Judge,_Paul1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRanter\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReynolds2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRieff1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRubinKirişci2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSammakia1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaporov2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShahmuratian1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShogren1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpecter,_Michael1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStocker2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuleymanov2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaarnby2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaubman2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Central_Intelligence_Agency\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTishkov1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrenin2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYamskov1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZubok2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZürcher2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Waal2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Waal2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Waal2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFČeterjan2008\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Age in years, months, weeks and days\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 3,\n [\"Armenian nationalism\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox Nagorno-Karabakh War\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox Nagorno-Karabakh conflict\"] = 1,\n [\"Campaignbox Post-Soviet conflicts\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 68,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 10,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 44,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 30,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 2,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 2,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 16,\n [\"Flag\"] = 7,\n [\"Flagdeco\"] = 5,\n [\"Flagicon image\"] = 18,\n [\"Frac\"] = 1,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Further\"] = 3,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"History of Nagorno-Karabakh\"] = 1,\n [\"Ill\"] = 1,\n [\"In lang\"] = 6,\n [\"Infobox military conflict\"] = 1,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Legend\"] = 4,\n [\"Main\"] = 14,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Nagorno-Karabakh Conflict\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 9,\n [\"Post-Cold War Asian conflicts\"] = 1,\n [\"Post-Cold War European conflicts\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-extended\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 4,\n [\"Refend\"] = 4,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 134,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfnref\"] = 5,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Unreliable source?\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Wars involving Armenia\"] = 1,\n [\"Wars involving Artsakh\"] = 1,\n [\"Wars involving Azerbaijan\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 27,\n [\"YouTube\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","400","19.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","400","19.6"],["recursiveClone 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