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class="ri-section-header"><span>Interests</span></div><div class="ri-tags-container"><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="69647334" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ethnic_politics"><div id="js-react-on-rails-context" style="display:none" data-rails-context="{"inMailer":false,"i18nLocale":"en","i18nDefaultLocale":"en","href":"https://independent.academia.edu/HannemanMary","location":"/HannemanMary","scheme":"https","host":"independent.academia.edu","port":null,"pathname":"/HannemanMary","search":null,"httpAcceptLanguage":null,"serverSide":false}"></div> <div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Ethnic politics"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-f6789ac9-7787-4871-b65e-452b3f68459a"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-f6789ac9-7787-4871-b65e-452b3f68459a"></div> </a><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="69647334" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Central_Asian_Studies"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Central Asian Studies"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-72f9981f-4181-4834-bacd-a9eeb757ca82"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-72f9981f-4181-4834-bacd-a9eeb757ca82"></div> </a><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="69647334" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diaspora_Studies"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Diaspora Studies"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-c3dc42d5-c6cc-4b18-9bdb-c6c29b863322"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-c3dc42d5-c6cc-4b18-9bdb-c6c29b863322"></div> </a><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="69647334" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Kazakhstan"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Kazakhstan"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-95b6dc18-8b4d-4f52-8e20-9a01c70dee74"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-95b6dc18-8b4d-4f52-8e20-9a01c70dee74"></div> </a><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="69647334" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Second_World_War"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Second World War"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-7f4a6ea8-c299-4d48-99bd-584a4861ef24"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-7f4a6ea8-c299-4d48-99bd-584a4861ef24"></div> </a></div></div></div></div><div class="right-panel-container"><div class="user-content-wrapper"><div class="uploads-container" id="social-redesign-work-container"><div class="upload-header"><h2 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-xs">Uploads</h2></div><div class="documents-container backbone-social-profile-documents" style="width: 100%;"><div class="u-taCenter"></div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane active" id="all"><div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Papers" id="Papers"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Papers by Mary Hanneman</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="117286403"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/117286403/5_Postwar_Japan"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of 5. Postwar Japan" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/117286403/5_Postwar_Japan">5. Postwar Japan</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Hasegawa Nyozekan and Liberalism in Modern Japan</span><span>, 2008</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="117286403"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="117286403"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 117286403; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=117286403]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=117286403]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 117286403; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='117286403']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 117286403, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=117286403]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":117286403,"title":"5. 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Postwar Japan" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/115357822/5_Postwar_Japan">5. Postwar Japan</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>BRILL eBooks</span><span>, 2008</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="115357822"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="115357822"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115357822; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115357822]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115357822]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115357822; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='115357822']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 115357822, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=115357822]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":115357822,"title":"5. Postwar Japan","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"Brill","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2008,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"BRILL eBooks"},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/115357822/5_Postwar_Japan","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2024-02-24T10:15:13.477-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":69647334,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"5_Postwar_Japan","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"id","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":69647334,"first_name":"Mary","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Hanneman","page_name":"HannemanMary","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2017-10-13T11:32:31.730-07:00","display_name":"Mary Hanneman","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/HannemanMary"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History"}],"urls":[{"id":39760769,"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9781905246496.i-144.15"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="115357821"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/115357821/2_The_Japanese_National_Character"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of 2. The Japanese National Character" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/115357821/2_The_Japanese_National_Character">2. The Japanese National Character</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>BRILL eBooks</span><span>, 2008</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The 1930s marked a professional turning point for Hasegawa Nyozekan. When government repression c...