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id="toc-History_and_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Founding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Founding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CIS_Charter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CIS_Charter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>CIS Charter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CIS_Charter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_secretary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_secretary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>General secretary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_secretary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interparliamentary_Assembly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interparliamentary_Assembly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Interparliamentary Assembly</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interparliamentary_Assembly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Further developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Membership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Membership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Membership</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Membership-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Membership subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Membership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Member_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Member_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Member states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Member_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Moldova" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moldova"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Moldova</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moldova-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Associate_member" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Associate_member"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Associate member</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Associate_member-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Founding_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Founding state</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Founding_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Former_member_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_member_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Former member states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_member_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Human rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Standards_and_rules" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standards_and_rules"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Standards and rules</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standards_and_rules-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supranational_integration_initiatives,_trade,_and_economic_cooperation_within_CIS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supranational_integration_initiatives,_trade,_and_economic_cooperation_within_CIS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Supranational integration initiatives, trade, and economic cooperation within CIS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supranational_integration_initiatives,_trade,_and_economic_cooperation_within_CIS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1994_Framework_for_Bilateral_Free_Trade_Agreements_and_Freedom_of_Transit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1994_Framework_for_Bilateral_Free_Trade_Agreements_and_Freedom_of_Transit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>1994 Framework for Bilateral Free Trade Agreements and Freedom of Transit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1994_Framework_for_Bilateral_Free_Trade_Agreements_and_Freedom_of_Transit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1999_Protocol_introducing_a_multilateral_free_trade_among_ten_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1999_Protocol_introducing_a_multilateral_free_trade_among_ten_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>1999 Protocol introducing a multilateral free trade among ten countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1999_Protocol_introducing_a_multilateral_free_trade_among_ten_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2011_multilateral_Free_Trade_Area_Treaty_among_9_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2011_multilateral_Free_Trade_Area_Treaty_among_9_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>2011 multilateral Free Trade Area Treaty among 9 countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2011_multilateral_Free_Trade_Area_Treaty_among_9_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2023_Agreement_on_Free_Trade_in_Services_among_7_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2023_Agreement_on_Free_Trade_in_Services_among_7_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.4</span> <span>2023 Agreement on Free Trade in Services among 7 countries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2023_Agreement_on_Free_Trade_in_Services_among_7_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other activities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_activities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other activities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Election_monitoring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_monitoring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Election monitoring</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_monitoring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russian_language_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_language_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Russian language status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_language_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Sports events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Cultural events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Life_expectancy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Life_expectancy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Life expectancy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Life_expectancy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Soviet_organisations_and_initiatives_outside_CIS_framework" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Soviet_organisations_and_initiatives_outside_CIS_framework"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Post-Soviet organisations and initiatives outside CIS framework</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Post-Soviet_organisations_and_initiatives_outside_CIS_framework-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Post-Soviet organisations and initiatives outside CIS framework subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Post-Soviet_organisations_and_initiatives_outside_CIS_framework-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-EurAsEc_and_EAEU" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#EurAsEc_and_EAEU"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>EurAsEc and EAEU</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-EurAsEc_and_EAEU-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Common_Economic_Space" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_Economic_Space"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>Common Economic Space</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_Economic_Space-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Union_State_of_Russia_and_Belarus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Union_State_of_Russia_and_Belarus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Union State of Russia and Belarus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Union_State_of_Russia_and_Belarus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organisation_of_Central_Asian_Cooperation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organisation_of_Central_Asian_Cooperation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Organisation of Central Asian Cooperation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organisation_of_Central_Asian_Cooperation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Community_for_Democracy_and_Rights_of_Nations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Community_for_Democracy_and_Rights_of_Nations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Community_for_Democracy_and_Rights_of_Nations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GUAM_Organization_for_Democracy_and_Economic_Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GUAM_Organization_for_Democracy_and_Economic_Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GUAM_Organization_for_Democracy_and_Economic_Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Journals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Journals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label 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another language. Available in 123 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-123" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">123 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemenebes_van_Onafhanklike_State" title="Gemenebes van Onafhanklike State – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gemenebes van Onafhanklike State" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemeinschaft_Unabh%C3%A4ngiger_Staaten" title="Gemeinschaft Unabhängiger Staaten – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Gemeinschaft Unabhängiger Staaten" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8A%90%E1%8D%83_%E1%8C%8D%E1%8B%9B%E1%89%B6%E1%89%BD_%E1%8A%AE%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%8C%E1%88%8D%E1%8B%9D" title="የነፃ ግዛቶች ኮመንዌልዝ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የነፃ ግዛቶች ኮመንዌልዝ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C4%93or%C4%ABcena_Cynew%C4%ABse" title="Frēorīcena Cynewīse – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Frēorīcena Cynewīse" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A9" title="رابطة الدول المستقلة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رابطة الدول المستقلة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunidat_d%27Estaus_Independients" title="Comunidat d'Estaus Independients – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Comunidat d'Estaus Independients" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunid%C3%A1_d%27Estaos_Independientes" title="Comunidá d'Estaos Independientes – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Comunidá d'Estaos Independientes" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCst%C9%99qil_D%C3%B6vl%C9%99tl%C9%99r_Birliyi" title="Müstəqil Dövlətlər Birliyi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Müstəqil Dövlətlər Birliyi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%B2" title="স্বাধীন রাষ্ট্রের রাষ্ট্রমণ্ডল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্বাধীন রাষ্ট্রের রাষ্ট্রমণ্ডল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%CC%8Dk-li%CC%8Dp_Kok-ka_Ki%C5%8Dng-t%C3%B4ng-th%C3%A9" title="To̍k-li̍p Kok-ka Kiōng-tông-thé – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="To̍k-li̍p Kok-ka Kiōng-tông-thé" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D2%A1%D2%BB%D0%BE%D2%99_%D0%94%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82%D1%82%D3%99%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%88%D0%BC%D3%99%D2%BB%D0%B5" title="Бойондороҡһоҙ Дәүләттәр Берләшмәһе – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бойондороҡһоҙ Дәүләттәр Берләшмәһе" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Садружнасць Незалежных Дзяржаў – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Садружнасць Незалежных Дзяржаў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C%D1%86%D1%8C_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%9E" title="Садружнасьць незалежных дзяржаваў – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Садружнасьць незалежных дзяржаваў" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Общност на независимите държави – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Общност на независимите държави" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmoaschoft_vo_Unobh%C3%A4ngige_Stootn" title="Gmoaschoft vo Unobhängige Stootn – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Gmoaschoft vo Unobhängige Stootn" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zajednica_nezavisnih_dr%C5%BEava" title="Zajednica nezavisnih država – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Zajednica nezavisnih država" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenglad_ar_Stado%C3%B9_Dizalc%27h" title="Kenglad ar Stadoù Dizalc'h – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kenglad ar Stadoù Dizalc'h" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%9D%D2%AF%D1%85%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Тусгаар Уласуудай Хамтын Нүхэрлэл – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Тусгаар Уласуудай Хамтын Нүхэрлэл" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunitat_d%27Estats_Independents" title="Comunitat d'Estats Independents – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Comunitat d'Estats Independents" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spole%C4%8Denstv%C3%AD_nez%C3%A1visl%C3%BDch_st%C3%A1t%C5%AF" title="Společenství nezávislých států – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Společenství nezávislých států" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cymanwlad_y_Gwladwriaethau_Annibynnol" title="Cymanwlad y Gwladwriaethau Annibynnol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cymanwlad y Gwladwriaethau Annibynnol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNG" title="SNG – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="SNG" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemeinschaft_Unabh%C3%A4ngiger_Staaten" title="Gemeinschaft Unabhängiger Staaten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gemeinschaft Unabhängiger Staaten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zjadno%C5%9Be%C5%84stwo_njew%C3%B3twisnych_krajow" title="Zjadnośeństwo njewótwisnych krajow – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Zjadnośeństwo njewótwisnych krajow" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B5ltumatute_Riikide_%C3%9Chendus" title="Sõltumatute Riikide Ühendus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Sõltumatute Riikide Ühendus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%BF%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Κοινοπολιτεία Ανεξάρτητων Κρατών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κοινοπολιτεία Ανεξάρτητων Κρατών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunidad_de_Estados_Independientes" title="Comunidad de Estados Independientes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Comunidad de Estados Independientes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunumo_de_Sendependaj_%C5%9Ctatoj" title="Komunumo de Sendependaj Ŝtatoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Komunumo de Sendependaj Ŝtatoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estatu_Burujabeen_Erkidegoa" title="Estatu Burujabeen Erkidegoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Estatu Burujabeen Erkidegoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B9" title="کشورهای مستقل مشترک‌المنافع – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کشورهای مستقل مشترک‌المنافع" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Commonwealth of Independent States" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNG" title="SNG – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="SNG" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communaut%C3%A9_des_%C3%89tats_ind%C3%A9pendants" title="Communauté des États indépendants – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Communauté des États indépendants" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baams%C4%B1z_Devletl%C3%A4r_Topluluu" title="Baamsız Devletlär Topluluu – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Baamsız Devletlär Topluluu" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunidade_de_Estados_Independentes" title="Comunidade de Estados Independentes – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Comunidade de Estados Independentes" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%85%EB%A6%BD%EA%B5%AD%EA%B0%80%EC%97%B0%ED%95%A9" title="독립국가연합 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="독립국가연합" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AD_%D5%8A%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Անկախ Պետությունների Համագործակցություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անկախ Պետությունների Համագործակցություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2" title="स्वतंत्र राष्ट्र राष्ट्रमण्डल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्वतंत्र राष्ट्र राष्ट्रमण्डल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zjedno%C4%87enstwo_njewotwisnych_krajow" title="Zjednoćenstwo njewotwisnych krajow – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Zjednoćenstwo njewotwisnych krajow" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zajednica_neovisnih_dr%C5%BEava" title="Zajednica neovisnih država – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zajednica neovisnih država" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunitato_di_Nedependanta_Stati" title="Komunitato di Nedependanta Stati – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Komunitato di Nedependanta Stati" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mankomunidad_dagiti_Nawaya_nga_Estado" title="Mankomunidad dagiti Nawaya nga Estado – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Mankomunidad dagiti Nawaya nga Estado" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persemakmuran_Negara-Negara_Merdeka" title="Persemakmuran Negara-Negara Merdeka – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Persemakmuran Negara-Negara Merdeka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%C3%A6%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%C3%A6%D0%B4%D1%82%D1%8B_%C3%86%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Хæдбар Паддзахæдты Æмбалад – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хæдбар Паддзахæдты Æмбалад" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samveldi_sj%C3%A1lfst%C3%A6%C3%B0ra_r%C3%ADkja" title="Samveldi sjálfstæðra ríkja – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Samveldi sjálfstæðra ríkja" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunit%C3%A0_degli_Stati_Indipendenti" title="Comunità degli Stati Indipendenti – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Comunità degli Stati Indipendenti" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA" title="חבר המדינות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חבר המדינות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Бойсунмагъан Къралланы Бирлиги – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Бойсунмагъан Къралланы Бирлиги" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AC%E1%83%98%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="დამოუკიდებელ სახელმწიფოთა თანამეგობრობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დამოუკიდებელ სახელმწიფოთა თანამეგობრობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%99%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B7_%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Тәуелсіз Мемлекеттер Достастығы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тәуелсіз Мемлекеттер Достастығы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemmynwlas_a_Statys_Anserhek" title="Kemmynwlas a Statys Anserhek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kemmynwlas a Statys Anserhek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumuiya_ya_Nchi_Huru" title="Jumuiya ya Nchi Huru – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jumuiya ya Nchi Huru" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D1%88%D3%A7%D1%80_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BB%D3%A7%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%82%D3%A7%D0%B4" title="Асшӧр канмуяслӧн Содтӧд – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Асшӧр канмуяслӧн Содтӧд" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%B7_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B7_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A8%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Көз карандысыз Мамлекеттердин Шериктештиги – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Көз карандысыз Мамлекеттердин Шериктештиги" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E2%80%8B%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E2%80%8B%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%B0%E2%80%8B%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99%E2%80%8B%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E2%80%8B%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%94%E2%80%8B%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E2%80%8B%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B0" title="ລັດສະຫະພັນລັດອິດສະລະ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ລັດສະຫະພັນລັດອິດສະລະ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independentium_Civitatum_Foederatio" title="Independentium Civitatum Foederatio – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Independentium Civitatum Foederatio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neatkar%C4%ABgo_Valstu_Sadraudz%C4%ABba" title="Neatkarīgo Valstu Sadraudzība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Neatkarīgo Valstu Sadraudzība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepriklausom%C5%B3_valstybi%C5%B3_sandrauga" title="Nepriklausomų valstybių sandrauga – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nepriklausomų valstybių sandrauga" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunit%C3%A0_di_Statt_Independent" title="Comunità di Statt Independent – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Comunità di Statt Independent" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BCggetlen_%C3%81llamok_K%C3%B6z%C3%B6ss%C3%A9ge" title="Független Államok Közössége – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Független Államok Közössége" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8" title="Заедница на независни држави – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Заедница на независни држави" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fikambanan%27_ny_Fanjakana_Mahaleo_Tena" title="Fikambanan' ny Fanjakana Mahaleo Tena – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fikambanan' ny Fanjakana Mahaleo Tena" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BA%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%92%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%87%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="കോമൺവെൽത്ത് ഒഫ് ഇൻഡിപെന്റന്റ് സ്റ്റേറ്റ്സ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കോമൺവെൽത്ത് ഒഫ് ഇൻഡിപെന്റന്റ് സ്റ്റേറ്റ്സ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98" title="स्वतंत्र राज्यांचा राष्ट्रसंघ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="स्वतंत्र राज्यांचा राष्ट्रसंघ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AC%E1%83%B7%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%B8%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ზოხორინელი სახენწჷფოეფიშ წორომაჸალობა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ზოხორინელი სახენწჷფოეფიშ წორომაჸალობა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%AB_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84%D9%87" title="كومونويلث الدول المستقله – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كومونويلث الدول المستقله" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%84_%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B9_%DA%A9%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="مستقل مشترک‌المنافع کشورون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مستقل مشترک‌المنافع کشورون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komanwel_Negara-Negara_Merdeka" title="Komanwel Negara-Negara Merdeka – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Komanwel Negara-Negara Merdeka" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%ADk-l%C4%ADk_Gu%C3%B3k-g%C4%83_Li%C3%A8ng-h%C4%83k-t%C4%81%CC%A4" title="Dŭk-lĭk Guók-gă Lièng-hăk-tā̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dŭk-lĭk Guók-gă Lièng-hăk-tā̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%81%D1%83%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%9D%D3%A9%D1%85%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%BB%D3%A9%D0%BB" title="Тусгаар Улсуудын Хамтын Нөхөрлөл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Тусгаар Улсуудын Хамтын Нөхөрлөл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BD%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%81%8F_%E1%80%93%E1%80%94%E1%80%9E%E1%80%9F%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9A%E1%80%A1%E1%80%96%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B2%E1%80%B7" title="လွတ်လပ်သောနိုင်ငံများ၏ ဓနသဟာယအဖွဲ့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လွတ်လပ်သောနိုင်ငံများ၏ ဓနသဟာယအဖွဲ့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemenebest_van_Onafhankelijke_Staten" title="Gemenebest van Onafhankelijke Staten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gemenebest van Onafhankelijke Staten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%85%B1%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%93" title="独立国家共同体 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="独立国家共同体" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Лааме Пачхьалкхийн ДоттагӀалла – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Лааме Пачхьалкхийн ДоттагӀалла" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samveldet_av_uavhengige_stater" title="Samveldet av uavhengige stater – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Samveldet av uavhengige stater" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samveldet_av_uavhengige_statar" title="Samveldet av uavhengige statar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Samveldet av uavhengige statar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunautat_dels_Estats_Independents" title="Comunautat dels Estats Independents – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Comunautat dels Estats Independents" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustaqil_davlatlar_hamdo%CA%BBstligi" title="Mustaqil davlatlar hamdoʻstligi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mustaqil davlatlar hamdoʻstligi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6_%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%82_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A5" title="ਆਜ਼ਾਦ ਮੁਲਕਾਂ ਦੀ ਕਾਮਨਵੈਲਥ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਜ਼ਾਦ ਮੁਲਕਾਂ ਦੀ ਕਾਮਨਵੈਲਥ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%DA%BA_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AA%DA%BE" title="ازاد دیساں دی کامنویلتھ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ازاد دیساں دی کامنویلتھ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunit%C3%A0_dj%C3%AB_Stat_Andip%C3%ABndent" title="Comunità djë Stat Andipëndent – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Comunità djë Stat Andipëndent" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wsp%C3%B3lnota_Niepodleg%C5%82ych_Pa%C5%84stw" title="Wspólnota Niepodległych Państw – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wspólnota Niepodległych Państw" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunidade_dos_Estados_Independentes" title="Comunidade dos Estados Independentes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Comunidade dos Estados Independentes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C7%B4%C3%A1rezsiz_M%C3%A1mleketler_Dosl%C4%B1q_Awqam%C4%B1" title="Ǵárezsiz Mámleketler Doslıq Awqamı – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Ǵárezsiz Mámleketler Doslıq Awqamı" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunitatea_Statelor_Independente" title="Comunitatea Statelor Independente – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Comunitatea Statelor Independente" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Сполоченство Незалежных Штатів – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Сполоченство Незалежных Штатів" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2" title="Содружество Независимых Государств – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Содружество Независимых Государств" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BE%D1%85_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8D%D1%80_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D2%95%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D2%BB%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тутулуга суох иллэр сомоҕолоһуулара – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Тутулуга суох иллэр сомоҕолоһуулара" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunidade_de_sos_Istados_Indipendentes" title="Comunidade de sos Istados Indipendentes – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Comunidade de sos Istados Indipendentes" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonweel_o_Independent_States" title="Commonweel o Independent States – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Commonweel o Independent States" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashk%C3%ABsia_e_Shteteve_t%C3%AB_Pavarura" title="Bashkësia e Shteteve të Pavarura – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bashkësia e Shteteve të Pavarura" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumunitati_d%C3%AE_Stati_Nnipinnenti" title="Cumunitati dî Stati Nnipinnenti – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Cumunitati dî Stati Nnipinnenti" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Commonwealth of Independent States" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%8A_%DA%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86_%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%BF" title="آزاد رياستن جي ڪامن ويلٿ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آزاد رياستن جي ڪامن ويلٿ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spolo%C4%8Denstvo_nez%C3%A1visl%C3%BDch_%C5%A1t%C3%A1tov" title="Spoločenstvo nezávislých štátov – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Spoločenstvo nezávislých štátov" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skupnost_neodvisnih_dr%C5%BEav" title="Skupnost neodvisnih držav – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Skupnost neodvisnih držav" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%95%D9%88%DA%B5%DB%95%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%AE%DB%86%DB%8C_%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC" title="دەوڵەتانی سەربەخۆی ھاوقازانج – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دەوڵەتانی سەربەخۆی ھاوقازانج" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Заједница независних држава – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Заједница независних држава" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zajednica_nezavisnih_dr%C5%BEava" title="Zajednica nezavisnih država – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zajednica nezavisnih država" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasamakmuran_Nagara-Nagara_Merdika" title="Pasamakmuran Nagara-Nagara Merdika – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Pasamakmuran Nagara-Nagara Merdika" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itsen%C3%A4isten_valtioiden_yhteis%C3%B6" title="Itsenäisten valtioiden yhteisö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Itsenäisten valtioiden yhteisö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberoende_staters_samv%C3%A4lde" title="Oberoende staters samvälde – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Oberoende staters samvälde" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampamahalaan_ng_mga_Makasarinlang_Estado" title="Sampamahalaan ng mga Makasarinlang Estado – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Sampamahalaan ng mga Makasarinlang Estado" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="விடுதலை பெற்ற நாடுகளின் பொதுநலவாயம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விடுதலை பெற்ற நாடுகளின் பொதுநலவாயம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D3%99%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B7_%D0%94%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%82%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="Бәйсез Дәүләтләр Берлеге – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бәйсез Дәүләтләр Берлеге" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A" title="เครือรัฐเอกราช – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เครือรัฐเอกราช" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%8A" title="Иттиҳоди давлатҳои муштаракулманофеъ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Иттиҳоди давлатҳои муштаракулманофеъ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%C4%9F%C4%B1ms%C4%B1z_Devletler_Toplulu%C4%9Fu" title="Bağımsız Devletler Topluluğu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bağımsız Devletler Topluluğu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gara%C5%9Fsyz_D%C3%B6wletleri%C5%88_Arkala%C5%9Fygy" title="Garaşsyz Döwletleriň Arkalaşygy – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Garaşsyz Döwletleriň Arkalaşygy" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2" title="Співдружність Незалежних Держав – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Співдружність Незалежних Держав" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%BA_%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%81" title="آزاد ریاستوں کی دولت مشترکہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آزاد ریاستوں کی دولت مشترکہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BB%99ng_%C4%91%E1%BB%93ng_c%C3%A1c_Qu%E1%BB%91c_gia_%C4%90%E1%BB%99c_l%E1%BA%ADp" title="Cộng đồng các Quốc gia Độc lập – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cộng đồng các Quốc gia Độc lập" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hind%C3%A4peri_Riike_%C3%9Ctis%C3%BCs" title="Hindäperi Riike Ütisüs – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Hindäperi Riike Ütisüs" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/CDP" title="CDP – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="CDP" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komonwelt_han_mga_Talwas_nga_mga_Estado" title="Komonwelt han mga Talwas nga mga Estado – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Komonwelt han mga Talwas nga mga Estado" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E8%81%94%E5%90%88%E4%BD%93" title="独立国家联合体 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="独立国家联合体" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%94%D7%9C_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%96%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A2_%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%90%D7%98%D7%9F" title="קהל פון זעלבשטענדיקע שטאטן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קהל פון זעלבשטענדיקע שטאטן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80j%E1%BB%8Dni_%C3%A0w%E1%BB%8Dn_Or%C3%ADl%E1%BA%B9%CC%80-%C3%A8d%C3%A8_Al%C3%B3m%C3%ACnira" title="Àjọni àwọn Orílẹ̀-èdè Alómìnira – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Àjọni àwọn Orílẹ̀-èdè Alómìnira" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E9%AB%94" title="獨立國家聯合體 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="獨立國家聯合體" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lious%C5%AB_Valst%C4%ABbiu_Sandrauga" title="Liousū Valstībiu Sandrauga – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Liousū Valstībiu Sandrauga" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8D%A8%E7%AB%8B%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E9%AB%94" title="獨立國家聯合體 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="獨立國家聯合體" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parsemakmuran_Negara-Negara_Merdeka" title="Parsemakmuran Negara-Negara Merdeka – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Parsemakmuran Negara-Negara Merdeka" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a 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searchaux" style="display:none">Eurasian intergovernmental organization</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the association of former Soviet republics. 