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class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">The Crown</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/The_Crown" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:The_Crown" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=The+Crown" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=The_Crown&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the term referring to the state in some nations. For the television series, see <a href="/wiki/The_Crown_(TV_series)" title="The Crown (TV series)">The Crown (TV series)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Crown_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Crown (disambiguation)">Crown (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/The_Crow" title="The Crow">The Crow</a>.</div> The Crown broadly represents the <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a> in all its aspects within the <a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">jurisprudence</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a> and their subdivisions (such as the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">overseas territories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces of Canada">provinces</a>, or <a href="/wiki/States_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Australia">states</a>).<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> The term can be used to refer to the office of the monarch or the monarchy as institutions; to the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">rule of law</a>; or to the functions of <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive</a> (the Crown-<a href="/wiki/King-in-Council" title="King-in-Council">in-council</a>), <a href="/wiki/Legislative" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative">legislative</a> (the Crown-in-<a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">parliament</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Judicial" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial">judicial</a> (the Crown on the bench) governance and the <a href="/wiki/Civil_service" title="Civil service">civil service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2022_pattern_Tudor_Crown_(2D)_Sodacan_style.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/2022_pattern_Tudor_Crown_%282D%29_Sodacan_style.svg/220px-2022_pattern_Tudor_Crown_%282D%29_Sodacan_style.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/2022_pattern_Tudor_Crown_%282D%29_Sodacan_style.svg/330px-2022_pattern_Tudor_Crown_%282D%29_Sodacan_style.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/2022_pattern_Tudor_Crown_%282D%29_Sodacan_style.svg/440px-2022_pattern_Tudor_Crown_%282D%29_Sodacan_style.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="245" data-file-height="240"></a><figcaption>A symbolic representation of the Crown, present on the symbols of many institutions in Commonwealth realms</figcaption></figure> The concept of the Crown as a <a href="/wiki/Corporation_sole" title="Corporation sole">corporation sole</a> developed first in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> as a separation of the physical crown and property of the kingdom from the person and personal property of the monarch. It spread through English and later <a href="/wiki/British_colonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="British colonisation">British colonisation</a> and is now rooted in the legal lexicon of all 15 Commonwealth realms, their various dependencies, and states in <a href="/wiki/Associated_state" title="Associated state">free association</a> with them. It is not to be confused with any physical <a href="/wiki/Crown" title="Crown">crown</a>, such as those of the <a href="/wiki/British_regalia" class="mw-redirect" title="British regalia">British regalia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> The term is also found in various expressions such as <a href="/wiki/Crown_land" title="Crown land">Crown land</a>, which some countries refer to as public land or state land; as well as in some offices, such as <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Crown" title="Minister of the Crown">minister of the Crown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crown_attorney" title="Crown attorney">Crown attorney</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crown_prosecutor" title="Crown prosecutor">Crown prosecutor</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Definition">1 Definition</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Concept">2 Concept</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Divisibility_of_the_Crown">3 Divisibility of the Crown</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#New_Zealand">3.1 New Zealand</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Crown_Dependencies">3.2 Crown Dependencies</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#British_Overseas_Territories">3.3 British Overseas Territories</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#In_the_courts">4 In the courts</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Crown_forces">5 Crown forces</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Symbolism">6 Symbolism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#See_also">7 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Notes">8 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#References">9 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Further_reading">10 Further reading</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=The_Crown&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg/220px-Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="725" data-file-height="699"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 212px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg/220px-Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="212" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg/330px-Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg/440px-Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The image of <a href="/wiki/St_Edward%27s_Crown" title="St Edward's Crown">St Edward's Crown</a> is included in the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_New_Zealand" title="Coat of arms of New Zealand">coat of arms of New Zealand</a>, and located atop the <a href="/wiki/Escutcheon_(heraldry)" title="Escutcheon (heraldry)">escutcheon</a>, to symbolize the <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand Crown">New Zealand Crown</a> as the institution from which all state authority flows.</figcaption></figure> The term the Crown does not have a single definition. Legal scholars Maurice Sunkin and Sebastian Payne opined, "the nature of the Crown has been taken for granted, in part because it is fundamental and, in part, because many academics have no idea what the term the Crown amounts to".<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Browne-Wilkinson" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Browne-Wilkinson">Nicholas Browne-Wilkinson</a> theorised that the Crown is "an amorphous, abstract concept" and, thus, "impossible to define",<a href="#cite_note-TIvDE-5">[5]</a> while <a href="/wiki/William_Wade_(legal_scholar)" title="William Wade (legal scholar)">William Wade</a> stated the Crown "means simply the Queen".<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Warren J. Newman described the Crown is "a useful and convenient means of conveying, in a word, the compendious formal, executive and administrative powers and apparatus attendant upon the modern constitutional and monarchical state."<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jack_Simon,_Baron_Simon_of_Glaisdale" title="Jack Simon, Baron Simon of Glaisdale">Lord Simon of Glaisdale</a> stated:<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The crown as an object is a piece of jewelled headgear under guard at the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a>. But it symbolizes the powers of government which were formerly wielded by the wearer of the crown ... The term "the Crown" is therefore used in constitutional law to denote the collection of such of those powers as remain extant (the <a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative" title="Royal prerogative">royal prerogative</a>), together with such other powers as have been expressly conferred by statute on "the Crown".</blockquote> <a href="/wiki/The_Lord_Diplock" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lord Diplock">Lord Diplock</a> suggested the Crown means "the government [and] all of the ministers and parliamentary secretaries under whose direction the administrative work of the government is carried out by the civil servants employed in the various government departments."<a href="#cite_note-TIvDE-5">[5]</a> This interpretation was supported by section 8 of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pensions_(Colonial_Service)_Act_1887&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pensions (Colonial Service) Act 1887 (page does not exist)">Pensions (Colonial Service) Act 1887</a> (<a href="/wiki/50_%26_51_Vict." class="mw-redirect" title="50 & 51 Vict.">50 & 51 Vict.</a> c. 13), which set the terms "permanent civil service of the state", "permanent civil service of Her Majesty" and "permanent civil service of the Crown" as having the same meaning.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The Crown was first defined as an 'imperial' crown during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII" title="Henry VIII">Henry VIII</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_Appeals_Act_1532" title="Ecclesiastical Appeals Act 1532">Ecclesiastical Appeals Act 1532</a> which declared that 'this realm of England is an empire ... governed by one Supreme Head and King having the dignity and royal estate of the imperial Crown of the same'.