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The 1930s marked a professional turning point for Hasegawa Nyozekan. When government repression curtailed free expression in the middle of the decade, Nyozekan turned his attention away from overt political and social criticism and focused on the study of the Japanese national character. The roots of Nyozekan&#39;s character studies lay in the atmosphere of change that surrounded him in his youth. Members of both the Seikyosha and the Minyusha felt compelled to define the national character, or kokusui, a phrase coined by Shiga Shigetaka of the Seikyosha, to mean national essence or nationality. The realism of the Japanese character influenced the people in a number of ways, Nyozekan believed, contributing to the Japanese tendency to reject extremes and embrace balance in all things. The ancient Japanese texts, the Kojiki and the Manyoshu, provided him with some of the intellectual ammunition he needed in his opposition to government propaganda.Keywords: Hasegawa Nyozekan; Japanese national character; Kojiki; Manyoshu; Minyusha; Seikyosha; social criticism</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="115357821"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="115357821"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115357821; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115357821]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=115357821]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 115357821; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='115357821']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 115357821, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=115357821]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":115357821,"title":"2. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="111814155"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/111814155/Hasegawa_Nyozekan"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Hasegawa Nyozekan" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/111814155/Hasegawa_Nyozekan">Hasegawa Nyozekan</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Hasegawa Nyozekan and Liberalism in Modern Japan</span><span>, 2008</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="111814155"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="111814155"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 111814155; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="109977752"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/109977752/4_Fascism_And_The_Path_To_War"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of 4. Fascism And The Path To War" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/109977752/4_Fascism_And_The_Path_To_War">4. Fascism And The Path To War</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>BRILL eBooks</span><span>, 2008</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The 1930s were transitional years not only for Japan but for Hasegawa Nyozekan as well. Reflectin...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The 1930s were transitional years not only for Japan but for Hasegawa Nyozekan as well. Reflecting on Japan&#39;s crisis, in 1932 Nyozekan published Nihon fuashizumu hihan (Critique of Japanese Fascism). On July 1, 1930, Nyozekan and Hihan sponsored a roundtable discussion on Imperialism and Colonial Policy, anticipating the ultimate outcome of the Manchurian Incident that occurred slightly over a year later. The Manchurian Incident held sinister significance for Nyozekan, who saw in it the culmination of the trend toward fascism in Japan. The fanatical nationalism and call for unity that marked Japan&#39;s response to the domestic and international crises of the late 1920s and early 1930s recalled a similar response to the crises of the late nineteenth century. From 1935 until the end of the war, most of Nyozekan&#39;s criticism of the government was cloaked in his national character studies.Keywords: fascism; Hasegawa Nyozekan; Hihan; imperialism; Japan; Manchurian Incident; nationalism; political criticism</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="109977752"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="109977752"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 109977752; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=109977752]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=109977752]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 109977752; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='109977752']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 109977752, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=109977752]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":109977752,"title":"4. 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Anti-Asian violence in the city</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="99005265"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="99005265"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 99005265; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=99005265]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=99005265]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 99005265; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='99005265']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 99005265, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=99005265]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":99005265,"title":"Here. 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Anti-Asian violence in the city","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","publication_name":"Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography"},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/99005265/Here_Again_Anti_Asian_violence_in_the_city","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-03-23T14:50:11.390-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":69647334,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Here_Again_Anti_Asian_violence_in_the_city","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":69647334,"first_name":"Mary","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Hanneman","page_name":"HannemanMary","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2017-10-13T11:32:31.730-07:00","display_name":"Mary Hanneman","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/HannemanMary"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":262,"name":"Human Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Geography"},{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology"},{"id":43883,"name":"Tourism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism"}],"urls":[{"id":30024483,"url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/04353684.2023.2173080"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="89993747"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/89993747/Re_mapping_Tacoma_u27s_Pre_War_Japantown_Living_on_the_Tideflats"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Re-mapping Tacoma\u27s Pre-War Japantown: Living on the Tideflats" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/93680022/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/89993747/Re_mapping_Tacoma_u27s_Pre_War_Japantown_Living_on_the_Tideflats">Re-mapping Tacoma\u27s Pre-War Japantown: Living on the Tideflats</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This article, drawing on oral histories with Nisei, addresses the dearth of publications about pr...