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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis_of_mitochondrial_DNA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Analysis of mitochondrial DNA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analysis_of_mitochondrial_DNA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relative_chronology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relative_chronology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Relative chronology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relative_chronology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pre-Pottery Neolithic B</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AB_%D9%85%D8%A7_%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%8A" title="العصر الحجري الحديث ما قبل الفخاري بي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العصر الحجري الحديث ما قبل الفخاري بي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82_B" title="Докерамичен неолит B – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Докерамичен неолит B" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neol%C3%ADtic_precer%C3%A0mic_B" title="Neolític preceràmic B – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Neolític preceràmic B" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A4keramisches_Neolithikum_B" title="Präkeramisches Neolithikum B – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Präkeramisches Neolithikum B" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%9D%CE%B5%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B8%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%92%CE%84" title="Προκεραμική Νεολιθική Β΄ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Προκεραμική Νεολιθική Β΄" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neol%C3%ADtico_precer%C3%A1mico_B" title="Neolítico precerámico B – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Neolítico precerámico B" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D8%B3%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A8" title="نوسنگی پیش از سفال ب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نوسنگی پیش از سفال ب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A9olithique_pr%C3%A9c%C3%A9ramique_B" title="Néolithique précéramique B – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Néolithique précéramique B" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neol%C3%AEt%C3%AEka_B_ya_ber%C3%AE_Cervaniy%C3%AA" title="Neolîtîka B ya berî Cervaniyê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Neolîtîka B ya berî Cervaniyê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/PPNB" title="PPNB – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="PPNB" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prekeramisch_Neolithicum_B" title="Prekeramisch Neolithicum B – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Prekeramisch Neolithicum B" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%87_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8D_%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%AE%D9%87_%D8%AF_%DA%89%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88_%D9%86%D9%88%DB%90_%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%A8" title="له کولالۍ دمخه د ډبرو نوې دوره ب – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="له کولالۍ دمخه د ډبرو نوې دوره ب" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neol%C3%ADtico_pr%C3%A9-cer%C3%A2mico_B" title="Neolítico pré-cerâmico B – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Neolítico pré-cerâmico B" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82_B" title="Докерамический неолит B – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Докерамический неолит B" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4hi-id%C3%A4n_PPNB-kausi" title="Lähi-idän PPNB-kausi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lähi-idän PPNB-kausi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%86)" title="மட்பாண்டத்திற்கு முந்தைய புதிய கற்காலம் (ஆ) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மட்பாண்டத்திற்கு முந்தைய புதிய கற்காலம் (ஆ)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82_%D0%92" title="Докерамічний неоліт В – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Докерамічний неоліт В" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q897323#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Neolithic culture in upper Mesopotamia and the Levant c. 8800–6500 BC</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Pre-Pottery Neolithic B</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fertile_crescent_Neolithic_B_circa_7500_BC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Fertile_crescent_Neolithic_B_circa_7500_BC.jpg/300px-Fertile_crescent_Neolithic_B_circa_7500_BC.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Fertile_crescent_Neolithic_B_circa_7500_BC.jpg/450px-Fertile_crescent_Neolithic_B_circa_7500_BC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Fertile_crescent_Neolithic_B_circa_7500_BC.jpg/600px-Fertile_crescent_Neolithic_B_circa_7500_BC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="1087" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Area of the <a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 7500 BC</span>, with main <a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic">Pre-Pottery Neolithic</a> sites. The area of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> proper was not fully settled by humans.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Geographical range</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Period</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic">Pre-Pottery Neolithic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dates</th><td class="infobox-data">c. 10,800–8,500 BP<br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 8800</span>–6500 BC<sup id="cite_ref-MC_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Type_site" title="Type site">Type site</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_A" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic A">Pre-Pottery Neolithic A</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Followed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pottery_Neolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pottery Neolithic">Pottery Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassuna_culture" title="Hassuna culture">Hassuna culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Greece" title="Neolithic Greece">Neolithic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savanna_Pastoral_Neolithic" title="Savanna Pastoral Neolithic">Savanna Pastoral Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirokitia" title="Khirokitia">Khirokitia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faiyum_A_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Faiyum A culture">Faiyum A culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pre-Pottery Neolithic B</b> (<b>PPNB</b>) is part of the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic">Pre-Pottery Neolithic</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> culture centered in <a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia" title="Upper Mesopotamia">upper Mesopotamia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, dating to <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/circa#English" class="extiw" title="wikt:circa">c.</a><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 10,800</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 8,500</span> years ago, that is, 8800–6500 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-MC_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MC-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was <a href="/wiki/Type_site" title="Type site">typed</a> by British archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Kenyon" title="Kathleen Kenyon">Kathleen Kenyon</a> during her <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_excavation" title="Archaeological excavation">archaeological excavations</a> at <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a> in the <a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a>. </p><p>Like the earlier <a href="/wiki/PPNA" class="mw-redirect" title="PPNA">PPNA</a> people, the PPNB culture developed from the <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian culture</a>. However, it shows evidence of having more northerly origins, possibly indicating an influx from the region of northeastern <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lifestyle">Lifestyle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Lifestyle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jericho_Statue.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Jericho_Statue.png/200px-Jericho_Statue.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Jericho_Statue.png 1.5x" data-file-width="272" data-file-height="387" /></a><figcaption>Head of statue, <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a>, from c. 9000 years ago. Displayed at the <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Archeological_Museum" title="Rockefeller Archeological Museum">Rockefeller Archeological Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Cultural tendencies of this period differ from that of the earlier <a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_A" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic A">Pre-Pottery Neolithic A</a> (PPNA), in that people living during this phase began to depend more heavily upon <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">domesticated animals</a> to supplement their earlier mixed agrarian and <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherer</a> diet. In addition, the <a href="/wiki/Flint" title="Flint">flint</a> tool kit of the period is new and quite disparate from that of the earlier period. One of its major elements is the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/naviform" class="extiw" title="wikt:naviform">naviform</a> core. This is the first period in which architectural styles of the southern Levant became primarily <a href="/wiki/Rectilinear_polygon" title="Rectilinear polygon">rectilinear</a>; earlier typical dwellings were circular, elliptical and occasionally even octagonal. Pyrotechnology, the expanding capability to control fire, was highly developed in this period. During this period, one of the main features of houses is a thick layer of white clay plaster flooring, highly polished and made of lime produced from <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_three_plastered_skulls_in_situ_at_Yiftahel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/The_three_plastered_skulls_in_situ_at_Yiftahel.jpg/220px-The_three_plastered_skulls_in_situ_at_Yiftahel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/The_three_plastered_skulls_in_situ_at_Yiftahel.jpg/330px-The_three_plastered_skulls_in_situ_at_Yiftahel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/The_three_plastered_skulls_in_situ_at_Yiftahel.jpg/440px-The_three_plastered_skulls_in_situ_at_Yiftahel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="633" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Plastered_skull" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastered skull">Plastered skulls</a> in situ at <a href="/wiki/Yiftahel" title="Yiftahel">Yiftahel</a></figcaption></figure> <p>It is believed that the use of clay plaster for floor and wall coverings during PPNB led to the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mazar_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mazar-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest proto-pottery was <a href="/wiki/White_Ware" title="White Ware">White Ware</a> vessels, made from lime and gray ash, built up around baskets before firing, for several centuries around 7000 BC at sites such as Tell <a href="/wiki/Neba%27a_Faour" title="Neba'a Faour">Neba'a Faour</a> (<a href="/wiki/Beqaa_Valley" title="Beqaa Valley">Beqaa Valley</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sites from this period found in the Levant utilizing rectangular floor plans and plastered floor techniques were found at <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Ghazal_(archaeological_site)" title="Ayn Ghazal (archaeological site)">Ain Ghazal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yiftahel" title="Yiftahel">Yiftahel</a> (western <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Abu_Hureyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Hureyra">Abu Hureyra</a> (Upper <a href="/wiki/Euphrates" title="Euphrates">Euphrates</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Mazar_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mazar-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The period is dated to between c. 10,700 and c. 8,000 <a href="/wiki/Before_present" class="mw-redirect" title="Before present">BP</a> or 8,700–6,000 BC. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Plastered_human_skulls" title="Plastered human skulls">Plastered human skulls</a> were reconstructed human skulls that were made in the ancient <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> between 9000 and 6000 BC in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B period. They represent some of the oldest forms of art in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> and demonstrate that the prehistoric population took great care in burying their <a href="/wiki/Ancestors" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestors">ancestors</a> below their homes. The skulls denote some of the earliest sculptural examples of <a href="/wiki/Portrait" title="Portrait">portraiture</a> in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_art" title="History of art">history of art</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society">Society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mediterranean_Sea_East_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic B is located in Eastern Mediterranean"><img alt="Pre-Pottery Neolithic B is located in Eastern Mediterranean" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mediterranean_Sea_East_location_map.svg/300px-Mediterranean_Sea_East_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mediterranean_Sea_East_location_map.svg/450px-Mediterranean_Sea_East_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Mediterranean_Sea_East_location_map.svg/600px-Mediterranean_Sea_East_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="957" data-file-height="765" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:68.333%;left:47.778%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Jericho"><img alt="Jericho" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:51.111%;left:55.926%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Tell Aswad"><img alt="Tell Aswad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Tell_Aswad" title="Tell Aswad">Tell Aswad</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:44.346%;left:52.928%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Neba'a Faour"><img alt="Neba'a Faour" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Neba%27a_Faour" title="Neba'a Faour">Neba'a Faour</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:66.8%;left:51.674%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="'Ain Ghazal"><img alt="'Ain Ghazal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Ghazal_(archaeological_site)" title="Ayn Ghazal (archaeological site)">'Ain Ghazal</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:58.274%;left:46.131%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Yiftahel"><img alt="Yiftahel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Yiftahel" title="Yiftahel">Yiftahel</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:23.711%;left:69.63%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Tell Abu Hureyra"><img alt="Tell Abu Hureyra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abu_Hureyra" title="Tell Abu Hureyra">Tell Abu Hureyra</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:51.554%;left:51.474%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Tell Ramad"><img alt="Tell Ramad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Tell_Ramad" title="Tell Ramad">Tell Ramad</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:49.644%;left:55.785%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Tell Ghoraifé"><img alt="Tell Ghoraifé" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Tell_Ghoraif%C3%A9" title="Tell Ghoraifé">Tell Ghoraifé</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:20%;left:52.963%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Tell Judaidah"><img alt="Tell Judaidah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Tell_Judaidah" title="Tell Judaidah">Tell Judaidah</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:19.472%;left:54.64%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Tell Tayinat"><img alt="Tell Tayinat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div><a href="/wiki/Tell_Tayinat" title="Tell Tayinat">Tell Tayinat</a></div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:19.58%;left:54.702%;font-size:75%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Alalakh"><img alt="Alalakh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;bottom:5px;left:-3em"><div><a href="/wiki/Alalakh" title="Alalakh">Alalakh</a></div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Mediterranean_Sea_East_location_map.svg" title="File:Mediterranean Sea East location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Clickable map of the modern-day eastern <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean</a> showing important sites that were occupied in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B</div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asikli_Hoyuk_sarah_c_murray_6176.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Asikli_Hoyuk_sarah_c_murray_6176.jpg/220px-Asikli_Hoyuk_sarah_c_murray_6176.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Asikli_Hoyuk_sarah_c_murray_6176.jpg/330px-Asikli_Hoyuk_sarah_c_murray_6176.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Asikli_Hoyuk_sarah_c_murray_6176.jpg/440px-Asikli_Hoyuk_sarah_c_murray_6176.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>Reconstitution of housing in <a href="/wiki/A%C5%9F%C4%B1kl%C4%B1_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Aşıklı Höyük">Aşıklı Höyük</a>, modern <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Danielle_Stordeur" title="Danielle Stordeur">Danielle Stordeur's</a> recent work at <a href="/wiki/Tell_Aswad" title="Tell Aswad">Tell Aswad</a>, a large agricultural village between <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hermon" title="Mount Hermon">Mount Hermon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> could not validate <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Contenson" title="Henri de Contenson">Henri de Contenson's</a> earlier suggestion of a PPNA <i>Aswadian</i> culture. Instead, they found evidence of a fully established PPNB culture at 8700 BC at Aswad, pushing back the period's generally accepted start date by 1,200 years. Similar sites to <a href="/wiki/Tell_Aswad" title="Tell Aswad">Tell Aswad</a> in the Damascus Basin of the same age were found at <a href="/wiki/Tell_Ramad" title="Tell Ramad">Tell Ramad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tell_Ghoraif%C3%A9" title="Tell Ghoraifé">Tell Ghoraifé</a>. How a PPNB culture could spring up in this location, practicing domesticated farming from 8700 BC has been the subject of speculation. Whether it created its own culture or imported traditions from the North East or <a href="/wiki/Southern_Levant" title="Southern Levant">Southern Levant</a> has been considered an important question for a site that poses a problem for the scientific community.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extent">Extent</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Extent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Work at the site of <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Ghazal_(archaeological_site)" title="Ayn Ghazal (archaeological site)">'Ain Ghazal</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> has indicated a later <a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic C">Pre-Pottery Neolithic C</a> period, which existed between 8,200 and 7,900 BP. <a href="/wiki/Juris_Zarins" title="Juris Zarins">Juris Zarins</a> has proposed that a Circum Arabian Nomadic Pastoral Complex developed in the period from the climatic crisis of 6200 BC, partly as a result of an increasing emphasis in PPNB cultures upon animal domesticates, and a fusion with <a href="/wiki/Harifian" class="mw-redirect" title="Harifian">Harifian</a> hunter gatherers in Southern Palestine, with affiliate connections with the cultures of <a href="/wiki/Faiyum" title="Faiyum">Fayyum</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Desert" title="Eastern Desert">Eastern Desert</a> of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>. Cultures practicing this lifestyle spread down the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> shoreline and moved east from <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> into southern <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The culture disappeared during the <a href="/wiki/8.2_kiloyear_event" class="mw-redirect" title="8.2 kiloyear event">8.2 kiloyear event</a>, a term that <a href="/wiki/Climatology" title="Climatology">climatologists</a> have adopted for a sudden decrease in global temperatures that occurred approximately 8,200 years before the present, or c. 6200 BC, and which lasted for the next two to four centuries. In the following <a href="/wiki/Munhata" title="Munhata">Munhatta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yarmukian" class="mw-redirect" title="Yarmukian">Yarmukian</a> post-pottery Neolithic cultures that succeeded it, rapid cultural development continues, although PPNB culture continued in the <a href="/wiki/Amuq_valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Amuq valley">Amuq valley</a>, where it influenced the later development of the <a href="/wiki/Ghassulian" title="Ghassulian">Ghassulian</a> culture.