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> In <a href="/wiki/William_Blackstone" title="William Blackstone">William Blackstone</a>'s 1765 <a href="/wiki/Commentaries_on_the_Laws_of_England" title="Commentaries on the Laws of England">Commentaries on the Laws of England</a>, he explained that "the meaning therefore of the legislature, when it uses these terms of empire and imperial, and applies them to the realm and crown of England, is only to assert that our king is equally sovereign and independent within these his dominions, as any emperor is in his empire; and owes no kind of subjection to any other potentate on earth."<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Concept">Concept</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=The_Crown&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Concept" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:159px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ottawa_-_Rideau_Hall.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ottawa_-_Rideau_Hall.JPG/238px-Ottawa_-_Rideau_Hall.JPG" decoding="async" width="238" height="159" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 238px;height: 159px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ottawa_-_Rideau_Hall.JPG/238px-Ottawa_-_Rideau_Hall.JPG" data-alt="" data-width="238" data-height="159" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ottawa_-_Rideau_Hall.JPG/357px-Ottawa_-_Rideau_Hall.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ottawa_-_Rideau_Hall.JPG/476px-Ottawa_-_Rideau_Hall.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Rideau_Hall" title="Rideau Hall">Rideau Hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, Ontario; the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General of Canada</a> and a property of the Crown in Right of Canada</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:158px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:2019-05-16_09-59-18_Gro%C3%9Fbritannien_Aboyne,_Upper_Deeside_and_Donside_Ward_Carnaquheen_331.4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/2019-05-16_09-59-18_Gro%C3%9Fbritannien_Aboyne%2C_Upper_Deeside_and_Donside_Ward_Carnaquheen_331.4.jpg/238px-2019-05-16_09-59-18_Gro%C3%9Fbritannien_Aboyne%2C_Upper_Deeside_and_Donside_Ward_Carnaquheen_331.4.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="158" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2657"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 238px;height: 158px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/2019-05-16_09-59-18_Gro%C3%9Fbritannien_Aboyne%2C_Upper_Deeside_and_Donside_Ward_Carnaquheen_331.4.jpg/238px-2019-05-16_09-59-18_Gro%C3%9Fbritannien_Aboyne%2C_Upper_Deeside_and_Donside_Ward_Carnaquheen_331.4.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="238" data-height="158" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/2019-05-16_09-59-18_Gro%C3%9Fbritannien_Aboyne%2C_Upper_Deeside_and_Donside_Ward_Carnaquheen_331.4.jpg/357px-2019-05-16_09-59-18_Gro%C3%9Fbritannien_Aboyne%2C_Upper_Deeside_and_Donside_Ward_Carnaquheen_331.4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/2019-05-16_09-59-18_Gro%C3%9Fbritannien_Aboyne%2C_Upper_Deeside_and_Donside_Ward_Carnaquheen_331.4.jpg/476px-2019-05-16_09-59-18_Gro%C3%9Fbritannien_Aboyne%2C_Upper_Deeside_and_Donside_Ward_Carnaquheen_331.4.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Balmoral_Castle" title="Balmoral Castle">Balmoral Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aberdeenshire" title="Aberdeenshire">Aberdeenshire</a>, Scotland, a privately owned property of Charles III and not property of the Crown</div></div></div></div></div> The concept of the Crown took form under the <a href="/wiki/Feudal_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal system">feudal system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Though not used this way in all countries that had this system, in England, all rights and privileges were ultimately bestowed by the ruler. Land, for instance, was granted by the Crown to lords in exchange for feudal services and they, in turn, granted the land to lesser lords. One exception to this was common <a href="/wiki/Socage" title="Socage">socage</a>: owners of land held as socage held it subject only to the crown. When such lands become ownerless, they are said to <a href="/wiki/Escheat" title="Escheat">escheat</a>; i.e. return to direct ownership of the Crown (<a href="/wiki/Crown_land" title="Crown land">Crown land</a>). <a href="/wiki/Bona_vacantia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bona vacantia">Bona vacantia</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative" title="Royal prerogative">royal prerogative</a> by which unowned property, primarily unclaimed inheritances, becomes the property of the Crown.<a href="#cite_note-13">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> As such, the physical crown and the property belonging to successive monarchs in perpetuity came to be separated from the person of the monarch and his or her private property. After several centuries of the monarch personally exercising supreme legislative, executive, and judicial power, these functions decreased as parliaments, ministries, and courts grew through the 13th century.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> The term the Crown then developed into a means by which to differentiate the monarch's official functions from his personal choices and actions.<a href="#cite_note-Torrance7-16">[15]</a> Even within mediaeval England, there was the <a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_capacities" title="Doctrine of capacities">doctrine of capacities</a> separating the person of the king from his actions in the capacity of monarch.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">kingdom of England</a> merged with those of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a>, the concept extended into the legal lexicons of the United Kingdom and its dependencies and overseas territories and, eventually, all of the independent <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a>. There are, thus, now many distinct crowns, as a legal concept, "worn by"—or many different offices of monarch occupied by—one person as <a href="/wiki/Sovereign" title="Sovereign">sovereign</a> (supreme monarch) of each country.<a href="#cite_note-Twomey34-18">[17]</a> However, the Crown can also mean the pan-national institution shared by all 15 Commonwealth realms.<a href="#cite_note-Torrance7-16">[15]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carl_III_af_Det_Forenede_Kongerige.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Carl_III_af_Det_Forenede_Kongerige.jpg/220px-Carl_III_af_Det_Forenede_Kongerige.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="900"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Carl_III_af_Det_Forenede_Kongerige.jpg/220px-Carl_III_af_Det_Forenede_Kongerige.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Carl_III_af_Det_Forenede_Kongerige.jpg/330px-Carl_III_af_Det_Forenede_Kongerige.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Carl_III_af_Det_Forenede_Kongerige.jpg/440px-Carl_III_af_Det_Forenede_Kongerige.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a> (wearing the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_State_Crown" title="Imperial State Crown">Imperial State Crown</a>), the living embodiment of the state/crown in each of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a></figcaption></figure> In each Commonwealth realm, the term the Crown, at its broadest, now means the <a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">government</a> or the polity known as <a href="/wiki/The_state" class="mw-redirect" title="The state">the state</a>, while the sovereign in all realms is the living <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">embodiment</a> of the state,<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> or symbolic <a href="/wiki/Personification" title="Personification">personification</a> of the Crown.<a href="#cite_note-26">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> The body of the reigning sovereign thus holds two distinct personas in constant coexistence, an ancient theory of the "King's two bodies"—the body natural (subject to infirmity and death) and the body politic (which never dies).<a href="#cite_note-Twomey34-18">[17]</a> The Crown and the sovereign are "conceptually divisible but legally indivisible [...] The office cannot exist without the office-holder".<a href="#cite_note-36">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a> The terms the state, the Crown,<a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a> the Crown in Right of [jurisdiction], His Majesty the King in Right of [jurisdiction],<a href="#cite_note-39">[36]</a> and similar, are all synonymous and the monarch's <a href="/wiki/Legal_personality" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal personality">legal personality</a> is sometimes referred to simply as the relevant jurisdiction's name.<a href="#cite_note-Compendium-27">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[37]</a> (In countries using systems of government derived from Roman <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a>, the state is the equivalent concept.<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a>) However, the terms the sovereign or monarch and the Crown, though related, have different meanings: The Crown includes both the monarch and the government. The institution and powers of the Crown are formally vested in the king, but, <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(political_custom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional convention (political custom)">conventionally</a>, its functions are exercised in the sovereign's name by <a href="/wiki/Ministers_of_the_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministers of the Crown">ministers of the Crown</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[d]</a> drawn from and <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible to</a> the elected chamber of <a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">parliament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Turpin-Tomkins2007-42">[39]</a> Still, the king or queen is the employer of all government officials and staff (including the <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">viceroys</a>, judges, members of the armed forces, police officers, and parliamentarians),<a href="#cite_note-45">[e]</a> the guardian of foster children (<a href="/wiki/Crown_ward" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown ward">Crown wards</a>), as well as the owner of all state lands (<a href="/wiki/Crown_land" title="Crown land">Crown land</a>), buildings and equipment (Crown property),<a href="#cite_note-46">[41]</a> state-owned companies (Crown corporations or <a href="/wiki/Crown_entities" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown entities">Crown entities</a>),<a href="#cite_note-47">[42]</a> and the copyright for government publications (<a href="/wiki/Crown_copyright" title="Crown copyright">Crown copyright</a>).