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This article, drawing on oral histories with Nisei, addresses the dearth of publications about pre-WWII Japanese life in the urban U.S. and provides evidence of Japanese immigrants’ active presence in the lumber industry and on Tacoma’s tideflats. This is important not only for Tacoma’s history and a fuller accounting of the major industries that shaped the south Puget Sound region, but also because Japanese contributions to early industrial development are often overlooked. The oral history narratives also stretch the boundaries of what has been depicted as a densely-connected and lively Japanese community in the downtown core. Also, stories of moving from and between sawmills and the ethnic economy highlight the fluidity of employment from the lumber industry to self-employment. This article thus argues for a remapping and expansion of existing visualizations of the Japanese community and for recognition of Japanese presence in the tideflats and sawmill spaces</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="45ed34ec5c8cdffc3a3f57931c2755c8" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":93680022,"asset_id":89993747,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/93680022/download_file?st=MTczMjUwMzA2OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="89993747"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="89993747"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 89993747; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=89993747]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=89993747]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 89993747; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='89993747']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 89993747, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "45ed34ec5c8cdffc3a3f57931c2755c8" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=89993747]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":89993747,"title":"Re-mapping Tacoma\\u27s Pre-War Japantown: Living on the Tideflats","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"This article, drawing on oral histories with Nisei, addresses the dearth of publications about pre-WWII Japanese life in the urban U.S. and provides evidence of Japanese immigrants’ active presence in the lumber industry and on Tacoma’s tideflats. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="89993746"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/89993746/Guarding_the_Golden_Door_American_Immigration_Policy_and_Immigrants_since_1882by_Roger_Daniels"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Guarding the Golden Door: American Immigration Policy and Immigrants since 1882by Roger Daniels" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/93680032/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/89993746/Guarding_the_Golden_Door_American_Immigration_Policy_and_Immigrants_since_1882by_Roger_Daniels">Guarding the Golden Door: American Immigration Policy and Immigrants since 1882by Roger Daniels</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="b234e211bbf9009ef55a864fd52bee53" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":93680032,"asset_id":89993746,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/93680032/download_file?st=MTczMjUwMzA2OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="89993746"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="89993746"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 89993746; 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Using the papers of various Leeds families, including letters and accounts, and a sample of probate records from 1830 to 1834, Morris studies the finances of middle-class families in Leeds, examining inheritance, trusts, and property ownership and development. Morris also studies family networks, though even here the focus is on how these networks influenced inheritance and other financial relationships. Gender is an important theme throughout, and the book ends with a discussion of attempts to reform married women's property law. Much of the book consists of detailed family histories. Morris is able to take very complicated inheritance patterns and business relationships, many of which confused the participants, and tell a story that the reader can follow easily. These family financial histories are well researched, and contain a great amount of detail. The book also contains some data analysis, usually describing the percentage of cases in a sample that fall into different categories. For example, Morris identifies five different types of provisions for widows, and reports the frequency of each type of provision in a sample of wills. The statistics and graphs presented at various points in the book are not overly complicated and are well explained, so that even readers who are less than comfortable with quantitative history will have no trouble following the analysis. Morris handles the statistics well, and is aware of both their potential and their limitations. When using data on the \"sworn value\" of an estate in probate, for example, he carefully describes what this value does and does not mean. His confidence in using statistics is such that he is willing to make an estimate of the fraction of Leeds property held in trust (about 15 percent), while he is at the same time aware that this estimate requires \"heroic assumptions\" (p. 258). From the family histories and data he presents, Morris draws some general conclusions about how middle-class families related to property. One concerns the \"property cycle,\" which describes the relationship between a man's age and the types of property he owned. Young men took an active part in business and began by borrowing working capital. As they accumulated resources their debts declined and their assets rose. After middle age men began to convert their assets