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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Breads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Breads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sauces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sauces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Sauces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sauces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Sweets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vegetables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vegetables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Vegetables</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vegetables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diet_and_foods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet_and_foods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Diet and foods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet_and_foods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure_of_meals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure_of_meals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Structure of meals</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Structure_of_meals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Structure of meals subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structure_of_meals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Year-round" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Year-round"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Year-round</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Year-round-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Breakfast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breakfast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Breakfast</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breakfast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lunch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lunch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Lunch</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lunch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dinner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dinner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Dinner</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dinner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ramadan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ramadan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Ramadan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ramadan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iftar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iftar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Iftar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iftar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suhur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suhur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Suhur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suhur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweets_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweets_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Sweets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweets_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arab_hospitality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arab_hospitality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Arab hospitality</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Arab_hospitality-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Arab hospitality subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Arab_hospitality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Khaleej" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Khaleej"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Khaleej</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khaleej-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coffee_ceremony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coffee_ceremony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Coffee ceremony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coffee_ceremony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guest_dinner" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guest_dinner"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Guest dinner</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guest_dinner-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maghreb" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maghreb"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Maghreb</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maghreb-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tea/coffee_ceremony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tea/coffee_ceremony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Tea/coffee ceremony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tea/coffee_ceremony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dinner_guests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dinner_guests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>Dinner guests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dinner_guests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Levantine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levantine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Levantine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Levantine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coffee/tea_ceremony" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coffee/tea_ceremony"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Coffee/tea ceremony</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coffee/tea_ceremony-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dinner_guests_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dinner_guests_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Dinner guests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dinner_guests_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_differences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_differences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Regional differences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_differences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_Arab_cuisines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_Arab_cuisines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Regional Arab cuisines</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regional_Arab_cuisines-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Regional Arab cuisines subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Regional_Arab_cuisines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arabian_Peninsula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arabian_Peninsula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Arabian Peninsula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arabian_Peninsula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bedouin_cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bedouin_cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Bedouin cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bedouin_cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Levant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Levant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Levant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Levant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-North_Levant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Levant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>North Levant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Levant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Levant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Levant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>South Levant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Levant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iraq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iraq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Iraq</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iraq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sudan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sudan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Sudan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sudan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maghreb_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maghreb_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Maghreb</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maghreb_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Arab cuisine</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%AE_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="مطبخ عربي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مطبخ عربي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fr%C9%99b_m%C9%99tb%C9%99xi" title="Ərəb mətbəxi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ərəb mətbəxi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80" title="আরবীয় রন্ধনশৈলী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আরবীয় রন্ধনশৈলী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Арабска кухня – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Арабска кухня" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastronomia_%C3%A0rab" title="Gastronomia àrab – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gastronomia àrab" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabsk%C3%A1_kuchyn%C4%9B" title="Arabská kuchyně – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Arabská kuchyně" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabische_K%C3%BCche" title="Arabische Küche – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Arabische Küche" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastronom%C3%ADa_%C3%A1rabe" title="Gastronomía árabe – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gastronomía árabe" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araba_kuirarto" title="Araba kuirarto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Araba kuirarto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabiar_gastronomia" title="Arabiar gastronomia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Arabiar gastronomia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B4%D9%BE%D8%B2%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="آشپزی عربی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آشپزی عربی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuisine_arabe" title="Cuisine arabe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cuisine arabe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%9E%8D_%EC%9A%94%EB%A6%AC" title="아랍 요리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아랍 요리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AD%D5%B8%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%81" title="Արաբական խոհանոց – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արաբական խոհանոց" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arapska_kuhinja" title="Arapska kuhinja – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Arapska kuhinja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidangan_Arab" title="Hidangan Arab – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hidangan Arab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cucina_araba" title="Cucina araba – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cucina araba" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%91%D7%97_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%99" title="המטבח הערבי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המטבח הערבי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olahan_Arab" title="Olahan Arab – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Olahan Arab" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D" title="არაბული სამზარეულო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="არაბული სამზარეულო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%AAjgeha_ereb" title="Pêjgeha ereb – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Pêjgeha ereb" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%98%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Арапска кујна – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Арапска кујна" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9D" title="არაბული საგესქუო – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="არაბული საგესქუო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%AE_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%89" title="المطبخ العربى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="المطبخ العربى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masakan_Arab" title="Masakan Arab – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Masakan Arab" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabische_keuken" title="Arabische keuken – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Arabische keuken" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_oshxonasi" title="Arab oshxonasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Arab oshxonasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%BE%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="عرب پکوان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عرب پکوان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuchnia_arabska" title="Kuchnia arabska – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kuchnia arabska" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culin%C3%A1ria_%C3%A1rabe" title="Culinária árabe – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Culinária árabe" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buc%C4%83t%C4%83ria_arab%C4%83" title="Bucătăria arabă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bucătăria arabă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Арабская кухня – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Арабская кухня" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabialainen_keitti%C3%B6" title="Arabialainen keittiö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Arabialainen keittiö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arap_mutfa%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Arap mutfağı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Arap mutfağı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Арабська кухня – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Арабська кухня" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D9%BE%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="عرب پکوان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عرب پکوان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%A8m_th%E1%BB%B1c_%E1%BA%A2_R%E1%BA%ADp" title="Ẩm thực Ả Rập – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ẩm thực Ả Rập" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nourriture_terreste_dans_un_restaurant_libanais,_quartie_des_Grottes_%C3%A0_Gen%C3%AAve_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Nourriture_terreste_dans_un_restaurant_libanais%2C_quartie_des_Grottes_%C3%A0_Gen%C3%AAve_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-Nourriture_terreste_dans_un_restaurant_libanais%2C_quartie_des_Grottes_%C3%A0_Gen%C3%AAve_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Nourriture_terreste_dans_un_restaurant_libanais%2C_quartie_des_Grottes_%C3%A0_Gen%C3%AAve_%28cropped%29.jpg/270px-Nourriture_terreste_dans_un_restaurant_libanais%2C_quartie_des_Grottes_%C3%A0_Gen%C3%AAve_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Nourriture_terreste_dans_un_restaurant_libanais%2C_quartie_des_Grottes_%C3%A0_Gen%C3%AAve_%28cropped%29.jpg/360px-Nourriture_terreste_dans_un_restaurant_libanais%2C_quartie_des_Grottes_%C3%A0_Gen%C3%AAve_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2065" data-file-height="1730" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arab cuisine</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Regional cuisines</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabian_cuisine" title="Eastern Arabian cuisine">Eastern Arabian</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_cuisine" title="Bahraini cuisine">Bahraini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_cuisine" title="Emirati cuisine">Emirati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_cuisine" title="Kuwaiti cuisine">Kuwaiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_cuisine" title="Omani cuisine">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_cuisine" title="Qatari cuisine">Qatari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_cuisine" title="Saudi Arabian cuisine">Saudi Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_cuisine" title="Yemeni cuisine">Yemeni</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_cuisine" title="Maghrebi cuisine">Maghrebi</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_cuisine" title="Algerian cuisine">Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_cuisine" title="Libyan cuisine">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritanian_cuisine" title="Mauritanian cuisine">Mauritanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_cuisine" title="Moroccan cuisine">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_cuisine" title="Tunisian cuisine">Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Saharan_cuisine" title="Western Saharan cuisine">Western Saharan</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Levantine_cuisine" title="Levantine cuisine">Levant/Mashriq</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_cuisine" title="Iraqi cuisine">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_cuisine" title="Jordanian cuisine">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_cuisine" title="Lebanese cuisine">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_cuisine" title="Palestinian cuisine">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_cuisine" title="Syrian cuisine">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Mizrahi cuisine">Mizrahi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Nile_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile Valley">Nile Valley</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine" title="Egyptian cuisine">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_cuisine" title="Sudanese cuisine">Sudanese</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_cuisine" title="Djiboutian cuisine">Djiboutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_cuisine" title="Somali cuisine">Somali</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comoros#Culture" title="Comoros">Comorian</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Overseas</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Brazilians#Arabic_influence_in_Brazil" title="Arab Brazilians">Arab Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Arab Indonesian cuisine">Arab Indonesian</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Ingredients</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt>Vegetables</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bean" title="Bean">Bean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_pepper" title="Bell pepper">Bell pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabbage" title="Cabbage">Cabbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickpea" title="Chickpea">Chickpea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cowpea" title="Cowpea">Cowpea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eggplant" title="Eggplant">Eggplant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentil" title="Lentil">Lentil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">Pomegranate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spinach" title="Spinach">Spinach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_pea" title="Split pea">Split pea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">Tomato</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Herbs & spices</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berberis" title="Berberis">Barberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">Black pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayenne_pepper" title="Cayenne pepper">Cayenne pepper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chestnut" title="Chestnut">Chestnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">Cinnamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumin" title="Cumin">Cumin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">Garlic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaij" title="Hawaij">Hawaij</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazelnut" title="Hazelnut">Hazelnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leek" title="Leek">Leek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentha" title="Mentha">Mint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">Nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onion" title="Onion">Onion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregano" title="Oregano">Oregano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paprika" title="Paprika">Paprika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsley" title="Parsley">Parsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pistachio" title="Pistachio">Pistachio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">Saffron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahawiq" title="Sahawiq">Sahawiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walnut" title="Walnut">Walnut</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Breads</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bataw_(bread)" title="Bataw (bread)">Bataw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazin_(bread)" title="Bazin (bread)">Bazin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bint_al-sahn" title="Bint al-sahn">Bint al-sahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eish_merahrah" title="Eish merahrah">Eish merahrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatoot" title="Fatoot">Fatoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_(food)" title="Khmer (food)">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khobz" class="mw-redirect" title="Khobz">Khobz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tandoor_bread#West_Asia" title="Tandoor bread">Khubz tannur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahoh" title="Lahoh">Lahoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malooga" class="mw-redirect" title="Malooga">Malooga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markook_(bread)" title="Markook (bread)">Markook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khubz_mulawah" title="Khubz mulawah">Mulawah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%27semen" class="mw-redirect" title="M'semen">M'semen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pita" title="Pita">Pita</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Beverages</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_coffee" title="Arabic coffee">Arabic coffee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_tea" title="Arabic tea">Arabic tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arak_(drink)" title="Arak (drink)">Arak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Araqi_(drink)" title="Araqi (drink)">Araqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayran" title="Ayran">Ayran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_honey" title="Date honey">Date honey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibiscus_tea" title="Hibiscus tea">Hibiscus tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jallab" title="Jallab">Jallab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naqe%27e_Al_Zabib" title="Naqe'e Al Zabib">Naqe'e Al Zabib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qishr" title="Qishr">Qishr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salep" title="Salep">Salep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahi_haleeb" title="Shahi haleeb">Shahi haleeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharbat_(beverage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharbat (beverage)">Sharbat</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Salads</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arab_salads" title="List