<a href="#cite_note-48">[43]</a> This is all in his or her position as sovereign, not as an individual; all such property is held by the Crown in perpetuity and cannot be sold by the sovereign without the proper <a href="/wiki/Advice_and_consent" title="Advice and consent">advice and consent</a> of his or her relevant ministers. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceremonial_Mace_of_the_Queensland_Parliament.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ceremonial_Mace_of_the_Queensland_Parliament.jpg/220px-Ceremonial_Mace_of_the_Queensland_Parliament.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ceremonial_Mace_of_the_Queensland_Parliament.jpg/220px-Ceremonial_Mace_of_the_Queensland_Parliament.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ceremonial_Mace_of_the_Queensland_Parliament.jpg/330px-Ceremonial_Mace_of_the_Queensland_Parliament.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Ceremonial_Mace_of_the_Queensland_Parliament.jpg/440px-Ceremonial_Mace_of_the_Queensland_Parliament.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The mace of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Queensland" title="Parliament of Queensland">Parliament of Queensland</a>, symbolising the authority of parliament as derived from the Crown.<a href="#cite_note-49">[44]</a></figcaption></figure> The Crown also represents the legal embodiment of executive, <a href="/wiki/Legislative" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative">legislative</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Judicial" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial">judicial</a> governance. While the Crown's legal personality is usually regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Corporation_sole" title="Corporation sole">corporation sole</a>,<a href="#cite_note-50">[45]</a> it can, at least for some purposes, be described as a <a href="/wiki/Corporation_aggregate" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporation aggregate">corporation aggregate</a> headed by the monarch.<a href="#cite_note-51">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Frederic_William_Maitland" title="Frederic William Maitland">Frederic William Maitland</a> argued the Crown is a corporation aggregate embracing the government and the "whole political community".<a href="#cite_note-53">[48]</a> J.G. Allen preferred to view the Crown as a corporation sole; one office occupied by a single person, enduring "through generations of incumbents and, historically, lends coherence to a network of other institutions of a similar nature."<a href="#cite_note-54">[49]</a> Canadian academic Philippe Lagassé found the crown "acts in various capacities, as such: crown-in-council (executive); crown-in-parliament (legislative); crown-in-court (judicial). It is also an artificial person and office as a corporation sole. At its most basic, "the Crown" is, in the UK and other Commonwealth realms, what in most other countries is "the state"."<a href="#cite_note-55">[50]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Divisibility_of_the_Crown">Divisibility of the Crown</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=The_Crown&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Divisibility of the Crown" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm#The_Crown_in_the_Commonwealth_realms" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm § The Crown in the Commonwealth realms</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_the_Canadian_provinces" title="Monarchy in the Canadian provinces">Monarchy in the Canadian provinces</a></div> Historically, the Crown was considered to be indivisible.<a href="#cite_note-56">[51]</a> Two judgments—<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ex_parte_Indian_Association_of_Alberta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ex parte Indian Association of Alberta (page does not exist)">Ex parte Indian Association of Alberta</a> (<a href="/wiki/EWCA" class="mw-redirect" title="EWCA">EWCA</a>, 1982) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ex_parte_Quark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ex parte Quark (page does not exist)">Ex parte Quark</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lords_of_Appeal_in_Ordinary" title="Lords of Appeal in Ordinary">House of Lords</a>, 2005)—challenged that view. Today, it is considered separate in every country, province, state, or territory, regardless of its degree of independence, that has the shared monarch as part of the respective country's government; though, limitations on the power of the monarch <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/in_right_of" class="extiw" title="wikt:in right of">in right of</a> each territory vary according to relevant laws, thus making the difference between full sovereignty, semi-sovereignty, dependency, etc. The Lords of Appeal wrote, "the Queen is as much the Queen of New South Wales and Mauritius and other territories acknowledging her as head of state as she is of England and Wales, Scotland, Northern Ireland, or the United Kingdom."<a href="#cite_note-57">[52]</a> The Crown in each of the Commonwealth realms is a similar, but separate, legal concept. To distinguish the institution's role in one jurisdiction from its place in another, Commonwealth law employs the expression the Crown <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/in_right_of" class="extiw" title="wikt:in right of">in Right</a> of [place]; for example, the Crown in Right of the United Kingdom,<a href="#cite_note-62">[57]</a> the Crown in Right of Canada, the Crown in Right of the Commonwealth of Australia, etc. Because both Canada and Australia are federations, there are also crowns in right of each <a href="/wiki/Canadian_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian province">Canadian province</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[58]</a> and each <a href="/wiki/Australian_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian state">Australian state</a>. When referring to the Crown in multiple jurisdictions, wording is typically akin to "the Crown in right of [place], and all its other capacities".<a href="#cite_note-clayton-utz-retail-leases-64">[59]</a> The powers of a realm's crown are exercised either by the monarch, personally, or by his or her representative on the <a href="/wiki/Advice_(constitutional)" class="mw-redirect" title="Advice (constitutional)">advice</a> of the appropriate local <a href="/wiki/Ministers_of_the_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministers of the Crown">ministers</a>, legislature, or judges, none of which may advise the Crown in any other realm. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:692px;max-width:692px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:115px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Her_Majesty_Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_her_Canadian_Ministers_at_Rideau_Hall_1_July_1967.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Her_Majesty_Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_her_Canadian_Ministers_at_Rideau_Hall_1_July_1967.jpg/190px-Her_Majesty_Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_her_Canadian_Ministers_at_Rideau_Hall_1_July_1967.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="116" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="912"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 190px;height: 116px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Her_Majesty_Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_her_Canadian_Ministers_at_Rideau_Hall_1_July_1967.jpg/190px-Her_Majesty_Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_her_Canadian_Ministers_at_Rideau_Hall_1_July_1967.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="190" data-height="116" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Her_Majesty_Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_her_Canadian_Ministers_at_Rideau_Hall_1_July_1967.jpg/285px-Her_Majesty_Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_her_Canadian_Ministers_at_Rideau_Hall_1_July_1967.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Her_Majesty_Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_her_Canadian_Ministers_at_Rideau_Hall_1_July_1967.jpg/380px-Her_Majesty_Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_her_Canadian_Ministers_at_Rideau_Hall_1_July_1967.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Canada">Queen of Canada</a>, with her <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Canada" title="Cabinet of Canada">Cabinet</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rideau_Hall" title="Rideau Hall">Rideau Hall</a>, 1 July 1967</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:163px;max-width:163px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:115px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Zealand_Cabinet,_1981.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/New_Zealand_Cabinet%2C_1981.jpg/161px-New_Zealand_Cabinet%2C_1981.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="116" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1831" data-file-height="1315"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 161px;height: 116px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/New_Zealand_Cabinet%2C_1981.jpg/161px-New_Zealand_Cabinet%2C_1981.