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為什麼學校只應採用自由軟體 - GNU 專案 - 自由軟體基金會
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href="/education/education.html#indepth">深入討論</a> / 為什麼學校只應採用自由軟體</p> <!--GNUN: OUT-OF-DATE NOTICE--> <div id="outdated"> <p> <!-- TRANSLATORS: The date will follow this string. --> 本翻譯可能無法反應當下現況。文章更動時間為 2020-05-31 <!-- TRANSLATORS: The link to the English page will follow this string. --> ，原文為 <a class="original-link" href="/education/edu-schools.html.en"> <!-- TRANSLATORS: The text of the link; the next string is the last part of the sentence (just a period in English). --> 英文</a>。 </p> <p class="hide"> <!-- TRANSLATORS: The link to the page with differences will follow this string. --> 您應該查閱 <a href="/education/po/edu-schools.zh-tw-diff.html"> <!-- TRANSLATORS: The text of the link; the next string is the last part of the sentence (just a period in English). --> 更動之處</a><span class="outdated-html-dummy-span">。</span> 請參見 <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">翻譯讀我 README</a> 來瞭解維護本文翻譯所需之相關事宜。</p> </div> <h2>為什麼學校只應採用自由軟體</h2> <p>作者為 <a href="http://www.stallman.org/">Richard Stallman</a></p> <p>教育事業，包含幼兒園到大學的各級學校，在道義上有責任<a href="/education/education.html">只應教授自由軟體</a>。</p> <p>所有的電腦使用者都應該<a href="/philosophy/free-software-even-more-important.html">堅持採用自由軟體</a>：自由軟體給予使用者自由操控自己電腦的權利——至於專有軟體，這些程式只能按照其著作權擁有者或開發者所希望的去做些什麼，而不是遵從使用者想要拿它來做什麼。自由軟體同時也賦予使用者彼此互助合作的權利，如此眾人都能過正直的生活。上述這些理由不只適用於所有人，也同樣適用於學校。不過，本篇文章的目的是要專門介紹自由軟體為何適用於教育的其他理由。</p> <p>自由軟體可以為學校省錢，而這只是次要的好處。因為自由軟體讓學校和其他使用者一樣，都能自由複製並轉散布這些軟體，所以可以省錢；教育體系可以將軟體副本發給每間學校，而每間學校都能夠在所有電腦上安裝該軟體，不必再額外付費。</p> <p>這個好處確實很實用，但我們絕不會將它認列在首要地位；因為一旦和更重要的道德議題相比，省錢顯得淺薄許多。學校採用自由軟體不只是個讓教育「更好」一點的辦法：事實上，這代表學校舉辦的是善的教育，而非惡的教育。接下來，我們深入探討這個議題。</p> <p>學校有其社會使命：教導學生成為一位強健、有能力、獨立、會合作且體現自由社會的好公民。學校應該推廣使用自由軟體，正如他們推動永續的觀念與投票的權利一般。藉由自由軟體教育，他們能讓畢業的公民學生，準備好在自由的數位社會中展開生活。這有助於讓整體社會擺脫大型企業財團的支配。</p> <p>相較之下，學校教授非自由軟體，則是在灌輸學生對特定軟體的依賴，而這與學校的社會使命背道而馳。學校根本不該這麼做才對。</p> <p>追根究柢，為什麼專有軟體的開發商會為學校提供他們開發的非自由軟體免費副本<a href="#note1">(1)</a>？因為他們希望 <em>利用</em> 學校去灌輸學生對他們產品的依賴，就如同煙草公司發放免費的香煙給學生那樣<a href="#note2">(2)</a>。只要這些學生畢業，他們可不會再向畢業生或者畢業生所工作的公司，提供免費的軟體副本。一旦你依賴他們家的產品，那你就需要付錢，而未來的升級費用可能會很昂貴。</p> <p>自由軟體能讓學生研究軟體是如何運作的。有一些具有程式設計天賦的學生，他們才十幾歲時就渴望著學習所有與電腦和軟體相關的知識。他們有強烈的好奇心，想要研讀日常使用軟體的源始碼。</p> <p>專有軟體阻止了他們對知識的渴求，說：「你想要瞭解的知識是個祕密——禁止學習！」。所以，專有軟體是教育精神的仇敵，學校裡不應容忍專有軟體，除非拿來作逆向工程的研究對象才可以。</p> <p>自由軟體向來鼓勵所有人學習。自由軟體社群反對「技術的聖職人員」主義，這讓大眾持續對技術茫然無知；我們鼓勵任何年齡的學生，在任何情況下都能依其所願，閱讀源始碼來學習他們想知道的一切。</p> <p>採用自由軟體的學校，將使有程式設計天份的學生得以向前邁進。有天份的學生要如何成為優秀的程式設計師呢？他們需要閱讀並搞懂人們真正在用的程式。若要寫出優雅且清晰的程式碼，你就得閱讀和撰寫大量的程式碼。只有自由軟體能讓你這麼做。</p> <p>要怎樣才能學到對大型程式撰寫程式碼的經驗呢？你可以為既有的大型程式編寫大量修改變更來達成此目的。自由軟體讓你可以這麼做；但是專有軟體則禁止通行。任何學校都可以為學生提供掌握程式設計技巧的機會，而前提是學校採用自由軟體。</p> <p>學校應採用自由軟體的最深層原因，是道德教育。我們期待學校教給學生基本的常識與實用的技術，但這只是學校功能的一部份。學校最重要的任務是要培育出好公民，其中包含幫助他人的習性。在電腦領域中，這代表要教大家分享軟體。從幼兒園起，學校應該告訴學生：「如果你帶軟體到學校來，你必須和其他同學一起分享。你必須在課堂上展示源始碼給同學看，這樣一來其他人就可以從中學習。因此，請不要將非自由軟體帶到課堂上，除非我們要教逆向工程技術。」</p> <p>當然，學校必須先實踐自身宣揚的內容：學校必須只在課堂上使用自由軟體（只有逆向工程的研究對象例外），並和學生分享軟體的副本，也包含其源始碼，這樣學生才能複製軟體、帶回家用，甚至進一步轉發給其他人。</p> <p>教學生如何使用自由軟體，並參與自由軟體社群，就是親身參與的公民課。這也教育了學生公眾服務的角色典範，而不是軟體巨頭的樣子。各級學校都應該採用自由軟體。</p> <p>如果你與學校有關——例如你是學生、教師、職員、管理者、捐贈者、家長……等——你有責任讓學校改用自由軟體。如果私人請求無法實現這個目標，請在相關社群中公開提起這項議題；這是讓更多人意識到此議題，並在這場運動中找到盟友的方法。</p> <ol> <li><cite><a id="note1"></a>警告：接受此類優惠的學校，一般會發現後續升級費用極為昂貴。</cite></li> <li><cite><a id="note2"></a>RJ Reynolds 煙草公司於2002年在舉辦給兒童參與的活動中發放免費香煙樣品，而遭罰款一千五百萬美元。