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.ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Commonwealth of<br />Independent States</div><div class="ib-country-names"><div class="ib-country-name-style fn org country-name"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background:transparent;text-align:center;font-size:80%;"><div style="margin: 0 4em"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><i>(in other regional languages)</i></span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0; text-align:center;font-size:95%;font-weight:normal;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>: Համագործակցություն Անկախ պետություններ<br /><span title="Armenian-language romanization"><i lang="hy-Latn">Hamagortsakts’ut’yun Ankakh petut’yunner</i></span></span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>: Müstəqil Dövlətlər Birliyi</span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>: Садружнасць Незалежных Дзяржаў<br /><span title="Belarusian-language romanization"><i lang="be-Latn">Sadružnasć Niezaliežnych Dziaržaŭ</i></span></span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_language" title="Kazakh language">Kazakh</a>: Тәуелсіз Мемлекеттер Достастығы<br /><span title="Kazakh-language romanization"><i lang="kk-Latn">Täuelsız Memleketter Dostastyğy</i></span></span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_language" title="Kyrgyz language">Kyrgyz</a>: Көз карандысыз Мамлекеттер Шериктештиги<br /><span title="Kyrgyz-language romanization"><i lang="ky-Latn">Köz karandısız Mamleketter Şerikteştigi</i></span></span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: <i>Comunitatea Statelor Independente</i></span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Содружество Независимых Государств<br /><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Sodruzhestvo Nezavisimykh Gosudarstv</i></span></span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Tajik_language" title="Tajik language">Tajik</a>: Иттиходи Давлатҳои Мустақил<br /><span title="Tajik-language romanization"><i lang="tg-Latn">Ittixodi Davlathoi Mustaqil</i></span></span> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_language" title="Uzbek language">Uzbek</a>: Мустақил Давлатлар Ҳамдўстлиги<br /><span title="Uzbek-language romanization"><i lang="uz-Latn">Mustaqil Davlatlar Hamdoʻstligi</i></span></span></li></ul> </div></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_CIS.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Commonwealth of Independent States"><img alt="Flag of Commonwealth of Independent States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_CIS.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_CIS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_CIS.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_CIS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_the_CIS.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_CIS.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Flag of the Commonwealth of Independent States">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_CIS.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Commonwealth of Independent States"><img alt="Emblem of Commonwealth of Independent States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Emblem_of_CIS.svg/85px-Emblem_of_CIS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Emblem_of_CIS.svg/128px-Emblem_of_CIS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Emblem_of_CIS.svg/170px-Emblem_of_CIS.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Emblem of the Commonwealth of Independent States"> Emblem</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CIS_(orthographic_projection,_only_Crimea_disputed).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="     Member states      Associate state"><img alt="     Member states      Associate state" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/CIS_%28orthographic_projection%2C_only_Crimea_disputed%29.svg/250px-CIS_%28orthographic_projection%2C_only_Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/CIS_%28orthographic_projection%2C_only_Crimea_disputed%29.svg/375px-CIS_%28orthographic_projection%2C_only_Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/CIS_%28orthographic_projection%2C_only_Crimea_disputed%29.svg/500px-CIS_%28orthographic_projection%2C_only_Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#346733; color:#346733;">    </span> Member states</span><br /><span style="margin:0px; font-size:90%;"><span style="border:none; background-color:#C5DDBD; color:#C5DDBD;">    </span> Associate state</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Administrative seats</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data">Moscow</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Working language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Intergovernmental_organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Intergovernmental organization">Intergovernmental</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Membership</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">9 member states</span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/35px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/46px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> (suspended participation) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">1 associate state</span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Leaders</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• General Secretary </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Lebedev_(politician)" title="Sergey Lebedev (politician)">Sergey Lebedev</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Interparliamentary_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Interparliamentary Assembly">Interparliamentary Assembly</a><sup id="cite_ref-mfa.gov.by_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mfa.gov.by-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Establishment</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belavezha_Accords" class="mw-redirect" title="Belavezha Accords">Belavezha Accords</a></span> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">8 December 1991</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Alma-Ata_Protocol" title="Alma-Ata Protocol">Alma-Ata Protocol</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">21 December 1991</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/CIS_Charter" title="CIS Charter">Charter adopted</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">22 January 1993</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_Free_Trade_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Area">Free Trade Area</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">20 September 2012</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">20,368,759<sup id="cite_ref-Stat2016_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stat2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> km<sup>2</sup> (7,864,422 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2024 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Neutral increase"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /></span></span> 246,200,194<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(including Crimea)</span></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">12.09/km<sup>2</sup> (31.3/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$8.94 trillion <sup id="cite_ref-GDP_IMF_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GDP_IMF-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$36,311 (approx.)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(nominal)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$2.81 trillion <sup id="cite_ref-GDP_IMF_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GDP_IMF-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data">$11,417 (approx.)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(2017)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">0.740<br /><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:forestgreen">high</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><i>No common currency</i><sup>a</sup></span><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">Member states</span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_dram" title="Armenian dram">Armenian dram</a> (֏)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_manat" title="Azerbaijani manat">Azerbaijani manat</a> (₼) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_ruble" title="Belarusian ruble">Belarusian ruble</a> (Rbl)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstani_tenge" title="Kazakhstani tenge">Kazakhstani tenge</a> (₸)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstani_som" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrgyzstani som">Kyrgyzstani som</a> (<u>с</u>)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_leu" title="Moldovan leu">Moldovan leu</a> (L)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Russian_ruble" title="Russian ruble">Russian ruble</a> (₽)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_somoni" title="Tajikistani somoni">Tajikistani somoni</a> (SM)</li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistani_soum" class="mw-redirect" title="Uzbekistani soum">Uzbekistani soum</a> (soʻm)</span></li></ul> </div><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">Associate state</span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistani_manat" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmenistani manat">Turkmenistani manat</a> (m)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">+2</a> to <a href="/wiki/UTC%2B12" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+12">+12</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/.ru" title=".ru">.ru</a>, <a href="/wiki/.by" title=".by">.by</a>, <a href="/wiki/.am" title=".am">.am</a>, <a href="/wiki/.kz" title=".kz">.kz</a>, <a href="/wiki/.kg" title=".kg">.kg</a>, <a href="/wiki/.az" title=".az">.az</a>,</span> <a href="/wiki/.md" title=".md">.md</a>, <a href="/wiki/.tj" title=".tj">.tj</a>, <a href="/wiki/.uz" title=".uz">.uz</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-website"><b>Website</b><br /><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://e-cis.info">e-cis<wbr />.info</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="ib-country-fn"><sup>a</sup> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_ruble" title="Soviet ruble">Soviet ruble</a> (руб) used from 1991 to 1994</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Commonwealth of Independent States</b> (<b>CIS</b>)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Regional_organization" title="Regional organization">regional intergovernmental organization</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>. It was formed following the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-UIA_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UIA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It covers an area of 20,368,759 km<sup>2</sup> (7,864,422 sq mi) and has an estimated population of 246,200,194. The CIS encourages cooperation in economic, political, and military affairs and has certain powers relating to the coordination of trade, finance, lawmaking, and security, including cross-border crime prevention. </p><p>As the Soviet Union disintegrated, <a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Byelorussian SSR">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Russia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukraine</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/Belovezha_Accords" title="Belovezha Accords">Belovezha Accords</a> on 8 December 1991, declaring that the Union had effectively ceased to exist and proclaimed the CIS in its place. On 21 December, the <a href="/wiki/Alma-Ata_Protocol" title="Alma-Ata Protocol">Alma-Ata Protocol</a> was signed, but <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> chose not to participate. <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> withdrew its membership in 2008 following <a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">a war with Russia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> formally ended its participation in CIS statutory bodies in 2018, although it had stopped participating in the organization in 2014 following the <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">Russian annexation of Crimea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the 2022 <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> voiced its intention to progressively withdraw from the CIS institutional framework.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Eight of the nine CIS member states participate in the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_Free_Trade_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Area">CIS Free Trade Area</a>. Three organizations originated from the CIS, namely the <a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a> (alongside subdivisions, the <a href="/wiki/Customs_Union_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Customs Union of the Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Customs Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Space" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Economic Space">Eurasian Economic Space</a>); and the <a href="/wiki/Union_State" title="Union State">Union State</a>. While the first and the second are military and economic alliances, the third aims to reach a <a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">supranational union</a> of <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> with a common government and currency. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_structure">History and structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Independent_States&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Russia" title="History of Russia">History of Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">its history</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Independent_States&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_848095_Signing_the_Agreement_to_eliminate_the_USSR_and_establish_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/RIAN_archive_848095_Signing_the_Agreement_to_eliminate_the_USSR_and_establish_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_848095_Signing_the_Agreement_to_eliminate_the_USSR_and_establish_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/RIAN_archive_848095_Signing_the_Agreement_to_eliminate_the_USSR_and_establish_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_848095_Signing_the_Agreement_to_eliminate_the_USSR_and_establish_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/RIAN_archive_848095_Signing_the_Agreement_to_eliminate_the_USSR_and_establish_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States.jpg/440px-RIAN_archive_848095_Signing_the_Agreement_to_eliminate_the_USSR_and_establish_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2622" data-file-height="1724" /></a><figcaption>Signing of the <a href="/wiki/Belovezh_Accords" class="mw-redirect" title="Belovezh Accords">Belovezh Accords</a>, 8 December 1991</figcaption></figure> <p>The CIS as a shared <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russophone</a> social, cultural, and economic space has its origins in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, which was replaced in 1917 by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Republic" title="Russian Republic">Russian Republic</a> after the <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> earlier that year. Following the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic</a> became the leading republic in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (USSR) upon its creation with the 1922 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Creation_of_the_USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty on the Creation of the USSR">Treaty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Creation_of_the_USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of the Creation of the USSR">Declaration of the Creation of the USSR</a> along with <a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussian SSR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasian SFSR">Transcaucasian SFSR</a>. </p><p>In March 1991, amidst <a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a> and a rising political crisis in the country, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>, the president of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, proposed a federation by holding a <a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_Union_referendum" title="1991 Soviet Union referendum">referendum</a> to preserve the Union as a <a href="/wiki/New_Union_Treaty" title="New Union Treaty">union of sovereign republics</a>. The new treaty signing never happened as the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a> hardliners staged an <a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt">attempted coup</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> in August that year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding">Founding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Independent_States&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Founding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agreement_on_the_Creation_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_dated_8_December_1991_-_information_from_the_depository.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Agreement_on_the_Creation_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_dated_8_December_1991_-_information_from_the_depository.png/220px-Agreement_on_the_Creation_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_dated_8_December_1991_-_information_from_the_depository.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Agreement_on_the_Creation_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_dated_8_December_1991_-_information_from_the_depository.png/330px-Agreement_on_the_Creation_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_dated_8_December_1991_-_information_from_the_depository.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Agreement_on_the_Creation_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_dated_8_December_1991_-_information_from_the_depository.png/440px-Agreement_on_the_Creation_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_dated_8_December_1991_-_information_from_the_depository.png 2x" data-file-width="1063" data-file-height="1255" /></a><figcaption>The Agreement on the Creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States dated 8 December 1991. The information from the depository of the international agreement published on the Unified Register of Legal Acts and Other Documents of the Commonwealth of Independent States (under the executive committee of the Commonwealth of Independent States) as of 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Protocol_to_the_Agreement_on_the_Creation_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_dated_21_December_1991_-_information_from_the_depository.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Protocol_to_the_Agreement_on_the_Creation_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_dated_21_December_1991_-_information_from_the_depository.png/220px-Protocol_to_the_Agreement_on_the_Creation_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_dated_21_December_1991_-_information_from_the_depository.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Protocol_to_the_Agreement_on_the_Creation_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_dated_21_December_1991_-_information_from_the_depository.png/330px-Protocol_to_the_Agreement_on_the_Creation_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_dated_21_December_1991_-_information_from_the_depository.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Protocol_to_the_Agreement_on_the_Creation_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_dated_21_December_1991_-_information_from_the_depository.png/440px-Protocol_to_the_Agreement_on_the_Creation_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_dated_21_December_1991_-_information_from_the_depository.png 2x" data-file-width="1063" data-file-height="1223" /></a><figcaption>The Protocol to the Agreement on the Creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States dated 21 December 1991. The information from the depository of the international agreement published on the Unified Register of Legal Acts and Other Documents of the Commonwealth of Independent States (under the executive committee of the Commonwealth of Independent States) as of 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Following the events of the <a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt">failed 1991 coup</a>, many republics of the USSR declared their independence fearing another coup. A week after the <a href="/wiki/1991_Ukrainian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Ukrainian independence referendum">Ukrainian independence referendum was held</a>, which kept the chances of the Soviet Union staying together low, the Commonwealth of Independent States was founded in its place on 8 December 1991 by the <a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Byelorussian SSR">Byelorussian SSR</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian SSR</a>, when the leaders of the three republics met at the <a href="/wiki/Belovezhskaya_Pushcha" class="mw-redirect" title="Belovezhskaya Pushcha">Belovezhskaya Pushcha</a> Natural Reserve,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> about 50 km (31 mi) north of <a href="/wiki/Brest,_Belarus" title="Brest, Belarus">Brest</a> in Belarus, and signed the "Agreement Establishing the Commonwealth of Independent States", known as the <a href="/wiki/Belovezh_Accords" class="mw-redirect" title="Belovezh Accords">Belovezh Accords</a> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Беловежские соглашения</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Belovezhskiye soglasheniya</i></span>). </p><p>The CIS announced that the new organization would be open to all republics of the former Soviet Union and to other nations sharing the same goals. The CIS charter stated that all the members were sovereign and independent nations and thereby effectively abolished the Soviet Union. On 21 December 1991, the leaders of eight additional former Soviet Republics (<a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a>) signed the <a href="/wiki/Alma-Ata_Protocol" title="Alma-Ata Protocol">Alma-Ata Protocol</a> which can either be interpreted as expanding the CIS to these states or the proper foundation or foundation date of the CIS,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus bringing the number of participating countries to 11.<sup id="cite_ref-declaration_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-declaration-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> joined two years later, in December 1993.<sup id="cite_ref-ratification_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ratification-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At this point, 12 of the 15 former Soviet Republics participated in the CIS, the three non-participants being the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a>, which were <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">occupied</a> by the Soviet Union. The CIS and Soviet Union also legally co-existed briefly with each other until 26 December 1991, when the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_of_the_Republics" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet of the Republics">Soviet of the Republics</a> formally dissolved the Soviet Union. This was followed by Ivan Korotchenya becoming Executive Secretary of the CIS on the same day.<sup id="cite_ref-agreement_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-agreement-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the end of the dissolution process of the Soviet Union, Russia and the Central Asian republics were weakened economically and faced declines in <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a>. <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">Post-Soviet states</a> underwent economic reforms and <a href="/wiki/Privatisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Privatisation">privatisation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>journal 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The process of Eurasian integration began immediately after the break-up of the Soviet Union to salvage economic ties with Post-Soviet republics.<sup id="cite_ref-eurasiancommission.org_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eurasiancommission.org-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>journal 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CIS_Charter">CIS Charter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Independent_States&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: CIS Charter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CIS_Summit_20-22_June_2000-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/CIS_Summit_20-22_June_2000-1.jpg/220px-CIS_Summit_20-22_June_2000-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/CIS_Summit_20-22_June_2000-1.jpg/330px-CIS_Summit_20-22_June_2000-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/CIS_Summit_20-22_June_2000-1.jpg/440px-CIS_Summit_20-22_June_2000-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>The 20–22 June 2000 CIS Summit</figcaption></figure> <p>On 22 January 1993, the Charter (Statutes) of the CIS was signed, setting up the different institutions of the CIS, their functions, and the rules and statutes of the CIS. The Charter also defined that all countries that have ratified the Agreement on the Establishment of the CIS and its relevant (Alma-Ata) Protocol would be considered to be founding states of the CIS, with only those countries ratifying the Charter being considered to be member states of the CIS (art. 7). Other states can participate as associate members or observers if accepted as such by a decision of the Council of Heads of State to the CIS (art. 8). </p><p>All the founding states apart from Ukraine and Turkmenistan ratified the <a href="/wiki/CIS_Charter" title="CIS Charter">Charter of the CIS</a> and became member states of it. Nevertheless, Ukraine and Turkmenistan kept participating in the CIS, without being member states of it. Turkmenistan became an associate member of the CIS in August 2005. Georgia left the CIS altogether in 2009 and Ukraine stopped participating in 2018. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_secretary">General secretary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Independent_States&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: General secretary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_CIS" title="General Secretary of the CIS">General Secretary of the CIS</a></div> <p>The work of CIS is coordinated by the general secretary. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>General secretaries </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Term </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus"><img alt="Belarus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus_%281918%2C_1991%E2%80%931995%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a></span></span> / <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus"><img alt="Belarus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Korotchenya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivan Korotchenya (page does not exist)">Ivan Korotchenya</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8F,_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Коротченя, Иван Михайлович">ru</a>]</span> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">14 May 1993 – 29 April 1998 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Boris_Berezovsky_(businessman)" title="Boris Berezovsky (businessman)">Boris Berezovsky</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">29 April 1998 – 4 March 1999 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus"><img alt="Belarus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Korotchenya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivan Korotchenya (page does not exist)">Ivan Korotchenya</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8F,_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Коротченя, Иван Михайлович">ru</a>]</span> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">4 March 1999 – 2 April 1999 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Yury_Yarov" title="Yury Yarov">Yury Yarov</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">2 April 1999 – 14 July 2004 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Rushailo" title="Vladimir Rushailo">Vladimir Rushailo</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">14 July 2004 – 5 October 2007 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Lebedev_(politician)" title="Sergey Lebedev (politician)">Sergei Lebedev</a> </td> <td style="text-align: left;">5 October 2007 – present </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interparliamentary_Assembly">Interparliamentary Assembly</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Independent_States&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Interparliamentary Assembly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Interparliamentary_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Interparliamentary Assembly">Interparliamentary Assembly</a> was established on 27 March 1992 in <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>. On 26 May 1995, the CIS leaders signed the Convention on the Interparliamentary Assembly of Member Nations of the Commonwealth of Independent States eventually ratified by nine parliaments, the only CIS member not signing was Georgia. Under the terms of the convention, the InterParliamentary Assembly (IPA) was invested with international legitimacy. </p><p>It is housed in the <a href="/wiki/Tauride_Palace" title="Tauride Palace">Tauride Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/St_Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="St Petersburg">St Petersburg</a> and acts as the consultative parliamentary wing of the CIS, created to discuss problems of parliamentary cooperation, review draft documents of common interest, and pass model laws to the national legislatures in the CIS (as well as recommendations) for their use in the preparation of new laws and amendments to existing legislation. More than 130 documents have been adopted that ensure the convergence of laws in the CIS at the level of national legislation. The Assembly is actively involved in the development of integration processes in the CIS and also sends observers to the national elections.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Assembly held its 32nd Plenary meeting in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> on 14 May 2009. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_developments">Further developments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Independent_States&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 2003 and 2005, three CIS member states experienced a change of government in a series of <a href="/wiki/Colour_revolution" title="Colour revolution">colour revolutions</a>: <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze">Eduard Shevardnadze</a> was overthrown in Georgia; <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Yushchenko" title="Viktor Yushchenko">Viktor Yushchenko</a> was elected in Ukraine; and <a href="/wiki/Askar_Akayev" title="Askar Akayev">Askar Akayev</a> was toppled in Kyrgyzstan. </p><p>In February 2006, Georgia withdrew from the Council of Defense Ministers, with the statement that "Georgia has taken a course to join NATO and it cannot be part of two military structures simultaneously",<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but it remained a full member of the CIS until August 2009, one year after officially withdrawing in the immediate aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War</a>. </p><p>In March 2007, <a href="/wiki/Igor_Ivanov" title="Igor Ivanov">Igor Ivanov</a>, the secretary of the Russian Security Council, expressed his doubts concerning the usefulness of the CIS, emphasizing that the <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Community" title="Eurasian Economic Community">Eurasian Economic Community</a> was becoming a more competent organization to unify the largest countries of the CIS.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the withdrawal of Georgia, the presidents of Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan skipped the October 2009 meeting of the CIS, each having their own issues and disagreements with the Russian Federation.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2009, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine joined the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Partnership" title="Eastern Partnership">Eastern Partnership</a> (EaP), a project that was initiated by the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU). The EaP framework governs the EU's relationship with the <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">post-Soviet states</a> of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, and Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Membership">Membership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Independent_States&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Membership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_(CIS)_-_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2_(%D0%A1%D0%9D%D0%93).