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="161" data-height="116" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/New_Zealand_Cabinet%2C_1981.jpg/242px-New_Zealand_Cabinet%2C_1981.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/New_Zealand_Cabinet%2C_1981.jpg/322px-New_Zealand_Cabinet%2C_1981.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Elizabeth II, <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of New Zealand">Queen of New Zealand</a>, with her <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_New_Zealand" title="Cabinet of New Zealand">Cabinet</a>, 1981</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:165px;max-width:165px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:115px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_Keating_Cabinet_1994.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Second_Keating_Cabinet_1994.jpg/163px-Second_Keating_Cabinet_1994.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="115" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3937" data-file-height="2788"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 163px;height: 115px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Second_Keating_Cabinet_1994.jpg/163px-Second_Keating_Cabinet_1994.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="163" data-height="115" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Second_Keating_Cabinet_1994.jpg/245px-Second_Keating_Cabinet_1994.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Second_Keating_Cabinet_1994.jpg/326px-Second_Keating_Cabinet_1994.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Governor-General</a> <a href="/wiki/Bill_Hayden" title="Bill Hayden">Bill Hayden</a>, representing Elizabeth II, <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Australia">Queen of Australia</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Australia" title="Cabinet of Australia">Cabinet</a> outside <a href="/wiki/Government_House,_Canberra" title="Government House, Canberra">Government House</a>, 25 March 1994</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:164px;max-width:164px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:115px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Queen_attending_Cabinet_to_mark_her_Diamond_Jubilee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/The_Queen_attending_Cabinet_to_mark_her_Diamond_Jubilee.jpg/162px-The_Queen_attending_Cabinet_to_mark_her_Diamond_Jubilee.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="116" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="731"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 162px;height: 116px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/The_Queen_attending_Cabinet_to_mark_her_Diamond_Jubilee.jpg/162px-The_Queen_attending_Cabinet_to_mark_her_Diamond_Jubilee.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="162" data-height="116" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/The_Queen_attending_Cabinet_to_mark_her_Diamond_Jubilee.jpg/243px-The_Queen_attending_Cabinet_to_mark_her_Diamond_Jubilee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/The_Queen_attending_Cabinet_to_mark_her_Diamond_Jubilee.jpg/324px-The_Queen_attending_Cabinet_to_mark_her_Diamond_Jubilee.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Elizabeth II, <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of the United Kingdom">Queen of the United Kingdom</a>, with her <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">Cabinet</a> at <a href="/wiki/10_Downing_Street" title="10 Downing Street">10 Downing Street</a>, 18 December 2012</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> in her various capacities as sovereign of different countries, demonstrating the divisibility of the crown</div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=The_Crown&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: New Zealand" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In New Zealand, the term the Crown is used to mostly mean the authority of government; its meaning changes in different contexts.<a href="#cite_note-65">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[61]</a> In the context of people considering the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi_claims_and_settlements" title="Treaty of Waitangi claims and settlements">claims and settlements related to the Treaty of Waitangi</a>, professor of history <a href="/wiki/Alan_Ward_(historian)" title="Alan Ward (historian)">Alan Ward</a> defines the Crown as "the people of New Zealand—including <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> themselves—acted through elected parliament and government."<a href="#cite_note-67">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crown_Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=The_Crown&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Crown Dependencies" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the <a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Guernsey" title="Bailiwick of Guernsey">Bailiwick of Guernsey</a>, legislation refers to the Crown in Right of the Bailiwick of Guernsey<a href="#cite_note-68">[63]</a> or the Crown in Right of the Bailiwick<a href="#cite_note-69">[64]</a> and the law officers of the Crown of Guernsey submitted that, "the Crown in this context ordinarily means the Crown in right of the république of the Bailiwick of Guernsey"<a href="#cite_note-70">[65]</a> and that this comprises "the collective governmental and civic institutions, established by and under the authority of the monarch, for the governance of these islands, including the states of Guernsey and legislatures in the other islands, the royal court and other courts, the lieutenant governor, parish authorities, and the Crown acting in and through the Privy Council".<a href="#cite_note-71">[66]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Jersey.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Jersey.svg/220px-Flag_of_Jersey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 132px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Jersey.svg/220px-Flag_of_Jersey.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="132" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Jersey.svg/330px-Flag_of_Jersey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Flag_of_Jersey.svg/440px-Flag_of_Jersey.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Jersey" title="Flag of Jersey">flag of Jersey</a>, displaying the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Jersey" title="Coat of arms of Jersey">badge of Jersey</a> surmounted by a <a href="/wiki/Plantagenet" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantagenet">Plantagenet</a> <a href="/wiki/Crown_(heraldry)" title="Crown (heraldry)">crown</a></figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Bailiwick_of_Jersey" class="mw-redirect" title="Bailiwick of Jersey">Bailiwick of Jersey</a>, statements by the <a href="/wiki/Law_officers_of_the_Crown" title="Law officers of the Crown">law officers of the Crown</a> define the Crown's operation in that jurisdiction as the Crown in Right of Jersey,<a href="#cite_note-72">[67]</a> with all Crown land in the Bailiwick of Jersey belonging to the Crown in Right of Jersey and not to the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Estate" title="Crown Estate">Crown Estate</a> of the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-73">[68]</a> The Succession to the Crown (Jersey) Law 2013 defined the Crown, for the purposes of implementing the <a href="/wiki/Perth_Agreement" title="Perth Agreement">Perth Agreement</a> in Jersey law, as the <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_in_right_of_the_Bailiwick_of_Jersey" title="Sovereign in right of the Bailiwick of Jersey">Crown in Right of the Bailiwick of Jersey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[69]</a> Legislation in the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a> also defines the Crown in Right of the Isle of Man as being separate from the Crown in Right of the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-75">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Overseas_Territories">British Overseas Territories</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=The_Crown&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: British Overseas Territories" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Following the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_functions_of_the_House_of_Lords" title="Judicial functions of the House of Lords">Lords' decision</a> in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ex_parte_Quark&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ex parte Quark (page does not exist)">Ex parte Quark</a>, 2005, it is held that the King, in exercising his authority over <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a>, does not act on the advice of the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Cabinet of the United Kingdom">Cabinet of the United Kingdom</a>, but, in his role as king of each territory, with the exception of fulfilling the UK's international responsibilities for its territories. To comply with the court's decision, the territorial governors now act on the advice of each territory's executive and the UK government can no longer disallow legislation passed by territorial legislatures.<a href="#cite_note-76">[71]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="In_the_courts">In the courts</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=The_Crown&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In the courts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/The_Crown" title="Special:EditPage/The Crown">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22The+Crown%22">"The Crown"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22The+Crown%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22The+Crown%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22The+Crown%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22The+Crown%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22The+Crown%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (December 2021) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> In <a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">criminal proceedings</a>, the state is the prosecuting party; the case is usually designated (in <a href="/wiki/Case_citation" title="Case citation">case citation</a>) as R v [<a href="/wiki/Defendant" title="Defendant">defendant</a>],<a href="#cite_note-77">[72]</a> where R can stand for either rex (if the current monarch is male) or regina (if the monarch is female), and the v stands for versus. For example, a criminal case against Smith might be referred to as R v Smith and verbally read as "the Crown and Smith". <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_coat_of_arms,_Westminster_Magistrates%27_Court_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2844500.