</p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jordan_Amman_2013_0307.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Left side-view of an Ain Ghazal statue from the Archaeological Museum of Amman"><img alt="Left side-view of an Ain Ghazal statue from the Archaeological Museum of Amman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Jordan_Amman_2013_0307.jpg/103px-Jordan_Amman_2013_0307.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Jordan_Amman_2013_0307.jpg/154px-Jordan_Amman_2013_0307.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Jordan_Amman_2013_0307.jpg/206px-Jordan_Amman_2013_0307.jpg 2x" data-file-width="968" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Left side-view of an Ain Ghazal statue from the <a href="/wiki/The_Jordan_Museum" title="The Jordan Museum">Archaeological Museum of Amman</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ain_Ghazal_Statues_Jordan_Archaeological_Museum_Amman_Jordan0822.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The ʿAin Ghazal bicephalous statues, c. 6500 BC."><img alt="The ʿAin Ghazal bicephalous statues, c. 6500 BC." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Ain_Ghazal_Statues_Jordan_Archaeological_Museum_Amman_Jordan0822.jpg/101px-Ain_Ghazal_Statues_Jordan_Archaeological_Museum_Amman_Jordan0822.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Ain_Ghazal_Statues_Jordan_Archaeological_Museum_Amman_Jordan0822.jpg/152px-Ain_Ghazal_Statues_Jordan_Archaeological_Museum_Amman_Jordan0822.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Ain_Ghazal_Statues_Jordan_Archaeological_Museum_Amman_Jordan0822.jpg/203px-Ain_Ghazal_Statues_Jordan_Archaeological_Museum_Amman_Jordan0822.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1548" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/%CA%BFAin_Ghazal_statues" class="mw-redirect" title="ʿAin Ghazal statues">ʿAin Ghazal</a> <a href="/wiki/Polycephaly" title="Polycephaly">bicephalous</a> statues, c. 6500 BC.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ain_Ghazal_statue_frontal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Musée du Louvre, Paris, Ain Ghazal statue frontal closeup"><img alt="Musée du Louvre, Paris, Ain Ghazal statue frontal closeup" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Ain_Ghazal_statue_frontal.jpg/127px-Ain_Ghazal_statue_frontal.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Ain_Ghazal_statue_frontal.jpg/191px-Ain_Ghazal_statue_frontal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Ain_Ghazal_statue_frontal.jpg/255px-Ain_Ghazal_statue_frontal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre" class="mw-redirect" title="Musée du Louvre">Musée du Louvre</a>, Paris, Ain Ghazal statue frontal closeup</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 205px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200px; height: 200px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Side_view._Double-headed_human_statue_from_Ain_Ghazal_city,_Amman,_Jordan._Pre-pottery_Neolithic_period_B,_c._6500_BCE._Jordan_Archaeological_Museum,_Amman.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Right side-view of an Ain Ghazal statue"><img alt="Right side-view of an Ain Ghazal statue" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Side_view._Double-headed_human_statue_from_Ain_Ghazal_city%2C_Amman%2C_Jordan._Pre-pottery_Neolithic_period_B%2C_c._6500_BCE._Jordan_Archaeological_Museum%2C_Amman.jpg/156px-Side_view._Double-headed_human_statue_from_Ain_Ghazal_city%2C_Amman%2C_Jordan._Pre-pottery_Neolithic_period_B%2C_c._6500_BCE._Jordan_Archaeological_Museum%2C_Amman.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Side_view._Double-headed_human_statue_from_Ain_Ghazal_city%2C_Amman%2C_Jordan._Pre-pottery_Neolithic_period_B%2C_c._6500_BCE._Jordan_Archaeological_Museum%2C_Amman.jpg/235px-Side_view._Double-headed_human_statue_from_Ain_Ghazal_city%2C_Amman%2C_Jordan._Pre-pottery_Neolithic_period_B%2C_c._6500_BCE._Jordan_Archaeological_Museum%2C_Amman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Side_view._Double-headed_human_statue_from_Ain_Ghazal_city%2C_Amman%2C_Jordan._Pre-pottery_Neolithic_period_B%2C_c._6500_BCE._Jordan_Archaeological_Museum%2C_Amman.jpg/313px-Side_view._Double-headed_human_statue_from_Ain_Ghazal_city%2C_Amman%2C_Jordan._Pre-pottery_Neolithic_period_B%2C_c._6500_BCE._Jordan_Archaeological_Museum%2C_Amman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3697" data-file-height="4016" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Right side-view of an Ain Ghazal statue</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Artifacts">Artifacts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Artifacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Around 8000 BC, before the invention of pottery, several early settlements became experts in crafting beautiful and highly sophisticated containers from stone, using materials such as <a href="/wiki/Alabaster" title="Alabaster">alabaster</a> or <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a>, and employing sand to shape and polish. Artisans used the veins in the material to maximum visual effect. Such objects have been found in abundance on the upper <a href="/wiki/Euphrates_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Euphrates river">Euphrates river</a>, in what is today eastern Syria, especially at the site of <a href="/wiki/Bouqras" title="Bouqras">Bouqras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These form the early stages of the development of the <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Mesopotamia" title="Art of Mesopotamia">art of Mesopotamia</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jar_MET_VS1985_356_16.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jar in calcite alabaster, Syria, late 8th millennium BC."><img alt="Jar in calcite alabaster, Syria, late 8th millennium BC." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Jar_MET_VS1985_356_16.jpg/150px-Jar_MET_VS1985_356_16.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Jar_MET_VS1985_356_16.jpg/225px-Jar_MET_VS1985_356_16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Jar_MET_VS1985_356_16.jpg/300px-Jar_MET_VS1985_356_16.jpg 2x" data-file-width="835" data-file-height="708" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jar in <a href="/wiki/Alabaster#Calcite_alabaster" title="Alabaster">calcite alabaster</a>, Syria, late 8th millennium BC.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Footed_bowl_MET_vs1985_356_20.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Footed bowl in granite, Syria, end of 8th millennium BC."><img alt="Footed bowl in granite, Syria, end of 8th millennium BC." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Footed_bowl_MET_vs1985_356_20.jpg/150px-Footed_bowl_MET_vs1985_356_20.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Footed_bowl_MET_vs1985_356_20.jpg/225px-Footed_bowl_MET_vs1985_356_20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Footed_bowl_MET_vs1985_356_20.jpg/300px-Footed_bowl_MET_vs1985_356_20.jpg 2x" data-file-width="734" data-file-height="719" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Footed bowl in <a href="/wiki/Granite" title="Granite">granite</a>, Syria, end of 8th millennium BC.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Green_aragonite_tripod_vase_Mid-Euphrates_6000_BCE_Louvre_Museum_AO_28386.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Green aragonite tripod vase Mid-Euphrates 6000 BC Louvre Museum AO 28386"><img alt="Green aragonite tripod vase Mid-Euphrates 6000 BC Louvre Museum AO 28386" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Green_aragonite_tripod_vase_Mid-Euphrates_6000_BCE_Louvre_Museum_AO_28386.jpg/150px-Green_aragonite_tripod_vase_Mid-Euphrates_6000_BCE_Louvre_Museum_AO_28386.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Green_aragonite_tripod_vase_Mid-Euphrates_6000_BCE_Louvre_Museum_AO_28386.jpg/225px-Green_aragonite_tripod_vase_Mid-Euphrates_6000_BCE_Louvre_Museum_AO_28386.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Green_aragonite_tripod_vase_Mid-Euphrates_6000_BCE_Louvre_Museum_AO_28386.jpg/300px-Green_aragonite_tripod_vase_Mid-Euphrates_6000_BCE_Louvre_Museum_AO_28386.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1446" data-file-height="1292" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Green <a href="/wiki/Aragonite" title="Aragonite">aragonite</a> tripod vase Mid-Euphrates 6000 BC Louvre Museum AO 28386</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Calcite_tripod_vase,_mid-Euphrates_probably_from_Tell_Buqras,_6000_BCE,_Louvre_Museum_AO_31551.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Calcite tripod vase, mid-Euphrates, probably from Tell Buqras, 6000 BC, Louvre Museum AO 31551"><img alt="Calcite tripod vase, mid-Euphrates, probably from Tell Buqras, 6000 BC, Louvre Museum AO 31551" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Calcite_tripod_vase%2C_mid-Euphrates_probably_from_Tell_Buqras%2C_6000_BCE%2C_Louvre_Museum_AO_31551.jpg/148px-Calcite_tripod_vase%2C_mid-Euphrates_probably_from_Tell_Buqras%2C_6000_BCE%2C_Louvre_Museum_AO_31551.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Calcite_tripod_vase%2C_mid-Euphrates_probably_from_Tell_Buqras%2C_6000_BCE%2C_Louvre_Museum_AO_31551.jpg/222px-Calcite_tripod_vase%2C_mid-Euphrates_probably_from_Tell_Buqras%2C_6000_BCE%2C_Louvre_Museum_AO_31551.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Calcite_tripod_vase%2C_mid-Euphrates_probably_from_Tell_Buqras%2C_6000_BCE%2C_Louvre_Museum_AO_31551.jpg/296px-Calcite_tripod_vase%2C_mid-Euphrates_probably_from_Tell_Buqras%2C_6000_BCE%2C_Louvre_Museum_AO_31551.