into more passive forms that provided income without as much entrepreneurial labor, such as government notes or railroad shares. Early in the nineteenth century there was a shortage of such passive assets, and this explains why railroad shares sold so well when they appeared on the market. We also learn about the inheritance patterns of the Leeds middle class. Widows were provided for, but usually did not receive ownership of the estate. Under English property law, if a widow remarried property that she owned became her new husband's, and might not pass to the children of the first husband. To avoid such conflicts, widows usually received only the income from property held in trust. The trust protected the inheritance of the children, while still providing for the widow. Most wills explicitly replaced dower with specific provisions for widows, an action which Morris suggests was intended to improve the certainty of property ownership rather than to reduce the widow's income. Morris divides wills into three types according to their attitude towards specific objects owned. 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Prior to World War II, the Tacoma Japanese Language School served as a community hub for the Japanese American community in the city. Based on interviews with over 40 Nisei former students of the school, Lisa Hoffman and Mary Hanneman develop an interdisciplinary analysis of identity construction and negotiations over belonging by second generation Japanese Americans in pre-World War II urban America. With an approach both transnational in perspective and focused on urban space, the book explores the everyday lives of Japanese American children prior to incarceration, including the impact of their daily study at and participation in community events associated with the school. Drawing from interviews and archival sources, the authors illuminate the rich prewar cultural experiences of Japanese Americans in the cit...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="89993742"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="89993742"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 89993742; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=89993742]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=89993742]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 89993742; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='89993742']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 89993742, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=89993742]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":89993742,"title":"Becoming Nisei : Japanese American urban lives in prewar Tacoma","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"As a key West Coast destination for Japanese immigration to the U.S., Tacoma\\u27s vibrant nihonmachi had a significant population of Issei and Nisei by the 1920s and 1930s. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="85253540"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/85253540/Japan_in_1925_A_Society_in_Flux"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Japan in 1925: A Society in Flux" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/85253540/Japan_in_1925_A_Society_in_Flux">Japan in 1925: A Society in Flux</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Japan faces the World, 1925-1952</span><span>, 2013</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="85253540"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="85253540"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 85253540; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="12502304" id="papers"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="117286403"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/117286403/5_Postwar_Japan"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of 5. 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The Japanese National Character" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/115357821/2_The_Japanese_National_Character">2. The Japanese National Character</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>BRILL eBooks</span><span>, 2008</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The 1930s marked a professional turning point for Hasegawa Nyozekan. When government repression c...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The 1930s marked a professional turning point for Hasegawa Nyozekan. When government repression curtailed free expression in the middle of the decade, Nyozekan turned his attention away from overt political and social criticism and focused on the study of the Japanese national character. The roots of Nyozekan&#39;s character studies lay in the atmosphere of change that surrounded him in his youth. Members of both the Seikyosha and the Minyusha felt compelled to define the national character, or kokusui, a phrase coined by Shiga Shigetaka of the Seikyosha, to mean national essence or nationality. The realism of the Japanese character influenced the people in a number of ways, Nyozekan believed, contributing to the Japanese tendency to reject extremes and embrace balance in all things. 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The Japanese National Character","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The 1930s marked a professional turning point for Hasegawa Nyozekan. When government repression curtailed free expression in the middle of the decade, Nyozekan turned his attention away from overt political and social criticism and focused on the study of the Japanese national character. The roots of Nyozekan\u0026#39;s character studies lay in the atmosphere of change that surrounded him in his youth. Members of both the Seikyosha and the Minyusha felt compelled to define the national character, or kokusui, a phrase coined by Shiga Shigetaka of the Seikyosha, to mean national essence or nationality. The realism of the Japanese character influenced the people in a number of ways, Nyozekan believed, contributing to the Japanese tendency to reject extremes and embrace balance in all things. The ancient Japanese texts, the Kojiki and the Manyoshu, provided him with some of the intellectual ammunition he needed in his opposition to government propaganda.Keywords: Hasegawa Nyozekan; Japanese national character; Kojiki; Manyoshu; Minyusha; Seikyosha; social criticism","publisher":"Brill","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2008,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"BRILL eBooks"},"translated_abstract":"The 1930s marked a professional turning point for Hasegawa Nyozekan. When government repression curtailed free expression in the middle of the decade, Nyozekan turned his attention away from overt political and social