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Royal_coat_of_arms%2C_Westminster_Magistrates%27_Court_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2844500.jpg/220px-Royal_coat_of_arms%2C_Westminster_Magistrates%27_Court_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2844500.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1962" data-file-height="1557"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 175px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Royal_coat_of_arms%2C_Westminster_Magistrates%27_Court_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2844500.jpg/220px-Royal_coat_of_arms%2C_Westminster_Magistrates%27_Court_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2844500.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="175" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Royal_coat_of_arms%2C_Westminster_Magistrates%27_Court_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2844500.jpg/330px-Royal_coat_of_arms%2C_Westminster_Magistrates%27_Court_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2844500.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Royal_coat_of_arms%2C_Westminster_Magistrates%27_Court_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2844500.jpg/440px-Royal_coat_of_arms%2C_Westminster_Magistrates%27_Court_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2844500.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Coat of arms of the United Kingdom">coat of arms of the sovereign of the United Kingdom</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Magistrates%27_Court" title="Westminster Magistrates' Court">Westminster Magistrates' Court</a> building in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England</figcaption></figure> The Crown is, in general, <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_immunity" title="Sovereign immunity">immune to prosecution and civil lawsuits</a>. So, R is rarely (albeit sometimes<a href="#cite_note-78">[f]</a>) seen on the right hand side of the 'v' in the first instance. To pursue a case against alleged unlawful activity by the government, a case in <a href="/wiki/Judicial_review_in_English_law" title="Judicial review in English law">judicial review</a> is brought by the Crown against a <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Crown" title="Minister of the Crown">minister of the Crown</a> on the application of a <a href="/wiki/Claimant" class="mw-redirect" title="Claimant">claimant</a>. The titles of these cases now follow the pattern of R (on the application of [X]) v [Y], notated as R ([X]) v [Y], for short. Thus, <a href="/wiki/R_(Miller)_v_Secretary_of_State_for_Exiting_the_European_Union" title="R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union">R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union</a> is R (on the application of Miller and other) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union, where "Miller" is <a href="/wiki/Gina_Miller" title="Gina Miller">Gina Miller</a>, a citizen. Until the end of the 20th century, such case titles used the pattern R v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union, <a href="/wiki/Ex_parte" title="Ex parte">ex parte</a> Miller. Either form may be abbreviated R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union. In <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, criminal prosecutions are undertaken by the <a href="/wiki/Lord_advocate" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord advocate">lord advocate</a> (or the relevant <a href="/wiki/Procurator_fiscal" title="Procurator fiscal">procurator fiscal</a>) in the name of the Crown. Accordingly, the abbreviation HMA is used in the <a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Justiciary" title="High Court of Justiciary">High Court of Justiciary</a> for His/Her Majesty's Advocate, in place of rex or regina; as in, <a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_103_bombing_trial" title="Pan Am Flight 103 bombing trial">HMA v Al Megrahi and Fahima</a>. Most jurisdictions in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> use R or The King (or The Queen) in criminal cases. If the Crown is the respondent to an appeal, the words The King will be spelled out, instead of using the abbreviation R (i.e. the case name at trial would be R v Smith; if the defendant appeals against the Crown, the case name would be Smith v The King). In <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>, prosecutions will be brought in the name of the respective state instead of the Crown (e.g. The State of Western Australia v Smith). <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victorian</a> trials in the original jurisdiction will be brought in the name of the <a href="/wiki/Director_of_Public_Prosecutions_(Victoria)" title="Director of Public Prosecutions (Victoria)">director of public prosecutions</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Director_of_Public_Prosecutions_(Australia)" title="Director of Public Prosecutions (Australia)">Commonwealth director of public prosecutions</a> may choose which name to bring the proceeding in. Judges usually refer to the prosecuting party as simply "the prosecution" in the text of judgments. In civil cases where the Crown is a party, it is a customary to list the body politic (e.g. State of Queensland or Commonwealth of Australia) or the appropriate government minister as the party, instead. When a case is announced in court, the clerk or bailiff may refer to the Crown orally as our sovereign lord the king (or our sovereign lady the queen). In reporting on court proceedings in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, news reports will refer to the prosecuting lawyer (often called a Crown prosecutor, as in Canada and the United Kingdom) as representing the Crown; usages such as, "for the Crown, Joe Bloggs argued", being common. The Crown can also be a plaintiff or defendant in civil actions to which the government of the Commonwealth realm in question is a party. Such <a href="/wiki/Crown_proceedings" title="Crown proceedings">crown proceedings</a> are often subject to specific rules and limitations, such as the enforcement of judgments against the Crown. <a href="/wiki/Qui_tam" title="Qui tam">Qui tam</a> lawsuits on behalf of the Crown were once common, but have been unusual since the <a href="/wiki/Common_Informers_Act_1951" title="Common Informers Act 1951">Common Informers Act 1951</a> ended the practice of allowing such suits by common informers. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Crown_forces">Crown forces</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=The_Crown&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Crown forces" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> The term "Crown forces" has been used by <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">Irish republicans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">nationalists</a>, including members of <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> groups, to refer to British <a href="/wiki/Security_forces" title="Security forces">security forces</a> which operate in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>. The term was used by various iterations of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Republican_Army" title="Irish Republican Army">Irish Republican Army</a> (IRA) during conflicts such as <a href="/wiki/Irish_War_of_Independence" title="Irish War of Independence">Irish War of Independence</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">the Troubles</a>. As noted by Irish republican <a href="/wiki/Danny_Morrison_(Irish_republican)" title="Danny Morrison (Irish republican)">Danny Morrison</a>, "[t]he term 'security forces' suggests <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">legitimacy</a>, which is why republicans prefer terms like 'the Brits' or 'the Crown Forces', which undermines their authority."<a href="#cite_note-Morrison-80">[g]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[74]</a> Due to the Irish War of Independence, "the phrase 'Crown Forces' came to represent something abhorrent in the Republican narrative".<a href="#cite_note-82">[75]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Symbolism">Symbolism</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=The_Crown&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Symbolism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> The Crown is represented by the image of a crown in <a href="/wiki/Heraldry" title="Heraldry">heraldry</a> and other imagery such as <a href="/wiki/Cap_badge" title="Cap badge">cap badges</a>, uniforms, government logos and elsewhere. The heraldic crown is chosen by the reigning monarch. From 1661 to the reign of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>, an image of <a href="/wiki/St_Edward%27s_Crown" title="St Edward's Crown">St Edward's Crown</a> was used.<a href="#cite_note-Boutell_1983-83">[76]</a> The early part of Victoria's reign depicted the Imperial State Crown <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Queen_Victoria#Crown_jewels_and_coronation_robes" title="Coronation of Queen Victoria">created for her coronation</a>, while a <a href="/wiki/Tudor_Crown" title="Tudor Crown">Tudor Crown</a> began to be used from the 1860s.