of Arab salads">List of Arab salads</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_salad" title="Arab salad">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_ghanoush" title="Baba ghanoush">Baba ghanoush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blunkett_salad" title="Blunkett salad">Blunkett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fattoush" title="Fattoush">Fattoush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ful_medames_salad" class="mw-redirect" title="Ful medames salad">Ful medames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hummus_salad" class="mw-redirect" title="Hummus salad">Hummus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malfouf_salad" title="Malfouf salad">Malfouf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masmouta_salad" title="Masmouta salad">Masmouta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matbukha" class="mw-redirect" title="Matbukha">Matbukha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechouia_salad" title="Mechouia salad">Mechouia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_salad" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian salad">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raheb" title="Raheb">Raheb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubiyan_salad" title="Rubiyan salad">Rubiyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato_salad" title="Sweet potato salad">Sweet potato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabbouleh" title="Tabbouleh">Tabbouleh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzatziki" title="Tzatziki">Tzatziki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ummak_huriyya" title="Ummak huriyya">Ummak huriyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheat_salad" title="Wheat salad">Wheat salad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaalouk" title="Zaalouk">Zaalouk</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Cheeses</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkawi" title="Akkawi">Akkawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areesh_cheese" class="mw-redirect" title="Areesh cheese">Areesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravane_cheese" title="Caravane cheese">Caravane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domiati" title="Domiati">Domiati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cheese" title="Egyptian cheese">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halloumi" title="Halloumi">Halloumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jameed" title="Jameed">Jameed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jibneh_Arabieh" title="Jibneh Arabieh">Jibneh Arabieh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laban_rayeb" title="Laban rayeb">Laban rayeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labneh" class="mw-redirect" title="Labneh">Labneh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libba" title="Libba">Libba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mish" title="Mish">Mish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabulsi_cheese" title="Nabulsi cheese">Nabulsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumi_cheese" title="Rumi cheese">Rumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanklish" title="Shanklish">Shanklish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Syrian_Cheeses" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Syrian Cheeses">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testouri" title="Testouri">Testouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_cheese" title="Yemeni cheese">Yemeni</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Dishes</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balila_(dish)" title="Balila (dish)">Balila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batata_harra" title="Batata harra">Batata harra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabsa" title="Kabsa">Kabsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmous" title="Mahmous">Mahmous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandi_(food)" title="Mandi (food)">Mandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansaf" title="Mansaf">Mansaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quzi" title="Quzi">Quzi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Appetizers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hilbah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hilbah">Hilbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shafoot" title="Shafoot">Shafoot</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Holidays and festivals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_New_Year" title="Islamic New Year">Islamic New Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Eid al-Adha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sham_el-Nessim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sham el-Nessim">Sham el-Nessim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Mawlid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/16px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/24px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food portal</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arab_cuisine" title="Template:Arab cuisine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arab_cuisine" title="Template talk:Arab cuisine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arab_cuisine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arab cuisine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arroz_vs_cuscus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Arroz_vs_cuscus.svg/250px-Arroz_vs_cuscus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Arroz_vs_cuscus.svg/375px-Arroz_vs_cuscus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Arroz_vs_cuscus.svg/500px-Arroz_vs_cuscus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="279" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Couscous" title="Couscous">Couscous</a> is prevalent in the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> (west), while <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> is prevalent in the <a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a> (east)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Arab cuisine</b> collectively refers to the <a href="/wiki/Regional_cuisine" title="Regional cuisine">regional culinary traditions</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>, consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> (the west) and the <a href="/wiki/Mashriq" title="Mashriq">Mashriq</a> (the east).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These cuisines are centuries old and reflect the culture of trading in ingredients, spices, herbs, and commodities among the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>. The regions have many similarities, but also unique traditions. They have also been influenced by climate, cultivation, and mutual commerce. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medieval_cuisine">Medieval cuisine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_cuisine&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Medieval cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breads">Breads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_cuisine&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Breads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/White_bread" title="White bread">white bread</a> <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">barazidhaj</i></span> was made with high-quality wheat flour, similar to <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">raqaq</i></span> bread but thicker, the <a href="/wiki/Fermented" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermented">fermented</a> dough was leavened usually with yeast and "baker's <a href="/wiki/Borax" title="Borax">borax</a>" (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">buraq</i></span>) and baked in a <i><a href="/wiki/Tandoor" title="Tandoor">tandoor</a></i>. One poetic verse describing this bread:<sup id="cite_ref-:2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><div class="poem"> <p>"In the farthest end of Karkh of <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, a baker I saw offering bread, wondrous fair.<br /> From purest essence of wheat contrived. Radiant and absolute, you may see your image reflected, crystal clear.<br /> <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Barazij</i></span> rounds glowing with lovely whiteness, more playful than gorgeous singing girls,<br /> They look like crystal trays, and were they indeed so, they would have served us as plates. </p> </div></blockquote> <p><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Raqaq</i></span> bread was made in two varieties, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">labiq</i></span> (soft, thin flatbreads) and <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">jarmazaj</i></span> (dry, thin bread flavored with <a href="/wiki/Tamarix#Uses" title="Tamarix">tamarisk</a> seeds). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sauces">Sauces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_cuisine&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sauces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Numerous recipes for sauces (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">sibagh</i></span>) have survived from historic <a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature#Culinary" title="Arabic literature">Arabic cookbooks</a>. The 10th-century <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Kitab al-Tabikh</i></span> written by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sayyar_al-Warraq" title="Ibn Sayyar al-Warraq">Ibn Sayyar al-Warraq</a> gives several recipes to be served with roasted fish, attributed to the various sources. </p><p>To <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_ibn_al-Mahdi" title="Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi">Ibrahim ibn al-Mahdi</a> are credited two <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">sibagh</i></span> recipes, one prepared by adding <a href="/wiki/Rue" class="mw-redirect" title="Rue">rue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caraway" title="Caraway">caraway</a>, thyme, <i><a href="/wiki/Asafetida" class="mw-redirect" title="Asafetida">asafetida</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Cassia_bark" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassia bark">cassia</a> to the mustard sauce, and another made by mashing vinegar-soaked raisins with garlic, walnut, mustard, vinegar, and seasonings like asafetida and <a href="/wiki/Anise" title="Anise">anise</a>. </p><p>From the seventh <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Ma%27mun" title="Al-Ma'mun">Al-Ma'mun</a>'s recipe collection comes a <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">sibagh</i></span> made with <a href="/wiki/Whey" title="Whey">whey</a>, walnut, garlic, olive oil and <a href="/wiki/Murri_(condiment)" title="Murri (condiment)">murri</a>. </p><p>There are similar recipes meant for poultry dishes prepared with seasonings like ginger, pomegranate, <a href="/wiki/Spikenard" title="Spikenard">spikenard</a>, and cloves. </p><p>A surviving poem about <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">sibagh</i></span> is attributed to Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27tamid" title="Al-Mu'tamid">Al-Mu'tamid</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><div class="poem"> <p>The concept of <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">sibagh</i></span> is so subtle that none but the wise its depths may sound.<br /> Walnut and garlic with yogurt whey are the most you may need for it.<br /> Or make it with vinegar, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">mahrut</i></span>, and coriander. But with <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">anjudhan</i></span> it will be even better.<br /> If not, then mustard and garlic mixed with <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">anjudhan</i></span> and onion, equal parts, will make your relish.<br /> Or with just vinegar and onion eat your fish and it will still be a tasty dish. </p> </div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweets">Sweets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_cuisine&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sweets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Described as the "food of kings" and "supreme judge of all sweets", <i><a href="/wiki/Lauzinaj" title="Lauzinaj">lauzinaj</a></i> was an almond-based <a href="/wiki/Confection" class="mw-redirect" title="Confection">confection</a> that had entered <a href="/wiki/Medieval_European_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval European cuisine">medieval European cuisine</a> by the 13th-century from <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Andalusian</a> influence, returning <a href="/wiki/Crusaders" class="mw-redirect" title="Crusaders">Crusaders</a> and Latin translations of cookery books. There are two versions of the dish known from medieval texts:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Lauzinaj mugharraq</i></span> or "drenched <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">lauzinaj</i></span>" is believed to be an earlier version of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine" title="Ottoman cuisine">Ottoman</a> dish <i><a href="/wiki/Baklava" title="Baklava">baklava</a></i>. It was made by filling thin pastry dough with a mixture of ground almond (and sometimes other nuts like <a href="/wiki/Pistachio" title="Pistachio">pistachio</a> or <a href="/wiki/Walnut" title="Walnut">walnut</a>), <a href="/wiki/Rose_water#Edible" title="Rose water">rose water</a>, and sometimes luxury flavorings like <a href="/wiki/Mastic_(plant_resin)" title="Mastic (plant resin)">mastic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ambergris" title="Ambergris">ambergris</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Musk" title="Musk">musk</a>.</li> <li><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Lauzinaj yabis</i></span> was made with ground almonds cooked in boiling honey or sugar until reaching a <a href="/wiki/Taffy_(candy)" title="Taffy (candy)">taffy</a>-like consistency. The raw version, closer to <a href="/wiki/Marzipan" title="Marzipan">marzipan</a> in consistency, was made by blending the almonds with sugar and flavoring with <a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">camphor</a>, musk, and rose water. The finished confection was molded into animal or other shapes, or cut into squares and triangles.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vegetables">Vegetables</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_cuisine&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Vegetables"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Vegetables include <a href="/wiki/Leek#Cuisine" title="Leek">leeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endive" title="Endive">endive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melilot" class="mw-redirect" title="Melilot">melilot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fenugreek#Cooking" title="Fenugreek">fenugreek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Okra" title="Okra">okra</a>, onions, <a href="/wiki/Portulaca_oleracea#Culinary" title="Portulaca oleracea">purslane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mulukhiyah#Culinary_varieties" title="Mulukhiyah">Jew's mallow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radish#Cooking" title="Radish">radish.</a><sup id="cite_ref-:3_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Boiled <a href="/wiki/Asparagus#Uses" title="Asparagus">asparagus</a> is served with <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil#Culinary_use" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Murri_(condiment)" title="Murri (condiment)">murri</a></i>. The cooking water may be sweetened with <a href="/wiki/Honey#Food" title="Honey">honey</a> and seasoned with <a href="/wiki/Coriander#Uses" title="Coriander">cilantro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruta_graveolens#Culinary_use" title="Ruta graveolens">rue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anise#Culinary" title="Anise">anise</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper#Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">black pepper</a>, and used as a beverage either by itself with honey, or added to wine.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some vegetables are consumed raw, but the following are usually boiled: asparagus, <a href="/wiki/Cauliflower#Cuisine" title="Cauliflower">cauliflower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soybean#Food_for_human_consumption" title="Soybean">white soy beans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leek#Cuisine" title="Leek">leeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atriplex_hortensis#Use_and_cultivation" title="Atriplex hortensis">orach</a>, a variety of mushroom known as <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ghushina</i></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, <a href="/wiki/Chard#Culinary_use" title="Chard">chard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cabbage#Food_preparation" title="Cabbage">cabbage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carrot#Consumption" title="Carrot">carrot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turnip#Relevance_in_human_use" title="Turnip">turnip</a>, fresh <a href="/wiki/Fennel#Cuisine" title="Fennel">fennel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eggplant#Cooking_and_preparing" title="Eggplant">eggplant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some vegetable dishes are served cold. One example of such a dish is eggplant with fried onion, fresh herbs and olive oil dressed with fermented sauces, vinegar and caraway. There are several cold eggplant dishes that are similar, some made with smoked eggplant, adding nuts like ground walnuts or almonds, and sometimes different seasonings like <a href="/wiki/Saffron#Consumption" title="Saffron">saffron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_cassia#Cassia_buds" title="Cinnamomum cassia">cassia</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Galangal#Uses" title="Galangal">galangal</a></i>. </p><p>A dish for fried carrots with fresh herbs, dressing and spices was described by the poet Kushajim:<sup id="cite_ref-:6_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><div class="poem"> <p>Dinars of carnelian and gold in a vessel so delicate, it may almost melt and flow.<br /> All radiating with luster like carnelian shimmering on pearls.<br /> In the vessel harmoniously combined, here together and there disperse.<br /> The spices emitting fragrance like wine mingled with sweet breeze.<br /> On top are pearls and silver decked with gems,<br /> Which the cook delicately fashioned, a gorgeous dish with flavor and perfume.<br /> The scattered rue is flowers of turquoise gems, vibrantly green,<br /> Jiggling with murri and olive oil, ebbing and flowing with sheen. </p> </div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diet_and_foods">Diet and foods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_cuisine&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Diet and foods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sausage_Samossa_Cold_Appetizer_Arabic_Appetizer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Sausage_Samossa_Cold_Appetizer_Arabic_Appetizer.jpg/220px-Sausage_Samossa_Cold_Appetizer_Arabic_Appetizer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Sausage_Samossa_Cold_Appetizer_Arabic_Appetizer.jpg/330px-Sausage_Samossa_Cold_Appetizer_Arabic_Appetizer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Sausage_Samossa_Cold_Appetizer_Arabic_Appetizer.jpg/440px-Sausage_Samossa_Cold_Appetizer_Arabic_Appetizer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5472" data-file-height="3471" /></a><figcaption>An Arab <a href="/wiki/Hors_d%27oeuvre" title="Hors d'oeuvre">appetizer</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Varieties_of_Arabic_salad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Varieties_of_Arabic_salad.jpg/220px-Varieties_of_Arabic_salad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Varieties_of_Arabic_salad.jpg/330px-Varieties_of_Arabic_salad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Varieties_of_Arabic_salad.jpg/440px-Varieties_of_Arabic_salad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="1935" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arab_salads" title="List of Arab salads">Arab salads</a>: <a href="/wiki/Arab_salad" title="Arab salad">Arab salad</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Fattoush" title="Fattoush">fattoush</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Matbucha" title="Matbucha">matbucha</a>,</i> <i><a href="/wiki/Tabbouleh" title="Tabbouleh">tabbouleh</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Raheb" title="Raheb">raheb</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Arab cuisine uses specific and unique foods and spices. Some of those foods are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">Meat</a>—<a href="/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" title="Lamb and mutton">lamb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chicken_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicken (food)">chicken</a> are the most used, followed by <a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">beef</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goat_meat" title="Goat meat">goat</a>. Other <a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">poultry</a> is used in some regions, and <a href="/wiki/Fish_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish (food)">fish</a> is used in coastal areas including the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a>. Some <a href="/wiki/Christian_Arabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian Arabs">Christian Arabs</a> eat <a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">pork</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">Dairy products</a>—widely used, especially <a href="/wiki/Yogurt#Varieties_and_presentation" title="Yogurt">yogurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buttermilk" title="Buttermilk">buttermilk</a> and white cheese. <a href="/wiki/Butter#In_cooking_and_gastronomy" title="Butter">Butter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cream#Cuisine" title="Cream">cream</a> are also used extensively.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herb" title="Herb">Herbs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spice" title="Spice">spices</a>—amounts and types used generally varies from region to region.</li></ul> <div style="line-height: 0.22em;"><span class="nowrap"> </span></div> <dl><dd>Herbs and spices include <a href="/wiki/Sesame#Culinary_use" title="Sesame">sesame</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saffron#Consumption" title="Saffron">saffron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_pepper#Black_pepper" title="Black pepper">black pepper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allspice#Uses" title="Allspice">allspice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turmeric#Culinary" title="Turmeric">turmeric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garlic#Culinary_2" title="Garlic">garlic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumin#Uses" title="Cumin">cumin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon#Food_uses" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parsley#Culinary_use" title="Parsley">parsley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coriander#Uses" title="Coriander">coriander</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sumac#Spice_and_beverage_flavoring" title="Sumac">sumac</a>.</dd></dl> <div style="line-height: 0.22em;"><span class="nowrap"> </span></div> <dl><dd>Spice mixtures include <i><a href="/wiki/Baharat" title="Baharat">baharat</a></i>,<i> <a href="/wiki/Ras_el_hanout" title="Ras el hanout">ras el hanout</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Za%27atar" title="Za'atar">za'atar</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Harissa" title="Harissa">harissa</a></i>.