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_%28CIS%29_-_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2_%28%D0%A1%D0%9D%D0%93%29.png/800px-Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_%28CIS%29_-_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2_%28%D0%A1%D0%9D%D0%93%29.png" decoding="async" width="800" height="388" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_%28CIS%29_-_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2_%28%D0%A1%D0%9D%D0%93%29.png/1200px-Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_%28CIS%29_-_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2_%28%D0%A1%D0%9D%D0%93%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_%28CIS%29_-_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2_%28%D0%A1%D0%9D%D0%93%29.png/1600px-Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_%28CIS%29_-_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2_%28%D0%A1%D0%9D%D0%93%29.png 2x" data-file-width="6896" data-file-height="3348" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>There are nine full <a href="/wiki/Member_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Member states">member states</a> of the Commonwealth of Independent States. </p><p>The Creation Agreement remained the main constituent document of the CIS until January 1993, when the CIS Charter (Russian: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Устав</span></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>:</small> <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Ustav</i></span>) was adopted.<sup id="cite_ref-charter_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charter-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The charter formalized the concept of membership: a member country is defined as a country that ratifies the CIS Charter (sec. 2, art. 7). Additional members can join with the consent of all current members.<sup id="cite_ref-tre38_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tre38-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parties that ratified the Creation Agreement before the adoption of the Charter are considered to be "Founding states", but not members. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Member_states">Member states</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Independent_States&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Member states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Country<sup id="cite_ref-depositary_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-depositary-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="col">Signed </th> <th scope="col"><span class="nowrap">Agreement ratified</span> </th> <th scope="col">Charter ratified </th> <th scope="col">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> </th> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001991-12-21-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">21 December 1991</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001992-02-18-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">18 February 1992</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001994-03-16-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">16 March 1994</span><sup id="cite_ref-tre38_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tre38-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Founding state. Signatory of the Alma-Ata Protocol </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> </th> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001991-12-21-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">21 December 1991</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001993-09-24-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">24 September 1993</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001993-12-14-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">14 December 1993</span><sup id="cite_ref-tre38_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tre38-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Signatory of the Alma-Ata Protocol. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> </th> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001991-12-08-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">8 December 1991</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001991-12-10-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">10 December 1991</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001994-01-18-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">18 January 1994</span><sup id="cite_ref-tre38_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tre38-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Founding state. Signatory of both the Belovezha Accords and the Alma-Ata Protocol. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></span> </th> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001991-12-21-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">21 December 1991</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001991-12-23-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">23 December 1991</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001994-04-20-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">20 April 1994</span><sup id="cite_ref-tre38_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tre38-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Founding state. Signatory of the Alma-Ata Protocol. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a> </th> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001991-12-21-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">21 December 1991</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001992-03-06-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">6 March 1992</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001994-04-12-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">12 April 1994</span><sup id="cite_ref-tre38_27-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tre38-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Founding state. Signatory of the Alma-Ata Protocol. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/35px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/46px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></span> </th> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001991-12-21-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">21 December 1991</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001994-04-08-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">8 April 1994</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001994-06-27-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">27 June 1994</span><sup id="cite_ref-tre38_27-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tre38-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Signatory of the Alma-Ata Protocol.<br />Active participation in CIS ceased in November 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plans to fully withdraw by the end of 2024. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </th> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001991-12-08-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">8 December 1991</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001991-12-12-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">12 December 1991</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001993-07-20-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">20 July 1993</span><sup id="cite_ref-tre38_27-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tre38-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Founding state. Signatory of both the Belovezha Accords and the Alma-Ata Protocol. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> </th> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001991-12-21-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">21 December 1991</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001993-06-26-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">26 June 1993</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001993-08-14-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">14 August 1993</span><sup id="cite_ref-tre38_27-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tre38-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Signatory of the Alma-Ata Protocol. </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> </th> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001991-12-21-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">21 December 1991</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001992-01-04-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">4 January 1992</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001994-02-09-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">9 February 1994</span><sup id="cite_ref-tre38_27-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tre38-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Founding state. Signatory of the Alma-Ata Protocol. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Moldova">Moldova</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Independent_States&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Moldova"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In light of Russia's support for the independence of occupied regions within Moldova, Georgia, and Ukraine<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as its violation of the Istanbul Agreement (see <a href="/wiki/Adapted_Conventional_Armed_Forces_in_Europe_Treaty" title="Adapted Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Treaty">Adapted Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Treaty</a>), legislative initiatives to denounce the agreement on the creation of CIS were tabled in Moldova's parliament on 25 March 2014, though they were not approved.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar bill was proposed in January 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 14 June 2022, Moldovan Minister of Foreign Affairs <a href="/wiki/Nicu_Popescu" title="Nicu Popescu">Nicu Popescu</a> said the Moldovan government was considering the prospect of leaving the CIS, although at the end of May President <a href="/wiki/Maia_Sandu" title="Maia Sandu">Maia Sandu</a> had said the country would not leave for the time being.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An August 2021 poll conducted in Moldova (prior to the start of <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russia's invasion of Ukraine</a>) found that 48.1% of respondents supported Moldova's withdrawal from the CIS.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 30 November 2022, Popescu stated that Moldova will suspend its participation in CIS meetings,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on 23 February 2023 stated that Moldova has started withdrawing from multiple treaties that the country had signed with the CIS, as his country aims to join the European Union.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 15 May 2023, the President of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Moldova" title="Parliament of Moldova">Parliament of Moldova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Igor_Grosu" title="Igor Grosu">Igor Grosu</a>, stated the country will withdraw from the agreement establishing the CIS Interparliamentary Assembly; he argued that being in the CIS "did not protect the Republic of Moldova from <a href="/wiki/Energy_blackmail" title="Energy blackmail">energy blackmail</a> in the middle of winter, from threats and official statements hostile to the independence and sovereignty of the Republic of Moldova".<sup id="cite_ref-:4_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As part of the process to severing connections with the CIS, in July 2023 Moldova passed a law on denunciation of the agreement on Moldova's membership in the Inter-Parliamentary Assembly of the CIS countries.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 70 agreements were denounced by October 2023, from the total of around 282 signed by Moldova.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2023, Moldova announced its intention to withdraw from the CIS entirely by the end of 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Associate_member">Associate member</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Independent_States&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Associate member"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A country can become an associate member under the CIS Charter (sec. 2, art. 8) if approved by the Council of Heads of States. Participation of associate members and of the observers in the work of the Commonwealth organs shall be governed by their rules of procedures.<sup id="cite_ref-tre38_27-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tre38-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Country<sup id="cite_ref-depositary_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-depositary-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th scope="col">Signed </th> <th scope="col">Agreement ratified </th> <th scope="col">Charter ratified </th> <th scope="col">Associate from </th> <th scope="col">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> </th> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001991-12-21-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">21 December 1991</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001991-12-26-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">26 December 1991</span> </td> <td>Not ratified </td> <td>August 2005 </td> <td>Founding state. Signatory of the Alma-Ata Protocol. Has never been a full member. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Two states, Ukraine and Turkmenistan ratified the CIS Creation Agreement before the adoption of the CIS Charter in January 1993, making them "founding states of the CIS", but did not ratify the Charter itself that would make them full members. These states, while not being formal members of the CIS, were allowed to participate in CIS.<sup id="cite_ref-vestnikkavkaza.net_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vestnikkavkaza.net-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were also allowed to participate in various CIS initiatives, e.g. the Free Trade Area,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which were, however, formulated mostly as independent multilateral agreements, and not as internal CIS agreements. </p><p>Turkmenistan has not ratified the Charter and therefore is not formally a member of the CIS. Nevertheless, it has consistently participated in the CIS as if it were a member state. </p><p>Turkmenistan changed its CIS standing to associate member as of 26 August 2005. The cited reason was to be consistent with its 1995-proclaimed, UN-recognised, international neutrality status, but experts have cited the country no longer needing Russia to provide natural gas access, as well as the country's declining faith in the confederation's ability to maintain internal stability in light of the <a href="/wiki/Colour_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour Revolution">Colour Revolutions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-turkru_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turkru-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-turken_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turken-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Founding_state">Founding state</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Independent_States&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Founding state"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada" title="Verkhovna Rada">Verkhovna Rada</a> never ratified the agreement on membership of the CIS in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/CIS_Charter" title="CIS Charter">CIS Charter</a> so Ukraine never became a member.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ukraine did not apply to become an Associate member, nor was it granted by the Council of Heads of States, accordingly Ukraine remained just a Founding state. </p><p>Ukraine did participate in the CIS and became an associate member of the CIS Economic Union in 1994,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and signed the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_Free_Trade_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Area">Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Area</a> in 2011. </p><p>Ukraine withdrew its representatives from the CIS in May 2018 and stopped actively participating in the CIS. However, the country remained a party to a number of agreements, such as the free trade area. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Country </th> <th scope="col">Signed </th> <th scope="col"><span class="nowrap">Agreement ratified</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="nowrap">Charter ratified</span> </th> <th scope="col">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></span> </th> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001991-12-08-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">8 December 1991</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001991-12-10-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">10 December 1991</span> </td> <td>Not ratified </td> <td>Founding state. Signatory of both the Belovezha Accords and the Alma-Ata Protocol. Has never been a full member. <ul><li>Largely ceased to participate from 2014</li> <li>Withdrew its representatives in May 2018<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Denounced various CIS treaties as of 2024</li> <li>Has not formally withdrawn from the Creation Agreement, thus it continues to be recognised as a founder.</li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CIS_Summit_20-22_June_2000-5.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/CIS_Summit_20-22_June_2000-5.jpg/220px-CIS_Summit_20-22_June_2000-5.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/CIS_Summit_20-22_June_2000-5.jpg/330px-CIS_Summit_20-22_June_2000-5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/CIS_Summit_20-22_June_2000-5.jpg/440px-CIS_Summit_20-22_June_2000-5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>Representatives of Ukraine, Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and other states at the 20–22 June 2000 CIS Summit in Moscow</figcaption></figure> <p>Although Ukraine was one of the states which ratified the Creation Agreement in December 1991, making it a Founding State of the CIS, it chose not to ratify the CIS Charter<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as it disagrees with Russia being the only legal <a href="/wiki/Successor_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Successor state">successor state</a> to the Soviet Union. Thus it has never been a full member of the CIS.<sup id="cite_ref-ratification_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ratification-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Ukraine had kept participating in the CIS, with the consent of the Council of Heads of States, even though it was not a member. Ukraine has never applied for, or been granted, Associate member status. </p><p>Following the start of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian war</a> in February 2014, relations between Ukraine and Russia deteriorated, leading Ukraine to consider ending its participation in the CIS. As Ukraine never ratified the Charter, it could cease its informal participation in the CIS. However, to fully terminate its relationship with the CIS, it would need to legally withdraw from the Creation Agreement, as Georgia did previously. On 14 March 2014, a bill was introduced to Ukraine's parliament to denounce their ratification of the CIS Creation Agreement, but it was never approved.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/2014_Ukrainian_parliamentary_election" title="2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election">2014 parliamentary election</a>, a new bill to denounce the CIS agreement was introduced.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Ministry of Foreign Affairs">Ukrainian Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> confirmed Ukraine will continue taking part in the CIS "on a selective basis".<sup id="cite_ref-ultb_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ultb-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since that month, Ukraine has had no representatives in the CIS Executive Committee building.<sup id="cite_ref-ultb_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ultb-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2018, Ukrainian President <a href="/wiki/Petro_Poroshenko" title="Petro Poroshenko">Petro Poroshenko</a> indicated that Ukraine would formally leave the CIS.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 19 May 2018, Poroshenko signed a decree formally ending Ukraine's participation in CIS statutory bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-UAPart_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UAPart-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 1 June 2018, the CIS secretariat had not received formal notice from Ukraine of its withdrawal from the CIS, a process that would take one year to complete, following notice being given.<sup id="cite_ref-vestnikkavkaza.net_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vestnikkavkaza.net-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CIS secretariat stated that it will continue inviting Ukraine to participate.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ukraine has stated that it intends to review its participation in all CIS agreements and only continue in those that are in its interests. On 3 May 2023 Ukraine formally withdrew from the 1992 agreement that set up the CIS Interparliamentary Assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2023 and 2024 Ukraine also withdrew from a number of agreements including the 2001 <i>Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) agreement on cooperation in the provision of safety of hazardous industrial facilities</i>, the 1996 <i>CIS agreement on cooperation in evacuating nationals from third countries in emergencies</i>, the 1992 <i>Agreement between the State Parties of the Commonwealth of Independent States on social and legal guarantees of the military personnel, persons discharged from military service, and members of their families</i>, the 1992 <i>Agreement on the Establishment of the Council of Commanders of the Border Troops</i> and the <i>Agreement on the Creation of the Interstate System of Documentary Encrypted Communications of the Commonwealth of Independent States</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former_member_states">Former member states</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Independent_States&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Former member states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Country </th> <th scope="col">Signed </th> <th scope="col"><span class="nowrap">Agreement ratified</span> </th> <th scope="col"><span class="nowrap">Charter ratified</span> </th> <th scope="col">Withdrawn </th> <th scope="col">Effective </th> <th scope="col">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> </th> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001993-12-03-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">3 December 1993</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001993-12-03-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">3 December 1993</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000001994-04-19-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">19 April 1994</span> <sup id="cite_ref-tre38_27-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tre38-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002008-08-18-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">18 August 2008</span> </td> <td><span data-sort-value="000000002009-08-18-0000" style="white-space:nowrap">18 August 2009</span> </td> <td>Withdrew as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War</a> of 2008. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Following the overthrow of <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Shevardnadze" title="Eduard Shevardnadze">Eduard Shevardnadze</a> in Georgia, Georgia officially withdrew from the Council of Defense Ministers in February 2006,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stating that "Georgia has taken a course to join NATO and it cannot be part of two military structures simultaneously".<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it remained a full member of the CIS. </p><p>In the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Georgian_War" title="Russo-Georgian War">Russo-Georgian War</a> in 2008, President <a href="/wiki/Saakashvili" class="mw-redirect" title="Saakashvili">Saakashvili</a> announced during a public speech in the capital city <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a> that Georgia would leave the CIS<sup id="cite_ref-CNN_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Georgian Parliament voted unanimously on 14 August 2008 to withdraw from the regional organization.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 18 August 2008 the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia sent a note to the CIS Executive Committee notifying it of the aforesaid resolutions of the Parliament of Georgia and Georgia's withdrawal from CIS.<sup id="cite_ref-georgia_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-georgia-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In accordance with the CIS Charter (sec. 1, art. 9),<sup id="cite_ref-charter2_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charter2-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Georgia's withdrawal came into effect 12 months later, on 18 August 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Independent_States&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CIS_meeting_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/CIS_meeting_2008.jpg/300px-CIS_meeting_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/CIS_meeting_2008.jpg/450px-CIS_meeting_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/CIS_meeting_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>Meeting of CIS leaders in <a href="/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek">Bishkek</a>, 2008</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Independent_States&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Human rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since its inception, one of the primary goals of the CIS has been to provide a forum for discussing issues related to the social and economic development of the newly independent states. To achieve this goal member states have agreed to promote and protect human rights. Initially, efforts to achieve this goal consisted merely of statements of goodwill, but on 26 May 1995, the CIS adopted a Commonwealth of Independent States Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1991, four years before the 1995 human rights <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaty</a>, article 33 of the Charter of the CIS created a Human Rights Commission with its seat in Minsk, Belarus. This was confirmed by the decision of the Council of Heads of States of the CIS in 1993. In 1995, the CIS adopted a human rights treaty that includes civil and political as well as social and economic human rights. This treaty entered into force in 1998. The CIS treaty is modelled on the <a href="/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="European Convention on Human Rights">European Convention on Human Rights</a>, but lacking the strong implementation mechanisms of the latter. In the CIS treaty, the Human Rights Commission has very vaguely defined authority. The Statute of the Human Rights Commission, however, also adopted by the CIS Member States as a decision, gives the commission the right to receive inter-state as well as individual communications.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>CIS members, especially in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, continue to have among the world's poorest human rights records. Many activists point to examples such as the 2005 <a href="/wiki/Andijan_massacre" title="Andijan massacre">Andijan massacre</a> in Uzbekistan to show that there has been almost no improvement in human rights since the collapse of the Soviet Union in Central Asia. The consolidation of power by President <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> has resulted in a steady decline in the modest progress of previous years in Russia. In turn, this has led to little to no scrutiny by Russia when it comes to the situation of human rights in other CIS member states. The Commonwealth of Independent States continues to face serious challenges in meeting even basic international standards.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Independent_States&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Armed_Forces_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="United Armed Forces of the Commonwealth of Independent States">United Armed Forces of the Commonwealth of Independent States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Defense_of_the_CIS" title="Council of Ministers of Defense of the CIS">Council of Ministers of Defense of the CIS</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joint_CIS_Air_Defense_System" title="Joint CIS Air Defense System">Joint CIS Air Defense System</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Council_of_CIS_Defense_Ministers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/The_Council_of_CIS_Defense_Ministers.jpg/220px-The_Council_of_CIS_Defense_Ministers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/The_Council_of_CIS_Defense_Ministers.jpg/330px-The_Council_of_CIS_Defense_Ministers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/The_Council_of_CIS_Defense_Ministers.jpg/440px-The_Council_of_CIS_Defense_Ministers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The members of the Council of Ministers of Defense meeting in Moscow in 2017</figcaption></figure> <p>The CIS Charter establishes the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Defense_of_the_CIS" title="Council of Ministers of Defense of the CIS">Council of Ministers of Defence</a>, which is vested with the task of coordinating military cooperation of the CIS member states who wish to participate. </p><p>In May 1992, six post-Soviet states belonging to the CIS signed the Collective Security Treaty (also referred to as the Tashkent Pact or Tashkent Treaty).<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three other post-Soviet states signed in 1993 and the treaty took effect in 1994 and lasted 5 years. When the treaty was subsequently renewed, three countries withdrew, leaving Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, and Tajikistan as members. </p><p>In December 1993, the CIS Armed Forces Headquarters was abolished.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, "the CIS Council of Defence Ministers created a CIS Military Cooperation Coordination Headquarters (MCCH) in Moscow, with 50 percent of the funding provided by Russia."<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Samsonov" title="Viktor Samsonov">Viktor Samsonov</a> was appointed as Chief of Staff. The headquarters has now moved to 101000, Москва, Сверчков переулок, 3/2. </p><p>An important manifestation of integration processes in the area of military and defence collaboration of the CIS member states is the creation, in 1995, of the <a href="/wiki/Joint_CIS_Air_Defense_System" title="Joint CIS Air Defense System">joint CIS Air Defense System</a>. Over the years, the military personnel of the joint CIS Air Defense System grew twofold along the western, European border of the CIS, and by 1.5 times on its southern borders.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2002, the six member states agreed to create the <i>Collective Security Treaty Organisation</i> (CSTO) as a military alliance.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2007, CSTO members agreed to create a CSTO peacekeeping force.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>One of the CST's original objectives was to resolve conflicts between CIS members, however military conflicts such as Russia's open assistance and support to the two secessionist areas in Georgia, Russia seizing Crimea and support to secessionist areas in Ukraine, the conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan, and Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan border issues have demonstrated how ineffective the CST and later the CSTO, is in this role.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Independent_States&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Economy of the Soviet Union">Economy of the Soviet Union</a></div> <p>Corruption and bureaucracy are serious problems for trade in CIS countries.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kazakhstan's President Nursultan Nazarbayev proposed that CIS members take up a digitization agenda to modernize CIS economies.<sup id="cite_ref-cisdigi_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cisdigi-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Economic data</b><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align: right;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" scope="col">Country </th> <th rowspan="2">Population (2021) </th> <th colspan="3">GDP (USD million) </th> <th rowspan="2" scope="col">GDP growth<br />(2012) </th> <th colspan="4" scope="col">GDP per capita </th> <th rowspan="2" scope="col">Human Development<br />Index (2019) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col">2007 </th> <th scope="col">2012 </th> <th scope="col">2022 </th> <th scope="col">2007 </th> <th scope="col">2012 </th> <th scope="col">2020 </th> <th scope="col">2022 </th></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">Armenia </td> <td>2,790,974 </td> <td>9,204 </td> <td>10,551 </td> <td>13,679 </td> <td>2.1% </td> <td>2,996 </td> <td>3,500 </td> <td>4,268 </td> <td>4,888 </td> <td>0.776 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">Azerbaijan </td> <td>10,312,992 </td> <td>33,049 </td> <td>71,043 </td> <td>76,123 </td> <td>3.8% </td> <td>3,829 </td> <td>7,500 </td> <td>4,214 </td> <td>4,665 </td> <td>0.756 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">Belarus </td> <td>9,578,167 </td> <td>45,275 </td> <td>65,685 </td> <td>78,276 </td> <td>4.3% </td> <td>4,656 </td> <td>6,940 </td> <td>6,411 </td> <td>6,830 </td> <td>0.823 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">Kazakhstan </td> <td>19,196,465 </td> <td>104,849 </td> <td>196,642 </td> <td>210,896 </td> <td>5.2% </td> <td>6,805 </td> <td>11,700 </td> <td>9,122 </td> <td>10,240 </td> <td>0.825 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">Kyrgyzstan </td> <td>6,527,743 </td> <td>3,802 </td> <td>6,197 </td> <td>7,543 </td> <td>0.8% </td> <td>711 </td> <td>1,100 </td> <td>1,174 </td> <td>1,265 </td> <td>0.697 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">Moldova </td> <td>3,061,506 </td> <td>4,401 </td> <td>7,589 </td> <td>8,947 </td> <td>4.4% </td> <td>1,200 </td> <td>2,100 </td> <td>4,551 </td> <td>4,850 </td> <td>0.750 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">Russia </td> <td>145,102,755 </td> <td>1,294,381 </td> <td>2,022,000 </td> <td>2,103,400 </td> <td>3.4% </td> <td>9,119 </td> <td>14,240 </td> <td>10,127 </td> <td>10,890 </td> <td>0.824 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">Tajikistan </td> <td>9,750,064 </td> <td>3,695 </td> <td>7,263 </td> <td>8,456 </td> <td>2.1% </td> <td>526 </td> <td>960 </td> <td>859 </td> <td>915 </td> <td>0.668 </td></tr> <tr> <td scope="row">Uzbekistan </td> <td>34,081,449 </td> <td>22,355 </td> <td>63,622 </td> <td>70,452 </td> <td>4.1% </td> <td>831 </td> <td>2,137 </td> <td>1,686 </td> <td>1,820 </td> <td>0.720 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standards_and_rules">Standards and rules</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Independent_States&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Standards and rules"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/GOST" title="GOST">GOST</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_GOST_standards" title="List of GOST standards">List of GOST standards</a></div> <p>GOST standards were originally developed by the government of the Soviet Union as part of its national standardization strategy. After the disintegration of the USSR, the GOST standards acquired a new status of the regional standards. They are now administered by the Euro-Asian Council for Standardization, Metrology, and Certification (EASC), a standards organization chartered by the Commonwealth of Independent States. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supranational_integration_initiatives,_trade,_and_economic_cooperation_within_CIS"><span id="Supranational_integration_initiatives.2C_trade.2C_and_economic_cooperation_within_CIS"></span>Supranational integration initiatives, trade, and economic cooperation within CIS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Independent_States&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Supranational integration initiatives, trade, and economic cooperation within CIS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreement" title="Free trade agreement">free trade agreement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_trade_area" title="Free trade area">free trade area</a></div> <p>On 24 September 1993, an <i>Agreement on the Economic Union</i> was signed by the heads of a number of CIS states. Its aim was the forming of conditions of stable development of economies of Contracting Parties to benefit from increases in living standards of their population.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to other specific agreements. </p><p>The terms of the CIS FTA agreements allow member states to enter into the FTA agreements with other countries, as well as to join/create custom unions.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like other Commonwealth of Independent States agreements, this agreement does not regulate relations with third countries and allows <a href="/wiki/Differentiated_integration" title="Differentiated integration">differentiated integration</a> (aka à la carte and <a href="/wiki/Multi-speed_Europe" title="Multi-speed Europe">multi-speed Europe</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1994_Framework_for_Bilateral_Free_Trade_Agreements_and_Freedom_of_Transit">1994 Framework for Bilateral Free Trade Agreements and Freedom of Transit</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Independent_States&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 1994 Framework for Bilateral Free Trade Agreements and Freedom of Transit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_Agreement_on_the_Establishment_of_a_Free_Trade_Area" title="Commonwealth of Independent States Agreement on the Establishment of a Free Trade Area">Commonwealth of Independent States Agreement on the Establishment of a Free Trade Area</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CIS_Countries.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/CIS_Countries.PNG/220px-CIS_Countries.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/CIS_Countries.PNG/330px-CIS_Countries.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/CIS_Countries.PNG/440px-CIS_Countries.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>1994 agreement signatories</figcaption></figure> <p>On 15 April 1994, at a meeting of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) Council of Heads of State in Moscow, the presidents of 12 countries, namely Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Ukraine signed an <i>Agreement</i> on the Establishment of a Free Trade Area (Соглашение о создании зоны свободной торговли).<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Agreement entered into force on 30 December 1994 for those countries that had completed ratification. As of 2023, the Agreement is fully in force for Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Ukraine, while Russia and Turkmenistan have notified the application of the Agreement on a provisional basis. According to the executive committee of the Commonwealth of Independent States, no one has ceased participation in the Agreement, made reservations or suspended the application.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bilateral FTAs concluded on the basis of CIS 1994 as a framework agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the analytical material of the executive committee of the Commonwealth of Independent States, the 1994 version has not yet provided for multilateral free trade, but the conclusion of many bilateral agreements.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the 1994 version, the free trade regime enters into force when conditions are met, but, for example, the freedom of transit enters into force immediately between participants. According to the text, transit transportation should not be subject to unreasonable delays or restrictions, and the conditions of transit, including tariffs for transportation by any mode of transport and the provision of services, should not be worse than for domestic shippers, recipients, and owners of goods, as well as no worse than the conditions for any third country.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1999_Protocol_introducing_a_multilateral_free_trade_among_ten_countries">1999 Protocol introducing a multilateral free trade among ten countries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Independent_States&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 1999 Protocol introducing a multilateral free trade among ten countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 2 April 1999, in Moscow, the presidents of 11 countries, namely Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Ukraine signed a Protocol on Amendments and Additions to the Agreement on the Establishment of a Free Trade Area of 15 April 1994<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Протокол о внесении изменений и дополнений в Соглашение о создании зоны свободной торговли от 15 апреля 1994 года). Turkmenistan did not participate. The Protocol entered into force on 24 November 1999 for those countries that had completed ratification. As of 2023, the Protocol has entered into force for all countries, namely Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, and Ukraine, except Russia, which remains a signatory but has not notified entry into force or provisional application. According to the executive committee of the Commonwealth of Independent States, no one has ceased participation in the Protocol or suspended the application, while one reservation was made by Azerbaijan on non-application in relation to Armenia and two specific opinions were expressed by Georgia and Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the analytical material of the executive committee of the Commonwealth of Independent States, the 1999 Protocol replaced the existing bilateral free trade regime with a multilateral regime, eliminated all fees, as well as taxes and levies with equivalent effect, and quantitative restrictions on the import and export of goods in mutual trade of the FTA participating states, established a procedure for dispute resolution, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1999 version refers to the principles of the World Trade Organisation, envisages cooperation in economic policy, payments, customs cooperation, taxes, science, provides for a ratchet effect prohibiting the imposition of new tariffs and restrictions, provides for treatment no worse than that of any third country, and provides for the transit of goods on the basis of the principle of freedom of transit without discrimination.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 2011 CIS FTA Treaty envisages that the 1994 agreement and the 1999 protocol no longer apply among its eight participants (Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Armenia, and Moldova), however, among the rest of the countries, they continue to be applied. </p><p><a href="/wiki/International_Trade_Centre" title="International Trade Centre">International Trade Centre</a> says the 1994 Agreement on the Establishment of a Free Trade Area signed by 12 CIS countries still continues to be used by Azerbaijan and Georgia in trade with other CIS countries except with Russia and Turkmenistan. Reportedly it is also used bilaterally between Uzbekistan and Tajikistan pending Tajikistan's ratification of Uzbekistan's accession to the 2011 CIS Free Trade Area Treaty.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2011_multilateral_Free_Trade_Area_Treaty_among_9_countries">2011 multilateral Free Trade Area Treaty among 9 countries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Independent_States&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 2011 multilateral Free Trade Area Treaty among 9 countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_Free_Trade_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Area">Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Area</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamp_of_Russia_2011_No_1542.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Stamp_of_Russia_2011_No_1542.jpg/220px-Stamp_of_Russia_2011_No_1542.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Stamp_of_Russia_2011_No_1542.jpg/330px-Stamp_of_Russia_2011_No_1542.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Stamp_of_Russia_2011_No_1542.jpg/440px-Stamp_of_Russia_2011_No_1542.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2379" data-file-height="1771" /></a><figcaption>Stamp of 1991–2011, the Commonwealth of Independent States</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CISFTA_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/CISFTA_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-CISFTA_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/CISFTA_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-CISFTA_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/CISFTA_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/440px-CISFTA_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a><figcaption>2011 treaty signatories and parties</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2009, a new agreement was begun to create an FTA, the CIS Free Trade Agreement (CISFTA).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In October 2011, the new free trade agreement was signed by eight of the eleven CIS prime ministers; Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, and Ukraine at a meeting in St. Petersburg. Initially, the treaty was only ratified by Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine,<sup id="cite_ref-auto5_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto5-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, by the end of 2012, Kazakhstan, Armenia, and Moldova had also completed ratification.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2013, Uzbekistan, signed and then ratified the treaty,<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the remaining two signatories, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan later both ratified the treaty in January 2014 and December 2015 respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> is the only full CIS member state not to participate in the free trade area. </p><p>The free trade agreement eliminates export and import duties on several goods but also contains a number of exemptions that will ultimately be phased out.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> An agreement was also signed on the basic principles of currency regulation and currency controls in the CIS at the same October 2011 meeting.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2023_Agreement_on_Free_Trade_in_Services_among_7_countries">2023 Agreement on Free Trade in Services among 7 countries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Independent_States&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 2023 Agreement on Free Trade in Services among 7 countries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Trade_in_services" title="Trade in services">Trade in services</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_Agreement_on_Free_Trade_in_Services,_Establishment,_Operations_and_Investment" title="Commonwealth of Independent States Agreement on Free Trade in Services, Establishment, Operations and Investment">Commonwealth of Independent States Agreement on Free Trade in Services, Establishment, Operations and Investment</a></div> <p>In Sochi on 8 June 2023, Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan signed an Agreement on Free Trade in Services, Establishment, Operations, and Investment.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_activities">Other activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Independent_States&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Other activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election_monitoring">Election monitoring</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Independent_States&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Election monitoring"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The CIS-Election Monitoring Organisation (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Миссия наблюдателей от СНГ на выборах</span>) is an <a href="/wiki/Election_monitoring" title="Election monitoring">election monitoring</a> body that was formed in October 2002, following a Commonwealth of Independent States heads of states meeting which adopted the <i>Convention on the Standards of Democratic Elections, Electoral Rights, and Freedoms in the Member States of the Commonwealth of Independent States</i>. The CIS-EMO has been sending election observers to member countries of the CIS since this time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>CIS election monitoring has been characterized by scholars as low-quality, as the CIS tends to validate elections that are obviously flawed.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Controversies</b> </p><p>The election monitoring body has approved many elections which have been heavily criticised by independent observers.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The democratic nature of the final round of the <a href="/wiki/2004_Ukrainian_presidential_election" title="2004 Ukrainian presidential election">2004 Ukrainian presidential election</a> which followed the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Revolution" title="Orange Revolution">Orange Revolution</a> and brought into power the former opposition, was questioned by the CIS while the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a> (OSCE) found no significant problems. This was the first time that the CIS observation teams challenged the validity of an election, saying that it should be considered illegitimate. On 15 March 2005, the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Independent_Information_Agency" title="Ukrainian Independent Information Agency">Ukrainian Independent Information Agency</a> quoted Dmytro Svystkov (a spokesman of the Ukrainian Foreign Ministry) that Ukraine had suspended its participation in the CIS election monitoring organization.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The CIS praised the Uzbekistan parliamentary elections, 2005 as "legitimate, free and transparent" while the OSCE had referred to the Uzbek elections as having fallen "significantly short of OSCE commitments and other international standards for democratic elections".<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Moldovan authorities refused to invite CIS observers in the <a href="/wiki/2005_Moldovan_parliamentary_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="2005 Moldovan parliamentary elections">2005 Moldovan parliamentary elections</a>, an action Russia criticised. Many dozens of such observers from Belarus and Russia were stopped from reaching Moldova.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>CIS observers monitored the Tajikistan parliamentary elections, in 2005 and in the end declared them "legal, free and transparent." The same elections were pronounced by the OSCE to have failed international standards for democratic elections.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Soon after CIS observers hailed the <a href="/wiki/2005_Kyrgyz_parliamentary_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="2005 Kyrgyz parliamentary elections">Kyrgyz parliamentary elections of 2005</a> as "well-organized, free, and fair", as large-scale and often violent demonstrations broke out throughout the country protesting what the opposition called a rigged parliamentary election. In contrast, the OSCE reported that the elections fell short of international standards in many areas.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>International observers of the <a href="/wiki/Interparliamentary_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Interparliamentary Assembly">Interparliamentary Assembly</a> stated the <a href="/wiki/2010_Ukrainian_local_elections" title="2010 Ukrainian local elections">2010 local elections in Ukraine</a> were organised well.<sup id="cite_ref-Razumkov_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Razumkov-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a> uncovered a number of problems in relation to a new electorate law approved just prior to the elections<sup id="cite_ref-Razumkov_113-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Razumkov-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Obama_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Obama administration">Obama administration</a> criticised the conduct of the elections, saying they "did not meet standards for openness and fairness".<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russian_language_status">Russian language status</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Independent_States&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Russian language status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Russia has urged that the <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian language</a> receive official status in all of the CIS member states. So far Russian is an official language in only four states: Russia, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>. Russian is also considered an official language in the region of <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a> and the autonomous region of <a href="/wiki/Gagauzia" title="Gagauzia">Gagauzia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/2010_Ukrainian_presidential_election" title="2010 Ukrainian presidential election">Ukrainian 2010 election</a>, President Yanukovych stated "Ukraine will continue to promote the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian language</a> as its only state language."<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports_events">Sports events</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Independent_States&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Sports events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the time of the Soviet Union's dissolution in December 1991, <a href="/wiki/Category:National_sports_teams_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:National sports teams of the Soviet Union">its sports teams</a> had been invited to or qualified for various 1992 sports events. A joint CIS team took its place in some of these. The "<a href="/wiki/Unified_Team_at_the_Olympics" title="Unified Team at the Olympics">Unified Team</a>" competed in the <a href="/wiki/1992_Winter_Olympics" title="1992 Winter Olympics">1992 Winter Olympics</a> and <a href="/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics" title="1992 Summer Olympics">1992 Summer Olympics</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/CIS_national_football_team" title="CIS national football team">CIS association football team</a> competed in <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_1992" title="UEFA Euro 1992">UEFA Euro 1992</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_national_bandy_team" title="Commonwealth of Independent States national bandy team">CIS bandy team</a> played some friendlies in January 1992 and made its last appearance at the 1992 <a href="/wiki/Russian_Government_Cup" title="Russian Government Cup">Russian Government Cup</a>, where it also played against the new <a href="/wiki/Russia_national_bandy_team" title="Russia national bandy team">Russia national bandy team</a>. The <a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_bandy_champions" title="List of Russian bandy champions">Soviet Union bandy championship</a> for 1991–1992 was rebranded as a CIS championship, this lasted just one year before it became Russian bandy. </p><p>In 2017, a festival for national sports and games, known as the Festival of National Sports and Games of the Commonwealth of Independent States (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Фестиваль национальных видов спорта и игр государств — участников Содружества Независимых Государств</span>) was held in <a href="/wiki/Ulyanovsk" title="Ulyanovsk">Ulyanovsk</a>. The main sports were <a href="/wiki/Sambo_(martial_art)" title="Sambo (martial art)">sambo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tug_of_war" title="Tug of war">tug of war</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mas-wrestling" title="Mas-wrestling">mas-wrestling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gorodki" title="Gorodki">gorodki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belt_wrestling" title="Belt wrestling">belt wrestling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lapta_(game)" title="Lapta (game)">lapta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rink_bandy" title="Rink bandy">bandy (rink)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kettlebell_lifting" title="Kettlebell lifting">kettlebell lifting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">archery</a>. A few demonstration sports were also a part of the programme.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021 the <a href="/wiki/2021_CIS_Games" title="2021 CIS Games">first CIS games</a> took place in Kazan with 9 nations and 2,000 athletes. The <a href="/wiki/2023_CIS_Games" title="2023 CIS Games">second games</a> took place in 2023 in Belarus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_events">Cultural events</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Independent_States&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Cultural events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The CIS has also been a relevant forum to support cultural relations between former Soviet republics. In 2006, the Council of the Heads of Governments of the CIS launched the Intergovernmental Foundation for Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Cooperation (IFESCCO).<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IFESSCO has substantially relied on Russia's financial support since its creation and supported several multilateral cultural events, including the ‘CIS Capital of Culture’ initiative.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, the Armenian city of <a href="/wiki/Goris" title="Goris">Goris</a> was declared the CIS Cultural Capital of the year, in 2022 it was <a href="/wiki/Karakol" title="Karakol">Karakol</a> in Kyrgyzstan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Independent_States&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The combined population of all member states is 246,200,194 as of 2024. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left;height:2.6em;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Largest_urban_centers_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Largest urban centers of the Commonwealth of Independent States (page does not exist)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Largest_urban_centers_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Largest urban centers of the Commonwealth of Independent States (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_urban_centers_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest urban centers of the Commonwealth of Independent States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;"><span style="font-size:110%;">Largest cities or towns in Commonwealth of Independent States</span><br /><div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">Russia<sup id="cite_ref-2024Rosstat_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2024Rosstat-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, Uzbekistan<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, Azerbaijan<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, Kazakhstan<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, Belarus<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, Tajikistan<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, Kyrgyzstan<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th> </th> <th>Member state </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th>Rank </th> <th> </th> <th><a href="/w/index.php?title=Member_states_of_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Member states of Commonwealth of Independent States (page does not exist)">Member state</a> </th> <th>Pop.</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Third_Ring_Road_near_Moscow-City.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Moscow"><img alt="Moscow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Third_Ring_Road_near_Moscow-City.png/120px-Third_Ring_Road_near_Moscow-City.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Third_Ring_Road_near_Moscow-City.png/180px-Third_Ring_Road_near_Moscow-City.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Third_Ring_Road_near_Moscow-City.png/240px-Third_Ring_Road_near_Moscow-City.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:4A7A3069_Moika,_Saint_Petersburg_(35468573803).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Saint Petersburg"><img alt="Saint Petersburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/4A7A3069_Moika%2C_Saint_Petersburg_%2835468573803%29.jpg/120px-4A7A3069_Moika%2C_Saint_Petersburg_%2835468573803%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/4A7A3069_Moika%2C_Saint_Petersburg_%2835468573803%29.jpg/180px-4A7A3069_Moika%2C_Saint_Petersburg_%2835468573803%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/4A7A3069_Moika%2C_Saint_Petersburg_%2835468573803%29.jpg/240px-4A7A3069_Moika%2C_Saint_Petersburg_%2835468573803%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3280" data-file-height="1829" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">13,149,803</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,318,604 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Milliy_bog.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tashkent"><img alt="Tashkent" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Milliy_bog.jpg/120px-Milliy_bog.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Milliy_bog.jpg/180px-Milliy_bog.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Milliy_bog.jpg/240px-Milliy_bog.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="552" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baku_city_at_night.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baku"><img alt="Baku" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Baku_city_at_night.jpg/120px-Baku_city_at_night.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Baku_city_at_night.jpg/180px-Baku_city_at_night.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Baku_city_at_night.jpg/240px-Baku_city_at_night.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,597,763</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Shymkent" title="Shymkent">Shymkent</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,246,661 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tashkent" title="Tashkent">Tashkent</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,075,232</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Krasnoyarsk" title="Krasnoyarsk">Krasnoyarsk</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,205,473 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,300,500</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,204,985 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,275,541</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Chelyabinsk" title="Chelyabinsk">Chelyabinsk</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,177,058 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,992,862</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ufa" title="Ufa">Ufa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,163,304 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Novosibirsk" title="Novosibirsk">Novosibirsk</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,633,851</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Samara" title="Samara">Samara</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,158,952 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dushanbe" title="Dushanbe">Dushanbe</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,564,700</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bishkek" title="Bishkek">Bishkek</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,145,044 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Yekaterinburg" title="Yekaterinburg">Yekaterinburg</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,536,183</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rostov-on-Don" title="Rostov-on-Don">Rostov-on-Don</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,140,487 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,502,102</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Krasnodar" title="Krasnodar">Krasnodar</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,138,654 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_expectancy">Life expectancy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Independent_States&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Life expectancy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy_at_birth" class="mw-redirect" title="Life expectancy at birth">Life expectancy at birth</a> in the countries of CIS in 2021, according to the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">World Bank Group</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wbg_total_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wbg_total-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wbg_male_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wbg_male-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wbg_female_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wbg_female-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1233514072">.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers{counter-reset:rowNumber}.