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href="#Arch-braced_truss"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Arch-braced truss</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arch-braced_truss-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hammerbeam_truss" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hammerbeam_truss"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Hammerbeam truss</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hammerbeam_truss-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scissor_truss" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scissor_truss"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Scissor truss</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scissor_truss-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bracing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bracing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bracing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bracing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-fabricated_wood_trusses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-fabricated_wood_trusses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Pre-fabricated wood trusses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-fabricated_wood_trusses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historic_wood_trusses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historic_wood_trusses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Historic wood trusses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historic_wood_trusses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Connections_in_wooden_trusses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Connections_in_wooden_trusses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Connections in wooden trusses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Connections_in_wooden_trusses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Timber roof truss</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%AD_%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%AE%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="سطح جملوني خشبي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سطح جملوني خشبي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirant_(arquitectura)" title="Tirant (arquitectura) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tirant (arquitectura)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krov" title="Krov – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Krov" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dachstuhl" title="Dachstuhl – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dachstuhl" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%A1ywowa_w%C4%9Bzba" title="Kšywowa wězba – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Kšywowa wězba" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tijerales" title="Tijerales – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tijerales" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tegmenta_trabaro" title="Tegmenta trabaro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tegmenta trabaro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charpente" title="Charpente – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Charpente" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8" title="छत के ट्रस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="छत के ट्रस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B3z%C5%82y" title="Kózły – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Kózły" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reng" title="Reng – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Reng" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capriata" title="Capriata – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Capriata" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesp%C3%A4r" title="Gespär – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Gespär" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakstoel" title="Dakstoel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dakstoel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takstol" title="Takstol – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Takstol" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi%C4%99%C5%BAba_dachowa" title="Więźba dachowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Więźba dachowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesoura_(constru%C3%A7%C3%A3o)" title="Tesoura (construção) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tesoura (construção)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreven%C3%BD_krov" title="Drevený krov – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Drevený krov" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kattoristikko" title="Kattoristikko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kattoristikko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takstol" title="Takstol – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Takstol" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Кроквяна система – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кроквяна система" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caval_(architetura)" title="Caval (architetura) – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Caval (architetura)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Structural framework of timbers</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roof_parts_simplified.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Roof_parts_simplified.svg/300px-Roof_parts_simplified.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Roof_parts_simplified.svg/450px-Roof_parts_simplified.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Roof_parts_simplified.svg/600px-Roof_parts_simplified.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="989" /></a><figcaption>Two king post trusses linked to support a roof.<br />Key:<b>1:</b> ridge beam, <b>2:</b> <a href="/wiki/Purlin" title="Purlin">purlins</a>, <b>3:</b> common rafters. This is an example of a "double roof" with principal rafters and common rafters.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>timber roof truss</b> is a structural framework of timbers designed to bridge the space above a room and to provide support for a roof. <a href="/wiki/Truss" title="Truss">Trusses</a> usually occur at regular intervals, linked by longitudinal timbers such as <a href="/wiki/Purlin" title="Purlin">purlins</a>. The space between each truss is known as a <a href="/wiki/Bay_(architecture)" title="Bay (architecture)">bay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Curl_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curl-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rafters have a tendency to flatten under gravity, thrusting outwards on the walls. For larger spans and thinner walls, this can topple the walls. Pairs of opposing rafters were thus initially tied together by a horizontal tie beam, to form coupled rafters. But such roofs were structurally weak, and lacking any longitudinal support, they were prone to racking, a collapse resulting from horizontal movement. Timber roof trusses were a later, medieval development.