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1630" data-file-height="1650" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">Calcite</a> tripod vase, mid-Euphrates, probably from Tell Buqras, 6000 BC, Louvre Museum AO 31551</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alabaster_pot_with_handles,_Buqras_region_6500_BCE_Louvre_Museum_AO_28519.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alabaster pot with handles, Buqras region, 6500 BC Louvre Museum AO 28519"><img alt="Alabaster pot with handles, Buqras region, 6500 BC Louvre Museum AO 28519" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Alabaster_pot_with_handles%2C_Buqras_region_6500_BCE_Louvre_Museum_AO_28519.jpg/133px-Alabaster_pot_with_handles%2C_Buqras_region_6500_BCE_Louvre_Museum_AO_28519.jpg" decoding="async" width="133" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Alabaster_pot_with_handles%2C_Buqras_region_6500_BCE_Louvre_Museum_AO_28519.jpg/199px-Alabaster_pot_with_handles%2C_Buqras_region_6500_BCE_Louvre_Museum_AO_28519.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Alabaster_pot_with_handles%2C_Buqras_region_6500_BCE_Louvre_Museum_AO_28519.jpg/266px-Alabaster_pot_with_handles%2C_Buqras_region_6500_BCE_Louvre_Museum_AO_28519.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1382" data-file-height="1560" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Alabaster pot with handles, Buqras region, 6500 BC Louvre Museum AO 28519</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alabaster_pot_Mid-Euphrates_region_6500_BCE_Louvre_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alabaster pot Mid-Euphrates region, 6500 BC, Louvre Museum"><img alt="Alabaster pot Mid-Euphrates region, 6500 BC, Louvre Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Alabaster_pot_Mid-Euphrates_region_6500_BCE_Louvre_Museum.jpg/132px-Alabaster_pot_Mid-Euphrates_region_6500_BCE_Louvre_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Alabaster_pot_Mid-Euphrates_region_6500_BCE_Louvre_Museum.jpg/198px-Alabaster_pot_Mid-Euphrates_region_6500_BCE_Louvre_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Alabaster_pot_Mid-Euphrates_region_6500_BCE_Louvre_Museum.jpg/264px-Alabaster_pot_Mid-Euphrates_region_6500_BCE_Louvre_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1743" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Alabaster pot Mid-Euphrates region, 6500 BC, Louvre Museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alabaster_pot,_Mid-Euphrates_region_6500_BCE_Louvre_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alabaster pot, Mid-Euphrates region, 6500 BC, Louvre Museum"><img alt="Alabaster pot, Mid-Euphrates region, 6500 BC, Louvre Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Alabaster_pot%2C_Mid-Euphrates_region_6500_BCE_Louvre_Museum.jpg/124px-Alabaster_pot%2C_Mid-Euphrates_region_6500_BCE_Louvre_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="124" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Alabaster_pot%2C_Mid-Euphrates_region_6500_BCE_Louvre_Museum.jpg/187px-Alabaster_pot%2C_Mid-Euphrates_region_6500_BCE_Louvre_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Alabaster_pot%2C_Mid-Euphrates_region_6500_BCE_Louvre_Museum.jpg/249px-Alabaster_pot%2C_Mid-Euphrates_region_6500_BCE_Louvre_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1325" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Alabaster pot, Mid-Euphrates region, 6500 BC, Louvre Museum</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seated_female_MET_vs1985_356_32.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Female statuette, 8th millennium BC, Syria"><img alt="Female statuette, 8th millennium BC, Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Seated_female_MET_vs1985_356_32.jpg/126px-Seated_female_MET_vs1985_356_32.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Seated_female_MET_vs1985_356_32.jpg/189px-Seated_female_MET_vs1985_356_32.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Seated_female_MET_vs1985_356_32.jpg/252px-Seated_female_MET_vs1985_356_32.jpg 2x" data-file-width="679" data-file-height="808" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Female statuette, 8th millennium BC, Syria</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Middle_East" title="Genetic history of the Middle East">Genetic history of the Middle East</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JRSLM_300116_Yarmoukian_figurines_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/JRSLM_300116_Yarmoukian_figurines_01.jpg/220px-JRSLM_300116_Yarmoukian_figurines_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/JRSLM_300116_Yarmoukian_figurines_01.jpg/330px-JRSLM_300116_Yarmoukian_figurines_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/JRSLM_300116_Yarmoukian_figurines_01.jpg/440px-JRSLM_300116_Yarmoukian_figurines_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Yarmukian figurines, <a href="/wiki/Yarmukian_culture" title="Yarmukian culture">Yarmukian culture</a> (5500–5000 BC), Pre-Pottery Neolithic B</figcaption></figure><p>Pre-Pottery Neolithic B fossils that were analysed for uniparentals via ancient DNA, were found to carry the Y-DNA (paternal) haplogroups <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_E-M215_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup E-M215 (Y-DNA)">E1b1b</a> (2/7; ~29%), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_CT_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup CT (Y-DNA)">CT</a> (2/7; ~29%), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_E_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup E (Y-DNA)">E(xE2,E1a,E1b1a1a1c2c3b1,E1b1b1b1a1,E1b1b1b2b)</a> (1/7; ~14%), <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_T_(Y-DNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup T (Y-DNA)">T(xT1a1,T1a2a)</a> (1/7; ~14%), and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_H_(Y-DNA)" title="Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)">H2</a> (1/7; ~14%). The CT clade was also observed in a Pre-Pottery Neolithic C specimen (1/1; 100%).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maternally, the rare basal haplogroup <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_N_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup N (mtDNA)">N*</a> has been found among skeletal remains belonging to the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B,<sup id="cite_ref-DNA_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNA-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as have the mtDNA clades <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_L3_(mtDNA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haplogroup L3 (mtDNA)">L3</a><sup id="cite_ref-DNA_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DNA-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_K_(mtDNA)" title="Haplogroup K (mtDNA)">K</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>DNA analysis has also confirmed ancestral ties between the Pre-Pottery Neolithic culture bearers and the makers of the Epipaleolithic <a href="/wiki/Iberomaurusian" title="Iberomaurusian">Iberomaurusian</a> culture of North Africa,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Mesolithic <a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian culture</a> of the Levant, the <a href="/wiki/Savanna_Pastoral_Neolithic" title="Savanna Pastoral Neolithic">Savanna Pastoral Neolithic</a> culture of East Africa,<sup id="cite_ref-Skoglund_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Skoglund-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Early Neolithic <a href="/wiki/Cardium_pottery" title="Cardium pottery">Cardium</a> culture of Morocco,<sup id="cite_ref-Fregel_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fregel-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egyptian</a> culture of the Nile Valley,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with fossils associated with these early cultures all sharing a common genomic West Eurasian/Near-Eastern component.<sup id="cite_ref-Fregel_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fregel-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A paper from 2021 would find that the Mesolithic Natufians cluster the closest with modern Saudi Arabians, Desert Bedouins and Yemenis. The Natufians were also close to, and ancestral to the ancient Levant PPNB/C and the later Levantine Bronze Age samples.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plastered_Heads_from_Tell_Aswad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Plastered_Heads_from_Tell_Aswad.jpg/220px-Plastered_Heads_from_Tell_Aswad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Plastered_Heads_from_Tell_Aswad.jpg/330px-Plastered_Heads_from_Tell_Aswad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Plastered_Heads_from_Tell_Aswad.jpg/440px-Plastered_Heads_from_Tell_Aswad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1948" data-file-height="1847" /></a><figcaption>PPNB Plastered Skulls, Tell Aswad</figcaption></figure> <p>Mathieson et al. (2015) & Lazardis et al. (2016), discovered that the Levant Neolithic samples from PPNB to PPNC were a mix of a component related to Natufians, and another lineage related to <a href="/wiki/Early_European_Farmers" title="Early European Farmers">Anatolian farmers</a> from Barcin and Mentese.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In another study from 2021, the populations of the PPNB Levant were modelled as having 60.5% Israel Natufian Epipaleolithic related ancestry, and 39.5% Turkey Barcin Neolithic ancestry. Later, geneticists in 2022 using 1.2 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), discovered that the ancient DNA of the Pre-Pottery Neolithic of Mesopotamia and Anatolia, showed that these populations were formed through admixture of pre-Neolithic sources related to <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hunter-gatherers" title="Anatolian hunter-gatherers">Anatolian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_hunter-gatherer" title="Caucasus hunter-gatherer">Caucasus</a>, and Levantine hunter-gatherers.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Altınışık, N Ezgi et al. (2022) studied 13 genomes from the PPNB at <a href="/wiki/Cayonu" class="mw-redirect" title="Cayonu">Cayonu</a>, Turkey, and found they were formed by an admixture event between western and eastern populations of early Holocene Southwest Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2023, Xiaoran Wang and team found that their six genetically analyzed PPNB individuals, were having ancestry from Levantine Epipaleolithic, Anatolian Neolithic, <a href="/wiki/Ganj_Dareh" title="Ganj Dareh">Iranian Neolithic</a>, and Caucasus Hunter-Gatherers. The PPNB in general exhibited strong evidence of gene flow from populations related to Anatolia compared to the earlier Natufian hunter-gatherers. PPN individuals from Ain Ghazal further to the north in Jordan had a stronger genetic affinity with Anatolia than the PPN of Ba'ja, although not significantly so.