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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Papermaking</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF" title="কাগজ তৈরি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কাগজ তৈরি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabricaci%C3%B3n_de_papel" title="Fabricación de papel – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fabricación de papel" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paperfabrikado" title="Paperfabrikado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Paperfabrikado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%B0%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="کاغذسازی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کاغذسازی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EC%A7%80%EC%88%A0" title="제지술 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제지술" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3" title="कागज निर्माण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कागज निर्माण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proizvodnja_papira" title="Proizvodnja papira – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Proizvodnja papira" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pembuatan_kertas" title="Pembuatan kertas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pembuatan kertas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%90-%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A6%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%AC%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ცელულოზა-ქაღალდის მრეწველობა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ცელულოზა-ქაღალდის მრეწველობა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pap%C3%ADrgy%C3%A1rt%C3%A1s" title="Papírgyártás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Papírgyártás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%85%E1%80%80%E1%80%B9%E1%80%80%E1%80%B0%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="စက္ကူပြုလုပ်ခြင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="စက္ကူပြုလုပ်ခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qog%CA%BBoz_ishlab_chiqarish" title="Qogʻoz ishlab chiqarish – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qogʻoz ishlab chiqarish" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fabrica%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_papel" title="Fabricação de papel – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fabricação de papel" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izrada_papira" title="Izrada papira – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Izrada papira" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handpapperstillverkning" title="Handpapperstillverkning – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Handpapperstillverkning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BA%A3n_xu%E1%BA%A5t_gi%E1%BA%A5y" title="Sản xuất giấy – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sản xuất giấy" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paghihimo_hin_papel" title="Paghihimo hin papel – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Economic sector</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Papiermuseum_Basel_2008_(38).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Papiermuseum_Basel_2008_%2838%29.jpg/220px-Papiermuseum_Basel_2008_%2838%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Papiermuseum_Basel_2008_%2838%29.jpg/330px-Papiermuseum_Basel_2008_%2838%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Papiermuseum_Basel_2008_%2838%29.jpg/440px-Papiermuseum_Basel_2008_%2838%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>A sheet of fibres which were just collected from the liquid suspension with the screen. The next steps are to press it and to dry it.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jingangjing.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Jingangjing.png/220px-Jingangjing.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Jingangjing.png/330px-Jingangjing.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fd/Jingangjing.png 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="221" /></a><figcaption>The Diamond Sutra of the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">Chinese</a> <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, the oldest dated printed book in the world, found at <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a>, from 868 CE.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Papermaking</b> is the manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">paper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cardboard" title="Cardboard">cardboard</a>, which are used widely for printing, writing, and packaging, among many other purposes. Today almost all paper is <a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry" title="Pulp and paper industry">made using industrial machinery</a>, while handmade paper survives as a specialized craft and a medium for <a href="/wiki/Paper_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper art">artistic expression</a>. </p><p>In papermaking, a dilute suspension consisting mostly of separate cellulose fibres in water is drained through a sieve-like screen, so that a mat of randomly interwoven fibres is laid down. Water is further removed from this sheet by pressing, sometimes aided by suction or vacuum, or heating. Once dry, a generally flat, uniform and strong sheet of paper is achieved. </p><p>Before the invention and current widespread adoption of automated machinery, all paper was made by hand, formed or laid one sheet at a time by specialized laborers. Even today those who make paper by hand use tools and technologies quite similar to those existing hundreds of years ago, as originally developed in China and other regions of Asia, or those further modified in Europe. Handmade paper is still appreciated for its distinctive uniqueness and the skilled craft involved in making each sheet, in contrast with the higher degree of uniformity and perfection at lower prices achieved among industrial products. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papermaking&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_paper" title="History of paper">History of paper</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_hemp_paper_western_han.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Chinese_hemp_paper_western_han.jpg/220px-Chinese_hemp_paper_western_han.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Chinese_hemp_paper_western_han.jpg/330px-Chinese_hemp_paper_western_han.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Chinese_hemp_paper_western_han.jpg/440px-Chinese_hemp_paper_western_han.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1160" data-file-height="1128" /></a><figcaption>Early Xi'An hemp paper, dated to at least 87 BC</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">Hemp</a> paper had been used in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> for wrapping and padding since the eighth century BC.