criticism and focused on the study of the Japanese national character. The roots of Nyozekan\u0026#39;s character studies lay in the atmosphere of change that surrounded him in his youth. Members of both the Seikyosha and the Minyusha felt compelled to define the national character, or kokusui, a phrase coined by Shiga Shigetaka of the Seikyosha, to mean national essence or nationality. The realism of the Japanese character influenced the people in a number of ways, Nyozekan believed, contributing to the Japanese tendency to reject extremes and embrace balance in all things. The ancient Japanese texts, the Kojiki and the Manyoshu, provided him with some of the intellectual ammunition he needed in his opposition to government propaganda.Keywords: Hasegawa Nyozekan; Japanese national character; Kojiki; Manyoshu; Minyusha; Seikyosha; social criticism","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/115357821/2_The_Japanese_National_Character","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2024-02-24T10:15:08.007-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":69647334,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"2_The_Japanese_National_Character","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":69647334,"first_name":"Mary","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Hanneman","page_name":"HannemanMary","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2017-10-13T11:32:31.730-07:00","display_name":"Mary Hanneman","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/HannemanMary"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":221,"name":"Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Psychology"},{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics"},{"id":56663,"name":"Criticism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criticism"},{"id":355852,"name":"Opposition Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Opposition_Politics"}],"urls":[{"id":39760768,"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9781905246496.i-144.9"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="111814155"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/111814155/Hasegawa_Nyozekan"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Hasegawa Nyozekan" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/111814155/Hasegawa_Nyozekan">Hasegawa Nyozekan</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Hasegawa Nyozekan and Liberalism in Modern Japan</span><span>, 2008</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="111814155"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="111814155"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 111814155; 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="109977752"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/109977752/4_Fascism_And_The_Path_To_War"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of 4. Fascism And The Path To War" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/109977752/4_Fascism_And_The_Path_To_War">4. Fascism And The Path To War</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>BRILL eBooks</span><span>, 2008</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The 1930s were transitional years not only for Japan but for Hasegawa Nyozekan as well. Reflectin...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The 1930s were transitional years not only for Japan but for Hasegawa Nyozekan as well. Reflecting on Japan&#39;s crisis, in 1932 Nyozekan published Nihon fuashizumu hihan (Critique of Japanese Fascism). On July 1, 1930, Nyozekan and Hihan sponsored a roundtable discussion on Imperialism and Colonial Policy, anticipating the ultimate outcome of the Manchurian Incident that occurred slightly over a year later. The Manchurian Incident held sinister significance for Nyozekan, who saw in it the culmination of the trend toward fascism in Japan. The fanatical nationalism and call for unity that marked Japan&#39;s response to the domestic and international crises of the late 1920s and early 1930s recalled a similar response to the crises of the late nineteenth century. From 1935 until the end of the war, most of Nyozekan&#39;s criticism of the government was cloaked in his national character studies.Keywords: fascism; Hasegawa Nyozekan; Hihan; imperialism; Japan; Manchurian Incident; nationalism; political criticism</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="109977752"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="109977752"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 109977752; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=109977752]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=109977752]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 109977752; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='109977752']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 109977752, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=109977752]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":109977752,"title":"4. Fascism And The Path To War","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The 1930s were transitional years not only for Japan but for Hasegawa Nyozekan as well. Reflecting on Japan\u0026#39;s crisis, in 1932 Nyozekan published Nihon fuashizumu hihan (Critique of Japanese Fascism). On July 1, 1930, Nyozekan and Hihan sponsored a roundtable discussion on Imperialism and Colonial Policy, anticipating the ultimate outcome of the Manchurian Incident that occurred slightly over a year later. The Manchurian Incident held sinister significance for Nyozekan, who saw in it the culmination of the trend toward fascism in Japan. The fanatical nationalism and call for unity that marked Japan\u0026#39;s response to the domestic and international crises of the late 1920s and early 1930s recalled a similar response to the crises of the late nineteenth century. From 1935 until the end of the war, most of Nyozekan\u0026#39;s criticism of the government was cloaked in his national character studies.Keywords: fascism; Hasegawa Nyozekan; Hihan; imperialism; Japan; Manchurian Incident; nationalism; political criticism","publisher":"Brill","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2008,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"BRILL eBooks"},"translated_abstract":"The 1930s were transitional years not only for Japan but for Hasegawa Nyozekan as well. Reflecting on Japan\u0026#39;s crisis, in 1932 Nyozekan published Nihon fuashizumu hihan (Critique of Japanese Fascism). On July 1, 1930, Nyozekan and Hihan sponsored a roundtable discussion on Imperialism and Colonial Policy, anticipating the ultimate outcome of the Manchurian Incident that occurred slightly over a year later. The Manchurian Incident held sinister significance for Nyozekan, who saw in it the culmination of the trend toward fascism in Japan. 