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers tr::before{content:"";display:table-cell;padding-right:0.5em;padding-left:0.5em;text-align:right;vertical-align:inherit}.mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.static-row-numbers-left 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tr:only-child::before,html.client-js body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .static-row-numbers.sort-under-center.sortable.wikitable thead tr:only-child::before{padding-bottom:1.4em}}}</style> <table class="wikitable sortable static-row-numbers sort-under" style="text-align:right;"> <tbody><tr class="static-row-header" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;"> <th rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle;">Countries </th> <th colspan="4">2021 </th> <th colspan="9" style="border-left-width:2px;">Historical data </th> <th colspan="2" style="border-left-width:2px;"><a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> impact </th></tr> <tr class="static-row-header" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:bottom;"> <th style="vertical-align:middle;width:4em;">All </th> <th style="vertical-align:middle;">Male </th> <th style="vertical-align:middle;">Female </th> <th style="vertical-align:middle; width:3em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Difference in life expectancy for female and male">Sex gap</span> </th> <th style="border-left-width:2px; vertical-align:middle; width:4em; padding-left:1em;">2000 </th> <th style="text-align:left;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Change of life expectancy from 2000 to 2014">2000<br />→2014</span> </th> <th style="vertical-align:middle; width:3em;">2014 </th> <th style="text-align:left;">2014<br />→2019 </th> <th style="vertical-align:middle; width:3em;">2019 </th> <th style="text-align:left;">2019<br />→2020 </th> <th style="vertical-align:middle; width:3em;">2020 </th> <th style="text-align:left;">2020<br />→2021 </th> <th style="vertical-align:middle; width:3em;">2021 </th> <th style="border-left-width:2px; text-align:left;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Change of life expectancy from 2019 to 2021">2019<br />→2021</span> </th> <th style="text-align:middle;">2014<br />→2021 </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Belarus</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffd8;">72.37</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#eaf3ff;">67.30</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fee7f6;">77.70</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fff8dc;">10.40</td> <td style="text-align:center; border-left-width:2px; padding-left:1em;">68.91</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">4.06</td> <td style="text-align:center;">72.97</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">1.26</td> <td style="text-align:center;">74.23</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:crimson;">−1.77</td> <td style="text-align:center;">72.46</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:crimson;">−0.09</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffd8;">72.37</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; border-left-width:2px; color:crimson;">−1.86</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:crimson;">−0.60 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Armenia</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffd8;">72.04</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#eaf3ff;">66.55</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fee7f6;">77.35</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fff8dc;">10.80</td> <td style="text-align:center; border-left-width:2px; padding-left:1em;">70.62</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">3.43</td> <td style="text-align:center;">74.06</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">1.38</td> <td style="text-align:center;">75.44</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:crimson;">−3.27</td> <td style="text-align:center;">72.17</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:crimson;">−0.13</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffd8;">72.04</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; border-left-width:2px; color:crimson;">−3.40</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:crimson;">−2.02 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Kyrgyzstan</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffd8;">71.90</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#eaf3ff;">67.90</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fee7f6;">76.10</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fff8dc;">8.20</td> <td style="text-align:center; border-left-width:2px; padding-left:1em;">68.56</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">1.84</td> <td style="text-align:center;">70.40</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">1.20</td> <td style="text-align:center;">71.60</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">0.20</td> <td style="text-align:center;">71.80</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">0.10</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffd8;">71.90</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; border-left-width:2px; color:darkgreen;">0.30</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">1.50 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Tajikistan</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffd8;">71.59</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#eaf3ff;">69.57</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fee7f6;">73.73</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fff8dc;">4.17</td> <td style="text-align:center; border-left-width:2px; padding-left:1em;">63.26</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">5.81</td> <td style="text-align:center;">69.07</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">1.80</td> <td style="text-align:center;">70.87</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:crimson;">−2.87</td> <td style="text-align:center;">67.99</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">3.60</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffd8;">71.59</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; border-left-width:2px; color:darkgreen;">0.73</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">2.52 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Uzbekistan</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffd8;">70.86</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#eaf3ff;">68.33</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fee7f6;">73.39</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fff8dc;">5.06</td> <td style="text-align:center; border-left-width:2px; padding-left:1em;">65.72</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">4.51</td> <td style="text-align:center;">70.23</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">1.11</td> <td style="text-align:center;">71.34</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:crimson;">−1.01</td> <td style="text-align:center;">70.33</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">0.53</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffd8;">70.86</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; border-left-width:2px; color:crimson;">−0.48</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">0.63 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Kazakhstan</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffd8;">70.23</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#eaf3ff;">66.33</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fee7f6;">74.03</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fff8dc;">7.70</td> <td style="text-align:center; border-left-width:2px; padding-left:1em;">65.45</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">5.99</td> <td style="text-align:center;">71.44</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">1.74</td> <td style="text-align:center;">73.18</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:crimson;">−1.81</td> <td style="text-align:center;">71.37</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:crimson;">−1.14</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffd8;">70.23</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; border-left-width:2px; color:crimson;">−2.95</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:crimson;">−1.21 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Azerbaijan</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffd8;">69.37</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#eaf3ff;">65.65</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fee7f6;">73.29</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fff8dc;">7.64</td> <td style="text-align:center; border-left-width:2px; padding-left:1em;">64.89</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">6.22</td> <td style="text-align:center;">71.12</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">1.99</td> <td style="text-align:center;">73.10</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:crimson;">−6.23</td> <td style="text-align:center;">66.87</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">2.50</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffd8;">69.37</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; border-left-width:2px; color:crimson;">−3.74</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:crimson;">−1.75 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Russia</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffd8;">69.36</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#eaf3ff;">64.21</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fee7f6;">74.77</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fff8dc;">10.56</td> <td style="text-align:center; border-left-width:2px; padding-left:1em;">65.48</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">5.26</td> <td style="text-align:center;">70.74</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">2.34</td> <td style="text-align:center;">73.08</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:crimson;">−1.75</td> <td style="text-align:center;">71.34</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:crimson;">−1.98</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffd8;">69.36</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; border-left-width:2px; color:crimson;">−3.72</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:crimson;">−1.38 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Turkmenistan</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffd8;">69.26</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#eaf3ff;">65.86</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fee7f6;">72.66</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fff8dc;">6.80</td> <td style="text-align:center; border-left-width:2px; padding-left:1em;">65.03</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">3.59</td> <td style="text-align:center;">68.61</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">0.39</td> <td style="text-align:center;">69.00</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:crimson;">−0.31</td> <td style="text-align:center;">68.69</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">0.58</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffd8;">69.26</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; border-left-width:2px; color:darkgreen;">0.26</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">0.65 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Moldova</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffd8;">68.85</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#eaf3ff;">64.44</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fee7f6;">73.55</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#fff8dc;">9.10</td> <td style="text-align:center; border-left-width:2px; padding-left:1em;">66.42</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">2.61</td> <td style="text-align:center;">69.03</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:darkgreen;">1.90</td> <td style="text-align:center;">70.94</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:crimson;">−0.77</td> <td style="text-align:center;">70.17</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:crimson;">−1.32</td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#e0ffd8;">68.85</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; border-left-width:2px; color:crimson;">−2.09</td> <td style="background:#fffae0; color:crimson;">−0.19 </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 206.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 204.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_expectancy_in_countries_of_CIS.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Life expectancy at birth in countries of CIS since 1960[124]"><img alt="Life expectancy at birth in countries of CIS since 1960[124]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Life_expectancy_in_countries_of_CIS.png/307px-Life_expectancy_in_countries_of_CIS.png" decoding="async" width="205" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Life_expectancy_in_countries_of_CIS.png/462px-Life_expectancy_in_countries_of_CIS.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Life_expectancy_in_countries_of_CIS.png/615px-Life_expectancy_in_countries_of_CIS.png 2x" data-file-width="1386" data-file-height="880" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Life expectancy at birth in countries of CIS since 1960<sup id="cite_ref-wbg_total_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wbg_total-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 166px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 164px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Healthy_life_expectancy_bar_chart_-CIS.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Life expectancy and healthy life expectancy in countries of CIS in 2019[127]"><img alt="Life expectancy and healthy life expectancy in countries of CIS in 2019[127]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Healthy_life_expectancy_bar_chart_-CIS.png/246px-Healthy_life_expectancy_bar_chart_-CIS.png" decoding="async" width="164" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Healthy_life_expectancy_bar_chart_-CIS.png/369px-Healthy_life_expectancy_bar_chart_-CIS.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Healthy_life_expectancy_bar_chart_-CIS.png/491px-Healthy_life_expectancy_bar_chart_-CIS.png 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="593" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Life expectancy and <a href="/wiki/Healthy_life_expectancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Healthy life expectancy">healthy life expectancy</a> in countries of CIS in 2019<sup id="cite_ref-who_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 166px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 164px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Healthy_life_expectancy_bar_chart_-CIS_-sex.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Elaboration by gender[127]"><img alt="Elaboration by gender[127]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Healthy_life_expectancy_bar_chart_-CIS_-sex.png/246px-Healthy_life_expectancy_bar_chart_-CIS_-sex.png" decoding="async" width="164" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Healthy_life_expectancy_bar_chart_-CIS_-sex.png/369px-Healthy_life_expectancy_bar_chart_-CIS_-sex.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Healthy_life_expectancy_bar_chart_-CIS_-sex.png/491px-Healthy_life_expectancy_bar_chart_-CIS_-sex.png 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="593" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Elaboration by gender<sup id="cite_ref-who_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-who-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-Soviet_organisations_and_initiatives_outside_CIS_framework">Post-Soviet organisations and initiatives outside CIS framework</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Independent_States&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Post-Soviet organisations and initiatives outside CIS framework"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">Post-Soviet states</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Supranational_PostSoviet_Bodies-en.svg/500px-Supranational_PostSoviet_Bodies-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="462" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Supranational_PostSoviet_Bodies-en.svg/750px-Supranational_PostSoviet_Bodies-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Supranational_PostSoviet_Bodies-en.svg/1000px-Supranational_PostSoviet_Bodies-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="600" usemap="#ImageMap_2b899092206d49e8" resource="/wiki/File:Supranational_PostSoviet_Bodies-en.svg" /></span><map name="ImageMap_2b899092206d49e8"><area href="/wiki/GUAM_Organization_for_Democracy_and_Economic_Development" shape="rect" coords="35,31,89,46" alt="GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development" title="GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development" /><area href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" shape="rect" coords="35,46,81,85" alt="Georgia (country)" title="Georgia (country)" /><area href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" shape="rect" coords="104,46,150,85" alt="Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan" /><area href="/wiki/Ukraine" shape="rect" coords="35,104,81,142" alt="Ukraine" title="Ukraine" /><area href="/wiki/Moldova" shape="rect" coords="104,104,150,142" alt="Moldova" title="Moldova" /><area href="/wiki/Tajikistan" shape="rect" coords="342,112,389,150" alt="Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan" /><area href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" shape="rect" coords="439,112,485,150" alt="Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan" /><area href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" shape="rect" coords="192,112,239,127" alt="Collective Security Treaty Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization" /><area href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" shape="rect" coords="192,231,273,285" alt="Eurasian Economic Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union" /><area href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" shape="rect" coords="104,169,150,208" alt="Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan" /><area href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" shape="rect" coords="235,169,281,208" alt="Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan" /><area href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" shape="rect" coords="289,169,335,208" alt="Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan" /><area href="/wiki/Armenia" shape="rect" coords="342,169,389,208" alt="Armenia" title="Armenia" /><area href="/wiki/Union_State" shape="rect" coords="292,227,385,242" alt="Union State" title="Union State" /><area href="/wiki/Belarus" shape="rect" coords="289,246,335,285" alt="Belarus" title="Belarus" /><area href="/wiki/Russia" shape="rect" coords="342,246,389,285" alt="Russia" title="Russia" /><area href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" shape="rect" coords="169,42,354,85" alt="Commonwealth of Independent States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States" /><area href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_Free_Trade_Area" shape="rect" coords="26,268,83,282" alt="Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Area" title="Commonwealth of Independent States Free Trade Area" /><area href="/wiki/Baltic_Assembly" shape="rect" coords="35,354,162,369" alt="Baltic Assembly" title="Baltic Assembly" /><area href="/wiki/Lithuania" shape="rect" coords="35,385,85,423" alt="Lithuania" title="Lithuania" /><area href="/wiki/Latvia" shape="rect" coords="89,385,139,423" alt="Latvia" title="Latvia" /><area href="/wiki/Estonia" shape="rect" coords="142,385,192,423" alt="Estonia" title="Estonia" /><area href="/wiki/Community_for_Democracy_and_Rights_of_Nations" shape="rect" coords="231,342,454,382" alt="Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations" title="Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations" /><area href="/wiki/Abkhazia" shape="rect" coords="266,385,312,423" alt="Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia" /><area href="/wiki/Transnistria" shape="rect" coords="319,385,362,423" alt="Transnistria" title="Transnistria" /><area href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" shape="rect" coords="369,385,416,423" alt="South Ossetia" title="South Ossetia" /></map><figcaption>A clickable <a href="/wiki/Euler_diagram" title="Euler diagram">Euler diagram</a> showing the relationships among various supranational organisations in the territory of the former Soviet Union<span style="float:right; font-weight:normal; font-size:xx-small;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Supranational_PostSoviet_Bodies" title="Template:Supranational PostSoviet Bodies"><span title="View this template">v</span></a> • <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Supranational_PostSoviet_Bodies" title="Template talk:Supranational PostSoviet Bodies"><span title="Discuss this template">d</span></a> • <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Supranational_PostSoviet_Bodies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Supranational PostSoviet Bodies"><span title="Edit this template" style=";">e</span></a> </span></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="EurAsEc_and_EAEU">EurAsEc and EAEU</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Independent_States&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: EurAsEc and EAEU"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Community" title="Eurasian Economic Community">Eurasian Economic Community</a>, <a href="/wiki/Customs_Union_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Customs Union of the Eurasian Economic Union">Customs Union of the Eurasian Economic Union</a>, and <a href="/wiki/EAEU" class="mw-redirect" title="EAEU">EAEU</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Common_Economic_Space">Common Economic Space</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Independent_States&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Common Economic Space"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Space" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurasian Economic Space">Eurasian Economic Space</a></div> <p>After a discussion about the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Single_market" title="Single market">common economic space</a> between the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) countries of Russia, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, agreement in principle about the creation of this space was announced after a meeting in the Moscow suburb of <a href="/wiki/Novo-Ogarevo" class="mw-redirect" title="Novo-Ogarevo">Novo-Ogarevo</a> on 23 February 2003. The Common Economic Space would involve a <a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">supranational</a> commission on trade and <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariffs</a> that would be based in <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, would initially be headed by a representative of <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, and would not be subordinate to the governments of the four nations. The ultimate goal would be a regional organization that would be open for other countries to join as well, and could eventually lead even to a single currency.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 22 May 2003, the <i><a href="/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada" title="Verkhovna Rada">Verkhovna Rada</a></i> (the Ukrainian Parliament) voted 266 votes in favour and 51 against the joint economic space. However, most believe that <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Yushchenko" title="Viktor Yushchenko">Viktor Yushchenko</a>'s victory in the <a href="/wiki/2004_Ukrainian_presidential_election" title="2004 Ukrainian presidential election">Ukrainian presidential election of 2004</a> was a significant blow against the project: Yushchenko had shown renewed interest in Ukrainian membership in the European Union and such membership would be incompatible with the envisioned common economic space.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Yushchenko's successor <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Yanukovych" title="Viktor Yanukovych">Viktor Yanukovych</a> stated on 27 April 2010: "Ukraine's entry into the Customs Union of Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan is not possible today, since the economic principles and the laws of the <a href="/wiki/WTO" class="mw-redirect" title="WTO">WTO</a> do not allow it, we develop our policy following WTO principles".<sup id="cite_ref-WTO_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WTO-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ukraine has been a WTO member since 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-WTO_131-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WTO-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Customs_Union_of_Belarus,_Kazakhstan_and_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia">Customs Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia</a> was thus created in 2010,<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Single_market" title="Single market">single market</a> had been envisioned for 2012,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but instead the customs union was renamed as the <a href="/wiki/Customs_Union_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Customs Union of the Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Customs Union</a> and expanded to include Armenia and Kyrgyzstan in 2015. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Union_State_of_Russia_and_Belarus">Union State of Russia and Belarus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Independent_States&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Union State of Russia and Belarus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Union_State" title="Union State">Union State</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Organisation_of_Central_Asian_Cooperation">Organisation of Central Asian Cooperation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Independent_States&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Organisation of Central Asian Cooperation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> formed the OCAC in 1991 as <a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Asian Commonwealth">Central Asian Commonwealth</a> (CAC).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The organisation continued in 1994 as the Central Asian Economic Union (CAEU), in which Tajikistan and Turkmenistan did not participate. In 1998 it became the Central Asian Economic Cooperation (CAEC), which marked the return of Tajikistan. On 28 February 2002, it was renamed to its current name. Russia joined on 28 May 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 7 October 2005, it was decided between the member states that Uzbekistan will join<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the Eurasian Economic Community and that the organisations will merge.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The organisations joined on 25 January 2006. It is not clear what will happen to the status of current CACO observers that are not observers to EurAsEC (<a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Community_for_Democracy_and_Rights_of_Nations">Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Independent_States&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Community_for_Democracy_and_Rights_of_Nations" title="Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations">Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations</a></div> <p>The post-Soviet <a href="/wiki/Disputed_states" class="mw-redirect" title="Disputed states">disputed states</a> of <a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Transnistria" title="Transnistria">Transnistria</a> are all members of the <a href="/wiki/Community_for_Democracy_and_Rights_of_Nations" title="Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations">Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations</a> which aims to forge closer integration among the members. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GUAM_Organization_for_Democracy_and_Economic_Development">GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Independent_States&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/GUAM_Organization_for_Democracy_and_Economic_Development" title="GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development">GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development</a></div> <p>The GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development is a regional organization of four <a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">post-Soviet states</a>: <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Independent_States&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 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title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_Triangle" title="Lublin Triangle">Lublin Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">Post-Soviet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Team_at_the_Olympics" title="Unified Team at the Olympics">Unified Team</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Independent_States&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Содружество Независимых Государств, СНГ</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Russian" title="Romanization of Russian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn">Sodruzhestvo Nezavisimykh Gosudarstv, SNG</i></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Independent_States&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-mfa.gov.by-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mfa.gov.by_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170823211300/http://mfa.gov.by/en/organizations/membership/list/c2bd4cebdf6bd9f9.html">"Commonwealth of Independent States – Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Belarus"</a>. <i>mfa.gov.by</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mfa.gov.by/en/organizations/membership/list/c2bd4cebdf6bd9f9.html">the original</a> on 23 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mfa.gov.by&rft.atitle=Commonwealth+of+Independent+States+%E2%80%93+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs+of+the+Republic+of+Belarus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmfa.gov.by%2Fen%2Forganizations%2Fmembership%2Flist%2Fc2bd4cebdf6bd9f9.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stat2016-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stat2016_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Corresponds to the terrestrial surface. Including the <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_Economic_Zones" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclusive Economic Zones">Exclusive Economic Zones</a> of each member state, the total area is 28 509 317 km².</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GDP_IMF-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GDP_IMF_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GDP_IMF_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/datamapper/NGDP_RPCH@WEO/OEMDC/ADVEC/WEOWORLD">"GDP"</a>. IMF<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GDP&rft.pub=IMF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fdatamapper%2FNGDP_RPCH%40WEO%2FOEMDC%2FADVEC%2FWEOWORLD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UIA-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UIA_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaff_writer2025" class="citation web cs1">Staff writer (2025). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uia.org/s/or/en/1100027022">"Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)"</a>. UIA Global Civil Society Database. <i>uia.org</i>. Brussels, Belgium: <a href="/wiki/Union_of_International_Associations" title="Union of International Associations">Union of International Associations</a>. Yearbook of International Organizations Online<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=uia.org&rft.atitle=Commonwealth+of+Independent+States+%28CIS%29&rft.date=2025&rft.au=Staff+writer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuia.org%2Fs%2For%2Fen%2F1100027022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFЛащенко2020" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Лащенко, Олександр (26 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/ukrayina-dosi-v-snd-chy-ni/30969197.html">"Is Ukraine still in the CIS or not?"</a>. <i>Радіо Свобода</i> (in Ukrainian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210817153101/https://www.radiosvoboda.org/a/ukrayina-dosi-v-snd-chy-ni/30969197.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BE+%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft.atitle=Is+Ukraine+still+in+the+CIS+or+not%3F&rft.date=2020-11-26&rft.aulast=%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE&rft.aufirst=%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiosvoboda.org%2Fa%2Fukrayina-dosi-v-snd-chy-ni%2F30969197.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-announces-plans-to-quit-cis-terminate-parts-of-friendship-treaty-with-russia/29161689.html">"Ukraine Announces Plans To Quit CIS, Terminate Parts Of Russia Friendship Treaty"</a>. <i>Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</i>. 12 April 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220708224351/https://www.rferl.org/a/ukraine-announces-plans-to-quit-cis-terminate-parts-of-friendship-treaty-with-russia/29161689.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Ukraine+Announces+Plans+To+Quit+CIS%2C+Terminate+Parts+Of+Russia+Friendship+Treaty&rft.date=2018-04-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Fukraine-announces-plans-to-quit-cis-terminate-parts-of-friendship-treaty-with-russia%2F29161689.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-polytics/2756290-zodnoi-zaborgovanosti-ukraini-pered-snd-ne-isnue-mzs.html">"There is no "debt" of Ukraine to the CIS — the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine"</a>. <i>www.ukrinform.ua</i> (in Ukrainian). 8 August 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220710205850/https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-polytics/2756290-zodnoi-zaborgovanosti-ukraini-pered-snd-ne-isnue-mzs.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ukrinform.ua&rft.atitle=There+is+no+%22debt%22+of+Ukraine+to+the+CIS+%E2%80%94+the+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs+of+Ukraine&rft.date=2019-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrinform.ua%2Frubric-polytics%2F2756290-zodnoi-zaborgovanosti-ukraini-pered-snd-ne-isnue-mzs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://n4.md/ministrul-de-externe-republica-moldova-si-a-suspendat-participarea-la-reuniunile-periodice-ale-csi/">"Ministrul de Externe: Republica Moldova și-a SUSPENDAT participarea la reuniunile periodice ale CSI"</a>. 30 November 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221130105528/https://n4.md/ministrul-de-externe-republica-moldova-si-a-suspendat-participarea-la-reuniunile-periodice-ale-csi/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ministrul+de+Externe%3A+Republica+Moldova+%C8%99i-a+SUSPENDAT+participarea+la+reuniunile+periodice+ale+CSI&rft.date=2022-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fn4.md%2Fministrul-de-externe-republica-moldova-si-a-suspendat-participarea-la-reuniunile-periodice-ale-csi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://seenews.com/news/moldova-looking-into-quitting-cis-amid-russia-ukraine-war-foreign-min-788184">"Moldova looking into quitting CIS amid Russia-Ukraine war – foreign min"</a>. <i>seenews.com</i>. 14 June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220614162511/https://seenews.com/news/moldova-looking-into-quitting-cis-amid-russia-ukraine-war-foreign-min-788184">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=seenews.com&rft.atitle=Moldova+looking+into+quitting+CIS+amid+Russia-Ukraine+war+%E2%80%93+foreign+min&rft.date=2022-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fseenews.com%2Fnews%2Fmoldova-looking-into-quitting-cis-amid-russia-ukraine-war-foreign-min-788184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cis.minsk.by/reestrv2/print/documentCard?ids=1">"Единый реестр правовых актов и других документов Содружества Независимых Государств"</a>. <i>cis.minsk.by</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cis.minsk.by&rft.atitle=%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcis.minsk.by%2Freestrv2%2Fprint%2FdocumentCard%3Fids%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cis.minsk.by/reestrv2/print/documentCard?ids=6">"Единый реестр правовых актов и других документов Содружества Независимых Государств"</a>. <i>cis.minsk.by</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cis.minsk.by&rft.atitle=%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcis.minsk.by%2Freestrv2%2Fprint%2FdocumentCard%3Fids%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman2016" class="citation web cs1">Newman, Dina (24 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-38416657">"How three men signed the USSR's death warrant"</a>. <i>BBCNews</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221207050820/https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-38416657">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBCNews&rft.atitle=How+three+men+signed+the+USSR%27s+death+warrant&rft.date=2016-12-24&rft.aulast=Newman&rft.aufirst=Dina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-38416657&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plokhy, Serhii, The Last Empire: The final days of the Soviet Union, Oneworld, London (2014), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780746463" title="Special:BookSources/9781780746463">9781780746463</a>, pp 356 – 365</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-declaration-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-declaration_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/belarus/by_appnc.html">Alma-Ata Declaration</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121213075812/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/belarus/by_appnc.html">Archived</a> 13 December 2012 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a>: 11 countries accede to the CIS, 21 December 1991 (<b>English translation</b>). <b>Russian</b> text here <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060103164158/http://www.cis.minsk.by/main.aspx?uid=178">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ratification-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ratification_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ratification_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cis.minsk.by/sm.aspx?uid=11368">Ratification status of CIS documents as of 15 January 2008</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081030122332/http://cis.minsk.by/sm.aspx?uid=11368">Archived</a> 30 October 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (<b>Russian</b>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-agreement-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-agreement_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20060720175013/http://www.therussiasite.org/legal/laws/CISagreement.html">Agreement on the Establishment of the CIS</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup>: 3 founding countries, 8 December 1991 (<b>unofficial English translation</b>). <b>Russian</b> text here <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060721024111/http://cis.minsk.by/main.aspx?uid=176">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+ru0119)">"Russia Economic Conditions in Mid-1996"</a>. Library of Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130726090900/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+ru0119%29">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia+Economic+Conditions+in+Mid-1996&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bru0119%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInformation_and_Publish._Department" class="citation web cs1">Information and Publish. Department. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cisstat.com/eng/c3.htm">"CIS Inter-Parliamentary Assembly"</a>. Cisstat.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130508224227/http://www.cisstat.com/eng/c3.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CIS+Inter-Parliamentary+Assembly&rft.pub=Cisstat.com&rft.au=Information+and+Publish.+Department&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cisstat.com%2Feng%2Fc3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto4-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.pravda.ru/news/world/03-02-2006/75406-georgia-0">"Georgia opts out of ex-Soviet military cooperation body"</a>. Pravda.Ru. 11 September 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140309184319/http://english.pravda.ru/news/world/03-02-2006/75406-georgia-0/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Georgia+opts+out+of+ex-Soviet+military+cooperation+body&rft.pub=Pravda.Ru&rft.date=2001-09-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.pravda.ru%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F03-02-2006%2F75406-georgia-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infoniac.com/news/russia-nato.html">Russia questions further existence of the CIS post-soviet organisation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070323232638/http://www.infoniac.com/news/russia-nato.html">Archived</a> 23 March 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>InfoNIAC</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPannier2009" class="citation news cs1">Pannier, Bruce (9 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rferl.org/content/Russia_Facing_Resistance_With_Allies_On_CISs_Southern_Flank/1847880.html">"Russia Facing Resistance With Allies On CIS's Southern Flank"</a>. <i>Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</i>. Rferl.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509223547/http://www.rferl.org/content/Russia_Facing_Resistance_With_Allies_On_CISs_Southern_Flank/1847880.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Russia+Facing+Resistance+With+Allies+On+CIS%27s+Southern+Flank&rft.date=2009-10-09&rft.aulast=Pannier&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fcontent%2FRussia_Facing_Resistance_With_Allies_On_CISs_Southern_Flank%2F1847880.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eeas.europa.eu/headquarters/headquarters-homepage_en/419/Eastern%20Partnership">"Eastern Partnership – EEAS – European External Action Service – European Commission"</a>. <i>EEAS – European External Action Service</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=EEAS+%E2%80%93+European+External+Action+Service&rft.atitle=Eastern+Partnership+%E2%80%93+EEAS+%E2%80%93+European+External+Action+Service+%E2%80%93+European+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feeas.europa.eu%2Fheadquarters%2Fheadquarters-homepage_en%2F419%2FEastern%2520Partnership&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span> Content is copied from this source, which is (c) European Union, 1995–2018. Reuse is authorised, provided the source is acknowledged.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-charter-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-charter_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20060720174729/http://www.therussiasite.org/legal/laws/CIScharter.html">CIS Charter</a>, 22 January 1993 (<b>unofficial English translation</b>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060723002729/http://cis.minsk.by/main.aspx?uid=180"><b>Russian</b> text here</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tre38-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tre38_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tre38_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tre38_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tre38_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tre38_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tre38_27-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tre38_27-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tre38_27-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tre38_27-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tre38_27-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tre38_27-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-tre38_27-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%201819/volume-1819-I-31139-English.pdf">"Charter of the Commonwealth of Independent States (with declaration and decisions). Adopted at Minsk on 22 Jan uary 1993"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 3 August 1994.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charter+of+the+Commonwealth+of+Independent+States+%28with+declaration+and+decisions%29.+Adopted+at+Minsk+on+22+Jan+uary+1993&rft.date=1994-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftreaties.un.org%2Fdoc%2FPublication%2FUNTS%2FVolume%25201819%2Fvolume-1819-I-31139-English.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-depositary-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-depositary_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-depositary_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cis.minsk.by/reestr/ru/index.html#reports/rat/sved">"Сведения о ратификации документов, принятых в рамках СНГ в 1991 – 2014 годах"</a>. Commonwealth of Independent States. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121102022543/http://cis.minsk.by/reestr/ru/index.html#reports/rat/sved">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BE+%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%B2+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%85+%D0%A1%D0%9D%D0%93+%D0%B2+1991+%E2%80%93+2014+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85&rft.pub=Commonwealth+of+Independent+States&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcis.minsk.by%2Freestr%2Fru%2Findex.html%23reports%2Frat%2Fsved&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2014" class="citation news cs1">Buckley, Neil (25 November 2014). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/0898a824-74a6-11e4-b30b-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3ZeRLwHMN">"Georgia calls on west to condemn Abkhazia treaty with Russia"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210211228/https://www.ft.com/content/0898a824-74a6-11e4-b30b-00144feabdc0#axzz3ZeRLwHMN">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Georgia+calls+on+west+to+condemn+Abkhazia+treaty+with+Russia&rft.date=2014-11-25&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fintl%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F0898a824-74a6-11e4-b30b-00144feabdc0.html%23axzz3ZeRLwHMN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRettman2015" class="citation web cs1">Rettman, Andrew (7 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518091557/https://euobserver.com/foreign/128618">"Donbas: A new 'black hole' in Europe"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://euobserver.com/foreign/128618">the original</a> on 18 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Donbas%3A+A+new+%27black+hole%27+in+Europe&rft.date=2015-05-07&rft.aulast=Rettman&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuobserver.com%2Fforeign%2F128618&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/russia-erecting-monument-to-little-green-men-who-took-over-crimea/519768.html">"Russia Erecting Monument to 'Little Green Men' Who Took Over Crimea"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Times">Moscow Times</a></i>. 26 April 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150428215115/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/russia-erecting-monument-to-little-green-men-who-took-over-crimea/519768.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Moscow+Times&rft.atitle=Russia+Erecting+Monument+to+%27Little+Green+Men%27+Who+Took+Over+Crimea&rft.date=2015-04-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.themoscowtimes.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2Frussia-erecting-monument-to-little-green-men-who-took-over-crimea%2F519768.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukrinform.ua/rus/news/v_moldove_predlagayut_denonsirovat_soglashenie_o_sozdanii_sng_1616922">In Moldova propose to denounce the agreement on creation of CIS</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150705200406/http://www.ukrinform.ua/rus/news/v_moldove_predlagayut_denonsirovat_soglashenie_o_sozdanii_sng_1616922">Archived</a> 5 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ukrinform" title="Ukrinform">Ukrinform</a>. 25 March 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141105013227/http://www.parlament.md/ProcesulLegislativ/Proiectedeactelegislative/tabid/61/LegislativId/2227/language/ro-RO/Default.aspx">"Proiectul hotărîrii cu privire la denunțarea Acordului de constituire a Comunității Statelor Independente"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Republic_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of the Republic of Moldova">Parliament of the Republic of Moldova</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parlament.md/ProcesulLegislativ/Proiectedeactelegislative/tabid/61/LegislativId/2227/language/ro-RO/Default.aspx">the original</a> on 5 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proiectul+hot%C4%83r%C3%AErii+cu+privire+la+denun%C8%9Barea+Acordului+de+constituire+a+Comunit%C4%83%C8%9Bii+Statelor+Independente&rft.pub=Parliament+of+the+Republic+of+Moldova&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parlament.md%2FProcesulLegislativ%2FProiectedeactelegislative%2Ftabid%2F61%2FLegislativId%2F2227%2Flanguage%2Fro-RO%2FDefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141105013231/http://www.parlament.md/ProcesulLegislativ/Proiectedeactelegislative/tabid/61/LegislativId/2230/language/ro-RO/Default.aspx">"Proiectul legii cu privire la denunțarea Acordului de constituire a Comunității Statelor Independente nr.40-XII din 08.04.1994"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Republic_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of the Republic of Moldova">Parliament of the Republic of Moldova</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parlament.md/ProcesulLegislativ/Proiectedeactelegislative/tabid/61/LegislativId/2230/language/ro-RO/Default.aspx">the original</a> on 5 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proiectul+legii+cu+privire+la+denun%C8%9Barea+Acordului+de+constituire+a+Comunit%C4%83%C8%9Bii+Statelor+Independente+nr.40-XII+din+08.04.1994&rft.pub=Parliament+of+the+Republic+of+Moldova&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parlament.md%2FProcesulLegislativ%2FProiectedeactelegislative%2Ftabid%2F61%2FLegislativId%2F2230%2Flanguage%2Fro-RO%2FDefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parlament.md/ProcesulLegislativ/Proiectedeactelegislative/tabid/61/LegislativId/4050/language/ro-RO/Default.aspx">"Proiectul hotărîrii cu privire la denunțarea Acordului de constituire a Comunității Statelor Independente"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Republic_of_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of the Republic of Moldova">Parliament of the Republic of Moldova</a>. 2 January 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180131023316/http://www.parlament.md/ProcesulLegislativ/Proiectedeactelegislative/tabid/61/LegislativId/4050/language/ro-RO/Default.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Proiectul+hot%C4%83r%C3%AErii+cu+privire+la+denun%C8%9Barea+Acordului+de+constituire+a+Comunit%C4%83%C8%9Bii+Statelor+Independente&rft.pub=Parliament+of+the+Republic+of+Moldova&rft.date=2018-01-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parlament.md%2FProcesulLegislativ%2FProiectedeactelegislative%2Ftabid%2F61%2FLegislativId%2F4050%2Flanguage%2Fro-RO%2FDefault.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/moldova-eu-candidate-cis-leanca/28998630.html">"Moldova Says It Would Leave CIS Only After Becoming EU Candidate"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a>. 25 January 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180129174041/https://www.rferl.org/a/moldova-eu-candidate-cis-leanca/28998630.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moldova+Says+It+Would+Leave+CIS+Only+After+Becoming+EU+Candidate&rft.pub=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.date=2018-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Fmoldova-eu-candidate-cis-leanca%2F28998630.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kyivpost.com/world/poll-over-70-moldovans-favor-eu-membership.html">"Poll: Over 70% Moldovans favor EU membership"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Post" title="Kyiv Post">Kyiv Post</a>. 2 August 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210804101706/https://www.kyivpost.com/world/poll-over-70-moldovans-favor-eu-membership.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poll%3A+Over+70%25+Moldovans+favor+EU+membership&rft.pub=Kyiv+Post&rft.date=2021-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kyivpost.com%2Fworld%2Fpoll-over-70-moldovans-favor-eu-membership.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukrinform.ua/rubric-world/3673897-moldova-vihodit-iz-desatkiv-dogovoriv-u-ramkah-snd.html">"Молдова виходить із десятків договорів у рамках СНД"</a>. <i>www.ukrinform.ua</i> (in Ukrainian). 23 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ukrinform.ua&rft.atitle=%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8C+%D1%96%D0%B7+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%B2+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B2+%D1%83+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%85+%D0%A1%D0%9D%D0%94&rft.date=2023-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrinform.ua%2Frubric-world%2F3673897-moldova-vihodit-iz-desatkiv-dogovoriv-u-ramkah-snd.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFetco2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fetco, Verônica (15 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zdg.md/stiri/politic/ultima-ora-r-moldova-a-initiat-procedura-de-retragere-din-adunarea-interparlamentara-a-csi-anunta-presedintele-parlamentului/">"R. Moldova a inițiat procedura de retragere din Adunarea Interparlamentară a CSI, anunță președintele Parlamentului"</a>. <i>Ziarul de Gardă</i> (in Romanian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ziarul+de+Gard%C4%83&rft.atitle=R.+Moldova+a+ini%C8%9Biat+procedura+de+retragere+din+Adunarea+Interparlamentar%C4%83+a+CSI%2C+anun%C8%9B%C4%83+pre%C8%99edintele+Parlamentului&rft.date=2023-05-15&rft.aulast=Fetco&rft.aufirst=Ver%C3%B4nica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.zdg.md%2Fstiri%2Fpolitic%2Fultima-ora-r-moldova-a-initiat-procedura-de-retragere-din-adunarea-interparlamentara-a-csi-anunta-presedintele-parlamentului%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infotag.md/politics-en/309245/">"Parliament Adopts in Final Reading Law on Moldova's Withdrawal from Cis Interparliamentary Assembly"</a>. 20 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parliament+Adopts+in+Final+Reading+Law+on+Moldova%27s+Withdrawal+from+Cis+Interparliamentary+Assembly&rft.date=2023-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infotag.md%2Fpolitics-en%2F309245%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://regtrends.com/en/2023/11/22/moldovan-authorities-denounce-another-seven-cis-agreements/">"Moldovan Authorities Denounce Another Seven CIS Agreements"</a>. 22 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moldovan+Authorities+Denounce+Another+Seven+CIS+Agreements&rft.date=2023-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fregtrends.com%2Fen%2F2023%2F11%2F22%2Fmoldovan-authorities-denounce-another-seven-cis-agreements%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ankasam.org/moldova-onumuzdeki-yilin-sonunda-bdtden-ayrilacak/">"Moldova, önümüzdeki yılın sonunda BDT'den ayrılacak"</a>. 21 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moldova%2C+%C3%B6n%C3%BCm%C3%BCzdeki+y%C4%B1l%C4%B1n+sonunda+BDT%27den+ayr%C4%B1lacak&rft.date=2023-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ankasam.org%2Fmoldova-onumuzdeki-yilin-sonunda-bdtden-ayrilacak%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kyivpost.com/post/25790">"Moldova Plans to Fully Withdraw from Moscow-led Bloc by 2024"</a>. 21 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moldova+Plans+to+Fully+Withdraw+from+Moscow-led+Bloc+by+2024&rft.date=2023-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kyivpost.com%2Fpost%2F25790&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vestnikkavkaza.net-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vestnikkavkaza.net_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vestnikkavkaza.net_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vestnikkavkaza.net/news/Ukraine-s-withdrawal-from-CIS-to-take-one-year.html">"Ukraine's withdrawal from CIS to take one year – Vestnik Kavkaza"</a>. <i>vestnikkavkaza.net</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180813004418/http://vestnikkavkaza.net/news/Ukraine-s-withdrawal-from-CIS-to-take-one-year.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=vestnikkavkaza.net&rft.atitle=Ukraine%27s+withdrawal+from+CIS+to+take+one+year+%E2%80%93+Vestnik+Kavkaza&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvestnikkavkaza.net%2Fnews%2FUkraine-s-withdrawal-from-CIS-to-take-one-year.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldtradelaw.net/document.php?id=fta/agreements/cisfta.pdf">"Free Trade Agreement Between Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Moldova, Kazakhstan, the Russian Federation, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and the Kyrgyz Republic"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190330113646/http://www.worldtradelaw.net/document.php?id=fta%2Fagreements%2Fcisfta.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 30 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Free+Trade+Agreement+Between+Azerbaijan%2C+Armenia%2C+Belarus%2C+Georgia%2C+Moldova%2C+Kazakhstan%2C+the+Russian+Federation%2C+Ukraine%2C+Uzbekistan%2C+Tajikistan+and+the+Kyrgyz+Republic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldtradelaw.net%2Fdocument.php%3Fid%3Dfta%2Fagreements%2Fcisfta.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-turkru-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-turkru_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cis.minsk.by/main.aspx?uid=4018">Decision on Turkmenistan's associate membership</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, CIS Executive Committee meeting in Kazan, Russia, 26 August 2005 <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-turken-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-turken_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1061002.html">Turkmenistan reduces CIS ties to "Associate Member"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081211095248/http://www.rferl.org/content/Article/1061002.html">Archived</a> 11 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 29 August 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minjust.gov.ua/m/str_55">"Історія членства України в Співдружності Незалежних Держав"</a>. <i>minjust.gov.ua</i> (in Russian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220709001840/https://minjust.gov.ua/m/str_55">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=minjust.gov.ua&rft.atitle=%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F+%D1%87%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96+%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminjust.gov.ua%2Fm%2Fstr_55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFd'Anieri1999" class="citation book cs1">d'Anieri, Paul J. (July 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0IMaWuaYRnQC&q=associate"><i>Economic Interdependence in Ukrainian-Russian Relations</i></a>. SUNY Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791442463" title="Special:BookSources/9780791442463"><bdi>9780791442463</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230527235646/https://books.google.de/books?id=0IMaWuaYRnQC&q=associate#v=snippet&q=associate&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+Interdependence+in+Ukrainian-Russian+Relations&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1999-07&rft.isbn=9780791442463&rft.aulast=d%27Anieri&rft.aufirst=Paul+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0IMaWuaYRnQC%26q%3Dassociate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPonomarenko2018" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Illia_Ponomarenko" title="Illia Ponomarenko">Ponomarenko, Illia</a> (19 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180520110621/https://www.kyivpost.com/ukraine-politics/ukraine-withdraws-envoys-cis-bodies.html">"Ukraine withdraws all envoys from CIS bodies"</a>. <i>Kyiv Post</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kyivpost.com/ukraine-politics/ukraine-withdraws-envoys-cis-bodies.html">the original</a> on 20 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kyiv+Post&rft.atitle=Ukraine+withdraws+all+envoys+from+CIS+bodies&rft.date=2018-05-19&rft.aulast=Ponomarenko&rft.aufirst=Illia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kyivpost.com%2Fukraine-politics%2Fukraine-withdraws-envoys-cis-bodies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSussex2012" class="citation book cs1">Sussex, Matthew (4 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O-v2Uhprr7cC&q=Ukraine+did+not+choose+to+ratify+the+CIS+Charter&pg=PA44"><i>Conflict in the Former USSR</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521763103" title="Special:BookSources/9780521763103"><bdi>9780521763103</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230124214119/https://books.google.com/books?id=O-v2Uhprr7cC&pg=PA44">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+in+the+Former+USSR&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012-10-04&rft.isbn=9780521763103&rft.aulast=Sussex&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO-v2Uhprr7cC%26q%3DUkraine%2Bdid%2Bnot%2Bchoose%2Bto%2Bratify%2Bthe%2BCIS%2BCharter%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=to6U__f00b8C&pg=PA16"><i>Russia and Nis Mineral Industry Handbook</i></a>. International Business Publications, USA. 7 February 2007. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781433041181" title="Special:BookSources/9781433041181"><bdi>9781433041181</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+and+Nis+Mineral+Industry+Handbook&rft.pub=International+Business+Publications%2C+USA&rft.date=2007-02-07&rft.isbn=9781433041181&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dto6U__f00b8C%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2023">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-268085.html">September 2008 Statement by Foreign Minister of Ukraine Volodymyr Ohryzko</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080928112112/http://www.unian.net/eng/news/news-268085.html">Archived</a> 28 September 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, "Ukraine does not recognize the legal personality of this organization, we are not members of the CIS Economic Court, we did not ratify the CIS Statute, thus, we cannot be considered a member of this organisation from an international legal point of view. Ukraine is a country-participant, but not a member country."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kyivpost.com/content/politics/bill-introduced-to-withdraw-ukraine-from-cis-339433.html">"Bill introduced to withdraw Ukraine from CIS"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Post" title="Kyiv Post">Kyiv Post</a></i>. 15 March 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140327052438/http://www.kyivpost.com/content/politics/bill-introduced-to-withdraw-ukraine-from-cis-339433.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kyiv+Post&rft.atitle=Bill+introduced+to+withdraw+Ukraine+from+CIS&rft.date=2014-03-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kyivpost.com%2Fcontent%2Fpolitics%2Fbill-introduced-to-withdraw-ukraine-from-cis-339433.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb2/webproc2_5_1_J?ses=10008&num_s=2&num=0074&date1=&date2=&name_zp=&out_type=&id=">"Результати пошуку законопроектiв, зареєстрованих Верховною Радою України"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304191524/http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb2/webproc2_5_1_J?ses=10008&num_s=2&num=0074&date1=&date2=&name_zp=&out_type=&id=">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%83+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82i%D0%B2%2C+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%94%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%8E+%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%8E+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw1.c1.rada.gov.ua%2Fpls%2Fzweb2%2Fwebproc2_5_1_J%3Fses%3D10008%26num_s%3D2%26num%3D0074%26date1%3D%26date2%3D%26name_zp%3D%26out_type%3D%26id%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714232744/http://en.itar-tass.com/world/733566">"Draft documents on Ukraine's withdrawal from CIS submitted to Verkhovna Rada"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Information_Telegraph_Agency_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Information Telegraph Agency of Russia">Information Telegraph Agency of Russia</a>. 27 May 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.itar-tass.com/world/733566">the original</a> on 14 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Draft+documents+on+Ukraine%27s+withdrawal+from+CIS+submitted+to+Verkhovna+Rada&rft.pub=Information+Telegraph+Agency+of+Russia&rft.date=2014-05-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.itar-tass.com%2Fworld%2F733566&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb2/webproc4_1?pf3511=52424">"Проект Постанови про припинення членства та участі України в органах Співдружності Незалежних Держав"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada" title="Verkhovna Rada">Verkhovna Rada</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141211134742/http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb2/webproc4_1?pf3511=52424">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D1%87%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D1%82%D0%B0+%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96+%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%85+%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96+%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2&rft.pub=Verkhovna+Rada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw1.c1.rada.gov.ua%2Fpls%2Fzweb2%2Fwebproc4_1%3Fpf3511%3D52424&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb2/webproc4_1?pf3511=52644">"Проект Закону про зупинення дії Угоди про створення Співдружності Незалежних Держав"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Verkhovna_Rada" title="Verkhovna Rada">Verkhovna Rada</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150429230846/http://w1.c1.rada.gov.ua/pls/zweb2/webproc4_1?pf3511=52644">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82+%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE+%D0%B7%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%97+%D0%A3%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F+%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96+%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%94%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2&rft.pub=Verkhovna+Rada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fw1.c1.rada.gov.ua%2Fpls%2Fzweb2%2Fwebproc4_1%3Fpf3511%3D52644&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ultb-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ultb_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ultb_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://m.eng.belta.by/politics/view/ukraine-to-selectively-work-as-part-of-cis-25-2015">Ukraine to selectively work as part of CIS</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160128035608/http://m.eng.belta.by/politics/view/ukraine-to-selectively-work-as-part-of-cis-25-2015">Archived</a> 28 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/BelTA" class="mw-redirect" title="BelTA">BelTA</a> (21 September 2015)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/yatsenyuk-says-ukraine-will-drop-commonwealth-of-independent-states-criminal-search-database-system-on-aug-24-396167.html">Yatsenyuk says Ukraine will drop Commonwealth of Independent States criminal search database system on Aug 24</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150918183557/http://www.kyivpost.com/content/ukraine/yatsenyuk-says-ukraine-will-drop-commonwealth-of-independent-states-criminal-search-database-system-on-aug-24-396167.html">Archived</a> 18 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Post" title="Kyiv Post">Kyiv Post</a> (20 August 2015)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unian.info/politics/10078742-ukraine-to-officially-quit-cis-poroshenko.html">"Ukraine to officially quit CIS – Poroshenko"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNIAN" class="mw-redirect" title="UNIAN">UNIAN</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180413124653/https://www.unian.info/politics/10078742-ukraine-to-officially-quit-cis-poroshenko.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ukraine+to+officially+quit+CIS+%E2%80%93+Poroshenko&rft.pub=UNIAN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unian.info%2Fpolitics%2F10078742-ukraine-to-officially-quit-cis-poroshenko.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UAPart-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UAPart_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unian.info/m/politics/10123172-poroshenko-signs-decree-on-final-termination-of-ukraine-s-participation-in-cis-statutory-bodies.html">"Poroshenko signs decree on final termination of Ukraine's participation in CIS statutory bodies"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230124214148/https://gum.criteo.com/syncframe?origin=publishertag&topUrl=www.unian.info&gdpr=0&gdpr_consent=">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Poroshenko+signs+decree+on+final+termination+of+Ukraine%27s+participation+in+CIS+statutory+bodies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unian.info%2Fm%2Fpolitics%2F10123172-poroshenko-signs-decree-on-final-termination-of-ukraine-s-participation-in-cis-statutory-bodies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180721221817/https://news.tj/ru/node/255314">"CIS Executive Secretary hopes Ukraine will remain member nation of the CIS"</a>. 1 June 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.tj/ru/node/255314">the original</a> on 21 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CIS+Executive+Secretary+hopes+Ukraine+will+remain+member+nation+of+the+CIS&rft.date=2018-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.tj%2Fru%2Fnode%2F255314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kyivpost.com/ukraine-politics/kyrgyz-envoy-cis-to-consider-ukraines-withdrawal-as-soon-as-kyiv-files-official-application.html">"Kyrgyz envoy: CIS to consider Ukraine's withdrawal as soon as Kyiv files official application"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Interfax-Ukraine" title="Interfax-Ukraine">Interfax-Ukraine</a>. 2 June 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109030041/https://www.kyivpost.com/ukraine-politics/kyrgyz-envoy-cis-to-consider-ukraines-withdrawal-as-soon-as-kyiv-files-official-application.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kyrgyz+envoy%3A+CIS+to+consider+Ukraine%27s+withdrawal+as+soon+as+Kyiv+files+official+application&rft.pub=Interfax-Ukraine&rft.date=2018-06-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kyivpost.com%2Fukraine-politics%2Fkyrgyz-envoy-cis-to-consider-ukraines-withdrawal-as-soon-as-kyiv-files-official-application.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://azertag.az/en/xeber/Executive_Committee_Chairman_CIS_states_interested_in_keeping_Ukraine_as_member-1203265">"Executive Committee Chairman: CIS states interested in keeping Ukraine as member"</a>. 11 October 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190419181054/https://azertag.az/en/xeber/Executive_Committee_Chairman_CIS_states_interested_in_keeping_Ukraine_as_member-1203265">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Executive+Committee+Chairman%3A+CIS+states+interested+in+keeping+Ukraine+as+member&rft.date=2018-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fazertag.az%2Fen%2Fxeber%2FExecutive_Committee_Chairman_CIS_states_interested_in_keeping_Ukraine_as_member-1203265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ukrinform.net/rubric-polytics/3704140-ukraines-parliament-withdraws-from-agreement-on-cis-interparliamentary-assembly.html">"Ukraine's parliament withdraws from agreement on CIS Inter-Parliamentary Assembly"</a>. 3 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ukraine%27s+parliament+withdraws+from+agreement+on+CIS+Inter-Parliamentary+Assembly&rft.date=2023-05-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukrinform.net%2Frubric-polytics%2F3704140-ukraines-parliament-withdraws-from-agreement-on-cis-interparliamentary-assembly.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://interfax.com/newsroom/top-stories/97575/">"Ukraine continues to denounce CIS agreements"</a>. 13 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ukraine+continues+to+denounce+CIS+agreements&rft.date=2023-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finterfax.com%2Fnewsroom%2Ftop-stories%2F97575%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.lb.ua/news/2024/01/02/25432_ukraine_pulls_out_cis_deal.html">"Ukraine pulls out of CIS deal on cooperation between border troops chiefs"</a>. 2 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ukraine+pulls+out+of+CIS+deal+on+cooperation+between+border+troops+chiefs&rft.date=2024-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.lb.ua%2Fnews%2F2024%2F01%2F02%2F25432_ukraine_pulls_out_cis_deal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeam2006" class="citation web cs1">Team, Editorial (3 February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://english.pravda.ru/news/world/75406-georgia/">"Georgia opts out of ex-Soviet military cooperation body"</a>. <i>PravdaReport</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PravdaReport&rft.atitle=Georgia+opts+out+of+ex-Soviet+military+cooperation+body&rft.date=2006-02-03&rft.aulast=Team&rft.aufirst=Editorial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenglish.pravda.ru%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F75406-georgia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CNN-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CNN_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/08/12/georgia.russia.out/index.html">Georgia intends to leave the CIS</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080813021111/http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/08/12/georgia.russia.out/index.html">Archived</a> 2008-08-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> on CNN.com, 12 August 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7560100.stm">Georgian parliament votes to withdraw from CIS</a> on BBC News, 14 August 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-georgia-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-georgia_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfa.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG&sec_id=36&info_id=7526">Statement of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Georgia on Georgia's withdrawal from CIS</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080903225356/http://www.mfa.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG&sec_id=36&info_id=7526">Archived</a> 2008-09-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 18 August 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-charter2-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-charter2_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20060720174729/http://www.therussiasite.org/legal/laws/CIScharter.html">CIS Charter</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup>, 22 January 1993 (<b>unofficial English translation</b>). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cis.minsk.by/main.aspx?uid=180"><b>Russian</b> text here</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090207080225/http://www.cis.minsk.by/main.aspx?uid=180">Archived</a> 2009-02-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mid.ru/brp_4.nsf/e78a48070f128a7b43256999005bcbb3/f8239318a64b3edac32574de00287b06?OpenDocument">Georgia's CIS membership terminates in August 2009</a>, press conference of the Russian Foreign Minister Sergey Lavrov after the meeting of the CIS Council of Foreign Ministers, Bishkek, 9 October 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/19/world/europe/19briefs-Georgia.html">"Georgia Withdraws from Bloc", by Ellen Barry, <i>New York Times</i>, 18 August 2009. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economy.gov.by/ru/soglashenie-ru/">the original</a> on 4 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=economy.gov.by&rft.atitle=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomy.gov.by%2Fru%2Fsoglashenie-ru%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cis.minsk.by/reestrv2/doc/321#text">"Единый реестр правовых актов и других документов Содружества Независимых Государств"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcis.minsk.by%2Freestrv2%2Fdoc%2F321%23text&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto1_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://findrulesoforigin.org/documents/pdf/itc00659_full.pdf">"FREE TRADE AGREEMENT BETWEEN AZERBAIJAN, ARMENIA, BELARUS, GEORGIA, MOLDOVA, KAZAKHSTAN, THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION, UKRAINE, UZBEKISTAN, TAJIKISTAN AND THE KYRGYZ REPUBLIC"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FREE+TRADE+AGREEMENT+BETWEEN+AZERBAIJAN%2C+ARMENIA%2C+BELARUS%2C+GEORGIA%2C+MOLDOVA%2C+KAZAKHSTAN%2C+THE+RUSSIAN+FEDERATION%2C+UKRAINE%2C+UZBEKISTAN%2C+TAJIKISTAN+AND+THE+KYRGYZ+REPUBLIC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffindrulesoforigin.org%2Fdocuments%2Fpdf%2Fitc00659_full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cis.minsk.by/reestrv2/doc/884#documentCard">"Единый реестр правовых актов и других документов Содружества Независимых Государств"</a>. <i>cis.minsk.by</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cis.minsk.by&rft.atitle=%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcis.minsk.by%2Freestrv2%2Fdoc%2F884%23documentCard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cis.minsk.by/page/18968">"Аналитический материал о Договоре о зоне свободной торговли (по состоянию на 31 октября 2011 г.) - Исполнительный комитет СНГ"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB+%D0%BE+%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5+%D0%BE+%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B8+%28%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E+%D0%BD%D0%B0+31+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F+2011+%D0%B3.%29+-+%D0%98%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82+%D0%A1%D0%9D%D0%93&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcis.minsk.by%2Fpage%2F18968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto5-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto5_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usubc.org/site/member-news/cis-free-trade-agreement-comes-into-force">CIS Free Trade Agreement comes into force; Baker & McKenzi, Kyiv, Ukraine, Thursday, 18 October 2012</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140225050742/http://www.usubc.org/site/member-news/cis-free-trade-agreement-comes-into-force">Archived</a> 25 February 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 18 October 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.odessatalk.com/2014/09/russias-duma-ratifies-eurasian-economic-union/">Russia’s Duma ratifies Eurasian Economic Union</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180622111443/http://www.odessatalk.com/2014/09/russias-duma-ratifies-eurasian-economic-union/">Archived</a> 22 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, odessatalk.com. Retrieved 22 June 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kaztag.kz/en/news/kazakhstan-ratified-agreement-on-free-trade-zone">Kazakhstan ratified agreement on Free Trade zone</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180622140506/https://www.kaztag.kz/en/news/kazakhstan-ratified-agreement-on-free-trade-zone">Archived</a> 22 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> www.kaztag.kz. Retrieved 22 June 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arka.am/en/news/economy/armenia_ratifies_cis_free_trade_zone_agreement/">Armenia ratifies CIS free trade zone agreement</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180622140550/http://arka.am/en/news/economy/armenia_ratifies_cis_free_trade_zone_agreement/">Archived</a> 22 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, arka.am. Retrieved 22 June 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/uzbekistan-joins-cis-free-trade-zone/25215190.html">"Uzbekistan Joins CIS Free-Trade Zone"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a></i>. 28 December 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029174027/https://www.rferl.org/a/uzbekistan-joins-cis-free-trade-zone/25215190.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.atitle=Uzbekistan+Joins+CIS+Free-Trade+Zone&rft.date=2013-12-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Fuzbekistan-joins-cis-free-trade-zone%2F25215190.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.azernews.az/region/65752.html">Uzbekistan joins CIS free trade zone</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160401220004/http://www.azernews.az/region/65752.html">Archived</a> 1 April 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, azernews.az. Retrieved 22 June 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vestnikkavkaza.net/news/Dushanbe-ratifies-agreement-on-CIS-free-trade-area.html">Dushanbe ratifies agreement on CIS free trade area</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180622140135/http://vestnikkavkaza.net/news/Dushanbe-ratifies-agreement-on-CIS-free-trade-area.html">Archived</a> 22 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Vestnik Kavkaza. Retrieved 22 June 2018.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://akipress.com/news:570508">Tajikistan ratifies CIS Free Trade Zone Agreement</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180622140136/https://akipress.com/news:570508">Archived</a> 22 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, AKIpress. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+of+Baku%2C+2021&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.baku.azstat.org%2Fsection%2Fdemography%2F001.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stat.gov.kz/ru/industries/social-statistics/demography/publications/184901/">"Population of the Republic of Kazakhstan by gender and by type of locality as of October 1, 2024"</a>. Agency for Strategic planning and reforms of the Republic of Kazakhstan Bureau of National statistics<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+of+the+Republic+of+Kazakhstan+by+gender+and+by+type+of+locality+as+of+October+1%2C+2024&rft.pub=Agency+for+Strategic+planning+and+reforms+of+the+Republic+of+Kazakhstan+Bureau+of+National+statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstat.gov.kz%2Fru%2Findustries%2Fsocial-statistics%2Fdemography%2Fpublications%2F184901%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belstat.gov.by/ofitsialnaya-statistika/publications/izdania/public_bulletin/index_89354/">"Population of Minsk, 2024"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+of+Minsk%2C+2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belstat.gov.by%2Fofitsialnaya-statistika%2Fpublications%2Fizdania%2Fpublic_bulletin%2Findex_89354%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221010195817/https://stat.tj/storage//1.01.2022.pdf">"Population of Dushanbe, 2022"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+of+Dushanbe%2C+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20221010195817%2Fhttps%3A%2F%2Fstat.tj%2Fstorage%2F%2F1.01.2022.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stat.kg/ru/statistics/download/operational/769/">"Population of Bishkek, 2023"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 January</span> 2025</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+of+Bishkek%2C+2023&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.kg%2Fru%2Fstatistics%2Fdownload%2Foperational%2F769%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wbg_total-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wbg_total_127-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wbg_total_127-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.IN">"Life expectancy at birth, total"</a>. The World Bank Group. 29 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Life+expectancy+at+birth%2C+total&rft.pub=The+World+Bank+Group&rft.date=2023-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSP.DYN.LE00.IN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wbg_male-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wbg_male_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.MA.IN">"Life expectancy at birth, male"</a>. The World Bank Group. 29 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Life+expectancy+at+birth%2C+male&rft.pub=The+World+Bank+Group&rft.date=2023-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSP.DYN.LE00.MA.IN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wbg_female-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wbg_female_129-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.DYN.LE00.FE.IN">"Life expectancy at birth, female"</a>. The World Bank Group. 29 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Life+expectancy+at+birth%2C+female&rft.pub=The+World+Bank+Group&rft.date=2023-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSP.DYN.LE00.FE.IN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-who-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-who_130-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-who_130-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.who.int/gho/data/node.main.688">"Life expectancy and Healthy life expectancy, data by country"</a>. World Health Organization. 4 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Life+expectancy+and+Healthy+life+expectancy%2C+data+by+country&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2022-12-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.who.int%2Fgho%2Fdata%2Fnode.main.688&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WTO-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WTO_131-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WTO_131-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/65139/">Yanukovych: Ukraine won't join Customs Union</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514201713/http://www.kyivpost.com/news/nation/detail/65139/">Archived</a> 14 May 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Post" title="Kyiv Post">Kyiv Post</a> (27 April 2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rbcnews.com/free/20081225170003.shtml">"Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus plan on common economic space"</a>. Rbcnews.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130401220730/http://www.rbcnews.com/free/20081225170003.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russia%2C+Kazakhstan%2C+Belarus+plan+on+common+economic+space&rft.pub=Rbcnews.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbcnews.com%2Ffree%2F20081225170003.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecetrade.typepad.com/Central%20Asian%20Cooperation%20Organization%20basic%20info.doc">"Central Asian Cooperation Organisation"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130223122437/http://ecetrade.typepad.com/Central%20Asian%20Cooperation%20Organization%20basic%20info.doc">Archived</a> from the original on 23 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Central+Asian+Cooperation+Organisation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fecetrade.typepad.com%2FCentral%2520Asian%2520Cooperation%2520Organization%2520basic%2520info.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110510101132/http://centralasia.foreignpolicyblogs.com/collective-security-organization-timeline/">"Collective Security: A Timeline"</a>. Centralasia.foreignpolicyblogs.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://centralasia.foreignpolicyblogs.com/collective-security-organization-timeline/">the original</a> on 10 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Collective+Security%3A+A+Timeline&rft.pub=Centralasia.foreignpolicyblogs.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcentralasia.foreignpolicyblogs.com%2Fcollective-security-organization-timeline%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journals">Journals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Independent_States&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Journals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/7/50/2452793.pdf">"Russian Federation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080226203432/http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/7/50/2452793.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 26 February 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russian+Federation&rft.pub=Organisation+for+Economic+Co-operation+and+Development+%28OECD%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Fdataoecd%2F7%2F50%2F2452793.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eurasiancommission.org-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eurasiancommission.org_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurasiancommission.org/en/Documents/broshura26_ENGL_2014.pdf">"Eurasian economic integration: figures and facts"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714183140/http://www.eurasiancommission.org/en/Documents/broshura26_ENGL_2014.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 14 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eurasian+economic+integration%3A+figures+and+facts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurasiancommission.org%2Fen%2FDocuments%2Fbroshura26_ENGL_2014.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACommonwealth+of+Independent+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Commonwealth_of_Independent_States&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Commonwealth of Independent States</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Commonwealth of Independent States">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7779" class="extiw" title="d:Q7779">Data</a> from Wikidata</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20060720174729/http://www.therussiasite.org/legal/laws/CIScharter.html">Charter of the CIS</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> Web Archives (archived 20 July 2006)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://e-cis.info">Official CIS internet portal (in Russian)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cis.minsk.by/">CIS Executive Committee (in Russian)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://new.cisstat.org">Interstate Statistical Committee of the CIS (in Russian)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_(CIS)482" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Template:Commonwealth of Independent States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Template talk:Commonwealth of Independent States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth of Independent States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_(CIS)482" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belovezha_Accords" title="Belovezha Accords">Belovezh Agreement establishing the CIS</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alma-Ata_Protocol" title="Alma-Ata Protocol">Alma-Ata Protocol establishing the CIS</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIS_Charter" title="CIS Charter">CIS Charter</a> (1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Belovezha_Accords" title="Belovezha Accords">Participants</a>" (11)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Belovezha_Accords" title="Belovezha Accords">1991 agreements parties and "participants"</a> (11)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_relations" title="Ukraine–Commonwealth of Independent States relations">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Additionally the 1993 <a href="/wiki/CIS_Charter" title="CIS Charter">CIS Charter</a> parties and "members" (9)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Self-proclaimed "associate member" as defined in the <a href="/wiki/CIS_Charter" title="CIS Charter">CIS Charter</a> (1)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1991 agreements parties that do not participate in the summits (2)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former "participant" that renounced 1991 agreements and 1993 Charter (1)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> (1993–2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Team_at_the_Olympics" title="Unified Team at the Olympics">Unified Team at the Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Team_at_the_Paralympics" title="Unified Team at the Paralympics">Unified Team at the Paralympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_national_bandy_team" title="Commonwealth of Independent States national bandy team">CIS national bandy team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIS_national_football_team" title="CIS national football team">CIS national football team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIS_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team" class="mw-redirect" title="CIS men's national ice hockey team">CIS national ice hockey team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIS_(rugby)" class="mw-redirect" title="CIS (rugby)">CIS national rugby union team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_Cup" title="Commonwealth of Independent States Cup">CIS Cup (football)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty (1992-1999/2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Armed_Forces_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="United Armed Forces of the Commonwealth of Independent States">United Armed Forces (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_CIS_Air_Defense_System" title="Joint CIS Air Defense System">Joint CIS Air Defense System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Defense_of_the_CIS" title="Council of Ministers of Defense of the CIS">Council of Ministers of Defense of the CIS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Economic_Space_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Common Economic Space of the Commonwealth of Independent States">Common Economic Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Court_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Economic Court of the Commonwealth of Independent States">Economic Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_Agreement_on_the_Establishment_of_a_Free_Trade_Area" title="Commonwealth of Independent States Agreement on the Establishment of a Free Trade Area">1994 FTA Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_Treaty_on_Free_Trade_Area" title="Commonwealth of Independent States Treaty on Free Trade Area">2011 FTA Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States_Agreement_on_Free_Trade_in_Services,_Establishment,_Operations_and_Investment" title="Commonwealth of Independent States Agreement on Free Trade in Services, Establishment, Operations and Investment">2023 Free Trade in Services</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interstate_Aviation_Committee" title="Interstate Aviation Committee">Interstate Aviation Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOST" title="GOST">GOST (Euro-Asian Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outside the CIS framework</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Georgia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Community" title="Eurasian Economic Community">Eurasian Economic Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Patent_Convention" title="Eurasian Patent Convention">Eurasian Patent Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Patent_Organization" title="Eurasian Patent Organization">Eurasian Patent Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_Assistance_to_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Technical Assistance to the Commonwealth of Independent States">EU Technical Aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Customs_Union_of_the_Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Customs Union of the Eurasian Economic Union">Customs Union of the Eurasian Economic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_State" title="Union State">Union State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Union_Treaty" title="New Union Treaty">New Union Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Rapid_Reaction_Force" title="Collective Rapid Reaction Force">Collective Rapid Reaction Force</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Category:Commonwealth of Independent States">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leaders_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States53" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CIS_leaders" title="Template:CIS leaders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CIS_leaders" title="Template talk:CIS leaders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CIS_leaders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CIS leaders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leaders_of_the_Commonwealth_of_Independent_States53" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leaders of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Commonwealth of Independent States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan"><img alt="Azerbaijan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ilham_Aliyev" title="Ilham Aliyev">Aliyev</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia"><img alt="Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Nikol_Pashinyan" title="Nikol Pashinyan">Pashinyan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus"><img alt="Belarus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Lukashenko" title="Alexander Lukashenko">Lukashenko</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan"><img alt="Kazakhstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kassym-Jomart_Tokayev" title="Kassym-Jomart Tokayev">Tokayev</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan"><img alt="Kyrgyzstan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Sadyr_Japarov" title="Sadyr Japarov">Japarov</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova"><img alt="Moldova" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/35px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/46px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Maia_Sandu" title="Maia Sandu">Sandu</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan"><img alt="Tajikistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="280" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Emomali_Rahmon" title="Emomali Rahmon">Rahmon</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan"><img alt="Turkmenistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Serdar_Berdimuhamedow" title="Serdar Berdimuhamedow">Berdimuhamedow</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan"><img alt="Uzbekistan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Shavkat_Mirziyoyev" title="Shavkat Mirziyoyev">Mirziyoyev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Regional_organizations38" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regional_organizations" title="Template:Regional organizations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regional_organizations" title="Template talk:Regional organizations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regional_organizations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regional organizations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Regional_organizations38" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Regional_organization" title="Regional organization">Regional organizations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Sahel_States" title="Alliance of Sahel States">Alliance of Sahel States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Cooperation_Treaty_Organization" title="Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization">Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Cooperation_Dialogue" title="Asia Cooperation Dialogue">Asia Cooperation Dialogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Council" title="Asia Council">Asia Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia-Europe_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia-Europe Foundation">Asia-Europe Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_European_Regions" title="Assembly of European Regions">Assembly of European Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Caribbean_States" title="Association of Caribbean States">Association of Caribbean States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AUKUS" title="AUKUS">AUKUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal_Initiative_for_Multi-Sectoral_Technical_and_Economic_Cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation">Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALBA" title="ALBA">Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America – Peoples' Trade Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux">Benelux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British%E2%80%93Irish_Council" title="British–Irish Council">British–Irish Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucharest_Nine" title="Bucharest Nine">Bucharest Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Community" title="Caribbean Community">Caribbean Community (CARICOM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_Integration_System" title="Central American Integration System">Central American Integration System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Central European Free Trade Agreement">Central European Free Trade Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_Initiative" title="Central European Initiative">Central European Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Commonwealth of Independent States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_for_Democracy_and_Rights_of_Nations" title="Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations">Community for Democracy and Rights of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Democratic_Choice" title="Community of Democratic Choice">Community of Democratic Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Latin_American_and_Caribbean_States" title="Community of Latin American and Caribbean States">Community of Latin American and Caribbean States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_and_Progressive_Agreement_for_Trans-Pacific_Partnership" title="Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership">Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Baltic_Sea_States" title="Council of the Baltic Sea States">Council of the Baltic Sea States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craiova_Group" title="Craiova Group">Craiova Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Community" title="East African Community">East African Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Community of West African States">Economic Community of West African States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">European Political Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_for_the_Progress_and_Integration_of_South_America" title="Forum for the Progress and Integration of South America">Forum for the Progress and Integration of South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GUAM_Organization_for_Democracy_and_Economic_Development" title="GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development">GUAM Organization for Democracy and Economic Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Gulf Cooperation Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Rim_Association" title="Indian Ocean Rim Association">Indian Ocean Rim Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liptako%E2%80%93Gourma_Authority" title="Liptako–Gourma Authority">Liptako–Gourma Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Economic_System" title="Latin American Economic System">Latin American Economic System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Integration_Association" title="Latin American Integration Association">Latin American Integration Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Parliament" title="Latin American Parliament">Latin American Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lublin_Triangle" title="Lublin Triangle">Lublin Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_Spearhead_Group" title="Melanesian Spearhead Group">Melanesian Spearhead Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hanseatic_League" title="New Hanseatic League">New Hanseatic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Balkan" title="Open Balkan">Open Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Eastern_Caribbean_States" title="Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States">Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_for_Security_and_Co-operation_in_Europe" title="Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe">Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ibero-American_States" title="Organization of Ibero-American States">Organization of Ibero-American States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation">Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Alliance" title="Pacific Alliance">Pacific Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paneuropean_Union" title="Paneuropean Union">Paneuropean Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_Leaders_Group" title="Polynesian Leaders Group">Polynesian Leaders Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership" title="Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership">Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Cooperation_Council" title="Regional Cooperation Council">Regional Cooperation Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_Peace_and_Cooperation_Zone" title="South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone">South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_African_Development_Community" title="Southern African Development Community">Southern African Development Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAKM" title="TAKM">TAKM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Seas_Initiative" title="Three Seas Initiative">Three Seas Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trilateral_Cooperation_Secretariat" title="Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat">Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States">Organization of Turkic States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="Union of South American Nations">Union of South American Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Visegrád Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Nordic_Council" title="West Nordic Council">West Nordic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Balkans_Quad" title="Western Balkans Quad">Western Balkans Quad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_integration" title="Regional integration">Regional integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_organizations_by_population" title="List of regional organizations by population">Regional organizations by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(international_relations)" title="Regionalism (international relations)">Regionalism (international relations)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Central_Asian_regional_organizations36" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CARO" title="Template:CARO"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CARO" title="Template talk:CARO"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CARO" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CARO"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Central_Asian_regional_organizations36" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Central Asian regional organizations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia_plus_Japan" title="Central Asia plus Japan">Central Asia plus Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asia_Regional_Economic_Cooperation_Program" title="Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation Program">Central Asia Regional Economic Cooperation Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_Union" title="Central Asian Union">Central Asian Union</a> <small>(proposed)</small></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Commonwealth of Independent States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States">Organization of Turkic States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TAKM" title="TAKM">TAKM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation_(SCO)212" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Template:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Template talk:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation_(SCO)212" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_SCO_summit" title="2012 SCO summit">Beijing 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_SCO_summit" title="2014 SCO summit">Dushanbe 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_SCO_summit" title="2017 SCO summit">Astana 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_SCO_summit" title="2022 SCO summit">Samarkand 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_SCO_summit" title="2024 SCO summit">Astana 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_SCO_summit_(heads_of_government)" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 SCO summit (heads of government)">Islamabad 2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observer states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialogue partners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/35px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/45px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/12px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/19px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Guests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Commonwealth