<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_5_122_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_5_122-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paper with legible Chinese writings on it has been dated to 8 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The traditional inventor attribution is of <a href="/wiki/Cai_Lun" title="Cai Lun">Cai Lun</a>, an official attached to the Imperial court during the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> (202 BC – 220 CE), said to have invented paper about 105 CE using <a href="/wiki/Mulberry" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry">mulberry</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Bast_fibre" title="Bast fibre">bast fibres</a> along with fishnets, old rags, and <a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">hemp</a> waste.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paper used as a writing medium had become widespread by the 3rd century<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_5_1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_5_1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, by the 6th century, <a href="/wiki/Toilet_paper" title="Toilet paper">toilet paper</a> was starting to be used in China as well.<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_5_123_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_5_123-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> (618–907 CE) paper was folded and sewn into square <a href="/wiki/Tea_bag" title="Tea bag">bags</a> to preserve the flavour of tea,<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_5_122_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_5_122-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the later <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a> (960–1279 CE) was the first government to issue paper-printed money. </p><p>In the 8th century, papermaking spread to the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Islamic world</a>, where the process was refined, and machinery was designed for bulk manufacturing. Production began in <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a>, and then <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim Spain">Muslim Spain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mahdavi_2003_129–30_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahdavi_2003_129–30-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a>, papermaking was under the supervision of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Vizier" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Vizier">Grand Vizier</a> <a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_ibn_Yahya" title="Ja'far ibn Yahya">Ja'far ibn Yahya</a>. Muslims invented a method to make a thicker sheet of paper. This innovation helped transform papermaking from an art into a major industry.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mahdavi_2003_129–30_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mahdavi_2003_129–30-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest use of <a href="/wiki/Watermill" title="Watermill">water-powered mills</a> in paper production, specifically the use of <a href="/wiki/Pulp_mill" title="Pulp mill">pulp mills</a> for preparing the pulp for papermaking, dates back to <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a> in the 8th century.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest references to <a href="/wiki/Paper_mill" title="Paper mill">paper mills</a> also come from the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">medieval Islamic world</a>, where they were first noted in the 9th century by <a href="/wiki/Geography_and_cartography_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography and cartography in medieval Islam">Arabic geographers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloom_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloom-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Traditional <a href="/w/index.php?title=Papermaking_in_Asia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Papermaking in Asia (page does not exist)">papermaking in Asia</a> uses the inner bark fibers of plants. This fiber is soaked, cooked, rinsed and traditionally hand-beaten to form the paper pulp. The long fibers are layered to form strong, translucent sheets of paper. In Eastern Asia, three traditional fibers are <a href="/wiki/Abaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Abaca">abaca</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C5%8Dzo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kōzo">kōzo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gampi" title="Gampi">gampi</a>. In the Himalayas, <a href="/wiki/Lokta_paper" title="Lokta paper">paper</a> is made from the <a href="/wiki/Daphne_papyracea" title="Daphne papyracea">lokta</a> plant.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This paper is used for calligraphy, printing, book arts, and three-dimensional work, including <a href="/wiki/Origami" title="Origami">origami</a>. <span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">In other Southeast Asian countries, elephants are fed with large amount of starch food, so that their feces can be used to make paper as well. This can be found in elephant preservation camps in Myanmar, where the paper is sold to fund the organization's operations.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In <a href="/w/index.php?title=Western_papermaking&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Western papermaking (page does not exist)">Europe</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Papermaking_moulds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Papermaking moulds (page does not exist)">papermaking moulds</a> using metallic wire were developed, and features like the <a href="/wiki/Watermark" title="Watermark">watermark</a> were well established by 1300 CE, while <a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">hemp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">linen</a> rags were the main source of pulp, cotton eventually taking over after Southern plantations made that product in large quantities.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Papermaking was originally not popular in Europe due to not having many advantages over <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parchment" title="Parchment">parchment</a>. It was not until the 15th century with the invention of the movable type of printing and its demand for paper that many paper mills entered production, and papermaking became an industry.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern papermaking began in the early 19th century in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> with the development of the <a href="/wiki/Fourdrinier_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourdrinier machine">Fourdrinier machine</a>. This machine produces a continuous roll of paper rather than individual sheets. These machines are large. Some produce paper 150 meters in length and 10 meters wide. They can produce paper at a rate of 100 km/h. In 1844, Canadian <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fenerty" title="Charles Fenerty">Charles Fenerty</a> and German <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gottlob_Keller" title="Friedrich Gottlob Keller">Friedrich Gottlob Keller</a> had invented the machine and associated process to make use of wood pulp in papermaking.