請參見 <a href="http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/sci_tech/features/health/tobaccotrial/usa.htm"> http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/sci_tech/features/health/tobaccotrial/usa.htm</a>。</cite></li> </ol> <div class="translators-notes"> <!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't have notes.--> </div> </div> <!-- for id="content", starts in the include above --> <!-- begin server/footer-text.html --> <div style="clear:both"></div> <div id="language-container"> <div class="backtotop"> <hr class="no-display" /> <a href="#top"><b>▲</b></a> </div> <div id="languages" class="rounded-corners"> <div class="button"> <a href="#top" 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href="/education/edu-schools.zh-tw.html">繁體中文</a> </span> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div id="mission-statement" role="complementary"> <div class="backtotop"> <hr class="no-display" /> <a href="#header"><span>跳回頁首 </span>▲</a> </div> <div style="clear: both"></div> <blockquote> <p style="direction:ltr; text-align:left"><a href="//www.fsf.org"><img id="fsfbanner" src="/graphics/fsf-logo-notext-small.png" alt=" [FSF 標誌] " width="75" height="25" /></a><strong>「自由軟體基金會 (FSF) 是非營利組織，以提倡全世界電腦使用者的自由為使命。我們捍衛所有軟體使用者的權利。」</strong></p> </blockquote> <div id="support-the-fsf" class="button"> <a class="join" href="//www.fsf.org/associate/support_freedom?referrer=4052">加入</a> <a class="donate" href="//donate.fsf.org/">贊助</a> <a class="shop" href="//shop.fsf.org/">購買使用手冊及物品</a> </div> </div> <!-- end server/footer-text.html --> <div id="footer"> <div class="unprintable"> <p>請來信到 <a href="mailto:gnu@gnu.org"><gnu@gnu.org></a> 詢問有關自由軟體基金會（FSF）和 GNU 的一般問題；或者<a href="/contact/">以其他方式</a>聯絡自由軟體基金會。至於損毀的連結及其他修正和建議，可以將之寄給 <a href="mailto:webmasters@gnu.org"><webmasters@gnu.org></a>。</p> <p> <!-- TRANSLATORS: Ignore the original text in this paragraph, replace it with the translation of these two: We work hard and do our best to provide accurate, good quality translations. However, we are not exempt from imperfection. Please send your comments and general suggestions in this regard to <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"> <web-translators@gnu.org></a>.</p> <p>For information on coordinating and submitting translations of our web pages, see <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">Translations README</a>. --> 我們努力盡所能提供貼切、品質良善的翻譯。然而，我們無法十全十美，還請將你的意見評述與一般建議寄給 <a href="mailto:web-translators@gnu.org"><web-translators@gnu.org></a></p><p>請參照 <a href="/server/standards/README.translations.html">翻譯讀我 README</a> 來瞭解協調和提交我們的網頁翻譯相關事宜。</p> </div> <p>Copyright © 2003, 2009, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2019, 2020 Richard Stallman</p> <p>本頁面採用<a rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nd/4.0/deed.zh_TW">創用 CC 姓名標示-禁止改作 4.0 國際</a>條款給予授權。</p> <!-- start of server/bottom-notes.html --> <div id="bottom-notes" class="unprintable"> <p><a href="//www.fsf.org/about/dmca-notice">提出著作權侵犯通知</a></p> <div id="generic"> </div> </div> <!-- end of server/bottom-notes.html --> <div class="translators-credits"> <!--TRANSLATORS: Use space (SPC) as msgstr if you don't want credits.--> <b>翻譯</b>：黃柏諺 <a href="mailto:s8321414 (at) gmail (dot) com"><s8321414 (at) gmail (dot) com></a>, 2018.<br /> <b>校對</b>：曾政嘉 <a href="mailto:zerngjia (at) gmail (dot) com"><zerngjia (at) gmail (dot) com></a>, 2018.</div> <p class="unprintable"><!-- timestamp start --> 更新時間︰ $Date: 2021/05/26 21:36:27 $ <!-- timestamp end --> </p> </div> </div> </body> </html>