<a href="#cite_note-Boutell_1983-83">[76]</a> In 1901, the Tudor Crown design was standardised and continued in use until the reign of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> in 1952 when a heraldic St Edward's Crown was restored.<a href="#cite_note-Boutell_1983-83">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fox-Davies-84">[77]</a> In 2022, <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a> opted for a modified Tudor Crown design.<a href="#cite_note-Royal_Cypher-85">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-Symbols_of_State_Guidance_2023-86">[79]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:492px;max-width:492px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:173px;max-width:173px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:150px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Crown_of_Saint_Edward_(Heraldry).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Crown_of_Saint_Edward_%28Heraldry%29.svg/171px-Crown_of_Saint_Edward_%28Heraldry%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="171" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="266" data-file-height="234"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 171px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Crown_of_Saint_Edward_%28Heraldry%29.svg/171px-Crown_of_Saint_Edward_%28Heraldry%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="171" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Crown_of_Saint_Edward_%28Heraldry%29.svg/257px-Crown_of_Saint_Edward_%28Heraldry%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Crown_of_Saint_Edward_%28Heraldry%29.svg/342px-Crown_of_Saint_Edward_%28Heraldry%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">St Edward's Crown</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:158px;max-width:158px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:150px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:1901_pattern_Tudor_Crown_(2D).svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/1901_pattern_Tudor_Crown_%282D%29.svg/156px-1901_pattern_Tudor_Crown_%282D%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="156" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="238"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 156px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/1901_pattern_Tudor_Crown_%282D%29.svg/156px-1901_pattern_Tudor_Crown_%282D%29.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="156" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/1901_pattern_Tudor_Crown_%282D%29.svg/234px-1901_pattern_Tudor_Crown_%282D%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/1901_pattern_Tudor_Crown_%282D%29.svg/312px-1901_pattern_Tudor_Crown_%282D%29.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">1901 pattern Tudor Crown</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:155px;max-width:155px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:150px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:2022_pattern_Tudor_Crown_(2D)_Sodacan_style.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/2022_pattern_Tudor_Crown_%282D%29_Sodacan_style.svg/153px-2022_pattern_Tudor_Crown_%282D%29_Sodacan_style.svg.png" decoding="async" width="153" height="150" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="245" data-file-height="240"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 153px;height: 150px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/2022_pattern_Tudor_Crown_%282D%29_Sodacan_style.svg/153px-2022_pattern_Tudor_Crown_%282D%29_Sodacan_style.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="153" data-height="150" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/2022_pattern_Tudor_Crown_%282D%29_Sodacan_style.svg/230px-2022_pattern_Tudor_Crown_%282D%29_Sodacan_style.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/2022_pattern_Tudor_Crown_%282D%29_Sodacan_style.svg/306px-2022_pattern_Tudor_Crown_%282D%29_Sodacan_style.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption">2022 pattern Tudor Crown</div></div></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/Crown_copyright" title="Crown copyright">Crown copyright</a> applies <a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_United_Kingdom#Perpetual_rights" title="Copyright law of the United Kingdom">in perpetuity</a> to depictions of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Arms">Royal Arms</a> and any of its constituent parts under the <a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative" title="Royal prerogative">royal prerogative</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">The National Archives</a> restricts rights to reproduce them.<a href="#cite_note-National_Archives_FAQs-87">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-National_Archives_Royal_Arms_guidance-88">[81]</a> Although Crown Copyright usually expires 50 years after publication, Section 171(b) of the <a href="/wiki/Copyright,_Designs_and_Patents_Act_1988" title="Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988">Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988</a> made an exception for 'any right or privilege of the Crown' not written in an act of parliament, thus preserving the rights of the Crown under the unwritten royal prerogative.<a href="#cite_note-89">[82]</a> In addition, use of images of the crowns for commercial purposes is specifically restricted in the UK (and in countries which are party to the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Industrial_Property" title="Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property">Paris Convention</a>) under sections 4 and 99 of the <a href="/wiki/Trade_Marks_Act_1994" title="Trade Marks Act 1994">Trade Marks Act 1994</a>, and their use is governed by the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Chamberlain%27s_Office" title="Lord Chamberlain's Office">Lord Chamberlain's Office</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Trade_Marks_Act_1994_s.4-90">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Trade_Marks_Act_1994_s.99-91">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-Royal_Arms_restrictions-92">[85]</a> It is also an offence under Section 12 of the <a href="/wiki/Trade_Descriptions_Act_1968" title="Trade Descriptions Act 1968">Trade Descriptions Act 1968</a> to give a false indication that any goods or services are supplied to the monarch or any member of the royal family.<a href="#cite_note-Trade_Descriptions_Act_1968-93">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-Royal_Arms_restrictions-92">[85]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=The_Crown&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/30px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="115" data-file-height="108"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/30px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="30" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/45px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/60px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Monarchy" title="Portal:Monarchy">Monarchy portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Court" title="Crown Court">Crown Court</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=The_Crown&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Jurisdictions in which this prerogative does not apply include <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a>, where unowned property becomes the property of the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Cornwall" title="Duke of Cornwall">duke of Cornwall</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>, where it becomes the property of the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Lancaster" title="Duke of Lancaster">duke of Lancaster</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> In the Canadian context, the monarch has been described by <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Forsey" title="Eugene Forsey">Eugene Forsey</a> as the "symbolic embodiment of the people—not a particular group or interest or party, but the people; the whole people";<a href="#cite_note-Forsey-20">[19]</a> his daughter, Helen Forsey, said of his opinion on the Crown, "for him, the essence of the monarchy was its impartial representation of the common interests of the citizenry as a whole, as opposed to those of any particular government."<a href="#cite_note-Forsey-20">[19]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Canadian_Heritage" title="Department of Canadian Heritage">Department of Canadian Heritage</a> said the Crown serves as the "personal symbol of allegiance, unity, and authority for all Canadians,"<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> a concept akin to that expressed by <a href="/wiki/King_Louis_XIV" class="mw-redirect" title="King Louis XIV">King Louis XIV</a>: "L'État, c'est moi", or, "I am the state".<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robertson_Davies" title="Robertson Davies">Robertson Davies</a> stated in 1994, "the Crown is the consecrated spirit of Canada",<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> and past Ontario chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Monarchist_League_of_Canada" title="Monarchist League of Canada">Monarchist League of Canada</a> Gary Toffoli opined, "the Queen is the legal embodiment of the state at both the national and the provincial levels [...] She is our sovereign and it is the role of the Queen, recognized by the constitutional law of Canada, to embody the state."<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> As Peter Boyce put it, "the Crown as a concept cannot be disentangled from the person of the monarch, but standard reference to the Crown extends well beyond the Queen's person."<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executives</a> who are themselves servants of the Crown.<a href="#cite_note-Turpin-Tomkins2007-42">[39]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court</a> found in the 1980 case <a href="/w/index.php?title=Attorney_General_of_Quebec_v._Labrecque&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Attorney General of Quebec v. Labrecque (page does not exist)">Attorney General of Quebec v. Labrecque</a> that <a href="/wiki/Civil_servant" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil servant">civil servants</a> in Canada are not contracted by an abstraction called the state, but, rather, they are employed by the monarch, who "enjoys a general capacity to contract in accordance with the rule of ordinary law."