of Independent States</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applicants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Republic_%281958%E2%80%931971%29%2C_Flag_of_Syria_%281980%E2%80%932024%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Member states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Anti-Terrorist_Structure" title="Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure">Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Evils" title="Three Evils">Three Evils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCO_Interbank_Consortium" title="SCO Interbank Consortium">SCO Interbank Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Land_Bridge" title="Eurasian Land Bridge">Eurasian Land Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_language" title="Working language">Working languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Power_in_international_relations68" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:International_power" title="Template:International power"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:International_power" title="Template talk:International power"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:International_power" title="Special:EditPage/Template:International power"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Power_in_international_relations68" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Power_(international_relations)" title="Power (international relations)">Power in international relations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_power" title="Economic power">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_superpower" title="Energy superpower">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_power" title="Food power">Food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_power" title="Hard power">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_power" title="Maritime power">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_power" title="National power">National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_politics" title="Power politics">Politics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik">Realpolitik</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharp_power" title="Sharp power">Sharp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_power" title="Smart power">Smart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_power" title="Soft power">Soft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Status</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Small_power" title="Small power">Small</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">Middle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">Regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emerging_power" title="Emerging power">Emerging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">Great</a> (<a href="/wiki/Least_of_the_Great_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Least of the Great Powers">Least Great</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superpower" title="Superpower">Super</a> (<a href="/wiki/Potential_superpower" title="Potential superpower">Potential</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em"><a href="/wiki/Geopolitics" title="Geopolitics">Geopolitics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Century" class="mw-redirect" title="African Century">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Century" title="American Century">American</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pax_Americana" title="Pax Americana">Pax</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Century" title="Asian Century">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Century" title="Chinese Century">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Century" title="Indian Century">Indian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Century" title="Pacific Century">Pacific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_great_powers" title="List of ancient great powers">List of ancient great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medieval_great_powers" title="List of medieval great powers">List of medieval great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_great_powers" title="List of modern great powers">List of modern great powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_relations_(1814%E2%80%931919)" title="International relations (1814–1919)">International relations (1814–1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Western_era" title="Post-Western era">Post-Western era</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_decline" title="American decline">American decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_balance_of_power" title="European balance of power">European</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deterrence_theory" title="Deterrence theory">Deterrence theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemonic_stability_theory" title="Hegemonic stability theory">Hegemonic stability theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">Multilateralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Philosophy of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarity_(international_relations)" title="Polarity (international relations)">Polarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_projection" title="Power projection">Power projection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_transition_theory" title="Power transition theory">Power transition theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Superpower" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Superpower">Second Superpower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">Sphere of influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superpower_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Superpower collapse">Superpower collapse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superpower_disengagement" class="mw-redirect" title="Superpower disengagement">Superpower disengagement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Studies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composite_Index_of_National_Capability" title="Composite Index of National Capability">Composite Index of National Capability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_National_Power" title="Comprehensive National Power">Comprehensive National Power</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Organizations_and_groups_by_region68" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Regional_organization" title="Regional organization">Organizations and groups</a> by region</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_Mediterranean" title="Union for the Mediterranean">Union for the Mediterranean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Africa–Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Cooperation_Council" title="Gulf Cooperation Council">Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf (GCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Caribbean_States" title="Association of Caribbean States">Association of Caribbean States (ACS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Community" title="Caribbean Community">Caribbean Community (CARICOM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_American_Integration_System" title="Central American Integration System">Central American Integration System (SICA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Latin_American_and_Caribbean_States" title="Community of Latin American and Caribbean States">Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States (OAS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="Union of South American Nations">Union of South American Nations (UNASUR)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Cooperation_Dialogue" title="Asia Cooperation Dialogue">Asia Cooperation Dialogue (ACD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal_Initiative_for_Multi-Sectoral_Technical_and_Economic_Cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation">Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_on_Interaction_and_Confidence-Building_Measures_in_Asia" title="Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia">Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia (CICA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trilateral_Cooperation_Secretariat" title="Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat">Trilateral Cooperation Secretariat (TCS)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Black_Sea_Economic_Cooperation" title="Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation">Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe" title="Council of Europe">Council of Europe (CoE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Political_Community" title="European Political Community">European Political Community (EPC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union (EU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Council" title="Nordic Council">Nordic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visegr%C3%A1d_Group" title="Visegrád Group">Visegrád Group (V4)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Eurasia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Economic_Union" title="Eurasian Economic Union">Eurasian Economic Union (EaEU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Turkic_States" title="Organization of Turkic States">Organization of Turkic States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">North America–Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Council" title="Arctic Council">Arctic Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Africa–Asia–Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_for_the_Mediterranean" title="Union for the Mediterranean">Union for the Mediterranean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Africa–South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic_Peace_and_Cooperation_Zone" title="South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone">South Atlantic Peace and Cooperation Zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Oceania–Pacific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANZUS" title="ANZUS">Australia–New Zealand–United States Security Treaty (ANZUS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_Spearhead_Group" title="Melanesian Spearhead Group">Melanesian Spearhead Group (MSG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Forum" title="Pacific Islands Forum">Pacific Islands Forum (PIF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_Leaders_Group" title="Polynesian Leaders Group">Polynesian Leaders Group (PLG)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em;padding:0.35em 1.0em;line-height:1.25em;">Non–regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">Brazil–Russia–India–China–South Africa (BRICS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Portuguese_Speaking_Countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries">Community of Portuguese Speaking Countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E9_(countries)" title="E9 (countries)">E9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G4_nations" title="G4 nations">G4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Eight" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Eight">G8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G8%2B5" title="G8+5">G8+5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_24" title="Group of 24">G24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_77" title="Group of 77">G77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBSA_Dialogue_Forum" title="IBSA Dialogue Forum">India–Brazil–South Africa Dialogue Forum (IBSA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniting_for_Consensus" title="Uniting for Consensus">Uniting for Consensus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.5em">Global</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations (UN)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Eastern_Bloc308" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eastern_Bloc" title="Template:Eastern Bloc"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eastern_Bloc" title="Template talk:Eastern Bloc"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern_Bloc" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eastern Bloc"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_Bloc308" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Czechoslovak_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état">1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Blockade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan#Rejection_by_Stalin" title="Marshall Plan">Soviet response to the Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">Tito–Stalin split</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soviet-allied states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">People's Republic of Albania <span style="font-size:85%;">(to 1961)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">People's Republic of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovak Socialist Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">German Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungarian People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Polish People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Socialist Republic of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia <span style="font-size:85%;">(to 1948)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cominform" title="Cominform">Cominform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">COMECON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="World Federation of Trade Unions">World Federation of Trade Unions <span style="font-size:85%;">(WFTU)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Democratic_Youth" title="World Federation of Democratic Youth">World Federation of Democratic Youth <span style="font-size:85%;">(WFDY)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Revolts and<br />opposition</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goryani" title="Goryani">Goryani Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_East_German_State_Railway_strike" title="1949 East German State Railway strike">1949 East German State Railway strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cazin_rebellion" title="Cazin rebellion">Rebellion of Cazin 1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Plze%C5%88_uprising" title="1953 Plzeň uprising">1953 Plzeň uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_German_uprising_of_1953" title="East German uprising of 1953">1953 East German uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Pozna%C5%84_protests" title="1956 Poznań protests">1956 Poznań protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">1956 Hungarian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_Spring" title="Prague Spring">Prague Spring</a> / <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_Polish_protests" title="1970 Polish protests">1970 Polish protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Spring" title="Croatian Spring">Croatian Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1976_protests" title="June 1976 protests">June 1976 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Soviet_reaction_to_the_Polish_crisis_of_1980%E2%80%931981" title="Soviet reaction to the Polish crisis of 1980–1981">Soviet reaction</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_protests_in_Kosovo" title="1981 protests in Kosovo">1981 protests in Kosovo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Emigration from the Eastern Bloc">Emigration and defection</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Soviet_and_Eastern_Bloc_defectors" title="List of Soviet and Eastern Bloc defectors">list of defectors</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovietization_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Sovietization of the Baltic states">Sovietization of the Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_media_and_propaganda" title="Eastern Bloc media and propaganda">Information dissemination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_politics" title="Eastern Bloc politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_economies" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Bloc economies">Economies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_tapping_in_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Telephone tapping in the Eastern Bloc">Telephone tapping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dissolution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">Die Wende</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_communism_in_Hungary" title="End of communism in Hungary">End of communism in Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romanian revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Fall of communism in Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Singing Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Collapse of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Events" title="January Events">January 1991 events in Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Barricades" title="The Barricades">January 1991 events in Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Soviet_Union_topics570" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Soviet_Union_topics" title="Template:Soviet Union topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Soviet_Union_topics" title="Template talk:Soviet Union topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet_Union_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet Union topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Soviet_Union_topics570" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Soviet Union">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Soviet_Union%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Soviet Union–related articles">Index of Soviet Union–related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Creation_of_the_Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" title="Treaty on the Creation of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics">Creation treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Economic_Policy" title="New Economic Policy">New Economic Policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Great Patriotic War</a> (World War II) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Evacuation in the Soviet Union">Evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="The Holocaust in the Soviet Union">The Holocaust</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khrushchev_Thaw" title="Khrushchev Thaw">Khrushchev Thaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Soviet_split" title="Sino-Soviet split">Sino-Soviet split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Caribbean Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1965_Soviet_economic_reform" title="1965 Soviet economic reform">1965 economic reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">August Coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_period_and_cessation_of_the_existence_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Transition period and cessation of the existence of the Soviet Union">Transition period and cessation of the existence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession,_continuity_and_legacy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Succession, continuity and legacy of the Soviet Union">Succession, continuity and legacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_states" title="Post-Soviet states">Post-Soviet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nostalgia_for_the_Soviet_Union" title="Nostalgia for the Soviet Union">Nostalgia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Geography of the Soviet Union">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Subdivisions of the Soviet Union">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Republics of the Soviet Union">Republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republics" title="Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republics">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krais_of_Russia" title="Krais of Russia">Krais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Oblasts of the Soviet Union">Oblasts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_oblasts_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union">Autonomous</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russia" title="Autonomous okrugs of Russia">Autonomous okrugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_city" title="Closed city">Closed city</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Siberian_Plain" title="West Siberian Plain">West Siberian Plain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politics of the Soviet Union">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Constitution of the Soviet Union">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1936 Constitution of the Soviet Union">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Constitution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="1977 Constitution of the Soviet Union">1977</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Elections in the Soviet Union">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Foreign relations of the Soviet Union">Foreign relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brezhnev_Doctrine" title="Brezhnev Doctrine">Brezhnev Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_control_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Gun control in the Soviet Union">Gun control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Government of the Soviet Union">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of governments of the Soviet Union">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Human rights in the Soviet Union">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_the_post-Soviet_states" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in the post-Soviet states">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Law of the Soviet Union">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Capital punishment in the Soviet Union">Capital punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_leaders_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of leaders of the Soviet Union">Leaders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collective leadership in the Soviet Union">Collective leadership</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_delimitation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="National delimitation in the Soviet Union">National delimitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passport_system_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Passport system in the Soviet Union">Passport system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propiska_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Propiska in the Soviet Union">Propiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of political parties in the Soviet Union">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">State ideology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_anti-Zionism" title="Soviet anti-Zionism">Soviet anti-Zionism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Organization of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Presidium/Politburo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Secretariat of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Secretariat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Soviets_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of Soviets of the Soviet Union">Congress of Soviets</a> (1922–1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union">Supreme Soviet</a> (1938–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_People%27s_Deputies_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Congress of People's Deputies of the Soviet Union">Congress of People's Deputies</a> (1989–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Supreme Court of the Soviet Union">Supreme Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_Collegium_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union">Military Collegium</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Offices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of heads of state of the Soviet Union">Heads of state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="President of the Soviet Union">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Premier of the Soviet Union">Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">Deputy Premier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">First Deputy Premier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Soviet_secret_police_agencies" title="Chronology of Soviet secret police agencies">Security services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheka" title="Cheka">Cheka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Political_Directorate" title="State Political Directorate">GPU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destruction_battalions" class="mw-redirect" title="Destruction battalions">Destruction battalions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Internal_Affairs_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Internal Affairs (Soviet Union)">MVD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Militsiya" title="Militsiya">Militsiya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_State_Security_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of State Security (Soviet Union)">MGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairmen_of_the_KGB" title="List of chairmen of the KGB">Chairmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Border_Troops" title="Soviet Border Troops">Soviet Border Troops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces" title="Soviet Armed Forces">Soviet Armed Forces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spetsnaz_GRU" title="Spetsnaz GRU">Spetsnaz GRU</a> • <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Navy" title="Soviet Navy">Soviet Navy</a> • <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Forces" title="Soviet Air Forces">Soviet Air Forces</a>/<a href="/wiki/Soviet_Airborne_Forces" title="Soviet Airborne Forces">Soviet Airborne Forces</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political repression in the Soviet Union">Political repression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Terror" title="Red Terror">Red Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivization_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Collectivization in the Soviet Union">Collectivization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">Population transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labor_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Forced labor in the Soviet Union">Forced labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Gulag_camps" title="List of Gulag camps">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union">Political abuse of psychiatry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ideological_repression_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ideological repression in the Soviet Union">Ideological repression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Religion in the Soviet Union">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repression_of_science_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Repression of science in the Soviet Union">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship in the Soviet Union">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_of_images_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Censorship of images in the Soviet Union">Censorship of images</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Economy of the Soviet Union">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Agriculture in the Soviet Union">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosbank" class="mw-redirect" title="Gosbank">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet-type_economic_planning" title="Soviet-type economic planning">Economic planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Energy policy of the Soviet Union">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Five-year plans of the Soviet Union">Five-year plans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.su" title=".su">Internet domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Russian_innovation#Soviet_Union" title="Timeline of Russian innovation">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_material_product" title="Net material product">Net material product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OGAS" title="OGAS">OGAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Science and technology in the Soviet Union">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_ruble" title="Soviet ruble">Rouble <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Transport in the Soviet Union">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Railway_system_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Railway system of the Soviet Union">Railway system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Rail transport in the Soviet Union">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metro_systems_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="List of metro systems in the Soviet Union">List of metro systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Vehicle registration plates of the Soviet Union">Vehicle registration plates</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Science and technology in the Soviet Union">Science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Academy" title="Communist Academy">Communist Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cybernetics_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cybernetics in the Soviet Union">Cybernetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences#In_the_Soviet_Union" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USSR_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences" title="USSR Academy of Medical Sciences">Academy of Medical Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VASKhNIL" title="VASKhNIL">Lenin All-Union Academy of Agricultural Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharashka" title="Sharashka">Sharashkas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naukograd" title="Naukograd">Naukograds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naukograds" title="Category:Naukograds">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Category:Society of the Soviet Union">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Antisemitism in the Soviet Union">Antisemitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Crime in the Soviet Union">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Demographics of the Soviet Union">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_people" title="Soviet people">Soviet people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_working_class" title="Soviet working class">Working class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Soviet_census" title="1989 Soviet census">1989 census</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Drug policy of the Soviet Union">Drug policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflicts_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Ethnic conflicts in the Soviet Union">Ethnic conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Family in the Soviet Union">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Languages of the Soviet Union">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguistics_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistics of the Soviet Union">Linguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillisation_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cyrillisation in the Soviet Union">Cyrillisation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_in_the_Russian_Empire_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Prohibition in the Russian Empire and the Soviet Union">Prohibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Racism in the Soviet Union">Racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Culture of the Soviet Union">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_ballet" title="Russian ballet">Ballet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Cinema of the Soviet Union">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashion in the Soviet Union">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_literature#20th_century" title="Russian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Music of the Soviet Union">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_opera#20th_century" title="Russian opera">Opera</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_phraseology" title="Soviet phraseology">Phraseology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printed_media_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Printed media in the Soviet Union">Printed media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Propaganda in the Soviet Union">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Radio in the Soviet Union">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Russia" title="Sport in Russia">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinist_architecture" title="Stalinist architecture">Stalinist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Television in the Soviet Union">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sovietism" title="Anti-Sovietism">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_dissidents" title="Soviet dissidents">Soviet dissidents</a> and their groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Soviet_opposition_groups" title="Category:Soviet opposition groups">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Anthem_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="State Anthem of the Soviet Union">Anthem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthems_of_the_Soviet_Republics" title="Anthems of the Soviet Republics">Republics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Emblem_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="State Emblem of the Soviet Union">Emblem</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emblems_of_the_Soviet_Republics" title="Emblems of the Soviet Republics">Republics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Flag of the Soviet Union">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_Soviet_Republics" title="Flags of the Soviet Republics">Republics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and sickle">Hammer and sickle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Soviet_Union" title="Portal:Soviet Union">Soviet Union portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Soviet_Union" title="Category:Soviet Union">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7779#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2243" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121592250">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/131775197">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div 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