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diffusion">Diffusion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Diffusion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carbon-14_dating">Carbon-14 dating</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Carbon-14 dating"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_spread_of_Neolithic_farming_cultures_in_Europe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Map_of_the_spread_of_Neolithic_farming_cultures_in_Europe.jpg/440px-Map_of_the_spread_of_Neolithic_farming_cultures_in_Europe.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Map_of_the_spread_of_Neolithic_farming_cultures_in_Europe.jpg/660px-Map_of_the_spread_of_Neolithic_farming_cultures_in_Europe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Map_of_the_spread_of_Neolithic_farming_cultures_in_Europe.jpg/880px-Map_of_the_spread_of_Neolithic_farming_cultures_in_Europe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3158" data-file-height="2114" /></a><figcaption>Map of the spread of Neolithic farming cultures from the Near-East to Europe, with dates in year BC</figcaption></figure> <p>The spread of the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> in Europe was first studied quantitatively in the 1970s, when a sufficient number of 14C age determinations for early Neolithic sites had become available.<sup id="cite_ref-AS1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AS1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ammerman" title="Ammerman">Ammerman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cavalli-Sforza" class="mw-redirect" title="Cavalli-Sforza">Cavalli-Sforza</a> discovered a linear relationship between the age of an Early Neolithic site and its distance from the conventional source in the Near East (<a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a>), thus demonstrating that, on average, the Neolithic spread at a constant speed of about 1 km/yr.<sup id="cite_ref-AS1_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AS1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recent studies confirm these results and yield the speed of 0.6–1.3 km/yr at 95% confidence level.<sup id="cite_ref-AS1_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AS1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analysis_of_mitochondrial_DNA">Analysis of mitochondrial DNA</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Analysis of mitochondrial DNA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the original human expansions out of Africa 200,000 years ago, different prehistoric and historic migration events have taken place in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-DT_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DT-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Considering that the movement of the people implies a consequent movement of their genes, it is possible to estimate the impact of these migrations through the genetic analysis of human populations.<sup id="cite_ref-DT_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DT-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Agricultural and husbandry practices originated 10,000 years ago in a region of the Near East known as the Fertile Crescent.<sup id="cite_ref-DT_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DT-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the archaeological record this phenomenon, known as "Neolithic", rapidly expanded from these territories into Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-DT_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DT-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, whether this diffusion was accompanied or not by human migrations is greatly debated.<sup id="cite_ref-DT_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DT-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">Mitochondrial DNA</a> – a type of maternally inherited DNA located in the cell cytoplasm- was recovered from the remains of Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (PPNB) farmers in the Near East and then compared to available data from other Neolithic populations in Europe and also to modern populations from South Eastern Europe and the Near East.<sup id="cite_ref-DT_29-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DT-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The obtained results show that substantial human migrations were involved in the Neolithic spread and suggest that the first Neolithic farmers entered Europe following a maritime route through <a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Islands" title="Aegean Islands">Aegean Islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DT_29-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DT-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Modern_distribution_of_the_haplotypes_of_PPNB_farmers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Modern distribution of the haplotypes of PPNB farmers"><img alt="Modern distribution of the haplotypes of PPNB farmers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Modern_distribution_of_the_haplotypes_of_PPNB_farmers.jpg/200px-Modern_distribution_of_the_haplotypes_of_PPNB_farmers.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Modern_distribution_of_the_haplotypes_of_PPNB_farmers.jpg/300px-Modern_distribution_of_the_haplotypes_of_PPNB_farmers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Modern_distribution_of_the_haplotypes_of_PPNB_farmers.jpg/400px-Modern_distribution_of_the_haplotypes_of_PPNB_farmers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2051" data-file-height="1418" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Modern distribution of the haplotypes of PPNB farmers</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Genetic_distance_between_PPNB_farmers_and_modern_populations.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Genetic distance between PPNB farmers and modern populations"><img alt="Genetic distance between PPNB farmers and modern populations" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Genetic_distance_between_PPNB_farmers_and_modern_populations.jpg/200px-Genetic_distance_between_PPNB_farmers_and_modern_populations.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Genetic_distance_between_PPNB_farmers_and_modern_populations.jpg/300px-Genetic_distance_between_PPNB_farmers_and_modern_populations.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Genetic_distance_between_PPNB_farmers_and_modern_populations.jpg/400px-Genetic_distance_between_PPNB_farmers_and_modern_populations.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2458" data-file-height="1669" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Genetic distance between PPNB farmers and modern populations</div> </li> </ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relative_chronology">Relative chronology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neolithic_Chronology" title="Template:Neolithic Chronology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neolithic_Chronology" title="Template talk:Neolithic Chronology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neolithic_Chronology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neolithic Chronology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chronology_of_the_Neolithic_period" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Chronology of the Neolithic period</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #C0C0C0;background-color:#F5F5F5; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic">Pre-Pottery Neolithic</a></span> <span class="legend nowrap"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="border: 1px solid #C0C0C0;background-color:#FDF5E6; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Pottery_Neolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pottery Neolithic">Pottery Neolithic</a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <th style="vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:0px; border-top:0px"><span style="position:relative;top:1em;">BC</span> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Khabur_(Euphrates)" title="Khabur (Euphrates)">Khabur</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Sinjar_Mountains" title="Sinjar Mountains">Sinjar Mountains</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyria</a> </th> <th>Middle <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a> </th> <th>Low<br /><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Khuzistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzistan">Khuzistan</a>) </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Indus" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus">Indus</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:0px; border-top:0px"><span style="position:relative;top:1em">11000</span> </th> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="1"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="1"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="1"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="1"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="1"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="1"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="1"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="1"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="1"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="1"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="1"> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ceramics" title="Chinese ceramics">Early Pottery</a><br />(18,000 BC) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:0px; border-top:0px"><span style="position:relative;top:1em">10000</span> </th> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="4"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="3"> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5; font-size:100%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_A" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic A">Pre-Pottery Neolithic A</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Gesher_(archaeological_site)" title="Gesher (archaeological site)">Gesher</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mureybet" title="Mureybet">Mureybet</a><br />(10,500 BC) </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="2">  </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="6"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="5"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="4"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="3"> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;" rowspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:0px; border-top:0px"><span style="position:relative;top:1em">9000</span> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abu_Hureyra" title="Tell Abu Hureyra">Tell Abu Hureyra</a><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:0px; border-top:0px"><span style="position:relative;top:1em">8000</span> </th> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5; font-size:100%;"><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pre-Pottery Neolithic B</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tell_Aswad" title="Tell Aswad">Tell Aswad</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe" title="Göbekli Tepe">Göbekli Tepe</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ay%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Çayönü">Çayönü</a><br /><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9F%C4%B1kl%C4%B1_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Aşıklı Höyük">Aşıklı Höyük</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><b>Initial Neolithic</b><br /><b>(<a href="/wiki/Chinese_ceramics" title="Chinese ceramics">Pottery</a>)</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Nanzhuangtou" title="Nanzhuangtou">Nanzhuangtou</a><br />(8500–8000 BC) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:0px; border-top:0px"><span style="position:relative;top:1em">7000</span> </th> <td rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5; font-size:100%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt#Neolithic" title="Prehistoric Egypt">Egyptian Neolithic</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Nabta_Playa" title="Nabta Playa">Nabta Playa</a><br />(7500 BC) </td> <td rowspan="4" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Çatalhöyük">Çatalhöyük</a><br />(7500–5500)<br /><a href="/wiki/Hacilar" title="Hacilar">Hacilar</a><br />(7000 BC) </td> <td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Tell_Sabi_Abyad" title="Tell Sabi Abyad">Tell Sabi Abyad</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bouqras" title="Bouqras">Bouqras</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Jarmo" title="Jarmo">Jarmo</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Ganj_Dareh" title="Ganj Dareh">Ganj Dareh</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chia_Jani" title="Chia Jani">Chia Jani</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ali_Kosh" title="Ali Kosh">Ali Kosh</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh I</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:0px; border-top:0px"><span style="position:relative;top:1em">6500</span> </th> <td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5; font-size:100%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic Europe</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Franchthi_Cave" title="Franchthi Cave">Franchthi</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sesklo" title="Sesklo">Sesklo</a><br /> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5; font-size:100%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic C">Pre-Pottery Neolithic C</a></b><br />(<a href="/wiki/Ayn_Ghazal_(archaeological_site)" title="Ayn Ghazal (archaeological site)">'Ain Ghazal</a>) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Pottery_Neolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pottery Neolithic">Pottery Neolithic</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Tell_Sabi_Abyad" title="Tell Sabi Abyad">Tell Sabi Abyad</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bouqras" title="Bouqras">Bouqras</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Pottery_Neolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pottery Neolithic">Pottery Neolithic</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Jarmo" title="Jarmo">Jarmo</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Chogha_Bonut" title="Chogha Bonut">Chogha Bonut</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Teppe_Zagheh" title="Teppe Zagheh">Teppe Zagheh</a> </td> <td rowspan="9" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ceramics" title="Chinese ceramics">Pottery Neolithic</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Peiligang_culture" title="Peiligang culture">Peiligang</a><br />(7000–5000 BC) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:0px; border-top:0px"><span style="position:relative;top:1em">6000</span> </th> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Pottery_Neolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pottery Neolithic">Pottery Neolithic</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Sesklo" title="Sesklo">Sesklo</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Dimini" title="Dimini">Dimini</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Pottery_Neolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pottery Neolithic">Pottery Neolithic</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Yarmukian_culture" title="Yarmukian culture">Yarmukian</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Sha%27ar_HaGolan" title="Sha'ar HaGolan">Sha'ar HaGolan</a>) </td> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Pottery_Neolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pottery Neolithic">Pottery Neolithic</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid</a> 0<br />(<a href="/wiki/Tell_el-%27Oueili" title="Tell el-'Oueili">Tell el-'Oueili</a>) </td> <td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Pottery_Neolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pottery Neolithic">Pottery Neolithic</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Chogha_Mish" title="Chogha Mish">Chogha Mish</a> </td> <td rowspan="1" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Pottery_Neolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pottery Neolithic">Pottery Neolithic</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Sang-i_Chakmak" title="Sang-i Chakmak">Sang-i Chakmak</a> </td> <td rowspan="7" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Pottery_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Pottery in the Indian subcontinent">Pottery Neolithic</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Lahuradewa" title="Lahuradewa">Lahuradewa</a><br /><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh II</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:0px; border-top:0px"><span style="position:relative;top:1em">5600</span> </th> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#F5F5F5; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Egypt#Faiyum_A_culture" title="Prehistoric Egypt">Faiyum A</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><br /><a href="/wiki/Amuq" class="mw-redirect" title="Amuq">Amuq</a> A </td> <td rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><br /><a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf</a><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Halaf-Ubaid_Transitional_period" title="Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period">Halaf-Ubaid</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umm_Dabaghiya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umm Dabaghiya (page does not exist)">Umm Dabaghiya</a> </td> <td rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><br /><a href="/wiki/Samarra_culture" title="Samarra culture">Samarra</a><br />(6000–4800 BC) </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Muhammad_Djafar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tepe Muhammad Djafar">Tepe Muhammad Djafar</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Sialk" title="Tepe Sialk">Tepe Sialk</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:0px; border-top:0px"><span style="position:relative;top:1em">5200</span> </th> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;" rowspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear Pottery culture</a><br />(5500–4500 BC) </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><br />Amuq B </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Hacilar" title="Hacilar">Hacilar</a><br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Mersin" title="Mersin">Mersin</a><br />24–22<br />  </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><br /><a href="/wiki/Hassuna_culture" title="Hassuna culture">Hassuna</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><br /> <a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid</a> 1<br />(<a href="/wiki/Eridu" title="Eridu">Eridu</a> 19–15)<br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid</a> 2<br />(<a href="/wiki/Hadji_Muhammed" title="Hadji Muhammed">Hadji Muhammed</a>)<br />(<a href="/wiki/Eridu" title="Eridu">Eridu</a> 14–12) </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><br /><a href="/wiki/Susiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Susiana">Susiana</a> A </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Yarim_Tepe_(Iran)" title="Yarim Tepe (Iran)">Yarim Tepe</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hajji_Firuz_Tepe" title="Hajji Firuz Tepe">Hajji Firuz Tepe</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:0px; border-top:0px"><span style="position:relative;top:1em">4800</span> </th> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><b><a href="/wiki/Pottery_Neolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pottery Neolithic">Pottery Neolithic</a></b><br /><a href="/wiki/Merimde_culture" title="Merimde culture">Merimde</a><br /> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><br />Amuq C </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Hacilar" title="Hacilar">Hacilar</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mersin" title="Mersin">Mersin</a><br />22–20 </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Hassuna_culture" title="Hassuna culture">Hassuna</a> Late<br /><br /><a href="/wiki/Tepe_Gawra" title="Tepe Gawra">Gawra</a> 20 </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tepe_Sabz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tepe Sabz (page does not exist)">Tepe Sabz</a> </td> <td rowspan="34" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Kul_Tepe_Jolfa" title="Kul Tepe Jolfa">Kul Tepe Jolfa</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:0px; border-top:0px"><span style="position:relative;top:1em">4500</span> </th> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><br />Amuq D </td> <td rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;">Gian Hasan<br /><a href="/wiki/Mersin" title="Mersin">Mersin</a><br />19–17 </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid</a> 3 </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid</a> 3<br />(<a href="/wiki/Tepe_Gawra" title="Tepe Gawra">Gawra</a>)<br />19–18 </td> <td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid</a> 3 </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Khazineh" title="Khazineh">Khazineh</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Susiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Susiana">Susiana</a> B </td></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:0px; border-top:0px"><br /><span style="position:relative;top:1em">3800</span> </th> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Badarian_culture" title="Badarian culture">Badarian</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Naqada_culture" title="Naqada culture">Naqada</a> </td> <td colspan="5" style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;"><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid</a> 4 </td></tr> <tr> <th style="vertical-align:bottom; border-bottom:0px; border-top:0px"> </th> <td style="text-align:center; background:#FDF5E6; font-size:100%;" colspan="8"><i>Succeeded by: <a href="/wiki/Template:Rulers_of_the_Ancient_Near_East" title="Template:Rulers of the Ancient Near East">Historical Ancient Near East</a></i> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">The <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> ↑ <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Neolithic cultures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div style="text-align:left"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Heavy_Neolithic" title="Heavy Neolithic">Heavy Neolithic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shepherd_Neolithic" title="Shepherd Neolithic">Shepherd Neolithic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Trihedral_Neolithic" title="Trihedral Neolithic">Trihedral Neolithic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic">Pre-Pottery</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_A" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic A">A</a>, <a class="mw-selflink selflink">B</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Qaraoun_culture" title="Qaraoun culture">Qaraoun culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tahunian" title="Tahunian">Tahunian culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yarmukian_culture" title="Yarmukian culture">Yarmukian culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Halaf-Ubaid_Transitional_period" title="Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period">Halaf-Ubaid Transitional period</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid culture</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile valley</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Faiyum_A_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Faiyum A culture">Faiyum A culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tasian_culture" title="Tasian culture">Tasian culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Merimde_culture" title="Merimde culture">Merimde culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/El_Omari_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="El Omari culture">El Omari culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Maadi_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Maadi culture">Maadi culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Badarian_culture" title="Badarian culture">Badarian culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Amratian_culture" title="Amratian culture">Amratian culture</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Europe</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Arzachena_culture" title="Arzachena culture">Arzachena culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Boian_culture" title="Boian culture">Boian culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Butmir_culture" title="Butmir culture">Butmir culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cardium_pottery" title="Cardium pottery">Cardium pottery culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cernavod%C4%83_culture" title="Cernavodă culture">Cernavodă culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Co%C8%9Bofeni_culture" title="Coțofeni culture">Coțofeni culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture" title="Cucuteni–Trypillia culture">Cucuteni–Trypillia culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Danilo_culture" title="Danilo culture">Danilo culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dude%C8%99ti_culture" title="Dudești culture">Dudești culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gorne%C5%9Fti_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorneşti culture">Gorneşti culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gumelni%C8%9Ba%E2%80%93Karanovo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Gumelnița–Karanovo culture">Gumelnița–Karanovo culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hamangia_culture" title="Hamangia culture">Hamangia culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kakanj_culture" title="Kakanj culture">Kakanj culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Khirokitia" title="Khirokitia">Khirokitia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear Pottery culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_Temples_of_Malta" title="Megalithic Temples of Malta">Malta Temples</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ozieri_culture" title="Ozieri culture">Ozieri culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Petre%C5%9Fti_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Petreşti culture">Petreşti culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/San_Ciriaco_culture" title="San Ciriaco culture">San Ciriaco culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri–Shomu culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sesklo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesklo culture">Sesklo culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sopot_culture" title="Sopot culture">Sopot culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tisza_culture" title="Tisza culture">Tisza culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Tiszapolg%C3%A1r_culture" title="Tiszapolgár culture">Tiszapolgár culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Usatovo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Usatovo culture">Usatovo culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Varna_culture" title="Varna culture">Varna culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vin%C4%8Da_culture" title="Vinča culture">Vinča culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Vu%C4%8Dedol_culture" title="Vučedol culture">Vučedol culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Transylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic Transylvania">Neolithic Transylvania</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Southeastern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic Southeastern Europe">Neolithic Southeastern Europe</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_cultures_of_China" title="List of Neolithic cultures of China">China</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Peiligang_culture" title="Peiligang culture">Peiligang culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pengtoushan_culture" title="Pengtoushan culture">Pengtoushan culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Beixin_culture" title="Beixin culture">Beixin culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cishan_culture" title="Cishan culture">Cishan culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dadiwan_culture" title="Dadiwan culture">Dadiwan culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Houli_culture" title="Houli culture">Houli culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Xinglongwa_culture" title="Xinglongwa culture">Xinglongwa culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Xinle_culture" title="Xinle culture">Xinle culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zhaobaogou_culture" title="Zhaobaogou culture">Zhaobaogou culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hemudu_culture" title="Hemudu culture">Hemudu culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Daxi_culture" title="Daxi culture">Daxi culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Majiabang_culture" title="Majiabang culture">Majiabang culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yangshao_culture" title="Yangshao culture">Yangshao culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hongshan_culture" title="Hongshan culture">Hongshan culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dawenkou_culture" title="Dawenkou culture">Dawenkou culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Songze_culture" title="Songze culture">Songze culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liangzhu_culture" title="Liangzhu culture">Liangzhu culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Majiayao_culture" title="Majiayao culture">Majiayao culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Qujialing_culture" title="Qujialing culture">Qujialing culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Longshan_culture" title="Longshan culture">Longshan culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Baodun_culture" title="Baodun culture">Baodun culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Shijiahe_culture" title="Shijiahe culture">Shijiahe culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yueshi_culture" title="Yueshi culture">Yueshi culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Tibet" title="Neolithic Tibet">Neolithic Tibet</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic South Asia">South Asia</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Lahuradewa" title="Lahuradewa">Lahuradewa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Marine_archaeology_in_the_Gulf_of_Cambay" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine archaeology in the Gulf of Cambay">Marine archaeology<br /> in the Gulf of Cambay</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bhirrana" title="Bhirrana">Bhirrana</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rakhigarhi" title="Rakhigarhi">Rakhigarhi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kalibangan" title="Kalibangan">Kalibangan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chopani_Mando" title="Chopani Mando">Chopani Mando</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jhukar_Phase" class="mw-redirect" title="Jhukar