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteane1984196_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteane1984196-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A roof truss is cross-braced into a stable, rigid unit. Ideally, it balances all of the lateral forces against one another, and thrusts only directly downwards on the supporting walls. In practice, lateral forces may develop; for instance, due to wind, excessive flexibility of the truss, or constructions that do not accommodate small lateral movements of the ends of the truss. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_roof_truss&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inside_wboylston_old_stone_church.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Inside_wboylston_old_stone_church.jpg/220px-Inside_wboylston_old_stone_church.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Inside_wboylston_old_stone_church.jpg/330px-Inside_wboylston_old_stone_church.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Inside_wboylston_old_stone_church.jpg/440px-Inside_wboylston_old_stone_church.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1980" data-file-height="1986" /></a><figcaption>Timber roof truss example</figcaption></figure> <p>The top members of a truss are known generically as the <a href="/wiki/Top_chord" class="mw-redirect" title="Top chord">top chord</a>, bottom members as the bottom chord, and the interior members as webs. In historic carpentry the top chords are often called <a href="/wiki/Rafter" title="Rafter">rafters</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bottom_chord" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottom chord">bottom chord</a> is often referred to as a <a href="/wiki/Tie_beam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tie beam">tie beam</a>. There are two main types of timber roof trusses: closed, in which the bottom chord is horizontal and at the foot of the truss, and open, in which the bottom chords are raised to provide more open space, also known as raised bottom chord trusses.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Closed_trusses">Closed trusses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_roof_truss&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Closed trusses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Closed/open distinction is used in two ways to describe truss roofs. </p><p>Closed truss: </p> <ol><li>A truss with a tie beam; or</li> <li>Roof framing with a ceiling so the framing is not visible.</li></ol> <p>Open truss: </p> <ol><li>A truss with an interrupted tie beam or scissor truss which allow a vaulted ceiling area; or</li> <li>Roof framing open to view, not hidden by a ceiling.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="King_post_truss">King post truss</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_roof_truss&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: King post truss"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_post_truss_3D.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/King_post_truss_3D.svg/220px-King_post_truss_3D.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/King_post_truss_3D.svg/330px-King_post_truss_3D.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/King_post_truss_3D.svg/440px-King_post_truss_3D.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="903" data-file-height="789" /></a><figcaption>King post truss.<br />Key: <b>1:</b> king post, <b>2:</b> tie beam, <b>3:</b> principal rafters, <b>4:</b> struts.</figcaption></figure> <p>A king post truss has two principal rafters, a tie beam, and a central vertical <a href="/wiki/King_post" title="King post">king post</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The simplest of trusses, it is commonly used in conjunction with two angled struts. </p><p> The king post is normally under tension, and requires quite sophisticated joints with the tie beam and principal rafters. In a variation known as a king bolt (rod) truss the king post is replaced by a metal bolt (rod), usually of wrought iron.</p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Queen_post_truss">Queen post truss</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_roof_truss&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Queen post truss"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_post_truss.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Queen_post_truss.svg/220px-Queen_post_truss.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Queen_post_truss.svg/330px-Queen_post_truss.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Queen_post_truss.svg/440px-Queen_post_truss.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="855" data-file-height="722" /></a><figcaption>Queen post truss.<br />Key: <b>1:</b> queen posts, <b>2:</b> tie beam, <b>3:</b> straining beam, <b>4:</b> principal rafters.</figcaption></figure> <p>A queen post truss has two principal rafters and two vertical <a href="/wiki/Queen_post" title="Queen post">queen posts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The queen post truss extends the span, and combined with spliced joints in the longer members extends the useful span for trusses of these types. As with a king post, the queen posts may be replaced with iron rods and thus called a queen rod truss. This truss is often known as a <i>palladiana</i> (Palladian truss) in Italy, as it was frequently used by the Renaissance architect <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Palladio" title="Andrea Palladio">Andrea Palladio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Valeriani_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valeriani-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes a Palladian truss is defined as a compound truss with a queen post and king post truss in the same assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The queen post truss and the king post truss may be combined, by using the straining beam of the queen post truss as the tie beam for a king post truss above.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYeomans200342_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYeomans200342-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such combinations are known as compound trusses.