</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Beverage">Beverages</a>—hot beverages are served more often than cold, <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a> being at the top of the list in Middle-Eastern countries and tea at top in Maghreb countries.</li></ul> <div style="line-height: 0.22em;"><span class="nowrap"> </span></div> <dl><dd>In <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestine">Palestine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, some parts of <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, tea is much more prevalent as a beverage. Other Arabic drinks include Andalucian <i><a href="/wiki/Horchata" title="Horchata">horchata</a></i> and Maghrebi avocado smoothie.</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grain#Cereal_grains" title="Grain">Grains</a>—<a href="/wiki/Rice#Food" title="Rice">rice</a> is the staple and is used for most dishes; <a href="/wiki/Wheat#As_a_food" title="Wheat">wheat</a> is the main source for <a href="/wiki/Bread" title="Bread">bread</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bulgur#Culinary_uses" title="Bulgur">Bulgur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semolina#Dishes" title="Semolina">semolina</a> are also used extensively.</li></ul> <div style="line-height: 0.22em;"><span class="nowrap"> </span></div> <dl><dd>According to historic recipes known from <a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature#Culinary" title="Arabic literature">Arabic cookbooks</a>, grains were primarily used to make <a href="/wiki/Porridge" title="Porridge">porridge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pasta" title="Pasta">pasta</a> type dishes in Arab cuisine until the 12th century. Two types of pasta were known: <i><a href="/wiki/Noodle#Ancient_Israel_and_diaspora" title="Noodle">itriya</a></i>, a short dry noodle of Greek origin similar to <i><a href="/wiki/Orzo" title="Orzo">orzo</a></i>, and <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">rishta</i></span>, a hand-cut fresh noodle of Persian origin.</dd></dl> <div style="line-height: 0.22em;"><span class="nowrap"> </span></div> <dl><dd>By the 13th century, the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Turkic</a> style <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">tutmaj</i></span> and <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">salma</i></span> noodles had entered the cuisine.<sup id="cite_ref-zaouali_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zaouali-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legume#Human_consumption" title="Legume">Legumes</a>—<a href="/wiki/Lentil#Culinary_use" title="Lentil">lentils</a> are widely used in all colours, as well as <a href="/wiki/Vicia_faba#Culinary_uses" title="Vicia faba">fava beans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peanut#Cuisine" title="Peanut">peanuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chickpea#Culinary" title="Chickpea">chickpeas</a> (garbanzo beans), <a href="/wiki/Phaseolus_coccineus#Usage" title="Phaseolus coccineus">scarlet runner beans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pea#Modern_culinary_use" title="Pea">green peas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lupin_bean#Cuisine" title="Lupin bean">lupini beans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navy_bean" title="Navy bean">white beans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pinto_bean#Cooking" title="Pinto bean">brown beans</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">Vegetables</a>—popular vegetables in Arab cuisine include <a href="/wiki/Carrot#Consumption" title="Carrot">carrots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eggplant#Cooking_and_preparing" title="Eggplant">eggplant</a> (aubergine), <a href="/wiki/Zucchini#Culinary_uses" title="Zucchini">zucchini</a> (courgette), <a href="/wiki/Artichoke#As_food" title="Artichoke">artichokes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Okra#Food_and_uses" title="Okra">okra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Onion#Culinary_uses" title="Onion">onions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Olive#Table_olives" title="Olive">olives</a>. <a href="/wiki/Potato#Uses" title="Potato">Potatoes</a> are also eaten as vegetables in Arab culture.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit#Food_uses" title="Fruit">Fruits</a>—<a href="/wiki/Pomegranate#Culinary_use" title="Pomegranate">pomegranate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Date_palm#Fruits" title="Date palm">dates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_fig#Food" class="mw-redirect" title="Common fig">figs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orange_(fruit)#Varieties" title="Orange (fruit)">oranges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Citrus#Culinary" title="Citrus">citruses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Watermelon#Food_and_beverage" title="Watermelon">watermelons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cantaloupe#Consumption" title="Cantaloupe">cantaloupe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Honeydew_(melon)" title="Honeydew (melon)">honeydew melon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grape#Table_and_wine_grapes" title="Grape">grapes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peach" title="Peach">peaches, and nectarines</a> are favored in Arab cuisine.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_culinary_nuts" title="List of culinary nuts">Nuts</a>—<a href="/wiki/Almond#Culinary_uses" title="Almond">almonds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pine_nut#Culinary_uses" title="Pine nut">pine nuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pistachio#Consumption" title="Pistachio">pistachios</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Walnut#Food_use" title="Walnut">walnuts</a> are often included in dishes or eaten as snacks.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaf_vegetable" title="Leaf vegetable">Greens</a>—<a href="/wiki/Parsley#Culinary_use" title="Parsley">parsley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coriander#Uses" title="Coriander">coriander</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mentha#Culinary" title="Mentha">mint</a> are popular as seasonings in many dishes, while <a href="/wiki/Spinach#Production" title="Spinach">spinach</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Mulukhiyah#Culinary_varieties" title="Mulukhiyah">mulukhiyah</a></i> (leaves from the plant of the <i><a href="/wiki/Corchorus" title="Corchorus">Corchorus</a></i> genus) are used in cooked dishes.</li> <li>Dressings and sauces—the most popular dressings include various combinations of <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil#Culinary_use" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lemon_juice" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemon juice">lemon juice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parsley" title="Parsley">parsley</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a>, as well as <i><a href="/wiki/Tahini" title="Tahini">tahini</a></i> (sesame paste). <i><a href="/wiki/Labaneh" class="mw-redirect" title="Labaneh">Labaneh</a></i> (strained yogurt) is often seasoned with mint, onion, or garlic, and served as a sauce with various dishes.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure_of_meals">Structure of meals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_cuisine&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Structure of meals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two basic structures for meals in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>, one regular schedule during most of the year and a second one that is unique to the month of <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a> in which observant Muslims fast during the day. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Year-round">Year-round</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_cuisine&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Year-round"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Breakfast">Breakfast</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_cuisine&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Breakfast"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Caf%C3%A9s" class="mw-redirect" title="Cafés">Cafés</a> often serve <a href="/wiki/Croissant" title="Croissant">croissants</a> for breakfast. Breakfast is often a quick meal, consisting of bread and dairy products, with tea and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Jam" class="mw-redirect" title="Jam">jam</a>. The most common breakfast items are <i><a href="/wiki/Labneh" class="mw-redirect" title="Labneh">labneh</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Cream" title="Cream">cream</a> (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">kishta</i></span>, made of <a href="/wiki/Cow%27s_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Cow's milk">cow's milk</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lunch">Lunch</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_cuisine&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Lunch"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Petra_metzes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Petra_metzes.jpg/220px-Petra_metzes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Petra_metzes.jpg/330px-Petra_metzes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Petra_metzes.jpg/440px-Petra_metzes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A selection of Jordanian <i><a href="/wiki/Meze" title="Meze">mezze</a></i>—appetizers or small dishes—in <a href="/wiki/Petra" title="Petra">Petra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Lunch is considered the main meal of the day, and is traditionally eaten between 1:30 pm and 2:30 pm. It is the meal for which the family comes together. Rarely do meals have different courses; however, <a href="/wiki/Salad" title="Salad">salads</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Meze" title="Meze">mezze</a></i> are served as side dishes to the main meal. </p><p>The platter usually consists of a portion of meat, poultry or fish, a portion of rice, lentils, bread and a portion of cooked vegetables, in addition to the fresh ones with the <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">mezze</i></span> and salad. </p><p>The vegetables and meat are usually cooked together in a sauce (often <a href="/wiki/Tomato_sauce" title="Tomato sauce">tomato</a>, although others are also popular) to make <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">maraqa</i></span>, which is served with rice. Most households add bread. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grzybowa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Grzybowa.jpg/220px-Grzybowa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Grzybowa.jpg/330px-Grzybowa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Grzybowa.jpg/440px-Grzybowa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1275" /></a><figcaption><span title="Somali-language text"><i lang="so">Maraqa laga sameeyo khudaarta</i></span> (Somali: "vegetable soup")</figcaption></figure> <p>Drinks are not necessarily served with the food; however, there is a very wide variety of drinks such as <i><a href="/wiki/Ayran" title="Ayran">shineena</a></i> (or <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">laban</i></span>), <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">karakaden</i></span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Naqe%27e_Al_Zabib" title="Naqe'e Al Zabib">Naqe'e Al Zabib</a></i>, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Irq Soos</i></span>, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Tamr Hindi</i></span>, and <a href="/wiki/Fruit_juice" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruit juice">fruit juice</a>, as well as other traditional Arabic drinks. </p><p>During the 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Carbonated_soda" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbonated soda">carbonated soda</a> and fruit-based drinks have also become very popular. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dinner">Dinner</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_cuisine&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Dinner"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Dinner is traditionally the lightest meal, although in modern times, dinner has become more important with regards to entertaining guests due to the hours of the workday. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ramadan">Ramadan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_cuisine&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Ramadan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iftar">Iftar</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_cuisine&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Iftar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Iftar" title="Iftar">Iftar</a> (also called <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Futuur</i></span>), or <a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">fast-breaking</a>, is the meal taken at <a href="/wiki/Dusk" title="Dusk">dusk</a> when the fast is over. The meal consists of three courses: first, diners eat a <a href="/wiki/Date_(fruit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Date (fruit)">date</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> tradition. </p><p>This is followed by a soup or anything they would like, the most popular being <a href="/wiki/Lentil_soup" title="Lentil soup">lentil soup</a>, but a wide variety of soups such as <a href="/wiki/Chicken_soup" title="Chicken soup">chicken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">oats</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Freekeh" title="Freekeh">freeka</a></i> (a soup made from <a href="/wiki/Whole_wheat" class="mw-redirect" title="Whole wheat">whole wheat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chicken_broth" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicken broth">chicken broth</a>), potato, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">maash</i></span>, and others are also offered. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Freekeh_with_roasted_vegetables.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Freekeh_with_roasted_vegetables.jpg/220px-Freekeh_with_roasted_vegetables.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Freekeh_with_roasted_vegetables.jpg/330px-Freekeh_with_roasted_vegetables.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Freekeh_with_roasted_vegetables.jpg/440px-Freekeh_with_roasted_vegetables.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2896" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Freekeh</i></span> with roasted vegetables</figcaption></figure> <p>The third course is the main dish, usually eaten after an interval, when Maghreb prayer is conducted. The main dish is mostly similar to what is served in lunch year-round, except that cold drinks are served. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Suhur">Suhur</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_cuisine&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Suhur"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Suhur" title="Suhur">Suhur</a></i> is the meal eaten just before <a href="/wiki/Dawn" title="Dawn">dawn</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">fasting</a> must begin. It is eaten to help the person make it through the day with enough energy until <a href="/wiki/Dusk" title="Dusk">dusk</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweets_2">Sweets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_cuisine&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sweets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanafeh_Nabulsieh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Kanafeh_Nabulsieh.jpg/220px-Kanafeh_Nabulsieh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Kanafeh_Nabulsieh.jpg/330px-Kanafeh_Nabulsieh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Kanafeh_Nabulsieh.jpg/440px-Kanafeh_Nabulsieh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="699" data-file-height="361" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Kanafeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanafeh">Kanafeh</a></i> <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Nabulsieh</i></span> from Nablus</figcaption></figure> <p>In addition to the two meals eaten during <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a> (one for dinner and one for Suhur before dawn), sweets are consumed much more than usual during the month of Ramadan; sweets and fresh fruits are served between these two meals. Although most sweets are made all year-round such as <i><a href="/wiki/Kanafeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanafeh">kanafeh</a></i>, baklava, and <i><a href="/wiki/Basbousa" title="Basbousa">basbousa</a></i>, some are made especially for Ramadan, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Qatayef" title="Qatayef">qatayef</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arab_hospitality">Arab hospitality</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_cuisine&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Arab hospitality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Arabic_coffee" title="Arabic coffee">Arabic coffee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arabic_tea" title="Arabic tea">Arabic tea</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Arab_cuisine" title="Special:EditPage/Arab cuisine">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1004-CoffeeSceneCairo18th.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/1004-CoffeeSceneCairo18th.jpg/220px-1004-CoffeeSceneCairo18th.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/1004-CoffeeSceneCairo18th.jpg/330px-1004-CoffeeSceneCairo18th.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/1004-CoffeeSceneCairo18th.jpg/440px-1004-CoffeeSceneCairo18th.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2806" data-file-height="1892" /></a><figcaption>Coffeehouse in Cairo, 18th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Essential to any cooking in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a> is the concept of hospitality and generosity. Meals are generally large family affairs, with much sharing and a great deal of warmth over the dinner table. Formal dinners and celebrations generally involve large quantities of <a href="/wiki/Lamb_and_mutton" title="Lamb and mutton">lamb</a>, and every occasion entails large quantities of <a href="/wiki/Arabic_coffee" title="Arabic coffee">Arabic coffee</a> or <a href="/wiki/Arabic_tea" title="Arabic tea">Arabic tea</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Different_Types_of_Arabic_Coffee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Different_Types_of_Arabic_Coffee.jpg/220px-Different_Types_of_Arabic_Coffee.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Different_Types_of_Arabic_Coffee.jpg/330px-Different_Types_of_Arabic_Coffee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Different_Types_of_Arabic_Coffee.jpg/440px-Different_Types_of_Arabic_Coffee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3996" data-file-height="1329" /></a><figcaption>The different types of Arabic coffee with <a href="/wiki/Hejazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hejazi">Hejazi</a>/<a href="/wiki/Najd" title="Najd">Najdi</a> golden coffee seen on the left and the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levantine</a> black <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">qahwah sādah</i></span> (plain coffee) on the right</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Khaleej">Khaleej</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_cuisine&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Khaleej"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coffee_ceremony">Coffee ceremony</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_cuisine&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Coffee ceremony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Khaleej al-Arab</a> region, a visitor is greeted by a great table of <a href="/wiki/Dried_fruit" title="Dried fruit">dried fruits</a>, fresh fruits, nuts and cakes with syrup. Dried fruits include figs, dates, <a href="/wiki/Apricot#Dried_apricots" title="Apricot">apricots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prune#Uses" title="Prune">plums</a>. Fresh fruits include citruses, melons and pomegranate. Arabic coffee is most favored, but Arabic tea is also a great refresher. Spices are often added to the coffee and other drinks. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DriedfruitS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/DriedfruitS.jpg/220px-DriedfruitS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/DriedfruitS.jpg/330px-DriedfruitS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/DriedfruitS.jpg/440px-DriedfruitS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="634" /></a><figcaption>Dried fruits</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Guest_dinner">Guest dinner</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_cuisine&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Guest dinner"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Khaleej al-Arab region, a guest should expect a dinner consisting of a very large platter called <a href="/wiki/Kabsa" title="Kabsa">kabsa</a>, shared commonly, with a large amount of spiced rice, with spicy lamb, chicken, or both as separate dishes, with various stewed vegetables, heavily spiced, sometimes with a <a href="/wiki/Tomato_sauce" title="Tomato sauce">tomato-based sauce</a>. </p><p>Different types of bread are served with toppings specific to the region. Tea would certainly accompany the meal, as it is almost constantly consumed. Coffee would also be served. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dallahs.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Dallahs.png/220px-Dallahs.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Dallahs.png/330px-Dallahs.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Dallahs.png/440px-Dallahs.png 2x" data-file-width="3301" data-file-height="3631" /></a><figcaption><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Dallahs</i></span> for serving Arabic coffee</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maghreb">Maghreb</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_cuisine&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Maghreb"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tea/coffee_ceremony"><span id="Tea.2Fcoffee_ceremony"></span>Tea/coffee ceremony</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_cuisine&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Tea/coffee ceremony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> region, a visitor will find a table full of bread-like snacks, including <i><a href="/wiki/M%27semen" class="mw-redirect" title="M'semen">m’semen</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Baghrir" title="Baghrir">baghrir</a></i>, and other stuffed breads. These are served with honey, <a href="/wiki/Rose_water#Edible" title="Rose water">rosewater</a> or olive oil. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Msemmem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Msemmem.jpg/220px-Msemmem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Msemmem.jpg/330px-Msemmem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Msemmem.jpg/440px-Msemmem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">M'semen</i></span>, usually served with honey, mint tea or coffee, can also be stuffed with meat</figcaption></figure> <p>There are also many different cookies and cakes included accompanied by plates with different kinds of nuts. Mint tea is often served with it in a traditional Maghrebian teapot. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dinner_guests">Dinner guests</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_cuisine&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Dinner guests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Maghreb region, a guest may find a table with different kinds of <a href="/wiki/Stew" title="Stew">stews</a>, called <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">marqas</i></span> or <i><a href="/wiki/Tajine" title="Tajine">tajines</a></i>. Dishes such as <i><a href="/wiki/Couscous" title="Couscous">couscous</a></i> and other <a href="/wiki/Semolina#Dishes" title="Semolina">semolina-based foods</a> are also to be found. </p><p>These main dishes are accompanied by smaller <i><a href="/wiki/Mezze" class="mw-redirect" title="Mezze">mezze</a></i>-like plates with salads, sauces and dips. Breads such as <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">m'semen</i></span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Khobz" class="mw-redirect" title="Khobz">khobz</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Baguette" title="Baguette">baguette</a> are used to eat the stews. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tajine_mangue.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Tajine_mangue.JPG/220px-Tajine_mangue.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Tajine_mangue.JPG/330px-Tajine_mangue.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Tajine_mangue.JPG/440px-Tajine_mangue.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Tajine</i></span> with lamb and mango</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Levantine">Levantine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_cuisine&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Levantine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coffee/tea_ceremony"><span id="Coffee.2Ftea_ceremony"></span>Coffee/tea ceremony</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_cuisine&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Coffee/tea ceremony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In an average Arab Levantine household, a visitor might expect a table full of <i>mezzes</i>, breads topped with spices including <i><a href="/wiki/Za%27atar" title="Za'atar">za'atar</a></i> and nuts. In the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_coffee" title="Arabic coffee">Arabic coffee</a> is a much-loved beverage, but <a href="/wiki/Arabic_tea" title="Arabic tea">Arabic tea</a> is also much enjoyed in Jordan and Palestinian culture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dinner_guests_2">Dinner guests</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_cuisine&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Dinner guests"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Levant, a guest will find a table with different kinds of <i><a href="/wiki/Mezze" class="mw-redirect" title="Mezze">mezzes</a></i>, nuts, dips and oils. <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Mezzes</i></span> include <a href="/wiki/Hummus" title="Hummus">hummus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baba_ghanoush" title="Baba ghanoush">baba ghanoush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Falafel" title="Falafel">falafel</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Kibbeh" title="Kibbeh">kibbeh</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Kafta" class="mw-redirect" title="Kafta">kafta</a></i>, smoked vegetables and <i><a href="/wiki/Tabouli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabouli">tabouli</a></i> salads. The nuts can differ from almonds to walnuts, with different spice coatings. The dips and oils include hummus and olive oil. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hummus_Dip_(30863436677).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Hummus_Dip_%2830863436677%29.jpg/220px-Hummus_Dip_%2830863436677%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Hummus_Dip_%2830863436677%29.jpg/330px-Hummus_Dip_%2830863436677%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Hummus_Dip_%2830863436677%29.jpg/440px-Hummus_Dip_%2830863436677%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4190" data-file-height="3143" /></a><figcaption>Hummus with chickpeas, sesame seeds, and oil</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_differences">Regional differences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_cuisine&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Regional differences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are many regional differences in the Arab cuisine. For instance, <i><a href="/wiki/Mujaddara" title="Mujaddara">mujadara</a></i> in Syria and Lebanon is different from <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">mujadara</i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_cuisine" title="Jordanian cuisine">Jordan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_cuisine" title="Palestinian cuisine">Palestinian culture</a>. Some dishes, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Mansaf" title="Mansaf">mansaf</a></i> (the national dish of Jordan), are native to certain countries and rarely, if ever, make an appearance in other countries. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traditional_Mansaf_served_on_flatbread.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Traditional_Mansaf_served_on_flatbread.jpg/220px-Traditional_Mansaf_served_on_flatbread.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Traditional_Mansaf_served_on_flatbread.jpg/330px-Traditional_Mansaf_served_on_flatbread.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Traditional_Mansaf_served_on_flatbread.jpg/440px-Traditional_Mansaf_served_on_flatbread.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Traditional <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">mansaf</i></span> served on flatbread</figcaption></figure> <p>Unlike most Western recipes, <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a> is used in meat dishes, as well as in sweets such as <a href="/wiki/Baklava" title="Baklava">baklava</a>. Dishes such as <i><a href="/wiki/Tajine" title="Tajine">tajine</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Couscous" title="Couscous">couscous</a> can differ from Morocco to Libya, each having their own unique preparation. Other dishes, such as the Andalucian-Moorish <i><a href="/wiki/Bastilla" class="mw-redirect" title="Bastilla">bastilla</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Albondigas" class="mw-redirect" title="Albondigas">albondigas</a></i> have different traditional spice mixes and fillings. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bisteeya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Bisteeya.jpg/220px-Bisteeya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Bisteeya.jpg/330px-Bisteeya.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Bisteeya.jpg/440px-Bisteeya.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Bastilla</i></span>, Moroccan meat pie</figcaption></figure> <p>Many Arabic food words are borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>, the language originally spoken by the indigenous Christian inhabitants of Iraq and Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-zaouali_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zaouali-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_Arab_cuisines">Regional Arab cuisines</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_cuisine&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Regional Arab cuisines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arabian_Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_cuisine&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Arabian Peninsula"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bahraini_cuisine" title="Bahraini cuisine">Bahraini cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emirati_cuisine" title="Emirati cuisine">Emirati cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_cuisine" title="Kuwaiti cuisine">Kuwaiti cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omani_cuisine" title="Omani cuisine">Omani cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatari_cuisine" title="Qatari cuisine">Qatari cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_cuisine" title="Saudi Arabian cuisine">Saudi Arabian cuisine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_cuisine" title="Yemeni cuisine">Yemeni cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Somalicamelmeat.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Somalicamelmeat.jpg/220px-Somalicamelmeat.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Somalicamelmeat.jpg/330px-Somalicamelmeat.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Somalicamelmeat.jpg/440px-Somalicamelmeat.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Camel#Meat" title="Camel">Camel meat</a> is popular in the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dattes_deglet_from_Biskra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Dattes_deglet_from_Biskra.jpg/220px-Dattes_deglet_from_Biskra.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Dattes_deglet_from_Biskra.jpg/330px-Dattes_deglet_from_Biskra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Dattes_deglet_from_Biskra.jpg/440px-Dattes_deglet_from_Biskra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Date_(fruit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Date (fruit)">Dates</a> are a <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staple</a> in Arabian cuisine.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kabsa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Kabsa.jpg/220px-Kabsa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Kabsa.jpg/330px-Kabsa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Kabsa.jpg/440px-Kabsa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Kabsa" title="Kabsa">Kabsa</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/South_Arabia" title="South Arabia">South Arabian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabia" title="Eastern Arabia">Eastern Arabian</a> cuisine today is the result of a combination of diverse influences, incorporating <a href="/wiki/Levantine_cuisine" title="Levantine cuisine">Levantine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_cuisine" title="Yemeni cuisine">Yemeni</a> cuisines.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bukhari rice (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">رز بخاري</span></span>) (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Ruz al Bukhari</i></span>) is a very popular dish eaten in the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a> region of Saudi Arabia. It is made with spicy tomato sauce, flavoured chicken and a fresh salad. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Machboos.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Machboos.JPG/220px-Machboos.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Machboos.JPG/330px-Machboos.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Machboos.JPG/440px-Machboos.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Kabsa</i></span> is also known as <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">machbūs</i></span></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Kabsa" title="Kabsa">Kabsa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: كبسة <i>kabsah</i>) or <i>makbūs/machbūs</i> (مكبوس <small><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Arabic" title="Gulf Arabic">Gulf</a> pron.:</small> [mɑtʃˈbuːs]) is an Arab <a href="/wiki/Mixed_rice_dish" title="Mixed rice dish">mixed rice dish</a> that originates from <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is commonly regarded as a <a href="/wiki/National_dish" title="National dish">national dish</a> in all the countries of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>. It can also be found in regions such as southern <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaza_strip" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaza strip">Gaza</a> in <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Malabar_Coast" title="Malabar Coast">Malabar Coast</a> of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>. </p><p>The cuisine of <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> is in some ways distinct from other Arab cuisines. As in most Arab countries, chicken, goat, and lamb are eaten more often than beef, and fish is eaten mostly in coastal areas. </p><p>However, cheese, butter, and other dairy products are less common, especially in the cities and other urban areas. As with other Arab cuisines, the most widespread beverages are tea and coffee; tea is usually flavored with <a href="/wiki/Cardamom" title="Cardamom">cardamom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">clove</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Mentha" title="Mentha">mint</a>, and coffee with cardamom. <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Karakaden</i></span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Naqe%27e_Al_Zabib" title="Naqe'e Al Zabib">Naqe'e Al Zabib</a></i>, and <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">diba'a</i></span> are the most widespread cold beverages. </p><p>Although each region has their own variation, <i><a href="/wiki/Saltah" title="Saltah">saltah</a></i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">سلتة</span></span>) is considered the national dish of Yemen. The base is a brown meat is called <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">maraq</i></span> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مرق</span></span>), a dollop of <a href="/wiki/Fenugreek" title="Fenugreek">fenugreek</a> froth, and <i><a href="/wiki/Skhug" class="mw-redirect" title="Skhug">sahawiq</a></i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">سحاوق</span></span>) or <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">sahowqa</i></span> (a mixture of chili peppers, tomatoes, garlic, and herbs ground into a salsa.) </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saltah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Saltah.jpg/220px-Saltah.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Saltah.jpg/330px-Saltah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Saltah.jpg/440px-Saltah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2988" data-file-height="3215" /></a><figcaption>Bowl of <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">saltah</i></span></figcaption></figure> <p>Rice, potatoes, scrambled eggs, and vegetables are common additions to <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">saltah</i></span>. It is eaten with flat bread known as <i><a href="/wiki/Malawach" title="Malawach">mulawah</a></i>, which serves as a utensil to scoop up the food. </p><p>Other dishes widely known in Yemen include <i><a href="/wiki/Aseed" class="mw-redirect" title="Aseed">aseed</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Fahsa" title="Fahsa">fahsa</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Tharid" title="Tharid"><i>thareed</i></a>, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">samak mafi</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Mandi_(food)" title="Mandi (food)"><i>mandi</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Fatteh" title="Fatteh"><i>fattah</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Shakshouka" title="Shakshouka">shakshouka</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Shafoot" title="Shafoot"><i>shafut</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bint_al-sahn" title="Bint al-sahn">bint al-sahn</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Kabsa" title="Kabsa">kabsa</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Jachnun" title="Jachnun">jachnun</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Harees" title="Harees">harees</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Hyderabadi_haleem" title="Hyderabadi haleem">Hyderabadi <i>haleem</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Loukoumades.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Loukoumades.jpg/220px-Loukoumades.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Loukoumades.jpg/330px-Loukoumades.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Loukoumades.jpg/440px-Loukoumades.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Loukoumades" class="mw-redirect" title="Loukoumades">Luqmat al-qadi</a></i></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bedouin_cuisine">Bedouin cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_cuisine&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Bedouin cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouins</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> rely on a diet of <a href="/wiki/Date_(fruit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Date (fruit)">dates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dried_fruit" title="Dried fruit">dried fruit</a>, nuts, wheat, barley, rice, and meat. The meat comes from large animals such as cows, sheep, and lambs. They also eat dairy products: milk, cheese, yoghurt, and buttermilk (<i><a href="/wiki/Labneh" class="mw-redirect" title="Labneh">labneh</a></i>). </p><p>Bedouins also use many different dried beans including white beans, lentils, and chickpeas. Vegetables that are commonly used are those that could be dried, such as pumpkins, but also vegetables that are more heat-resistant, such as aubergines. </p><p>They drink a lot of fresh <a href="/wiki/Verbena" title="Verbena">verbena</a> tea, <a href="/wiki/Arabic_tea" title="Arabic tea">Arabic tea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maghrebi_mint_tea" title="Maghrebi mint tea">Maghrebi mint tea</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Arabic_coffee" title="Arabic coffee">Arabic coffee</a>. A daily break to freshen up with drinks is a much-loved tradition. </p><p>Common breads in the Maghreb are <i><a href="/wiki/Khobz" class="mw-redirect" title="Khobz">khobz</a></i> and <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">khaleej</i></span>. Traditional dishes such as <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">marqa</i></span> and <i><a href="/wiki/Tajine" title="Tajine">tajines</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Stew" title="Stew">stews</a>) are also regularly prepared. </p><p>Breakfast consists of baked beans, bread, nuts, dried fruits, milk, yoghurt, and cheese with tea or coffee. Snacks also include nuts and dried fruits. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Levant">Levant</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_cuisine&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Levant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Levantine_cuisine" title="Levantine cuisine">Levantine cuisine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Syrian_cuisine" title="Syrian cuisine">Syrian cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_cuisine" title="Lebanese cuisine">Lebanese cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_cuisine" title="Jordanian cuisine">Jordanian cuisine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_cuisine" title="Palestinian cuisine">Palestinian cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sfiha2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Sfiha2.jpg/220px-Sfiha2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Sfiha2.jpg/330px-Sfiha2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Sfiha2.jpg/440px-Sfiha2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2279" data-file-height="1296" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Sfiha" title="Sfiha">Sfiha</a></i>, a flatbread with a minced meat topping, often lamb</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Restauranthouder_bij_zijn_shoarma_spit,_Bestanddeelnr_255-6509.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Restauranthouder_bij_zijn_shoarma_spit%2C_Bestanddeelnr_255-6509.jpg/220px-Restauranthouder_bij_zijn_shoarma_spit%2C_Bestanddeelnr_255-6509.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Restauranthouder_bij_zijn_shoarma_spit%2C_Bestanddeelnr_255-6509.jpg/330px-Restauranthouder_bij_zijn_shoarma_spit%2C_Bestanddeelnr_255-6509.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Restauranthouder_bij_zijn_shoarma_spit%2C_Bestanddeelnr_255-6509.jpg/440px-Restauranthouder_bij_zijn_shoarma_spit%2C_Bestanddeelnr_255-6509.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="2614" /></a><figcaption>Shawarma in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, 1950</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Makluba.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Makluba.JPG/220px-Makluba.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Makluba.JPG/330px-Makluba.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Makluba.JPG/440px-Makluba.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4224" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Maqluba" title="Maqluba">Maqluba</a></i>, a rice and <a href="/wiki/Eggplant" title="Eggplant">eggplant</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cauliflower" title="Cauliflower">cauliflower</a> <a href="/wiki/Casserole" title="Casserole">casserole</a>, often with lamb</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mushakhan_Dish.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Mushakhan_Dish.jpg/220px-Mushakhan_Dish.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Mushakhan_Dish.jpg/330px-Mushakhan_Dish.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Mushakhan_Dish.jpg/440px-Mushakhan_Dish.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Musakhan" title="Musakhan">Musakhan</a></i>, a Palestinian dish—chicken with onions, spices and pine nuts on <i><a href="/wiki/Taboon" class="mw-redirect" title="Taboon">taboon</a></i> bread</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mujaddara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Mujaddara.jpg/220px-Mujaddara.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Mujaddara.jpg/330px-Mujaddara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Mujaddara.jpg/440px-Mujaddara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Mujaddara" title="Mujaddara">Mujaddara</a></i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hummus_etc._(7351539600).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Hummus_etc._%287351539600%29.jpg/220px-Hummus_etc._%287351539600%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Hummus_etc._%287351539600%29.jpg/330px-Hummus_etc._%287351539600%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Hummus_etc._%287351539600%29.jpg/440px-Hummus_etc._%287351539600%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2409" data-file-height="1606" /></a><figcaption>A typical popular traditional Levantine meal</figcaption></figure> <p>Levantine cuisine is the traditional cuisine of the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a>. Although now divided into <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>, the region has historically been more united, and shares many culinary traditions. Although very similar, there is some variation within the Levantine area. </p><p>The main ingredients used include olive oil, <i><a href="/wiki/Za%27atar" title="Za'atar">za'atar</a></i>, garlic, <a href="/wiki/Olives" class="mw-redirect" title="Olives">olives</a>, and rice, and common dishes include a wide array of <a href="/wiki/Meze" title="Meze"><i>mezze</i></a> or bread dips, stuffings, and side dishes such as <a href="/wiki/Hummus" title="Hummus">hummus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Falafel" title="Falafel">falafel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ful_medames" title="Ful medames"><i>ful</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Tabouleh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tabouleh">tabouleh</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Labaneh" class="mw-redirect" title="Labaneh">labaneh</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Baba_ghanoush" title="Baba ghanoush">baba ghanoush</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flickr_-_cyclonebill_-_Tabbouleh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flickr_-_cyclonebill_-_Tabbouleh.jpg/220px-Flickr_-_cyclonebill_-_Tabbouleh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flickr_-_cyclonebill_-_Tabbouleh.jpg/330px-Flickr_-_cyclonebill_-_Tabbouleh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flickr_-_cyclonebill_-_Tabbouleh.jpg/440px-Flickr_-_cyclonebill_-_Tabbouleh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Tabbouleh</i></span></figcaption></figure> <p>Salads are also often seasoned with lemon juice or <a href="/wiki/Pomegranate_molasses" title="Pomegranate molasses">pomegranate molasses</a>. Most often, foods are either grilled, baked, fried, or sautéed in olive oil; butter and cream are usually reserved for desserts. Vegetables are often eaten raw or pickled, as well as cooked. </p><p>Levantine cuisine is also famous for its wide range of cheeses, including <i><a href="/wiki/Shanklish" title="Shanklish">shanklish</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Halloumi" title="Halloumi">halloumi</a></i>, and <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">arisheh</i></span>. </p><p>The main alcoholic drink in the Levant is <i><a href="/wiki/Arak_(drink)" title="Arak (drink)">arak</a></i>, a distilled spirit of the <a href="/wiki/Anise_drinks" title="Anise drinks">anise drinks</a> family (like the Greek <a href="/wiki/Ouzo" title="Ouzo">ouzo</a> and the French <a href="/wiki/Pastis" title="Pastis">pastis</a>). Levantine cuisine also incorporates wines made in Syria and Lebanon, such as the renowned <a href="/wiki/Domaine_de_Bargylus" title="Domaine de Bargylus">Domaine de Bargylus</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North_Levant">North Levant</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_cuisine&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: North Levant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some ingredients are viewed as unique to Syrian and Lebanese cuisine, including <a href="/wiki/Zucchini" title="Zucchini">zucchini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grape_leaves" title="Grape leaves">vine leaves</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pistachios" class="mw-redirect" title="Pistachios">pistachios</a>, among others. <a href="/wiki/Eggplant" title="Eggplant">Eggplant</a>, in particular, is considered particularly emblematic of Syrian cuisine. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kibbeh" title="Kibbeh">Kibbeh</a>, a dish based on spiced ground meat and <a href="/wiki/Bulgur" title="Bulgur">bulgur wheat</a>, is famous in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>. It is considered the national dish of both countries.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city of <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>, in Syria, is particularly notable for supposedly having 17 different types of kibbeh,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which includes kibbeh with <a href="/wiki/Sumac" title="Sumac">sumac</a> (<i>kibbeh sumaqiyye</i>), kibbeh with <a href="/wiki/Quince" title="Quince">quince</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Kibbeh_safarjaliyeh" title="Kibbeh safarjaliyeh">kibbeh safarjaliyeh</a></i>), kibbeh with yogurt (<i>kibbeh labaniye</i>), and raw kibbeh (<i><a href="/wiki/Kibbeh_nayyeh" title="Kibbeh nayyeh">kibbeh nayyeh</a></i>). The latter dish is quite popular among <a href="/wiki/Arab_Christians" title="Arab Christians">Christians</a> and is frequently consumed on <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> or <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also very popular in Lebanon. </p><p>Another famous dish is <a href="/wiki/Shawarma" title="Shawarma">shawarma</a>, which consists of meat cut into thin slices which are placed in an inverted cone and cooked using a spit or a grill. Shawarma sandwiches are arguably the most famous example of <a href="/wiki/Street_food" title="Street food">street food</a> in the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Street_Food_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Street_Food-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The traditional shawarma sandwich contains pickles and a garlic sauce, which can either be <i><a href="/wiki/Toum" title="Toum">toum</a></i> (when the meat used is chicken) or <i><a href="/wiki/Tarator" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarator">tarator</a></i> (when beef is used). In Lebanon, <a href="/wiki/French_fries" title="French fries">French fries</a> are often added. </p><p>A quintessential breakfast dish is <i><a href="/wiki/Manakish" title="Manakish">manakish</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Wright_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Carterp68_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carterp68-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> consisting of bread (<a href="/wiki/Pita" title="Pita">pita</a> or <a href="/wiki/Saj_bread" title="Saj bread">saj</a>) topped with <i><a href="/wiki/Za%27atar" title="Za'atar">za'atar</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It can also be topped with cheese—often <i><a href="/wiki/Ackawi_cheese" class="mw-redirect" title="Ackawi cheese">akkawi</a></i> or <i><a href="/wiki/Kashkaval" title="Kashkaval">kashkawan</a></i>. When topped with ground beef it is called <i><a href="/wiki/Sfiha" title="Sfiha">sfiha</a></i>. </p><p><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Kishk</i></span> is a famous Syrian soup, alongside many soups made of lentils. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Levant">South Levant</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_cuisine&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: South Levant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a> (and to a lesser extent in southern <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>), there is a much stronger emphasis on roasting various meats, and cooking thick yogurt-like pastes from goat's milk. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Mansaf" title="Mansaf">Mansaf</a></i> is a traditional meal, and the national dish of Jordan, having roots in the Bedouin population of the country. It consists of a leg of lamb or large pieces of mutton, on top of a <i><a href="/wiki/Markook_shrek" class="mw-redirect" title="Markook shrek">markook</a></i> bread that has been topped with yellow rice. A type of thick dried yogurt made from goat's milk, called <i><a href="/wiki/Jameed" title="Jameed">jameed</a></i>, is poured on top of the lamb and rice to give it its distinct flavor and taste. The dish is garnished with cooked pine nuts and almonds. <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Mansaf</i></span> is mostly eaten during large dinner gatherings, and on special occasions such as <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a> or <a href="/wiki/Eid_ul-Fitr" class="mw-redirect" title="Eid ul-Fitr">Eid ul-Fitr</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mansaf,_the_traditional_dish_of_Jordan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Mansaf%2C_the_traditional_dish_of_Jordan.jpg/220px-Mansaf%2C_the_traditional_dish_of_Jordan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Mansaf%2C_the_traditional_dish_of_Jordan.jpg/330px-Mansaf%2C_the_traditional_dish_of_Jordan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Mansaf%2C_the_traditional_dish_of_Jordan.jpg/440px-Mansaf%2C_the_traditional_dish_of_Jordan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>A variant of <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">mansaf</i></span> in Amman, Jordan</figcaption></figure> <p>Another common main dish is <i><a href="/wiki/Musakhan" title="Musakhan">musakhan</a></i>, famous in northern <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, the northern West Bank, and <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>. It consists of <a href="/wiki/Taboon_bread" title="Taboon bread"><i>taboon</i> bread</a>, topped with pieces of cooked <a href="/wiki/Sweet_onion" title="Sweet onion">sweet onions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumac" title="Sumac">sumac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">saffron</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Allspice" title="Allspice">allspice</a>. For large dinners, it can be topped by one or two roasted chickens on a single large <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">taboon</i></span> bread. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Maqluba" title="Maqluba">Maqluba</a></i> (lit. 'upside-down') is another popular meal in Jordan and central Palestine.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It consists of meat, rice, and fried vegetables placed in a pot which is flipped upside down when served, hence the name.<sup id="cite_ref-LamDinner_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LamDinner-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Mujaddara" title="Mujaddara">Mujaddara</a></i>, another food of the West Bank, as well as in the Levant in general, consists of cooked green lentils, with <a href="/wiki/Bulghur" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulghur">bulghur</a> sauteed in olive oil. </p><p>The primary cheese of the Palestinian <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">mezze</i></span> is <i><a href="/wiki/Ackawi_cheese" class="mw-redirect" title="Ackawi cheese">akkawi</a></i> cheese, which is a semi-hard cheese with a mild, salty taste and sparsely filled with roasted sesame seeds. It is primarily used in <i><a href="/wiki/Kanafeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanafeh">knafeh</a></i>. </p><p>The Palestinian city of <a href="/wiki/Nablus" title="Nablus">Nablus</a> is particularly renowned for its <i><a href="/wiki/Knafeh" title="Knafeh">knafeh</a></i>, which consists of mild white cheese (usually <i><a href="/wiki/Ackawi_cheese" class="mw-redirect" title="Ackawi cheese">akkawi</a></i> cheese or <i><a href="/wiki/Nabulsi_cheese" title="Nabulsi cheese">nabulsi</a></i> cheese) and a shredded wheat surface, which is covered by sugar syrup. In the Middle East, this variant of <i>knafeh</i> is the most common. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iraq">Iraq</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_cuisine&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Iraq"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_cuisine" title="Iraqi cuisine">Iraqi cuisine</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> is home to the first cookbook ever recorded in history, historically in <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>. The <i>Kitab al-tabikh</i> is the oldest surviving Arabic cookbook, written by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sayyar_al-Warraq" title="Ibn Sayyar al-Warraq">al-Warraq</a> in the 10th century. It is compiled from the recipes of the 8th and 9th century courts of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a> in Baghdad. Due to its location, Iraq shares similarities in cooking and cuisines between both the surrounding regions of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iranian_cuisine" title="Iranian cuisine">Persian</a> cuisine. <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_cuisine" title="Iraqi cuisine">Iraqi cuisine</a> mainly consists of meat, rather than appetizers. In Iraqi cuisine, the most common meats are chicken and lamb. The national dish of Iraq is the <a href="/wiki/Masgouf" title="Masgouf">Masgouf</a> fish, usually enjoyed with grilled tomatoes and onions. Iraqi cuisine uses more spices than most Arab cuisines. Iraq's main food crops include wheat, barley, rice, vegetables, and <a href="/wiki/Date_(fruit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Date (fruit)">dates</a>. Vegetables include <a href="/wiki/Eggplant" title="Eggplant">eggplant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Okra" title="Okra">okra</a>, potatoes, and tomatoes. Pulses such as chickpeas and lentils are also quite common. Common meats in Iraqi cuisine are lamb and beef; fish and poultry are also used. </p><p>Soups and stews are often prepared and served with rice and vegetables. <a href="/wiki/Biryani" title="Biryani">Biryani</a>, although influenced by <a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian cuisine</a>, is milder with a different mixture of spices, and a wider variety of vegetables, including potatoes, peas, carrots, and onions. <a href="/wiki/Dolma" title="Dolma">Dolma</a> is also one of the most popular dishes. </p><p>The Iraqi cuisine is famous for its extremely tender <a href="/wiki/Kebab" title="Kebab">kebab</a>, as well as its <a href="/wiki/Tikka_(food)" title="Tikka (food)">tikka</a>. A wide variety of spices, pickles, and <a href="/wiki/Amba_(condiment)" title="Amba (condiment)">amba</a> are also extensively used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Egypt">Egypt</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_cuisine&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine" title="Egyptian cuisine">Egyptian cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Egyptian_food_Koshary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Egyptian_food_Koshary.jpg/220px-Egyptian_food_Koshary.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Egyptian_food_Koshary.jpg/330px-Egyptian_food_Koshary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Egyptian_food_Koshary.jpg/440px-Egyptian_food_Koshary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3031" data-file-height="2101" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kushari" class="mw-redirect" title="Kushari">Kushari</a>, an Egyptian dish.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Falafels_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Falafels_2.jpg/220px-Falafels_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Falafels_2.jpg/330px-Falafels_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Falafels_2.jpg/440px-Falafels_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="2340" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Falafel" title="Falafel">Falafel</a>, deep-fried balls of ground chickpeas or fava beans, is a common dish in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Egypt has a very rich cuisine with many unique customs. These customs also vary within Egypt itself, for example, in the coastal areas, like the coast of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> and Canal, the diet relies heavily on fish. In the more rural areas, reliance on farm products is much heavier. Duck, geese, chicken, and river fish are the main animal protein sources. While Egyptians eat a lot of meat, Egyptian cuisine is rich in <a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">vegetarian</a> dishes; three national dishes of Egypt; <i><a href="/wiki/Ful_medames" title="Ful medames">ful medames</a></i>, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">ta'miya</i></span> (also known in other countries as <i><a href="/wiki/Falafel" title="Falafel">falafel</a></i>), and <i><a href="/wiki/Kushari" class="mw-redirect" title="Kushari">kushari</a></i>, are generally vegetarian. Fruits are also greatly appreciated in Egypt: <a href="/wiki/Mango" title="Mango">mangos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grape" title="Grape">grapes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">bananas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">apples</a>, sycamore, <a href="/wiki/Guava" title="Guava">guavas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peach" title="Peach">peaches</a> are very popular, especially because they are all domestically produced and are available at relatively low prices. A famous dessert from Egypt is called <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">om ali</i></span>, which is similar to a bread and butter pudding made traditionally with puff pastry, milk and nuts. It is served all across the Middle East and is also made on special occasions such as Eid.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bread is a staple in Egypt; the most common breads are <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">eish baladi</i></span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sudan">Sudan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_cuisine&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Sudan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sudanese_cuisine" title="Sudanese cuisine">Sudanese cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ShahanFul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/ShahanFul.jpg/220px-ShahanFul.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/ShahanFul.jpg/330px-ShahanFul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/ShahanFul.jpg/440px-ShahanFul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="994" data-file-height="784" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shahan_ful" title="Shahan ful">Shahan ful</a> presented alongside <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berbere" title="Berbere">berbere</a>, various vegetables, and a roll of bread</figcaption></figure> <p>In comparison to its <a href="/wiki/Maghreb_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Maghreb cuisine">Maghreb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Levantine_cuisine" title="Levantine cuisine">Levantine</a> neighbors, the cuisine of <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a> tends to be generous with spices. Sudanese cuisine has a rich variety in ingredients and creativity. Simple everyday vegetables are used to create stews and <a href="/wiki/Omelette" title="Omelette">omelettes</a> that are healthy yet nutritious, and full of energy and flair. These stews are called <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">mullah</i></span>. One could have a zucchini <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">mullah</i></span>, spinach (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">riglah</i></span>) <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">mullah</i></span>, etc. Popular dishes include <a href="/wiki/Ful_medames" title="Ful medames">ful medames</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shahan_ful" title="Shahan ful">shahan ful</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hummus" title="Hummus">hummus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Okra" title="Okra">bamya</a> (a stew made from ground, sun-dried okra), and <a href="/wiki/Pancake#Horn_of_Africa" title="Pancake">gurasa</a> (pancake), as well as different types of salads and sweets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maghreb_2">Maghreb</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_cuisine&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Maghreb"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maghreb_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Maghreb cuisine">Maghreb cuisine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Libyan_cuisine" title="Libyan cuisine">Libyan cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Algerian_cuisine" title="Algerian cuisine">Algerian cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_cuisine" title="Moroccan cuisine">Moroccan cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_cuisine" title="Tunisian cuisine">Tunisian cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Saharan_cuisine" title="Western Saharan cuisine">Western Saharan cuisine</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mauritanian_cuisine" title="Mauritanian cuisine">Mauritanian cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moroccan_cuscus,_from_Casablanca,_September_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Moroccan_cuscus%2C_from_Casablanca%2C_September_2018.jpg/220px-Moroccan_cuscus%2C_from_Casablanca%2C_September_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Moroccan_cuscus%2C_from_Casablanca%2C_September_2018.jpg/330px-Moroccan_cuscus%2C_from_Casablanca%2C_September_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Moroccan_cuscus%2C_from_Casablanca%2C_September_2018.jpg/440px-Moroccan_cuscus%2C_from_Casablanca%2C_September_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1191" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Couscous" title="Couscous">Couscous</a>, a characteristic dish of the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a>, is made of <a href="/wiki/Steaming" title="Steaming">steamed</a> balls of crushed <a href="/wiki/Durum_wheat" title="Durum wheat">durum wheat</a> <a href="/wiki/Semolina" title="Semolina">semolina</a> about 3 millimetres (0.12 in) across<sup id="cite_ref-notpasta_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-notpasta-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> traditionally served with <a href="/wiki/Stew" title="Stew">stew</a> spooned on top.</figcaption></figure> <p>Maghreb cuisine is the cooking of the <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghreb</a> region, the northwesternmost part of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, consisting of the countries of <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a>. In Maghrebi cuisine, the most common <a href="/wiki/Staple_foods" class="mw-redirect" title="Staple foods">staple foods</a> are <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> (for <i><a href="/wiki/Khobz" class="mw-redirect" title="Khobz">khobz</a></i> bread<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Couscous" title="Couscous">couscous</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>),<sup id="cite_ref-MacVeigh_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacVeigh-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fish, seafood, goat,<sup id="cite_ref-Jamaica_Observer_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jamaica_Observer-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lamb,<sup id="cite_ref-Jamaica_Observer_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jamaica_Observer-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> beef,<sup id="cite_ref-Jamaica_Observer_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jamaica_Observer-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Date_(fruit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Date (fruit)">dates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Almond" title="Almond">almonds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olives</a> and various vegetables and fruits.<sup id="cite_ref-momo_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-momo-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moroccan cuisine has long been considered one of the most diverse in the world. This is because Morocco has interacted extensively with the outside world for centuries. Over the centuries, chefs in Moroccan cuisine in <a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meknes" title="Meknes">Meknes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marrakesh" title="Marrakesh">Marrakech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rabat" title="Rabat">Rabat</a> and <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9touan" title="Tétouan">Tetouan</a> have been the basis for what is known as Moroccan cuisine today. Moroccan cuisine also ranked first in the Arab world and Africa, and second in the world in 2012 after France. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tajine_mangue.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Tajine_mangue.JPG/220px-Tajine_mangue.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Tajine_mangue.JPG/330px-Tajine_mangue.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Tajine_mangue.JPG/440px-Tajine_mangue.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Tajine" title="Tajine">Tajine</a></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghrebi</a> dish which is named after the <a href="/wiki/Earthenware" title="Earthenware">earthenware</a> pot in which it is cooked. It is also called <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">maraq</i></span> or <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">marqa</i></span>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_cuisine" title="Tunisian cuisine">Tunisian cuisine</a> is the style of cooking used by the <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisian people">Tunisian people</a> and is part of the Maghreb and <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Mediterranean cuisine">Mediterranean cuisine</a>. <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Assa</i></span> on mush<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, spices, <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili red pepper</a>, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">kodaid</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Wheat_flour" title="Wheat flour">wheat flour</a>, lamb, <a href="/wiki/Garlic" title="Garlic">garlic</a>, fish and many other vegetables and spices are common. Tunisian cuisine offers what is known as a "solar kitchen" that relies heavily on olive oil, spices, tomatoes, fish species, and meat. Bread is an essential ingredient in Tunisian cuisine, as it accompanies almost all dishes and is usually used by dipping for broth. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libyan</a> cuisine derives much from the traditions of <a href="/wiki/Maghreb_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Maghreb cuisine">Maghreb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Mediterranean cuisine">Mediterranean</a> cuisines. One of the most popular Libyan dishes is <a href="/wiki/Bazin_(bread)" title="Bazin (bread)"><i>bazin</i></a>, an <a href="/wiki/Unleavened_bread" title="Unleavened bread">unleavened bread</a> prepared with <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, water and salt.<sup id="cite_ref-Rozario_2004_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rozario_2004-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Bazin</i></span> is prepared by boiling <a href="/wiki/Barley_flour" title="Barley flour">barley flour</a> in water and then beating it to create a dough using a <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">magraf</i></span>, which is a unique stick designed for this purpose.<sup id="cite_ref-Davidson_Jaine_Davidson_Saberi_2006_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davidson_Jaine_Davidson_Saberi_2006-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">Pork</a> consumption is forbidden, in accordance with <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a>, the religious laws of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-foodspring_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foodspring-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Libya" title="Tripoli, Libya">Tripoli</a> is Libya's capital, and the cuisine is particularly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian cuisine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-foodspring_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foodspring-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pasta is common, and many seafood dishes are available.<sup id="cite_ref-foodspring_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foodspring-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Southern Libyan cuisine is more traditionally Arab and <a href="/wiki/Berber_cuisine" title="Berber cuisine">Berber</a>. Common fruits and vegetables include <a href="/wiki/Common_fig" class="mw-redirect" title="Common fig">figs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_dactylifera" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix dactylifera">dates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orange_(fruit)" title="Orange (fruit)">oranges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apricot" title="Apricot">apricots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Olive" title="Olive">olives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-foodspring_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foodspring-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rechta.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Rechta.png/220px-Rechta.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Rechta.png/330px-Rechta.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Rechta.png/440px-Rechta.png 2x" data-file-width="2279" data-file-height="2339" /></a><figcaption><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Rechta</i></span> is a <a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghrebi</a> dish of fine noodles, consumed particularly in <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> and to a lesser extent in Tunisia and Morocco.</figcaption></figure> <p>Libyan cooking, like Tunisian, includes hot spices. Typical foods are <a href="/wiki/Bazin_(bread)" title="Bazin (bread)"><i>bazin</i></a> (Libyan bread), <i><a href="/wiki/Bsisa" title="Bsisa">bsisa</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Couscous" title="Couscous">couscous</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Harissa" title="Harissa">harissa</a></i>, <i>hassaa</i>, <i>lebrak (</i>filled <a href="/wiki/Grape_leaves" title="Grape leaves">grape leaves</a> with rice and minced meat), Libyan <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">boureek</i></span>, Libyan summer salad, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">marqa</i></span> or <i><a href="/wiki/Tajine" title="Tajine">tajine</a></i>, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">madrouba</i></span>, and <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">mbatten</i></span>. <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Mbekbka</i></span> is a unique Libyan soup with pasta or spaghetti—rather than draining off the water, pasta is boiled together with the sauce. It can be made with any type of pasta, and the simplest dish involves frying onions in oil, throwing in the tomato puree, chili powder, turmeric, then adding water and salt and leaving to boil before adding the pasta. Another way involves adding lamb chops, chickpeas and garlic to the sauce before serving hot with a sprinkle of extra virgin olive oil, lemon, fresh chili and optional crusty bread. Other vegetables such as pumpkin, potato and green pepper can be added.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Maqluba" title="Maqluba"><i>Maglouba</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Shakshouka" title="Shakshouka">shakshouka</a>, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">sherba</i></span>, <i><a href="/wiki/Usban" title="Usban">usban</a></i>, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">zumita</i></span> and <i><a href="/wiki/Asida" title="Asida">asida</a></i>. Desserts and beverages include <i><a href="/wiki/Makroudh" title="Makroudh">makroudh</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Libyan_tea" title="Libyan tea">Libyan tea</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ghoriba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghoriba">ghoriba</a></i>, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">maakroun</i></span>, <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">mafruka</i></span> and <a href="/wiki/Blancmange" title="Blancmange"><i>mhalbiya</i></a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Algerian_cuisine" title="Algerian cuisine">Algerian cuisine</a> is characterized by a wealth derived from land and sea production, a <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Mediterranean cuisine">Mediterranean</a>-<a href="/wiki/Maghreb_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Maghreb cuisine">Maghreb cuisine</a>. It offers a variety of dishes depending on the region and season, which gives a very varied plate. This cuisine is still based on vegetables and cereals that have always been produced in abundance in the country, which was formerly called <i>Roma bakery</i> and then <i>Bakery Europe</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In addition, Algeria's rich history has contributed to the abundance of food from different periods and regions of the world. Among all the culinary specialties available in <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, couscous remains the most famous, recognized as a national dish, as well as the traditional pastry called Oriental pastry in Western countries. Despite its historical transmission from generation to generation, there are many books devoted to Algerian cuisine. Algerian cuisine combines a variety of ingredients including vegetables, fruits, spices, meat, fish, seafood, vegetables and <a href="/wiki/Dried_fruit" title="Dried fruit">dried fruits</a>. Vegetables are often used for salads, soups, casserole, couscous and sauces. <a href="/wiki/Carrot" title="Carrot">Carrots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pumpkin" title="Pumpkin">pumpkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potatoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_bean" title="Green bean">green beans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bean" title="Bean">beans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kale" title="Kale">kale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eggplant" title="Eggplant">eggplant</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Truffle" title="Truffle">truffles</a> are widely used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_cuisine&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Dishes</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kebbeh.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Kebbeh كبة-كبيبة"><img alt="Kebbeh كبة-كبيبة" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Kebbeh.JPG/240px-Kebbeh.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Kebbeh.JPG/360px-Kebbeh.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Kebbeh.JPG/480px-Kebbeh.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kibbeh" title="Kibbeh">Kebbeh</a> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">كبة-كبيبة</span></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baba_Ghanoush.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Baba Ghanoush بابا غانوج"><img alt="Baba Ghanoush بابا غانوج" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Baba_Ghanoush.jpg/320px-Baba_Ghanoush.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Baba_Ghanoush.jpg/479px-Baba_Ghanoush.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Baba_Ghanoush.jpg/639px-Baba_Ghanoush.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1572" data-file-height="886" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Baba_Ghanoush" class="mw-redirect" title="Baba Ghanoush">Baba Ghanoush</a> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">بابا غانوج</span></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hummus_from_The_Nile.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hummus حمص"><img alt="Hummus حمص" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Hummus_from_The_Nile.jpg/270px-Hummus_from_The_Nile.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Hummus_from_The_Nile.jpg/405px-Hummus_from_The_Nile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Hummus_from_The_Nile.jpg/540px-Hummus_from_The_Nile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2711" data-file-height="1808" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hummus" title="Hummus">Hummus</a> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حمص</span></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Labneh01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Labneh لبنة"><img alt="Labneh لبنة" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Labneh01.jpg/240px-Labneh01.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Labneh01.jpg/360px-Labneh01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Labneh01.jpg/480px-Labneh01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Labneh" class="mw-redirect" title="Labneh">Labneh</a> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">لبنة</span></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 144.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 142.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arabkaak.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ka'ak كعك - كحك"><img alt="Ka'ak كعك - كحك" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Arabkaak.jpg/214px-Arabkaak.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Arabkaak.jpg/320px-Arabkaak.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Arabkaak.jpg/427px-Arabkaak.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2411" data-file-height="2033" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ka%27ak" title="Ka'ak">Ka'ak</a> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">كعك - كحك</span></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 86.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 84.666666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turkish_coffee_in_Abu_Ghosh.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coffee قهوة"><img alt="Coffee قهوة" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Turkish_coffee_in_Abu_Ghosh.jpg/127px-Turkish_coffee_in_Abu_Ghosh.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Turkish_coffee_in_Abu_Ghosh.jpg/190px-Turkish_coffee_in_Abu_Ghosh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Turkish_coffee_in_Abu_Ghosh.jpg/254px-Turkish_coffee_in_Abu_Ghosh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1434" data-file-height="2031" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">Coffee</a> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">قهوة</span></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 153.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 151.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PistHalva.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Halva حلاوة"><img alt="Halva حلاوة" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/PistHalva.jpg/227px-PistHalva.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/PistHalva.jpg/340px-PistHalva.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/PistHalva.jpg/453px-PistHalva.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1820" data-file-height="1447" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Halva" title="Halva">Halva</a> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حلاوة</span></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shish_taouk.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shish taouk شيش طاوك"><img alt="Shish taouk شيش طاوك" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Shish_taouk.jpg/240px-Shish_taouk.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Shish_taouk.jpg/360px-Shish_taouk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Shish_taouk.jpg/480px-Shish_taouk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Shish_taouk" title="Shish taouk">Shish taouk</a> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">شيش طاوك</span></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 186px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Toum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Toum تومية"><img alt="Toum تومية" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Toum.jpg/276px-Toum.jpg" decoding="async" width="184" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a7/Toum.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="388" data-file-height="253" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Toum" title="Toum">Toum</a> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">تومية</span></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Awame.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Awameh عوامة"><img alt="Awameh عوامة" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Awame.jpg/180px-Awame.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Awame.jpg/270px-Awame.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Awame.jpg/360px-Awame.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1370" data-file-height="1371" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Awameh" class="mw-redirect" title="Awameh">Awameh</a> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">عوامة</span></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 114.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 112.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sfoufs_(8280943024)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sfouf صفوف"><img alt="Sfouf صفوف" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sfoufs_%288280943024%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/169px-Sfoufs_%288280943024%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="113" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sfoufs_%288280943024%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/254px-Sfoufs_%288280943024%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Sfoufs_%288280943024%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="319" data-file-height="339" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sfouf" title="Sfouf">Sfouf</a> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">صفوف</span></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 104px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 102px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mint_lemonade.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Limonana ليمون نعناع"><img alt="Limonana ليمون نعناع" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Mint_lemonade.jpg/153px-Mint_lemonade.jpg" decoding="async" width="102" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Mint_lemonade.jpg/230px-Mint_lemonade.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Mint_lemonade.jpg/306px-Mint_lemonade.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1633" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Limonana" class="mw-redirect" title="Limonana">Limonana</a> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ليمون نعناع</span></span></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Al_fanar_harees_(7797136886).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Harees هريس"><img alt="Harees هريس" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Al_fanar_harees_%287797136886%29.jpg/271px-Al_fanar_harees_%287797136886%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Al_fanar_harees_%287797136886%29.jpg/406px-Al_fanar_harees_%287797136886%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Al_fanar_harees_%287797136886%29.jpg/541px-Al_fanar_harees_%287797136886%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="666" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Harees" title="Harees">Harees</a> <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">هريس</span></span></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_cuisine&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arab_salads" title="List of Arab salads">List of Arab salads</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Foodlogo2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/21px-Foodlogo2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/32px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Foodlogo2.svg/42px-Foodlogo2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="146" data-file-height="106" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Food" title="Portal:Food">Food</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_cuisine&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFlandrinMontanariSonnenfeldBotsford1999" class="citation book cs1">Flandrin, Jean-Louis; Montanari, Massimo; Sonnenfeld, Albert; Botsford, Clarissa (1999). <i>Food: A Culinary History from Antiquity to the Present</i>. New York: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-11154-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-11154-1"><bdi>0-231-11154-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Food%3A+A+Culinary+History+from+Antiquity+to+the+Present&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-231-11154-1&rft.aulast=Flandrin&rft.aufirst=Jean-Louis&rft.au=Montanari%2C+Massimo&rft.au=Sonnenfeld%2C+Albert&rft.au=Botsford%2C+Clarissa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasrallah2007" class="citation book cs1">Nasrallah, Nawal (2007). <i>Annals of the Caliphs' Kitchens</i>. Brill. pp. 121–122.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annals+of+the+Caliphs%27+Kitchens&rft.pages=121-122&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Nasrallah&rft.aufirst=Nawal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasrallah2007" class="citation book cs1">Nasrallah, Nawal (2007). <i>Annals of the Caliphs' Kitchens</i>. Brill. pp. 182–184.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Annals+of+the+Caliphs%27+Kitchens&rft.pages=182-184&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Nasrallah&rft.aufirst=Nawal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R1bCBwAAQBAJ&dq=lauzinaj&pg=PA395"><i>The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets</i></a>. Oxford University Press. April 2015. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-931361-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-931361-7"><bdi>978-0-19-931361-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221031183924/https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Oxford_Companion_to_Sugar_and_Sweets/R1bCBwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=lauzinaj&pg=PA395&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-10-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Sugar+and+Sweets&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015-04&rft.isbn=978-0-19-931361-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR1bCBwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dlauzinaj%26pg%3DPA395&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasrallah2007" class="citation book cs1">Nasrallah, Nawal (2007). <i>Annals of the Caliphs' Kitchens</i>. 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Abraham. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091028215738/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761587469/Arab_Americans.html">"Arab Americans"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Encarta_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Encarta Encyclopedia">Encarta Encyclopedia</a> 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091028215738/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761587469/Arab_Americans.html">Archived</a> 2009-10-31.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zaouali-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zaouali_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zaouali_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaouali2007" class="citation book cs1">Zaouali, Lilia (2007). <i>Medieval Cuisine of the Islamic World</i>. 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Shahiya.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160111173035/http://shahiya.com/english/recipes/cuisine/gulf/0">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-01-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5266-0556-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5266-0556-6"><bdi>978-1-5266-0556-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feast%3A+Food+of+the+Islamic+World&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2018-10-04&rft.isbn=978-1-5266-0556-6&rft.aulast=Helou&rft.aufirst=Anissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz6dvDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT389&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelou2018" class="citation book cs1">Helou, Anissa (2018-10-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z6dvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT389"><i>Feast: Food of the Islamic World</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5266-0556-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5266-0556-6"><bdi>978-1-5266-0556-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feast%3A+Food+of+the+Islamic+World&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2018-10-04&rft.isbn=978-1-5266-0556-6&rft.aulast=Helou&rft.aufirst=Anissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz6dvDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT389&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2350220&language=en">"Hadhramaut continues to highlight Arabic presence in Malaysia - Culture & Art - 13/12/2013"</a>. 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Malaysia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestar.com.my/Story/?file=%2F2012%2F7%2F7%2Fmetrobiz%2F11612754">the original</a> on 2017-03-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-01-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Middle+Eastern+restaurants+thriving+in+Malaysia&rft.date=2012-07-07&rft.au=Grace+Chen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2FStory%2F%3Ffile%3D%252F2012%252F7%252F7%252Fmetrobiz%252F11612754&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161014060413/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/top-10/national-food-dishes/">"Top 10 National Dishes -- National Geographic"</a>. <i>Travel</i>. 2011-09-13. 