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From 1935 until the end of the war, most of Nyozekan\u0026#39;s criticism of the government was cloaked in his national character studies.Keywords: fascism; Hasegawa Nyozekan; Hihan; imperialism; Japan; Manchurian Incident; nationalism; political criticism","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/109977752/4_Fascism_And_The_Path_To_War","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-11-27T13:05:52.985-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":69647334,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"4_Fascism_And_The_Path_To_War","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":69647334,"first_name":"Mary","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Hanneman","page_name":"HannemanMary","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2017-10-13T11:32:31.730-07:00","display_name":"Mary Hanneman","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/HannemanMary"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":128,"name":"History","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/History"},{"id":5709,"name":"Politics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Politics"},{"id":5878,"name":"Nationalism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nationalism"},{"id":56663,"name":"Criticism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Criticism"}],"urls":[{"id":35991237,"url":"https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9781905246496.i-144.13"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="109977751"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/109977751/3_Taisho_Democracy"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of 3. 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Again. Anti-Asian violence in the city" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/99005265/Here_Again_Anti_Asian_violence_in_the_city">Here. Again. Anti-Asian violence in the city</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="99005265"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="99005265"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 99005265; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=99005265]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=99005265]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 99005265; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='99005265']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 99005265, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=99005265]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":99005265,"title":"Here. 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Anti-Asian violence in the city","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","publication_name":"Geografiska Annaler: Series B, Human Geography"},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/99005265/Here_Again_Anti_Asian_violence_in_the_city","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2023-03-23T14:50:11.390-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":69647334,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Here_Again_Anti_Asian_violence_in_the_city","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":69647334,"first_name":"Mary","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Hanneman","page_name":"HannemanMary","domain_name":"independent","created_at":"2017-10-13T11:32:31.730-07:00","display_name":"Mary Hanneman","url":"https://independent.academia.edu/HannemanMary"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":262,"name":"Human Geography","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Geography"},{"id":767,"name":"Anthropology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Anthropology"},{"id":43883,"name":"Tourism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Tourism"}],"urls":[{"id":30024483,"url":"https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/04353684.2023.2173080"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="89993747"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/89993747/Re_mapping_Tacoma_u27s_Pre_War_Japantown_Living_on_the_Tideflats"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Re-mapping Tacoma\u27s Pre-War Japantown: Living on the Tideflats" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/93680022/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/89993747/Re_mapping_Tacoma_u27s_Pre_War_Japantown_Living_on_the_Tideflats">Re-mapping Tacoma\u27s Pre-War Japantown: Living on the Tideflats</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This article, drawing on oral histories with Nisei, addresses the dearth of publications about pr...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This article, drawing on oral histories with Nisei, addresses the dearth of publications about pre-WWII Japanese life in the urban U.S. and provides evidence of Japanese immigrants’ active presence in the lumber industry and on Tacoma’s tideflats. This is important not only for Tacoma’s history and a fuller accounting of the major industries that shaped the south Puget Sound region, but also because Japanese contributions to early industrial development are often overlooked. The oral history narratives also stretch the boundaries of what has been depicted as a densely-connected and lively Japanese community in the downtown core. Also, stories of moving from and between sawmills and the ethnic economy highlight the fluidity of employment from the lumber industry to self-employment. This article thus argues for a remapping and expansion of existing visualizations of the Japanese community and for recognition of Japanese presence in the tideflats and sawmill spaces</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="45ed34ec5c8cdffc3a3f57931c2755c8" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":93680022,"asset_id":89993747,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/93680022/download_file?st=MTczMjUwMzA2OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczMjUwMzA2OCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="89993747"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="89993747"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 89993747; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=89993747]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=89993747]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 89993747; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='89993747']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 89993747, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "45ed34ec5c8cdffc3a3f57931c2755c8" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=89993747]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":89993747,"title":"Re-mapping Tacoma\\u27s Pre-War Japantown: Living on the Tideflats","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"This article, drawing on oral histories with Nisei, addresses the dearth of publications about pre-WWII Japanese life in the urban U.S. and provides evidence of Japanese immigrants’ active presence in the lumber industry and on Tacoma’s tideflats. 