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This innovation ended the nearly 2,000-year use of pulped rags and start a new era for the production of <a href="/wiki/Newsprint" title="Newsprint">newsprint</a> and eventually almost all paper was made out of pulped wood. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manual">Manual</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papermaking&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Manual"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:99px;max-width:99px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:138px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Making_Paper_1.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Making_Paper_1.PNG/97px-Making_Paper_1.PNG" decoding="async" width="97" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Making_Paper_1.PNG/146px-Making_Paper_1.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Making_Paper_1.PNG/194px-Making_Paper_1.PNG 2x" data-file-width="357" data-file-height="510" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:100px;max-width:100px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:138px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Making_Paper_2.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Making_Paper_2.PNG/98px-Making_Paper_2.PNG" decoding="async" width="98" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Making_Paper_2.PNG/147px-Making_Paper_2.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Making_Paper_2.PNG/196px-Making_Paper_2.PNG 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="503" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:97px;max-width:97px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:138px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Making_Paper_3.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Making_Paper_3.PNG/95px-Making_Paper_3.PNG" decoding="async" width="95" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Making_Paper_3.PNG/143px-Making_Paper_3.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Making_Paper_3.PNG/190px-Making_Paper_3.PNG 2x" data-file-width="349" data-file-height="507" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:149px;max-width:149px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:212px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Making_Paper_4.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Making_Paper_4.PNG/147px-Making_Paper_4.PNG" decoding="async" width="147" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Making_Paper_4.PNG/221px-Making_Paper_4.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Making_Paper_4.PNG/294px-Making_Paper_4.PNG 2x" data-file-width="352" data-file-height="510" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:149px;max-width:149px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:212px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Making_Paper_5.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Making_Paper_5.PNG/147px-Making_Paper_5.PNG" decoding="async" width="147" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Making_Paper_5.PNG/221px-Making_Paper_5.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Making_Paper_5.PNG/294px-Making_Paper_5.PNG 2x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="510" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">Woodcuts</a> depicting the five seminal steps in ancient Chinese papermaking. From the 1637 <i><a href="/wiki/Tiangong_Kaiwu" title="Tiangong Kaiwu">Tiangong Kaiwu</a></i> of the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>Papermaking, regardless of the scale on which it is done, involves making a dilute suspension of <a href="/wiki/Fibre" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibre">fibres</a> in water, called "furnish", and forcing this suspension to drain through a screen, to produce a mat of interwoven fibres. Water is removed from this mat of fibres using a press.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The method of manual papermaking changed very little over time, despite advances in technologies. The process of manufacturing handmade paper can be generalized into five steps: </p> <ol><li>Separating the useful fibre from the rest of raw materials. (e.g. cellulose from wood, cotton, etc.)</li> <li>Beating down the fibre into pulp</li> <li>Adjusting the colour, mechanical, chemical, biological, and other properties of the paper by adding special chemical premixes</li> <li>Screening the resulting solution</li> <li>Pressing and drying to get the actual paper</li></ol> <p>Screening the fibre involves using a mesh made from non-corroding and inert material, such as brass, stainless steel or a synthetic fibre, which is stretched in a paper mould, a wooden frame similar to that of a window. The size of the paper is governed by the open area of the frame. The mould is then completely submerged in the furnish, then pulled, shaken and drained, forming a uniform coating on the screen. Excess water is then removed, the wet mat of fibre laid on top of a damp cloth or felt in a process called "couching". The process is repeated for the required number of sheets. This stack of wet mats is then pressed in a hydraulic press. The fairly damp fibre is then dried using a variety of methods, such as vacuum drying or simply air drying. Sometimes, the individual sheet is rolled to flatten, harden, and refine the surface. Finally, the paper is then cut to the desired shape or the standard shape (A4, letter, legal, etc.) and packed.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The wooden frame is called a "<a href="/wiki/Deckle" title="Deckle">deckle</a>". The deckle leaves the edges of the paper slightly irregular and wavy, called "<a href="/wiki/Deckle_edge" title="Deckle edge">deckle edges</a>", one of the indications that the paper was made by hand. Deckle-edged paper is occasionally mechanically imitated today to create the impression of old-fashioned luxury. The impressions in paper caused by the wires in the screen that run sideways are called "laid lines" and the impressions made, usually from top to bottom, by the wires holding the sideways wires together are called "chain lines". <a href="/wiki/Watermark" title="Watermark">Watermarks</a> are created by weaving a design into the wires in the mould. Handmade paper generally folds and tears more evenly along the laid lines. </p><p>The International Association of Hand Papermakers and Paper Artists (IAPMA) is the world-leading association for handmade paper artists. </p><p>Handmade paper is also prepared in laboratories to study papermaking and in paper mills to check the quality of the production process. The "handsheets" made according to <a href="/wiki/TAPPI" title="TAPPI">TAPPI</a> Standard T 205 <sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are circular sheets 15.9 cm (6.25 in) in diameter and are tested for paper characteristics such as brightness, strength and degree of <a href="/wiki/Sizing" title="Sizing">sizing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bier_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bier-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paper made from other fibers, cotton being the most common, tends to be valued higher than wood-based paper.