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Springer. pp. 84–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-412-08111-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-412-08111-8"><bdi>978-0-412-08111-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flat+Bread+Technology&rft.pages=84-&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-412-08111-8&rft.aulast=Qarooni&rft.aufirst=Jalal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkjZdbchMF94C%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2013" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Andrew (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DOJMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA567"><i>The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 567–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973496-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-973496-2"><bdi>978-0-19-973496-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+Food+and+Drink+in+America&rft.pages=567-&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-973496-2&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDOJMAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA567&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacVeigh-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MacVeigh_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacVeigh2008" class="citation book cs1">MacVeigh, Jeremy (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6VwGAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA273"><i>International Cuisine</i></a>. Cengage Learning. pp. 273–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-111-79970-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-111-79970-0"><bdi>978-1-111-79970-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Cuisine&rft.pages=273-&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-111-79970-0&rft.aulast=MacVeigh&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6VwGAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jamaica_Observer-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jamaica_Observer_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jamaica_Observer_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jamaica_Observer_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/magazines/food/Taste-of-the-Ancients--North-African-Cuisine_8324474">"North African Cuisine."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160403233051/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/magazines/food/Taste-of-the-Ancients--North-African-Cuisine_8324474">Archived</a> 2016-04-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamaicaobserver.com"><i>Jamaica Observer</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110222033821/http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/">Archived</a> 2011-02-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Accessed June 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-momo-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-momo_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mourad, Mazouz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theglobalist.com/storyid.aspx?StoryId=4781">"The Momo Cookbook."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110919210651/http://www.theglobalist.com/storyid.aspx?StoryId=4781">Archived</a> 2011-09-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theglobalist.com">The Globalist</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190912010022/https://www.theglobalist.com/">Archived</a> 2019-09-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Accessed June 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rozario_2004-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rozario_2004_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRozario2004" class="citation book cs1">Rozario, P. (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/libyaroza00roza"><i>Libya</i></a></span>. Countries of the world. Gareth Stevens Pub. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/libyaroza00roza/page/40">40</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8368-3111-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8368-3111-5"><bdi>978-0-8368-3111-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Libya&rft.series=Countries+of+the+world&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Gareth+Stevens+Pub.&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8368-3111-5&rft.aulast=Rozario&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flibyaroza00roza&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davidson_Jaine_Davidson_Saberi_2006-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davidson_Jaine_Davidson_Saberi_2006_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidsonJaineDavidsonSaberi2006" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, A.; Jaine, T.; Davidson, J.; Saberi, H. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pZ-1AQAAQBAJ&pg=PT1356"><i>The Oxford Companion to Food</i></a>. Oxford Companions. OUP Oxford. p. 1356. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-101825-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-101825-1"><bdi>978-0-19-101825-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Food&rft.series=Oxford+Companions&rft.pages=1356&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-101825-1&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Jaine%2C+T.&rft.au=Davidson%2C+J.&rft.au=Saberi%2C+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpZ-1AQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT1356&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AArab+cuisine" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-foodspring-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-foodspring_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-foodspring_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-foodspring_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-foodspring_40-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://foodspring.com/content/libya/">"Libya"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141218172645/http://foodspring.com/content/libya/">Archived</a> 2014-12-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://foodspring.com">Foodspring.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141218172645/http://foodspring.com/content/libya/">Archived</a> 2014-12-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Accessed June 2011.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arab_cuisine&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a 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title="List of African cuisines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Cuisine of the Americas">Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_cuisine" title="Caribbean cuisine">Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_cuisine" title="North American cuisine">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_cuisine" title="South American cuisine">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cuisines_of_the_Americas" title="List of cuisines of the Americas">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_cuisine" title="Asian cuisine">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dishes_from_the_Caucasus" title="List of dishes from the Caucasus">Caucasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asian_cuisine" title="Central Asian cuisine">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_cuisine" title="Levantine cuisine">Levantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_cuisine" title="South Asian cuisine">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_cuisines" title="List of Asian cuisines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_cuisine" title="European cuisine">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_cuisine" title="Balkan cuisine">Balkan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_European_cuisine" title="Central European cuisine">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_European_cuisine" title="Eastern European cuisine">Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_cuisines" title="List of European cuisines">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_cuisine" title="Oceanian cuisine">Oceanian</a></li> <li>Intercontinental <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_cuisine" title="Global cuisine">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_cuisine" title="Latin American cuisine">Latin American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Mediterranean cuisine">Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Middle Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_dish" title="National dish">National</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Regional_cuisine" title="Regional cuisine">regional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_cuisine" title="Afghan cuisine">Afghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_cuisine" title="Albanian cuisine">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_cuisine" title="Algerian cuisine">Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_cuisine" title="American cuisine">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/California_cuisine" title="California cuisine">Californian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floribbean_cuisine" title="Floribbean cuisine">Floribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Hawaii" title="Cuisine of Hawaii">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowcountry_cuisine" title="Lowcountry cuisine">Lowcountry (South Carolina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Midwestern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Midwestern United States">Midwestern US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_New_England" title="Cuisine of New England">New English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexican_cuisine" title="New Mexican cuisine">New Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_cuisine" title="Pacific Northwest cuisine">Pacific Northwestern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_cuisine" title="Puerto Rican cuisine">Puerto Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southern United States">Southern US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Southwestern_United_States" title="Cuisine of the Southwestern United States">Southwestern US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texan_cuisine" title="Texan cuisine">Texan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_cuisine" title="Angolan cuisine">Angolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_cuisine" title="Argentine cuisine">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_cuisine" title="Armenian cuisine">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_cuisine" title="Australian cuisine">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_cuisine" title="Austrian cuisine">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_cuisine" title="Azerbaijani cuisine">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_cuisine" title="Bahraini cuisine">Bahraini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_cuisine" title="Bangladeshi cuisine">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbadian_cuisine" title="Barbadian cuisine">Barbadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_cuisine" title="Belarusian cuisine">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_cuisine" title="Belgian cuisine">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_cuisine" title="Belizean cuisine">Belizean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin_cuisine" title="Benin cuisine">Beninese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_cuisine" title="Bhutanese cuisine">Bhutanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_cuisine" title="Bolivian cuisine">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_cuisine" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina cuisine">Bosnian-Herzegovinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana_cuisine" title="Botswana cuisine">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_cuisine" title="Brazilian cuisine">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_cuisine" title="British cuisine">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguillian_cuisine" title="Anguillian cuisine">Anguillia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Islands_cuisine" title="Channel Islands cuisine">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_cuisine" title="English cuisine">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltarian_cuisine" title="Gibraltarian cuisine">Gibraltarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Irish_cuisine" title="Northern Irish cuisine">Northern Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Saint_Helena" title="Cuisine of Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_cuisine" title="Scottish cuisine">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_cuisine" title="Welsh cuisine">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_cuisine" title="Bruneian cuisine">Bruneian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_cuisine" title="Bulgarian cuisine">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkinabe_cuisine" title="Burkinabe cuisine">Burkinabé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_cuisine" title="Burmese cuisine">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundian_cuisine" title="Burundian cuisine">Burundian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_cuisine" title="Cambodian cuisine">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_cuisine" title="Cameroonian cuisine">Cameroonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cuisine" title="Canadian cuisine">Canadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadian_cuisine" title="Acadian cuisine">Acadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Quebec" title="Cuisine of Quebec">Québécois</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Cuisine of the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chadian_cuisine" title="Chadian cuisine">Chadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_cuisine" title="Chilean cuisine">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_cuisine" title="Beijing cuisine">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_cuisine" title="Cantonese cuisine">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_cuisine" title="Hong Kong cuisine">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macanese_cuisine" title="Macanese cuisine">Macanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandong_cuisine" title="Shandong cuisine">Shandong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuan_cuisine" title="Sichuan cuisine">Sichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_cuisine" title="Tibetan cuisine">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_cuisine" title="Uyghur cuisine">Xinjiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_cuisine" title="Colombian cuisine">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_cuisine" title="Congolese cuisine">Congolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_cuisine" title="Croatian cuisine">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_cuisine" title="Cuban cuisine">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_cuisine" title="Cypriot cuisine">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_cuisine" title="Czech cuisine">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_cuisine" title="Danish cuisine">Danish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_cuisine" title="Faroese cuisine">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_cuisine" title="Greenlandic cuisine">Greenlandic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djiboutian_cuisine" title="Djiboutian cuisine">Djiboutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica_cuisine" title="Dominica cuisine">Dominican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic_cuisine" title="Dominican Republic cuisine">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_cuisine" title="Dutch cuisine">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_East_Timor" title="Cuisine of East Timor">East Timorese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_cuisine" title="Ecuadorian cuisine">Ecuadorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine" title="Egyptian cuisine">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_cuisine" title="Emirati cuisine">Emirati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Cuisine of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_cuisine" title="Eritrean cuisine">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_cuisine" title="Estonian cuisine">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_cuisine" title="Ethiopian cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_cuisine" title="Fijian cuisine">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_cuisine" title="Filipino cuisine">Filipino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_cuisine" title="Kapampangan cuisine">Kapampangan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_cuisine" title="Finnish cuisine">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_cuisine" title="French cuisine">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Corsica" title="Cuisine of Corsica">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_R%C3%A9union" title="Cuisine of Réunion">La Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Guianan_cuisine" title="French Guianan cuisine">French Guianan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_cuisine" title="Occitan cuisine">Occitan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabonese_cuisine" title="Gabonese cuisine">Gabonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_cuisine" title="Gambian cuisine">Gambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_cuisine" title="Georgian cuisine">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_cuisine" title="German cuisine">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_cuisine" title="Ghanaian cuisine">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_cuisine" title="Cretan cuisine">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirotic_cuisine" title="Epirotic cuisine">Epirotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Macedonian_cuisine" title="Greek Macedonian cuisine">Greek Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Ionian_Islands" title="Cuisine of the Ionian Islands">Heptanesean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_cuisine" title="Guatemalan cuisine">Guatemalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissauan_cuisine" title="Guinea-Bissauan cuisine">Guinea-Bissauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Guinea" title="Cuisine of Guinea">Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_cuisine" title="Haitian cuisine">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_cuisine" title="Honduran cuisine">Honduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_cuisine" title="Hungarian cuisine">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_cuisine" title="Icelandic cuisine">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andhra_cuisine" title="Andhra cuisine">Andhra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arunachali_cuisine" title="Arunachali cuisine">Arunachali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_cuisine" title="Assamese cuisine">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_cuisine" title="Bengali cuisine">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bihari_cuisine" title="Bihari cuisine">Bihari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhattisgarhi_cuisine" title="Chhattisgarhi cuisine">Chhattisgarhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goan_cuisine" title="Goan cuisine">Goan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_cuisine" title="Gujarati cuisine">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haryanvi_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Haryanvi cuisine">Haryanvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmiri_cuisine" title="Kashmiri cuisine">Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jharkhandi_cuisine" title="Jharkhandi cuisine">Jharkhandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnataka_cuisine" title="Karnataka cuisine">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_cuisine" title="Kerala cuisine">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharashtrian_cuisine" title="Maharashtrian cuisine">Maharashtrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_cuisine" title="Manipuri cuisine">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meghalayan_cuisine" title="Meghalayan cuisine">Meghalayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizo_cuisine" title="Mizo cuisine">Mizo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naga_cuisine" title="Naga cuisine">Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Odia cuisine">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_cuisine" title="Punjabi cuisine">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajasthani_cuisine" title="Rajasthani cuisine">Rajasthani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkimese_cuisine" title="Sikkimese cuisine">Sikkimese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_cuisine" title="Sindhi cuisine">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_cuisine" title="Tamil cuisine">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telangana_cuisine" title="Telangana cuisine">Telangana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_cuisine" title="Tripuri cuisine">Tripuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh_cuisine" title="Uttar Pradesh cuisine">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhandi_cuisine" title="Uttarakhandi cuisine">Uttarakhandi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_cuisine" title="Acehnese cuisine">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_cuisine" title="Balinese cuisine">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_cuisine" title="Banjar cuisine">Banjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_cuisine" title="Batak cuisine">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betawi_cuisine" title="Betawi cuisine">Betawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorontalo_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorontalo cuisine">Gorontalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo_cuisine" title="Indo cuisine">Indo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_cuisine" title="Javanese cuisine">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_cuisine" title="Madurese cuisine">Madurese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassar_cuisine" title="Makassar cuisine">Makassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minahasan_cuisine" title="Minahasan cuisine">Minahasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang_cuisine" title="Padang cuisine">Minangkabau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang_cuisine" title="Palembang cuisine">Palembangese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_cuisine" title="Sundanese cuisine">Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_cuisine" title="Iranian cuisine">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_cuisine" title="Iraqi cuisine">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_cuisine" title="Irish cuisine">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_cuisine" title="Israeli cuisine">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Abruzzo" title="Cuisine of Abruzzo">Abruzzese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apulian_cuisine" title="Apulian cuisine">Apulian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Liguria" title="Cuisine of Liguria">Ligurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_cuisine" title="Lombard cuisine">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Basilicata" title="Cuisine of Basilicata">Lucanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_cuisine" title="Neapolitan cuisine">Neapolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_cuisine" title="Piedmontese cuisine">Piedmontese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_cuisine" title="Roman cuisine">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Sardinia" title="Cuisine of Sardinia">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_cuisine" title="Sicilian cuisine">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscan_food" title="Tuscan food">Tuscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Veneto" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Veneto">Venetian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivorian_cuisine" title="Ivorian