<a href="#cite_note-44">[40]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> For exceptions in the United Kingdom, see <a href="/wiki/Crown_Proceedings_Act_1947" title="Crown Proceedings Act 1947">Crown Proceedings Act 1947</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morrison-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Morrison_80-0">^</a> In <a href="/wiki/Danny_Morrison_(author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Danny Morrison (author)">Danny Morrison</a>'s words, "[t]he term 'security forces' suggests <a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">legitimacy</a>, which is why republicans prefer terms like 'the Brits' or 'the Crown Forces', which undermines their authority."<a href="#cite_note-79">[73]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=The_Crown&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJackson2013" class="citation cs2">Jackson, Michael D. (2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcIf46DzpfUC&pg=Pnto">The Crown and Canadian Federalism</a>, Dundurn, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4597-0989-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4597-0989-8"><bdi>978-1-4597-0989-8</bdi></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240905140241/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZcIf46DzpfUC&pg=Pnto#v=onepage&q&f=false">archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2024, retrieved 20 May 2018</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crown+and+Canadian+Federalism&rft.pub=Dundurn&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4597-0989-8&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZcIf46DzpfUC%26pg%3DPnto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Crown" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2003" class="citation book cs1">Carroll, Alex (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ihWjJR7m6SQC&pg=PA7">Constitutional and Administrative Law</a>. Pearson/Longman. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-47343-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-47343-0"><bdi>978-0-582-47343-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240905140241/https://books.google.com/books?id=ihWjJR7m6SQC&pg=PA7">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2024. 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Oxford: <a href="/wiki/H._Frowde" class="mw-redirect" title="H. Frowde">H. Frowde</a>. pp. 253, 257, 258. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240905140244/https://books.google.com/books?id=yFgzAAAAIAAJ&q=%22crown+in+right+of+the+united+kingdom%22">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2024. 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Vancouver: UBC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0259-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0259-8"><bdi>978-0-7748-0259-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+Yearbook+of+International+Law&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pub=UBC+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-0259-8&rft.aulast=Bourne&rft.aufirst=C.B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKIoTqgSdDTwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Crown" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KLYtAQAAIAAJ&q=%22crown+in+right+of+the+united+kingdom%22">The Australian law journal</a>. Vol. 52. North Ryde: Law Book Co. of Australasia Ltd. 1978. pp. 58, 203, 207. 3910867. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240905140840/https://books.google.com/books?id=KLYtAQAAIAAJ&q=%22crown+in+right+of+the+united+kingdom%22">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2024. Retrieved 29 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Australian+law+journal&rft.place=North+Ryde&rft.pages=58%2C+203%2C+207&rft.pub=Law+Book+Co.+of+Australasia+Ltd.&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKLYtAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522crown%2Bin%2Bright%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bunited%2Bkingdom%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Crown" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a href="#cite_note-58">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[56]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinistry_of_Natural_Resources2006" class="citation cs2">Ministry of Natural Resources (24 January 2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://files.ontario.ca/environment-and-energy/crown-land/mnr_e000096.pdf">Disposition of Public Land to Other Governments and Agencies</a> (PDF), Toronto: Queen's Printer for Ontario, p. 2, at 3.2.B, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518074542/http://files.ontario.ca/environment-and-energy/crown-land/mnr_e000096.pdf">archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 18 May 2015, retrieved 25 April 2010, <q>When public land is required by the federal government or one of its departments, or any provincial ministry, the land itself is not transferred. What is transferred is the responsibility to manage the lands on behalf of Her Majesty the Queen (HMQ). This is accomplished by an Order-in-Council or a Minister's Order that transfers management of land either from HMQ in right of Ontario to HMQ in right of Canada as represented by a department or to HMQ in right of Ontario as represented by another ministry. 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London and New York: Frederick Warne. pp. 184–185. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0723230935" title="Special:BookSources/0723230935"><bdi>0723230935</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boutell%27s+Heraldry&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=184-185&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Frederick+Warne&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0723230935&rft.aulast=Boutell&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fboutellsheraldry0000bout_y2m5%2Fpage%2F184%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Crown" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fox-Davies-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Fox-Davies_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox-Davies1909" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Charles_Fox-Davies" title="Arthur Charles Fox-Davies">Fox-Davies, Arthur Charles</a> (1909). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Complete_Guide_to_Heraldry/Chapter_22">"Chapter 22" </a>. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Complete_Guide_to_Heraldry">A Complete Guide to Heraldry </a>. 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Jack. pp. 358–359 – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+22&rft.btitle=A+Complete+Guide+to+Heraldry&rft.place=London&rft.pages=358-359&rft.pub=T.+C.+%26+E.+C.+Jack&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Fox-Davies&rft.aufirst=Arthur+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Crown" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Royal_Cypher-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Royal_Cypher_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/news-grants/news/item/205-royal-cypher">"Royal Cypher"</a>. <a href="/wiki/College_of_Arms" title="College of Arms">College of Arms</a>. 27 September 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220927145228/https://www.college-of-arms.gov.uk/news-grants/news/item/205-royal-cypher">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2022. Retrieved 11 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=College+of+Arms&rft.atitle=Royal+Cypher&rft.date=2022-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.college-of-arms.gov.uk%2Fnews-grants%2Fnews%2Fitem%2F205-royal-cypher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Crown" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Symbols_of_State_Guidance_2023-86"><a href="#cite_ref-Symbols_of_State_Guidance_2023_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publicsafetyfoundation.uk/uploads/ciiir_state_symbols_guidance_july_2023.pdf">"Symbols of State Guidance"</a> (PDF). The Public Safety Foundation (UK). 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The National Archives. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240716002914/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/information-management/re-using-public-sector-information/uk-government-licensing-framework/crown-copyright/copyright-assignments/frequently-asked-questions/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2024. Retrieved 3 August 2024. <q>The Royal Arms and its constituent parts are protected by perpetual Crown copyright, and may only be re-used by His Majesty the King, members of the Royal Family, government departments and official holders of the Royal Warrant.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National+Archives&rft.atitle=Frequently+asked+questions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Finformation-management%2Fre-using-public-sector-information%2Fuk-government-licensing-framework%2Fcrown-copyright%2Fcopyright-assignments%2Ffrequently-asked-questions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Crown" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-National_Archives_Royal_Arms_guidance-88"><a href="#cite_ref-National_Archives_Royal_Arms_guidance_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdn.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/information-management/use-of-the-royal-arms.pdf">"Reproduction of the Royal Arms"</a> (PDF). The National Archives. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240615091004/https://cdn.nationalarchives.gov.uk/documents/information-management/use-of-the-royal-arms.