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industrial">Industrial</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papermaking&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Industrial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Paper_machine" title="Paper machine">Paper machine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Paper_mill" title="Paper mill">Paper mill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry" title="Pulp and paper industry">Pulp and paper industry</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tervakosken_paperitehdas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Tervakosken_paperitehdas.jpg/220px-Tervakosken_paperitehdas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Tervakosken_paperitehdas.jpg/330px-Tervakosken_paperitehdas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Tervakosken_paperitehdas.jpg/440px-Tervakosken_paperitehdas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1654" data-file-height="1103" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tervakoski_Oy" title="Tervakoski Oy">Tervakoski Paper Mill</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tervakoski" title="Tervakoski">Tervakoski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janakkala" title="Janakkala">Janakkala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A modern paper mill<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (November 2022)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> is divided into several sections, roughly corresponding to the processes involved in making handmade paper. Pulp is refined and mixed in water with other additives to make a pulp slurry. The head-box of the paper machine called <a href="/wiki/Fourdrinier_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourdrinier machine">Fourdrinier machine</a> distributes the slurry onto a moving continuous screen, water drains from the slurry by gravity or under vacuum, the wet paper sheet goes through presses and dries, and finally rolls into large rolls. The outcome often weighs several tons.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Another type of paper machine, invented by John Dickinson in 1809, makes use of a cylinder <a href="/wiki/Moulding_(process)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moulding (process)">mould</a> that rotates while partially immersed in a vat of dilute pulp. The pulp is picked up by the wire mesh and covers the mould as it rises out of the vat. A couch roller is pressed against the mould to smooth out the pulp, and picks the wet sheet off the mould.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Papermaking continues to be of <a href="/wiki/Paper_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper pollution">concern from an environmental perspective</a>, due to its use of harsh chemicals, its need for large amounts of water, and the resulting contamination risks, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">carbon sequestration</a> lost by <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a> caused by clearcutting the trees used as the primary source of <a href="/wiki/Wood_pulp" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood pulp">wood pulp</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_papermakers">Notable papermakers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papermaking&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notable papermakers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main page: <a href="/wiki/Category:Papermakers" title="Category:Papermakers">Category:Papermakers</a></div> <p>While papermaking was considered a lifework, exclusive profession for most of its history, the term "notable papermakers" is often not strictly limited to those who actually make paper. Especially in the hand papermaking field there is currently an overlap of certain celebrated paper art practitioners with their other artistic pursuits, while in academia the term may be applied to those conducting research, education, or conservation of books and paper artifacts. In the industrial field it tends to overlap with science, technology and engineering, and often with management of the pulp and paper business itself. </p><p>Some well-known and recognized papermakers have found fame in other fields, to the point that their papermaking background is almost forgotten. One of the most notable examples might be that of the first humans that achieved flight, the <a href="/wiki/Montgolfier_brothers" title="Montgolfier brothers">Montgolfier brothers</a>, where many accounts barely mention the paper mill their family owned, although paper used in their balloons did play a relevant role in their success, as probably did their familiarity with this light and strong material. </p><p>Key inventors include <a href="/wiki/James_Whatman_(papermaker)" title="James Whatman (papermaker)">James Whatman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fourdrinier" title="Henry Fourdrinier">Henry Fourdrinier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Voelter" title="Heinrich Voelter">Heinrich Voelter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Daniel_Ekman" title="Carl Daniel Ekman">Carl Daniel Ekman</a>, among others. </p><p>By the mid-19th century, making paper by hand was extinct in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1912, fine book printer and publisher, <a href="/wiki/Dard_Hunter" title="Dard Hunter">Dard Hunter</a> had reestablished the craft of fine hand paper making but by the 1930s the craft had lapsed in interest again.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When artist Douglass Howell returned to New York City after serving in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, he established himself as a fine art <a href="/wiki/Printmaking" title="Printmaking">printmaker</a> and discovered that art paper was in short supply.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1940s and 1950s, Howell started reading Hunter's books on paper making, as well as he learned about hand paper making history, conducted paper making research, and learned about printed books.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papermaking&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amate" title="Amate">Amate</a>, paper made of bark, used in <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian">pre-Columbian</a> Central America</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">Bookbinding</a></li> <li>Museums: <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Williams_Paper_Museum" title="Robert C. Williams Paper Museum">Williams Paper Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basel_Paper_Mill" title="Basel Paper Mill">Basel Paper Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stickies_(papermaking)" title="Stickies (papermaking)">Stickies (papermaking)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papermaking&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_5_122-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_5_122_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_5_122_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Joseph (1986). <i>Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Part 1</i>. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd. Volume 5, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldarch.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/05/enews_11.pdf">"World Archaeological Congress eNewsletter 11 August 2006"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Archaeological+Congress+eNewsletter+11+August+2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldarch.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2009%2F05%2Fenews_11.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapermaking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Papermaking. (2007). In: <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. Retrieved April 9, 2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_5_1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_5_1_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Joseph (1986). <i>Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Part 1</i>. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd. Volume 5, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_5_123-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_5_123_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Joseph (1986). <i>Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Part 1</i>. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd. Volume 5, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mahdavi_2003_129–30-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mahdavi_2003_129–30_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mahdavi_2003_129–30_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahdavi2003" class="citation journal cs1">Mahdavi, Farid (2003). "Review: <i>Paper Before Print: The History and Impact of Paper in the Islamic World</i> by Jonathan M. Bloom". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Interdisciplinary_History" title="Journal of Interdisciplinary History">Journal of Interdisciplinary History</a></i>. <b>34</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>: 129–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2F002219503322645899">10.1162/002219503322645899</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142232828">142232828</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Interdisciplinary+History&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Paper+Before+Print%3A+The+History+and+Impact+of+Paper+in+the+Islamic+World+by+Jonathan+M.+Bloom&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=129-30&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2F002219503322645899&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142232828%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mahdavi&rft.aufirst=Farid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapermaking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loveday, Helen. Islamic paper: a study of the ancient craft. Archetype Publications, 2001.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucas2006" class="citation book cs1">Lucas, Adam (2006). <i>Wind, Water, Work: Ancient and Medieval Milling Technology</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 65 & 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-14649-0" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-14649-0"><bdi>90-04-14649-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wind%2C+Water%2C+Work%3A+Ancient+and+Medieval+Milling+Technology&rft.pages=65+%26+84&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=90-04-14649-0&rft.aulast=Lucas&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapermaking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloom-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bloom_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonathan_M._Bloom2010" class="citation journal cs1">Jonathan M. Bloom (February 12, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isites.harvard.edu/fs/docs/icb.topic702028.files/Bloom-Mediterranean_Paper.pdf">"Paper in the Medieval Mediterranean World"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Early Paper: Techniques and Transmission – A workshop at the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Paper+in+the+Medieval+Mediterranean+World&rft.date=2010-02-12&rft.au=Jonathan+M.+Bloom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fisites.harvard.edu%2Ffs%2Fdocs%2Ficb.topic702028.files%2FBloom-Mediterranean_Paper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapermaking" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2010">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">*<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter1978" class="citation book cs1">Hunter, Dard (1978) [1st. pub. Alfred A. Knopf:1947]. <i>Papermaking: The History and Technique of an Ancient Craft</i>. New York: Dover Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-486-23619-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-486-23619-6"><bdi>0-486-23619-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Papermaking%3A+The+History+and+Technique+of+an+Ancient+Craft&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-486-23619-6&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Dard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapermaking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180215173843/http://atlas.lib.uiowa.edu/printing.php">"The Atlas of Early Printing"</a>. <i>atlas.lib.uiowa.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://atlas.lib.uiowa.edu/printing.php">the original</a> on 2018-02-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=atlas.lib.uiowa.edu&rft.atitle=The+Atlas+of+Early+Printing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fatlas.lib.uiowa.edu%2Fprinting.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapermaking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Joseph (1986). <i>Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Part 1</i>. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd. Volume 5, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.charlesfenerty.ca/book.html">Burger, Peter</a>. <i>Charles Fenerty and his Paper Invention</i>. Toronto: Peter Burger, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9783318-1-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9783318-1-8">978-0-9783318-1-8</a> pp. 25–30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF香港臨時市政局_[Provisional_Urban_Council]中國歷史博物館聯合主辦_[Hong_Kong_Museum_of_History]1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Urban_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional Urban Council">香港臨時市政局 [Provisional Urban Council]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Museum_of_History" title="Hong Kong Museum of History">中國歷史博物館聯合主辦 [Hong Kong Museum of History]</a> (1998). "Zàozhǐ" <bdi lang="zh">造纸</bdi> [Papermaking]. <i>Tian gong kai wu: Zhongguo gu dai ke ji wen wu zhan</i> <bdi lang="zh">天工開物中國古代科技文物展</bdi> [<i>Heavenly Creations: Gems of Ancient Chinese Inventions</i>] (in Chinese and English). Hong Kong: <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Museum_of_History" title="Hong Kong Museum of History">香港歷史博物館 [Hong Kong Museum of History]</a>. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-962-7039-37-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-962-7039-37-2"><bdi>978-962-7039-37-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41895821">41895821</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Z%C3%A0ozh%C7%90+%E9%80%A0%E7%BA%B8&rft.btitle=Tian+gong+kai+wu%3A+Zhongguo+gu+dai+ke+ji+wen+wu+zhan+%E5%A4%A9%E5%B7%A5%E9%96%8B%E7%89%A9+%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%A4%E4%BB%A3%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E6%96%87%E7%89%A9%E5%B1%95&rft.place=Hong+Kong&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=%5B%5BHong+Kong+Museum+of+History%7C%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8+%5BHong+Kong+Museum+of+History%5D%5D%5D&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41895821&rft.isbn=978-962-7039-37-2&rft.au=%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E8%87%A8%E6%99%82%E5%B8%82%E6%94%BF%E5%B1%80+%5BProvisional+Urban+Council%5D&rft.au=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E4%B8%BB%E8%BE%A6+%5BHong+Kong+Museum+of+History%5D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapermaking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudolf_Patt2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Rudolf Patt; et al. (2005). "Paper and Pulp". <i>Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry</i>. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F1435369762%2Fquest7.a18_545.pub4">10.1002/1435369762/quest7.a18_545.pub4</a> (inactive 1 November 2024).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Paper+and+Pulp&rft.btitle=Ullmann%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Industrial+Chemistry&rft.place=Weinheim&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F1435369762%2Fquest7.a18_545.pub4&rft.au=Rudolf+Patt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapermaking" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150424021804/http://www.tappi.org/paperu/art_class/makingPaper.htm">"Making Paper By Hand"</a>. <a href="/wiki/TAPPI" title="TAPPI">TAPPI</a>. Archived from the original on April 24, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-04-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Making+Paper+By+Hand&rft.pub=TAPPI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tappi.org%2Fpaperu%2Fart_class%2FmakingPaper.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapermaking" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Papermaking by Hand at Hayle Mill, England in 1976" Film by Anglia TV. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xs3PfwOItto">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xs3PfwOItto</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tappi.org/content/sarg/t205.pdf">"Forming Handsheets for Physical Tests of Pulp"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/TAPPI" title="TAPPI">TAPPI</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-04-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forming+Handsheets+for+Physical+Tests+of+Pulp&rft.pub=TAPPI&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tappi.org%2Fcontent%2Fsarg%2Ft205.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapermaking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bier-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bier_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiermann1993" class="citation book cs1">Biermann, Christopher J. (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/essentialsofpulp0000bier"><i>Handbook of Pulping and Papermaking</i></a></span>. San Diego: Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-097360-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-12-097360-X"><bdi>0-12-097360-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Pulping+and+Papermaking&rft.place=San+Diego&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-12-097360-X&rft.aulast=Biermann&rft.aufirst=Christopher+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fessentialsofpulp0000bier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapermaking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Paper Machine Clothing: Key to the Paper Making Process</i> Sabit Adanur, Asten, CRC Press, 1997, pp. 120–136, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56676-544-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56676-544-2">978-1-56676-544-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/technology/cylinder-machine">"Cylinder machine device"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Cylinder+machine+device&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftechnology%2Fcylinder-machine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapermaking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.northamericanhandpapermakers.org/hall-of-champions/douglas-morse-howell">"Douglas Morse Howell, Papermaking Champion"</a>. <i>North American Hand Papermakers</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-02-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=North+American+Hand+Papermakers&rft.atitle=Douglas+Morse+Howell%2C+Papermaking+Champion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.northamericanhandpapermakers.org%2Fhall-of-champions%2Fdouglas-morse-howell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapermaking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchreyer1988" class="citation book cs1">Schreyer, Alice D. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EfMhAAAAMAAJ"><i>East-West, Hand Papermaking Traditions and Innovations: An Exhibition Catalogue</i></a>. University of Delaware Library. Hugh M. Morris Library, University of Delaware Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East-West%2C+Hand+Papermaking+Traditions+and+Innovations%3A+An+Exhibition+Catalogue&rft.pub=Hugh+M.+Morris+Library%2C+University+of+Delaware+Library&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Schreyer&rft.aufirst=Alice+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEfMhAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapermaking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeber2009" class="citation book cs1">Weber, Therese (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WwzcAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Language of Paper: A History of 2000 Years</i></a>. Marshall Cavendish Editions. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-261-628-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-261-628-9"><bdi>978-981-261-628-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Language+of+Paper%3A+A+History+of+2000+Years&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish+Editions&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-981-261-628-9&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=Therese&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWwzcAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APapermaking" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <p>24. Longwood L.C. "Science and practice of hand made paper": (2004). 