cuisine">Ivorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_cuisine" title="Jamaican cuisine">Jamaican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cuisine" title="Japanese cuisine">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Okinawan_cuisine" title="Okinawan cuisine">Okinawan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_cuisine" title="Jordanian cuisine">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_cuisine" title="Kazakh cuisine">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenyan cuisine">Kenyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_cuisine" title="Korean cuisine">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_cuisine" title="North Korean cuisine">North Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_cuisine" title="South Korean cuisine">South Korean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovan_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovan cuisine">Kosovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_cuisine" title="Kuwaiti cuisine">Kuwaiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_cuisine" title="Kyrgyz cuisine">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_cuisine" title="Lao cuisine">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_cuisine" title="Latvian cuisine">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_cuisine" title="Lebanese cuisine">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Lesotho" title="Cuisine of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_cuisine" title="Liberian cuisine">Liberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_cuisine" title="Libyan cuisine">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_cuisine" title="Liechtenstein cuisine">Liechtensteiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_cuisine" title="Lithuanian cuisine">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Luxembourg" title="Cuisine of Luxembourg">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_cuisine" title="Macedonian cuisine">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_cuisine" title="Malagasy cuisine">Malagasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_cuisine" title="Malawian cuisine">Malawian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_cuisine" title="Malaysian cuisine">Malaysian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabahan_cuisine" title="Sabahan cuisine">Sabahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawakian_cuisine" title="Sarawakian cuisine">Sarawakian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_cuisine" title="Maldivian cuisine">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malian_cuisine" title="Malian cuisine">Malian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_cuisine" title="Maltese cuisine">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_cuisine" title="Marshallese cuisine">Marshallese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritanian_cuisine" title="Mauritanian cuisine">Mauritanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritian_cuisine" title="Mauritian cuisine">Mauritian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_cuisine" title="Mexican cuisine">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_cuisine" title="Moldovan cuisine">Moldovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%C3%A9gasque_cuisine" title="Monégasque cuisine">Monégasque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_cuisine" title="Mongolian cuisine">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_cuisine" title="Montenegrin cuisine">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_cuisine" title="Moroccan cuisine">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_cuisine" title="Mozambican cuisine">Mozambican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibian_cuisine" title="Namibian cuisine">Namibian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauruan_cuisine" title="Nauruan cuisine">Nauruan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_cuisine" title="Nepalese cuisine">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_cuisine" title="New Zealand cuisine">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_cuisine" title="Nicaraguan cuisine">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Niger" title="Cuisine of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_cuisine" title="Nigerian cuisine">Nigerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niuean_cuisine" title="Niuean cuisine">Niuean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_cuisine" title="Norwegian cuisine">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_cuisine" title="Omani cuisine">Omani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_cuisine" title="Pakistani cuisine">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_cuisine" title="Palestinian cuisine">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_cuisine" title="Panamanian cuisine">Panamanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_cuisine" title="Papua New Guinean cuisine">Papua New Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_cuisine" title="Paraguayan cuisine">Paraguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_cuisine" title="Peruvian cuisine">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_cuisine" title="Polish cuisine">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_cuisine" title="Portuguese cuisine">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_cuisine" title="Qatari cuisine">Qatari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_cuisine" title="Romanian cuisine">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_cuisine" title="Russian cuisine">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashkir_cuisine" title="Bashkir cuisine">Bashkir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_cuisine" title="Chechen cuisine">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_cuisine" title="Circassian cuisine">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_cuisine" title="Cossack cuisine">Cossack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komi_cuisine" title="Komi cuisine">Komi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordovian_cuisine" title="Mordovian cuisine">Mordovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakha_cuisine" title="Sakha cuisine">Sakha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatar_cuisine" title="Tatar cuisine">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udmurt_cuisine" title="Udmurt cuisine">Udmurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamal_cuisine" title="Yamal cuisine">Yamal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_cuisine" title="Rwandan cuisine">Rwandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucian_cuisine" title="Saint Lucian cuisine">Saint Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_cuisine" title="Salvadoran cuisine">Salvadoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_cuisine" title="Sammarinese cuisine">Sammarinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Cuisine of São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabian_cuisine" title="Saudi Arabian cuisine">Saudi Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_cuisine" title="Senegalese cuisine">Senegalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_cuisine" title="Serbian cuisine">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychellois_cuisine" title="Seychellois cuisine">Seychellois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_cuisine" title="Sierra Leonean cuisine">Sierra Leonean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_cuisine" title="Singaporean cuisine">Singaporean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_cuisine" title="Slovak cuisine">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_cuisine" title="Slovenian cuisine">Slovenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_cuisine" title="Somali cuisine">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_cuisine" title="South African cuisine">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_cuisine" title="Spanish cuisine">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_cuisine" title="Andalusian cuisine">Andalusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_cuisine" title="Asturian cuisine">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_cuisine" title="Balearic cuisine">Balearic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_cuisine" title="Basque cuisine">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_cuisine" title="Canarian cuisine">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantabrian_cuisine" title="Cantabrian cuisine">Cantabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_cuisine" title="Catalan cuisine">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extremaduran_cuisine" title="Extremaduran cuisine">Extremaduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_cuisine" title="Galician cuisine">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchego_cuisine" title="Manchego cuisine">Manchegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencian_cuisine" title="Valencian cuisine">Valencian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_cuisine" title="Sri Lankan cuisine">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_cuisine" title="Sudanese cuisine">Sudanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Eswatini" title="Cuisine of Eswatini">Swazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_cuisine" title="Swedish cuisine">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_cuisine" title="Swiss cuisine">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_cuisine" title="Syrian cuisine">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_cuisine" title="Taiwanese cuisine">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_cuisine" title="Tajik cuisine">Tajik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanzanian cuisine">Tanzanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zanzibari_cuisine" title="Zanzibari cuisine">Zanzibari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_cuisine" title="Thai cuisine">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolese_cuisine" title="Togolese cuisine">Togolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_cuisine" title="Tunisian cuisine">Tunisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_cuisine" title="Turkmen cuisine">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_cuisine" title="Tuvaluan cuisine">Tuvaluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago_cuisine" title="Trinidad and Tobago cuisine">Trinidadian and Tobagonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_cuisine" title="Ugandan cuisine">Ugandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_cuisine" title="Ukrainian cuisine">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_cuisine" title="Uruguayan cuisine">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_cuisine" title="Uzbek cuisine">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatuan_cuisine" title="Vanuatuan cuisine">Vanuatuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_cuisine" title="Venezuelan cuisine">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_cuisine" title="Vietnamese cuisine">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Saharan_cuisine" title="Western Saharan cuisine">Western Saharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_cuisine" title="Yemeni cuisine">Yemeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambian_cuisine" title="Zambian cuisine">Zambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwean cuisine">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethnic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soul_food" title="Soul food">African American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_cuisine" title="Ainu cuisine">Ainu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Arab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Arab Indonesian cuisine">Arab-Indonesian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_cuisine" title="Aromanian cuisine">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuisine" title="Assyrian cuisine">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balochi_cuisine" title="Balochi cuisine">Balochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_cuisine" title="Berber cuisine">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buryat_cuisine" title="Buryat cuisine">Buryat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_cuisine" title="Cajun cuisine">Cajun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Chinese_cuisine" title="American Chinese cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Australian Chinese cuisine">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Chinese_cuisine" title="British Chinese cuisine">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Cambodian Chinese cuisine">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Canadian Chinese cuisine">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Chinese_cuisine" title="Filipino Chinese cuisine">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Chinese_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Chinese cuisine">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Chinese Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese_cuisine" title="Malaysian Chinese cuisine">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Chinese_cuisine" title="Pakistani Chinese cuisine">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chifa" title="Chifa">Peruvian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_cuisine" title="Crimean Tatar cuisine">Crimean Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gagauz_cuisine" title="Gagauz cuisine">Gagauz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek-American_cuisine" title="Greek-American cuisine">Greek-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaragi_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazaragi cuisine">Hazaragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_cuisine" title="Hmong cuisine">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Indian_cuisine" title="Anglo-Indian cuisine">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Indonesian_cuisine" title="Indian Indonesian cuisine">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Indian_cuisine" title="Malaysian Indian cuisine">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Indian_cuisine" title="North Indian cuisine">North Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Indian_cuisine" title="South Indian cuisine">South Indian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_cuisine_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous cuisine of the Americas">Indigenous American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_tucker" title="Bush tucker">Indigenous Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_cuisine" title="Inuit cuisine">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian-American_cuisine" title="Italian-American cuisine">Italian American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_cuisine" title="Jewish cuisine">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Jewish_cuisine" title="American Jewish cuisine">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ashkenazi Jewish cuisine">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Bukharan Jewish cuisine">Bukharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Ethiopian Jewish cuisine">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jewish_cuisine" title="Mizrahi Jewish cuisine">Mizrahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Jewish_cuisine" title="Moroccan Jewish cuisine">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jewish_cuisine" title="Sephardic Jewish cuisine">Sephardic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jewish_cuisine" title="Syrian Jewish cuisine">Syrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_cuisine" title="Kurdish cuisine">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livonian_cuisine" title="Livonian cuisine">Livonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_cuisine" title="Louisiana Creole cuisine">Louisiana Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_cuisine" title="Malay cuisine">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_cuisine" title="Ossetian cuisine">Ossetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsi_cuisine" title="Parsi cuisine">Parsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_cuisine" title="Pashtun cuisine">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Cuisine of the Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakan_cuisine" title="Peranakan cuisine">Peranakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_cuisine" title="Pontic Greek cuisine">Pontic Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_cuisine" title="Romani cuisine">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_cuisine" title="Sámi cuisine">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tex-Mex" title="Tex-Mex">Tejano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxon_cuisine" title="Transylvanian Saxon cuisine">Transylvanian Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yup%27ik_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Yup'ik cuisine">Yup'ik</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_dietary_laws" title="Christian dietary laws">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goan_Catholic_cuisine" title="Goan Catholic cuisine">Goan Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangalorean_Catholic_cuisine" title="Mangalorean Catholic cuisine">Mangalorean Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennonite_cuisine" title="Mennonite cuisine">Mennonite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_dietary_laws" title="Islamic dietary laws">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Islamic_cuisine" title="Chinese Islamic cuisine">Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ital" title="Ital">Ital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_vegetarianism" title="Jain vegetarianism">Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashrut" title="Kashrut">Kashrut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher food">Kosher food</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual_slaughter" title="Ritual slaughter">Ritual slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Sikhism" title="Diet in Sikhism">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_cuisines" title="List of historical cuisines">Historical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_cuisine" title="Ancient Egyptian cuisine">Ancient Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Ancient Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Israelite_cuisine" title="Ancient Israelite cuisine">Ancient Israelite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_cuisine" title="Ancient Roman cuisine">Ancient Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Antebellum_America" title="Cuisine of Antebellum America">Antebellum America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_cuisine" title="Aztec cuisine">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_cuisine" title="Byzantine cuisine">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_European_cuisine" title="Early modern European cuisine">Early modern European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Argentine_cuisine" title="History of Argentine cuisine">Historical Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chinese_cuisine" title="History of Chinese cuisine">Historical Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_cuisine" title="History of Indian cuisine">Historical Indian subcontinent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Japanese_cuisine" title="History of Japanese cuisine">Historical Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_North_Indian_and_Pakistani_foods" title="Origins of North Indian and Pakistani foods">Historical North Indian and Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">History of agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_alcoholic_drinks" title="History of alcoholic drinks">History of alcoholic drinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_bread" title="History of bread">History of bread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_seafood" title="History of seafood">History of seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_vegetarianism" title="History of vegetarianism">History of vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuisine" title="Hittite cuisine">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_cuisine" title="Inca cuisine">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Maya_cuisine" title="Ancient Maya cuisine">Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_cuisine" title="Muisca cuisine">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughlai_cuisine" title="Mughlai cuisine">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_cuisine" title="Medieval cuisine">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cuisine" title="Ottoman cuisine">Ottoman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_foods" title="Peasant foods">Peasant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_cuisine_of_Hawaii" title="Native cuisine of Hawaii">Pre-contact Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_royal_court_cuisine" title="Korean royal court cuisine">Korean royal court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_and_the_Scottish_royal_household" title="Food and the Scottish royal household">Scottish royal household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_cuisine" title="Soviet cuisine">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_Thirteen_Colonies" title="Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_classique" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine classique">Classique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_food" title="Fast food">Fast food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion_cuisine" title="Fusion cuisine">Fusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_American_cuisine" title="New American cuisine">New American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_cuisine_of_Singapore_and_Malaysia" title="Eurasian cuisine of Singapore and Malaysia">Eurasian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haute_cuisine" title="Haute cuisine">Haute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_gastronomy" title="Molecular gastronomy">Molecular gastronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Note_by_Note_cuisine" title="Note by Note cuisine">Note by Note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouvelle_cuisine" title="Nouvelle cuisine">Nouvelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_cuisine" title="Vegetarian cuisine">Vegetarian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cuisines" title="List of cuisines">List of cuisines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_cuisines" title="List of historical cuisines">List of historical cuisines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_foods" title="Lists of foods">Lists of foods</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_prepared_foods" title="Lists of prepared foods">Prepared</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cookbook" title="Cookbook">Cookbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culinary_arts" title="Culinary arts">Culinary arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drink" title="Drink">Drink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">Food</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Food_history" title="Food history">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_food" title="Sociology of food">sociology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_(nutrition)" title="Diet (nutrition)">Diet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fat" title="Fat">Fat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meal" title="Meal">Meal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meal_preparation" title="Meal preparation">Meal preparation</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cuisine" title="Category:Cuisine">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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