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 June 2024. Retrieved 25 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National+Archives&rft.atitle=Reproduction+of+the+Royal+Arms&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdocuments%2Finformation-management%2Fuse-of-the-royal-arms.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Crown" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1988/48/section/171/">"Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988: Section 171"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk" title="Legislation.gov.uk">legislation.gov.uk</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">The National Archives</a>, 1988 c. 48 (s. 171), retrieved 3 August 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Copyright%2C+Designs+and+Patents+Act+1988%26%2358%3B+Section+171&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F1988%2F48%2Fsection%2F171%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Crown" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trade_Marks_Act_1994_s.4-90"><a href="#cite_ref-Trade_Marks_Act_1994_s.4_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1994/26/section/4/">"Trade Marks Act 1994: Section 4"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk" title="Legislation.gov.uk">legislation.gov.uk</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">The National Archives</a>, 1994 c. 26 (s. 4), retrieved 25 July 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Trade+Marks+Act+1994%26%2358%3B+Section+4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F1994%2F26%2Fsection%2F4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Crown" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trade_Marks_Act_1994_s.99-91"><a href="#cite_ref-Trade_Marks_Act_1994_s.99_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1994/26/section/99/">"Trade Marks Act 1994: Section 99"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk" title="Legislation.gov.uk">legislation.gov.uk</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">The National Archives</a>, 1994 c. 26 (s. 99), retrieved 25 July 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Trade+Marks+Act+1994%26%2358%3B+Section+99&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F1994%2F26%2Fsection%2F99%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Crown" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Royal_Arms_restrictions-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Royal_Arms_restrictions_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Royal_Arms_restrictions_92-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royal.uk/use-of-royal-arms">"Use of Royal Arms, Names and Images"</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_royal_family" title="British royal family">The Royal Family</a>. <a href="/wiki/Royal_Households_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Royal Households of the United Kingdom">The Royal Household</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240905142231/https://www.royal.uk/use-of-royal-arms">Archived</a> from the original on 5 September 2024. Retrieved 19 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Royal+Family&rft.atitle=Use+of+Royal+Arms%2C+Names+and+Images&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royal.uk%2Fuse-of-royal-arms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Crown" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Trade_Descriptions_Act_1968-93"><a href="#cite_ref-Trade_Descriptions_Act_1968_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1968/29/section/12/">"Trade Descriptions Act 1968: Section 12"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk" title="Legislation.gov.uk">legislation.gov.uk</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">The National Archives</a>, 1968 c. 29 (s. 12), retrieved 25 July 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Trade+Descriptions+Act+1968%26%2358%3B+Section+12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F1968%2F29%2Fsection%2F12%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Crown" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=The_Crown&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSunkinPayne1999" class="citation book cs1">Sunkin, Maurice; Payne, Sebastian, eds. (1999). The Nature of the Crown: A Legal and Political Analysis. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198262732.001.0001">10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198262732.001.0001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-826273-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-826273-2"><bdi>978-0-19-826273-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nature+of+the+Crown%3A+A+Legal+and+Political+Analysis&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facprof%3Aoso%2F9780198262732.001.0001&rft.isbn=978-0-19-826273-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Crown" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/w/index.php?title=The_Crown&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 24 November 2024, at 16:06 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="التاج البريطاني – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التاج البريطاني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronen_(Storbritannien)" title="Kronen (Storbritannien) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kronen (Storbritannien)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briti_Kroon" title="Briti Kroon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Briti Kroon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Corona_(Mancomunidad_de_Naciones)" title="La Corona (Mancomunidad de Naciones) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="La Corona (Mancomunidad de Naciones)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC%E2%80%8C%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="تاج‌وتخت بریتانیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تاج‌وتخت بریتانیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Couronne_(Commonwealth)" title="Couronne (Commonwealth) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Couronne (Commonwealth)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crooin_Hostyn" title="Crooin Hostyn – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Crooin Hostyn" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AD%EC%99%95_(%EC%98%81%EA%B5%AD_%EC%97%B0%EB%B0%A9_%EC%99%95%EA%B5%AD)" title="국왕 (영국 연방 왕국) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="국왕 (영국 연방 왕국)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F" title="राजमुकुट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="राजमुकुट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahkota_(Britania_Raya)" title="Mahkota (Britania Raya) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mahkota (Britania Raya)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8C%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ದಿ ಕ್ರೌನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದಿ ಕ್ರೌನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britanijos_Kar%C5%ABna" title="Britanijos Karūna – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Britanijos Karūna" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_brit_korona" title="A brit korona – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="A brit korona" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karauna" title="Karauna – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Karauna" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="التاج البريطانى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="التاج البريطانى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E7%8E%8B_(%E6%B3%95%E4%BA%BA)" title="国王 (法人) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="国王 (法人)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronen" title="Kronen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kronen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corona_(Commonwealth)" title="Corona (Commonwealth) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Corona (Commonwealth)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coroa_(Commonwealth)" title="Coroa (Commonwealth) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Coroa (Commonwealth)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Британская Корона – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Британская Корона" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0)" title="Круна (држава) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Круна (држава)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kruunu_(valtiovalta)" title="Kruunu (valtiovalta) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kruunu (valtiovalta)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B4%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96)" title="Корона (Королівства Співдружності) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Корона (Королівства Співдружності)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AC_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%DB%81" title="تاج برطانیہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تاج برطانیہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E6%96%B9_(%E6%B3%95%E4%BA%BA)" title="官方 (法人) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="官方 (法人)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 November 2024, at 16:06 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-57488d5c7d-bn4mc","wgBackendResponseTime":231,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.717","walltime":"2.015","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6545,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":297900,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":7246,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":20,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":341111,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1677.403 1 -total"," 54.72% 917.906 2 Template:Reflist"," 20.14% 337.800 33 Template:Citation"," 9.38% 157.272 6 Template:Navbox"," 8.69% 145.691 16 Template:Cite_book"," 8.28% 138.841 3 Template:Lang"," 7.51% 125.995 23 Template:Cite_web"," 7.00% 117.463 1 Template:Commonwealth_realms"," 6.01% 100.869 2 Template:Harvnb"," 5.91% 99.150 1 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