25. Westerlund L.C. "Fibre options for the sustainable development of the Australian Paper and Pulp Industry": (2004) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Papermaking&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Manufacture_of_paper" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Manufacture of paper">Manufacture of paper</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/coll/070.html">The Harrison Elliott Collection</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> has paper specimens, personal papers and research material relating to the history of papermaking</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150911111519/http://www.colum.edu/academics/book-and-paper/events/exhibitions/exhibitions-pages/SocialPaper.php">The Center for Book and Paper Arts at Columbia College Chicago hosted an exhibition on the contemporary art of hand papermaking in 2014</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iapma.info">The International Association of Hand Papermakers and Paper Artists (IAPMA)</a></li> <li>The <a href="https://hdl.handle.net/1903.1/8637" class="extiw" title="hdl:1903.1/8637">Arnold Yates Paper collection</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Maryland_Libraries" title="University of Maryland Libraries">University of Maryland Libraries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slq.qld.gov.au/blog/how-make-carton-history-paper-making-australia">How to make a Carton: history of paper making in Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Oxley_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="John Oxley Library">John Oxley Library</a> blog</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Paper" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paper" title="Template:Paper"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paper" title="Template talk:Paper"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paper" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paper"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Paper" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">Paper</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paper_engineering" title="Paper engineering">Paper engineering</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Papermaking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_paper" title="History of paper">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talas" title="Battle of Talas">Battle of Talas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missal_of_Silos" title="Missal of Silos">Missal of Silos</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Originators" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Originators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Lun" title="Cai Lun">Cai Lun</a> (Zuo Bo/Tso Po/Tso Tzǔ-yi)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damjing" title="Damjing">Damjing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Developers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Koops" title="Matthias Koops">Matthias Koops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gottlob_Keller" title="Friedrich Gottlob Keller">Friedrich Gottlob Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fenerty" title="Charles Fenerty">Charles Fenerty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Francis_Carter" title="Thomas Francis Carter">Thomas Francis Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dard_Hunter" title="Dard Hunter">Dard Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsien_Tsuen-hsuin" title="Tsien Tsuen-hsuin">Tsien Tsuen-hsuin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid-free_paper" title="Acid-free paper">Acid-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air-laid_paper" title="Air-laid paper">Air-laid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amate" title="Amate">Amate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bituminous_waterproofing#Roofing_felt" title="Bituminous waterproofing">Asphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_paper" title="Banana paper">Banana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_paper" title="Bible paper">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blotting_paper" title="Blotting paper">Blotting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bond_paper" title="Bond paper">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_board" title="Bristol board">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_paper" title="Carbon paper">Carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardboard" title="Cardboard">Cardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Card_stock" title="Card stock">Cardstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartridge_paper" title="Cartridge paper">Cartridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coated_paper" title="Coated paper">Coated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_paper" title="Construction paper">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contact_paper" title="Contact paper">Contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_fine_paper#Copy_paper" title="Special fine paper">Copy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbonless_copy_paper" title="Carbonless copy paper">Carbonless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correction_paper" title="Correction paper">Correction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_paper" title="Cotton paper">Cotton (rag)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe_paper" title="Crêpe paper">Crêpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_board" title="Display board">Display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B3_paper" title="Dó paper">Dó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_insulation_paper" title="Electrical insulation paper">Electrical insulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_paper" title="Filter paper">Filteration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genk%C5%8D_y%C5%8Dshi" title="Genkō yōshi">Genkō yōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glassine" title="Glassine">Glassine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_paper" title="Graph paper">Graph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greaseproof_paper" title="Greaseproof paper">Greaseproof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_paper" title="Hemp paper">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_paper" title="India paper">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inkjet_paper" title="Inkjet paper">Inkjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingres_paper" title="Ingres paper">Ingres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_paper" title="Korean paper">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraft_paper" title="Kraft paper">Kraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butcher_paper" title="Butcher paper">Butcher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laid_paper" title="Laid paper">Laid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokta_paper" title="Lokta paper">Lokta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_paper" title="Manila paper">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_paper" title="Mummy paper">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsprint" title="Newsprint">Newsprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onionskin" title="Onionskin">Onionskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origami_paper" title="Origami paper">Origami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperboard" title="Paperboard">Paperboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parchment_paper" title="Parchment paper">Parchment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_paper" title="Photographic paper">Photographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic-coated_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic-coated