</p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liegender_Stuhl">Liegender Stuhl</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_roof_truss&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Liegender Stuhl"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kehlbalkendach_mit_liegendem_Stuhl_1200px.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Kehlbalkendach_mit_liegendem_Stuhl_1200px.png/220px-Kehlbalkendach_mit_liegendem_Stuhl_1200px.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Kehlbalkendach_mit_liegendem_Stuhl_1200px.png/330px-Kehlbalkendach_mit_liegendem_Stuhl_1200px.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Kehlbalkendach_mit_liegendem_Stuhl_1200px.png/440px-Kehlbalkendach_mit_liegendem_Stuhl_1200px.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="823" /></a><figcaption>German illustration of a purlin roof with liegendem stuhl truss highlighted in blue.</figcaption></figure> <p>Liegender Stuhl is a truss of German origin; the German name is used in <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">America</a>. This truss is found in some 18th- and 19th-century buildings where Germans settled in the U.S. The literal translation is "lying chair", lying meaning the top chords are angled or leaning (and chair in the sense of a support, in this case a post or truss).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carpenters in the Netherlands also used this truss where it is spelled liggende stoel.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The opposite being a "Stehender Stuhl", which is the common roof truss type where simple vertical posts replace the more elaborate support structure in the image (highlighted in blue).</p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Open_trusses">Open trusses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_roof_truss&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Open trusses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arch-braced_truss">Arch-braced truss</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_roof_truss&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Arch-braced truss"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arch_brace_truss_3D.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Arch_brace_truss_3D.svg/220px-Arch_brace_truss_3D.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Arch_brace_truss_3D.svg/330px-Arch_brace_truss_3D.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Arch_brace_truss_3D.svg/440px-Arch_brace_truss_3D.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="855" data-file-height="722" /></a><figcaption>A single arch-braced truss.<br />Key: <b>1:</b> principal rafters, <b>2:</b> collar beam, <b>3:</b> arch braces.</figcaption></figure><p> Lacking a tie beam,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarris200375–77_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarris200375–77-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the arch-braced (arched brace)<sup id="cite_ref-Chap_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chap-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> truss gives a more open look to the interior of the roof. The principal rafters are linked by a collar beam supported by a pair of arch braces, which stiffen the structure and help to transmit the weight of the roof down through the principal rafters to the supporting wall. A double arch braced truss<sup id="cite_ref-Chap_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chap-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has a second pair of arched braces lower down, from the rafter to a block or inner sill: This form is called a wagon, cradle, barrel or tunnel roof because of this cylindrical appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hammerbeam_truss">Hammerbeam truss</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_roof_truss&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hammerbeam truss"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chambers_1908_Hammerbeam.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Chambers_1908_Hammerbeam.png/220px-Chambers_1908_Hammerbeam.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Chambers_1908_Hammerbeam.png/330px-Chambers_1908_Hammerbeam.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/49/Chambers_1908_Hammerbeam.png 2x" data-file-width="374" data-file-height="505" /></a><figcaption>Chambers 1908 single hammerbeam truss</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Hammerbeam_roof" title="Hammerbeam roof">hammerbeam roof</a> was the culmination of the development of the arch-braced truss, allowing greater spaces to be spanned. The hammerbeam roof of <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Hall" title="Westminster Hall">Westminster Hall</a> in London, designed by <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Herland" title="Hugh Herland">Hugh Herland</a> and installed between 1395 and 1399, was the largest timber-roofed space in medieval Europe, spanning a distance of just over 20 metres (66 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteane1984196–97_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteane1984196–97-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is considered to be the best example of a hammer-beam truss in England.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hammer beam trusses can have a single hammerbeam or multiple hammerbeams. A false hammerbeam roof (truss) has two definitions: 1) There is no hammer post on the hammer beam<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as sometimes found in a type of arch brace truss<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or; 2)The hammer beam joins into the hammer post instead of the hammer post landing on the hammer beam.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scissor_truss">Scissor truss</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_roof_truss&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Scissor truss"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scissors_truss_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Scissors_truss_1.png/220px-Scissors_truss_1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Scissors_truss_1.png/330px-Scissors_truss_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Scissors_truss_1.png/440px-Scissors_truss_1.png 2x" data-file-width="3196" data-file-height="1134" /></a><figcaption>A scissor truss</figcaption></figure><p> The scissor truss gets its name from being shaped like a pair of shears (scissors). Two defining features of a scissor truss are: 1) the joint where the bottom chords pass (the hinge of a pair of scissors) must be firmly connected and 2) the rafter (top chord) feet must land on the bottom chords. If the bottom chords join to the under-side of the top chords the assembly is said to be "scissor braced"<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rather than a scissor truss.