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Using the papers of various Leeds families, including letters and accounts, and a sample of probate records from 1830 to 1834, Morris studies the finances of middle-class families in Leeds, examining inheritance, trusts, and property ownership and development. Morris also studies family networks, though even here the focus is on how these networks influenced inheritance and other financial relationships. Gender is an important theme throughout, and the book ends with a discussion of attempts to reform married women's property law. Much of the book consists of detailed family histories. Morris is able to take very complicated inheritance patterns and business relationships, many of which confused the participants, and tell a story that the reader can follow easily. These family financial histories are well researched, and contain a great amount of detail. The book also contains some data analysis, usually describing the percentage of cases in a sample that fall into different categories. For example, Morris identifies five different types of provisions for widows, and reports the frequency of each type of provision in a sample of wills. The statistics and graphs presented at various points in the book are not overly complicated and are well explained, so that even readers who are less than comfortable with quantitative history will have no trouble following the analysis. Morris handles the statistics well, and is aware of both their potential and their limitations. When using data on the \"sworn value\" of an estate in probate, for example, he carefully describes what this value does and does not mean. His confidence in using statistics is such that he is willing to make an estimate of the fraction of Leeds property held in trust (about 15 percent), while he is at the same time aware that this estimate requires \"heroic assumptions\" (p. 258). From the family histories and data he presents, Morris draws some general conclusions about how middle-class families related to property. One concerns the \"property cycle,\" which describes the relationship between a man's age and the types of property he owned. Young men took an active part in business and began by borrowing working capital. As they accumulated resources their debts declined and their assets rose. After middle age men began to convert their assets into more passive forms that provided income without as much entrepreneurial labor, such as government notes or railroad shares. Early in the nineteenth century there was a shortage of such passive assets, and this explains why railroad shares sold so well when they appeared on the market. We also learn about the inheritance patterns of the Leeds middle class. Widows were provided for, but usually did not receive ownership of the estate. Under English property law, if a widow remarried property that she owned became her new husband's, and might not pass to the children of the first husband. To avoid such conflicts, widows usually received only the income from property held in trust. The trust protected the inheritance of the children, while still providing for the widow. Most wills explicitly replaced dower with specific provisions for widows, an action which Morris suggests was intended to improve the certainty of property ownership rather than to reduce the widow's income. Morris divides wills into three types according to their attitude towards specific objects owned. Some testators were \"urban peasants\" who passed on real estate and business capital to their heirs. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="89993742"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/89993742/Becoming_Nisei_Japanese_American_urban_lives_in_prewar_Tacoma"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Becoming Nisei : Japanese American urban lives in prewar Tacoma" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/89993742/Becoming_Nisei_Japanese_American_urban_lives_in_prewar_Tacoma">Becoming Nisei : Japanese American urban lives in prewar Tacoma</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">As a key West Coast destination for Japanese immigration to the U.S., Tacoma\u27s vibrant nihonma...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">As a key West Coast destination for Japanese immigration to the U.S., Tacoma\u27s vibrant nihonmachi had a significant population of Issei and Nisei by the 1920s and 1930s. Prior to World War II, the Tacoma Japanese Language School served as a community hub for the Japanese American community in the city. Based on interviews with over 40 Nisei former students of the school, Lisa Hoffman and Mary Hanneman develop an interdisciplinary analysis of identity construction and negotiations over belonging by second generation Japanese Americans in pre-World War II urban America. With an approach both transnational in perspective and focused on urban space, the book explores the everyday lives of Japanese American children prior to incarceration, including the impact of their daily study at and participation in community events associated with the school. Drawing from interviews and archival sources, the authors illuminate the rich prewar cultural experiences of Japanese Americans in the cit...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="89993742"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="89993742"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 89993742; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=89993742]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=89993742]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 89993742; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='89993742']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 89993742, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=89993742]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":89993742,"title":"Becoming Nisei : Japanese American urban lives in prewar Tacoma","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"As a key West Coast destination for Japanese immigration to the U.S., Tacoma\\u27s vibrant nihonmachi had a significant population of Issei and Nisei by the 1920s and 1930s. 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