paper">Plastic-coated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_rosin_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Red rosin paper">Red rosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_paper" title="Rice paper">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_paper" title="Rolling paper">Rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_paper" title="Bible paper">Scritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_paper" title="Security paper">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed_paper" title="Seed paper">Seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_paper" title="Stone paper">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar_paper" title="Tar paper">Tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_paper" title="Thermal paper">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tissue_paper" title="Tissue paper">Tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracing_paper" title="Tracing paper">Tracing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_paper" title="Transfer paper">Transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree-free_paper" title="Tree-free paper">Tree-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallpaper" title="Wallpaper">Wallpaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washi" title="Washi">Washi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasli" title="Wasli">Wasli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterproof_paper" title="Waterproof paper">Waterproof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wax_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Wax paper">Wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood-free_paper" title="Wood-free paper">Wood-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wove_paper" title="Wove paper">Wove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing_and_writing_paper" title="Printing and writing paper">Writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuan_paper" title="Xuan paper">Xuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaolinite" title="Kaolinite">China clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_fiberboard" title="Corrugated fiberboard">Corrugated fiberboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber_crop" title="Fiber crop">Fiber crop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_chemicals" title="Paper chemicals">Paper chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">Papyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_(paper)" title="Pulp (paper)">Wood pulp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paper#Types,_thickness_and_weight" title="Paper">Specifications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paper_density" title="Paper density">Density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammage" title="Grammage">Grammage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_size" title="Paper size">Paper sizes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_chemistry_of_paper" title="Surface chemistry of paper">Surface chemistry of paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Units_of_paper_quantity" title="Units of paper quantity">Units of paper quantity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_strength" title="Wet strength">Wet strength</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manufacture<br />and process</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleaching_of_wood_pulp" title="Bleaching of wood pulp">Bleaching of wood pulp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calender" title="Calender">Calender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conical_refiner" title="Conical refiner">Conical refiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deinking" title="Deinking">Deinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elemental_chlorine_free" title="Elemental chlorine free">Elemental chlorine free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_paper" title="Environmental impact of paper">Environmental impact of paper</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Manual_papermaking">Handmade paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollander_beater" title="Hollander beater">Hollander beater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraft_process" title="Kraft process">Kraft process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organosolv" title="Organosolv">Organosolv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_machine" title="Paper machine">Paper machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_recycling" title="Paper recycling">Paper recycling</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Papermaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soda_pulping" title="Soda pulping">Soda pulping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfite_process" title="Sulfite process">Sulfite process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry" title="Pulp and paper industry">Paper industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_Canada" title="Pulp and paper industry in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_Europe" title="Pulp and paper industry in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_India" title="Pulp and paper industry in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_Indonesia" title="Pulp and paper industry in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_Japan" title="Pulp and paper industry in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Pulp and paper industry in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_mill" title="Paper mill">Paper mill</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_paper_mills" title="List of paper mills">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lined_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Lined paper">Lined paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_towel" title="Paper towel">Paper towels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" title="Papier-mâché">Papier-mâché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardboard" title="Cardboard">Cardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_clothing" title="Paper clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tissue_paper" title="Tissue paper">Tissues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notebook" title="Notebook">Notebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watercolor_paper" title="Watercolor paper">Watercolor paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_money" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper money">Paper money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverage_carton" class="mw-redirect" title="Beverage carton">Beverage cartons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Paper" title="Category:Paper">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Paper" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Paper">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q335415#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q335415#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q335415#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Papermaking"><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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