</p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bracing">Bracing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_roof_truss&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bracing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It has been proven that permanent bracing designs can improve the lateral stability of roof <a href="/wiki/Truss" title="Truss">trusses</a>, specifically with j chords. Continuous lateral braces can prevent negative effects of lateral forces by being diagonally set in to brace the <a href="/wiki/Beam_(structure)" title="Beam (structure)">chord</a>. However, there are variable effects of permanent braces on the truss web, given that the length of the chord would determine the number of brace locations.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pre-fabricated_wood_trusses">Pre-fabricated wood trusses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_roof_truss&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pre-fabricated wood trusses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:216px;max-width:216px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:127px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trusses-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Trusses-2.jpg/214px-Trusses-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Trusses-2.jpg/321px-Trusses-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Trusses-2.jpg/428px-Trusses-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3905" data-file-height="2328" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Trusses installed on a roof</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:127px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trusses_on_trailer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Trusses_on_trailer.jpg/170px-Trusses_on_trailer.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Trusses_on_trailer.jpg/255px-Trusses_on_trailer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Trusses_on_trailer.jpg/340px-Trusses_on_trailer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Trusses loaded on trailers</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Pre-fabricated wood trusses offer advantages in building construction through machine-made accuracy and tend to use less timber.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this does not take into account site-specific design alterations that require customized truss design. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historic_wood_trusses">Historic wood trusses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_roof_truss&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Historic wood trusses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The challenges of maintaining wood trusses are not limited to newer building projects. Visual grading can be used to conduct condition assessments for historic trusses. This along with load carrying tests, can be used to determine the best possible solutions to repairing older truss systems. Metal plates and correct, period material can be used to repair, although 100% recovery of the material may be hard if the wood truss has deteriorated. <a href="/wiki/Truss_connector_plate" title="Truss connector plate">MPC</a> (Metal Plate Connected) wood trusses are typically made from dressed wood (lumber), rather than timber (round-wood poles).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Truss_Bartram%27s_Barn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Truss_Bartram%27s_Barn.jpg/220px-Truss_Bartram%27s_Barn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Truss_Bartram%27s_Barn.jpg/330px-Truss_Bartram%27s_Barn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Truss_Bartram%27s_Barn.jpg/440px-Truss_Bartram%27s_Barn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The interior of the barn at <a href="/wiki/Bartram%27s_Garden" title="Bartram's Garden">Bartram's Garden</a> with a view of the wooden trusses.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Connections_in_wooden_trusses">Connections in wooden trusses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_roof_truss&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Connections in wooden trusses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest wooden truss connections consisted of mortise-and-tenon joints and were most likely crafted at the construction site with the posts. Since most early trusses were made from unseasoned <a href="/wiki/Timber_framing" title="Timber framing">posts</a>, the subsequent shrinkage would create cracking at the <a href="/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon" title="Mortise and tenon">mortise-and-tenon</a> joints. Additionally, the mortise-and-tenon joints in older trusses were located at the weakest point in the post, accelerating failure. Much of the early truss connection designs anticipated structural behaviour under loads. This is why holes were drilled slightly off-centre, allowing the peg to naturally pull the posts together with gravity.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_roof_truss&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bent_(structural)" title="Bent (structural)">Bent (structural)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_frame" title="Reciprocal frame">Reciprocal frame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_framing" title="Timber framing">Timber framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truss_bridge" title="Truss bridge">Truss bridge</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_roof_truss&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <i>palladiana</i> had been used in Italy for many years before Palladio's time, but has been given his name because of its extensive use in the buildings he designed.<sup id="cite_ref-Valeriani_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Valeriani-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Citations</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Curl-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Curl_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCurl2006" class="citation cs2">Curl, James Stevens (2006), "truss", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t1.e4819"><i>A Dictionary of Architecture and Landscape Architecture</i></a> (online ed.), Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860678-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-860678-9"><bdi>978-0-19-860678-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=truss&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Architecture+and+Landscape+Architecture&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-860678-9&rft.aulast=Curl&rft.aufirst=James+Stevens&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fviews%2FENTRY.html%3Fsubview%3DMain%26entry%3Dt1.e4819&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimber+roof+truss" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESteane1984196-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESteane1984196_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSteane1984">Steane (1984)</a>, p. 196</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewandoski, Jan, Jack Sobon, and Kenneth Rower. Historic American roof trusses. Becket, MA: Timber Framers Guild, 2006. 48. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0970664346" title="Special:BookSources/0970664346">0970664346</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Domestic Buildings Research Group (Surrey, England), <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.dbrg.org.uk/GLOSSARY/Open%20truss.html">http://www.dbrg.org.uk/GLOSSARY/Open%20truss.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Glossary of Australian Building Terms – Third Edition.(NCRB)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Valeriani-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Valeriani_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Valeriani_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValeriani2006" class="citation web cs2">Valeriani, Simona (August 2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/22534/1/1406Valeriani.pdf">"The Roofs of Wren and Jones: A Seventeenth-Century Migration of Technical Knowledge from Italy to England". Working Papers on the Nature of Evidence: How Well Do 'Facts' Travel?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, Department of Economic History, London School of Economics<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2012</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Roofs+of+Wren+and+Jones%3A+A+Seventeenth-Century+Migration+of+Technical+Knowledge+from+Italy+to+England%22.+Working+Papers+on+the+Nature+of+Evidence%3A+How+Well+Do+%27Facts%27+Travel%3F&rft.pub=Department+of+Economic+History%2C+London+School+of+Economics&rft.date=2006-08&rft.aulast=Valeriani&rft.aufirst=Simona&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.lse.ac.uk%2F22534%2F1%2F1406Valeriani.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimber+roof+truss" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Proceedings of the Third Annual Congress on Construction History, May 2009. 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Amsterdam: Elsevier/Architectural Press, 2008. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alcock, N. W.. Recording timber-framed buildings: an illustrated glossary. London: Council for British Archaeology, 1989.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sharpe, Geoffrey R.. Historic English churches a guide to their construction, design and features. London: I.B. Tauris, 2011. 111. fig. 61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wood, Margaret. The English Mediaeval House. London: Ferndale Editions, 1980, 1965. 319.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewandoski, Jan, Jack Sobon, and Kenneth Rower. Historic American roof trusses. Becket, MA: Timber Framers Guild, 2006. 7. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0970664346" title="Special:BookSources/0970664346">0970664346</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Permanent bracing design for MPC wood roof truss webs and chords, Forest Products Journal, 51<i>(7), 73-81</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The benefits of pre-fabricated timber roof trusses." <i>Civil Engineering (10212000)</i> 24, no. 7: 47-48. <i>Business Source Complete</i>, EBSCO<i>host</i> (accessed November 8, 2017)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Non-destructive assessment, full-scale load-carrying tests and local interventions on two historic timber collar roof trusses. Engineering structures, 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Early Wooden Truss Connections vs. Wood Shrinkage: From Mortise-and-Tenon Joints to Bolted Connections" <i>APT Bulletin</i>, Vol. 27, No. 1/2, A Tribute to Lee H. Nelson (1996), pp. 11-23.</span> </li> </ol></div> <p><b>Bibliography</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2003" class="citation cs2">Harris, Richard (2003), <i>Discovering Timber-framed Buildings</i>, Shire Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7478-0215-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7478-0215-0"><bdi>978-0-7478-0215-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discovering+Timber-framed+Buildings&rft.pub=Shire+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7478-0215-0&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimber+roof+truss" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteane1984" class="citation cs2">Steane, John (1984), <i>Archaeology of Mediaeval England and Wales</i>, Croom Helm, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-2385-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-2385-5"><bdi>978-0-7099-2385-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+of+Mediaeval+England+and+Wales&rft.pub=Croom+Helm&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-7099-2385-5&rft.aulast=Steane&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimber+roof+truss" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeomans2003" class="citation cs2">Yeomans, David T. (2003), <i>The Repair of Historic Timber Structures</i>, Thomas Telford, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7277-3213-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7277-3213-2"><bdi>978-0-7277-3213-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Repair+of+Historic+Timber+Structures&rft.pub=Thomas+Telford&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7277-3213-2&rft.aulast=Yeomans&rft.aufirst=David+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimber+roof+truss" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffsummer2009" class="citation cs2">Hoffsummer, Patrick, ed. (2009), <i>Roof Frames from the 11th to the 19th Century. Typology and Development in Northern France and in Belgiums</i>, Brepols, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-503-52987-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-503-52987-5"><bdi>978-2-503-52987-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roof+Frames+from+the+11th+to+the+19th+Century.+Typology+and+Development+in+Northern+France+and+in+Belgiums&rft.pub=Brepols&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-2-503-52987-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATimber+roof+truss" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timber_roof_truss&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121017003751/http://www.builderbill-diy-help.com/roof-glossary.html">Illustrated roof glossary</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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