Phase">Jhukar</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Daimabad" title="Daimabad">Daimabad</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chirand" title="Chirand">Chirand</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Koldihwa" title="Koldihwa">Koldihwa</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Burzahom_archaeological_site" title="Burzahom archaeological site">Burzahom</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mundigak" title="Mundigak">Mundigak</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Brahmagiri_archaeological_site" title="Brahmagiri archaeological site">Brahmagiri</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd>Other locations <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Khiamian_culture" title="Khiamian culture">Khiamian culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jeulmun_pottery_period" title="Jeulmun pottery period">Jeulmun pottery period</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_period" title="Jōmon period">Jōmon period</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Philippine_jade_culture" title="Philippine jade culture">Philippine jade culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Capsian_culture" title="Capsian culture">Capsian culture</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Savanna_Pastoral_Neolithic" title="Savanna Pastoral Neolithic">Savanna Pastoral Neolithic</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Neolithic topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a> (farming)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry" title="Animal husbandry">Animal husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">Wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_circular_enclosures_in_Central_Europe" title="Neolithic circular enclosures in Central Europe">Circular ditches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henge" title="Henge">Henges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">Megaliths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic religion">Neolithic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_decline" title="Neolithic decline">Neolithic decline</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef; font-size:100%;"> ↓ <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neolithic" title="Template:Neolithic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neolithic" title="Template talk:Neolithic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neolithic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neolithic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_climatic_optimum" title="Holocene climatic optimum">Holocene climatic optimum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_archaeology#Ceramics_analysis" title="Levantine archaeology">Levantine archaeology#Ceramics analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Levant" title="Prehistory of the Levant">Prehistory of the Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Mesopotamia#Prehistory" title="Upper Mesopotamia">Upper Mesopotamia#Prehistory</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-MC-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MC_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MC_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChazan2017" class="citation book cs1">Chazan, Michael (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j3BQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA197"><i>World Prehistory and Archaeology: Pathways Through Time</i></a>. Routledge. p. 197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-80289-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-80289-5"><bdi>978-1-351-80289-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Prehistory+and+Archaeology%3A+Pathways+Through+Time&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-351-80289-5&rft.aulast=Chazan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj3BQDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Pottery+Neolithic+B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mazar-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mazar_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mazar_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Amihai Mazar (1992). <i>Archaeology of the Land of the Bible: 10,000 – 586 BC</i>, Doubleday: New York, p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chris Scarre. <i>Timeline of the Ancient World</i>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleiner2012" class="citation book cs1">Kleiner, Fred S. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=neEzEpyuZ3AC&pg=PT42"><i>Gardner's Art through the Ages: Backpack Edition</i></a>. Cengage Learning. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8400-3054-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8400-3054-2"><bdi>978-0-8400-3054-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gardner%27s+Art+through+the+Ages%3A+Backpack+Edition&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8400-3054-2&rft.aulast=Kleiner&rft.aufirst=Fred+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DneEzEpyuZ3AC%26pg%3DPT42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Pottery+Neolithic+B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Helmer D.; Gourichon L., Premières données sur les modalités de subsistance dans les niveaux récents de Tell Aswad (Damascène, Syrie) – fouilles 2001-2005., 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVilaGourichonBuitenhuisChoyke2008" class="citation book cs1">Vila, E.; Gourichon, L.; Buitenhuis, H.; et al., eds. (2008). "49". <i>Archaeozoology of the Southwest Asia and Adjacent Areas VIII. Actes du 8e colloque de l'ASWA</i>. Vol. 1. Lyon: Travaux de la Maison de l'Orient. pp. 119–151.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=49&rft.btitle=Archaeozoology+of+the+Southwest+Asia+and+Adjacent+Areas+VIII.+Actes+du+8e+colloque+de+l%27ASWA&rft.place=Lyon&rft.pages=119-151&rft.pub=Travaux+de+la+Maison+de+l%27Orient&rft.date=2008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Pottery+Neolithic+B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Helmer D. et Gourichon L., Premières données sur les modalités de subsistances dans les niveaux récents (PPNB moyen à Néolithique à Poterie) de Tell Aswad en Damascène (Syrie), Fouilles 2001–2005, in Vila E. et Gourichon L. 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Ezgi; Kazancı, Duygu Deniz; Aydoğan, Ayça; Gemici, Hasan Can; Erdal, Ömür Dilek; Sarıaltun, Savaş; Vural, Kıvılcım Başak; Koptekin, Dilek; Gürün, Kanat; Sağlıcan, Ekin; Fernandes, Daniel; Çakan, Gökhan; Koruyucu, Meliha Melis; Lagerholm, Vendela Kempe; Karamurat, Cansu (4 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36332018/">"A genomic snapshot of demographic and cultural dynamism in Upper Mesopotamia during the Neolithic Transition"</a>. <i>Science Advances</i>. <b>8</b> (44): eabo3609. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.abo3609">10.1126/sciadv.abo3609</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2375-2548">2375-2548</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9635823">9635823</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36332018">36332018</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=A+genomic+snapshot+of+demographic+and+cultural+dynamism+in+Upper+Mesopotamia+during+the+Neolithic+Transition&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=44&rft.pages=eabo3609&rft.date=2022-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9635823%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2375-2548&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36332018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.abo3609&rft.aulast=Alt%C4%B1n%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1k&rft.aufirst=N.+Ezgi&rft.au=Kazanc%C4%B1%2C+Duygu+Deniz&rft.au=Aydo%C4%9Fan%2C+Ay%C3%A7a&rft.au=Gemici%2C+Hasan+Can&rft.au=Erdal%2C+%C3%96m%C3%BCr+Dilek&rft.au=Sar%C4%B1altun%2C+Sava%C5%9F&rft.au=Vural%2C+K%C4%B1v%C4%B1lc%C4%B1m+Ba%C5%9Fak&rft.au=Koptekin%2C+Dilek&rft.au=G%C3%BCr%C3%BCn%2C+Kanat&rft.au=Sa%C4%9Fl%C4%B1can%2C+Ekin&rft.au=Fernandes%2C+Daniel&rft.au=%C3%87akan%2C+G%C3%B6khan&rft.au=Koruyucu%2C+Meliha+Melis&rft.au=Lagerholm%2C+Vendela+Kempe&rft.au=Karamurat%2C+Cansu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F36332018%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Pottery+Neolithic+B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangSkourtaniotiBenzGresky2023" class="citation journal cs1">Wang, Xiaoran; Skourtanioti, Eirini; Benz, Marion; Gresky, Julia; Ilgner, Jana; Lucas, Mary; Morsch, Michael; Peters, Joris; Pöllath, Nadja; Ringbauer, Harald; le Roux, Petrus; Schultz, Michael; Krause, Johannes; Roberts, Patrick; Stockhammer, Philipp W. (24 January 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2210611120">"Isotopic and DNA analyses reveal multiscale PPNB mobility and migration across Southeastern Anatolia and the Southern Levant"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>120</b> (4). <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2023PNAS..12010611W">2023PNAS..12010611W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.2210611120">10.1073/pnas.2210611120</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36649412">36649412</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Isotopic+and+DNA+analyses+reveal+multiscale+PPNB+mobility+and+migration+across+Southeastern+Anatolia+and+the+Southern+Levant&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2023-01-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.2210611120&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36649412&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2023PNAS..12010611W&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Xiaoran&rft.au=Skourtanioti%2C+Eirini&rft.au=Benz%2C+Marion&rft.au=Gresky%2C+Julia&rft.au=Ilgner%2C+Jana&rft.au=Lucas%2C+Mary&rft.au=Morsch%2C+Michael&rft.au=Peters%2C+Joris&rft.au=P%C3%B6llath%2C+Nadja&rft.au=Ringbauer%2C+Harald&rft.au=le+Roux%2C+Petrus&rft.au=Schultz%2C+Michael&rft.au=Krause%2C+Johannes&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Patrick&rft.au=Stockhammer%2C+Philipp+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpnas.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.2210611120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Pottery+Neolithic+B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AS1-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AS1_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AS1_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AS1_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Original text from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShukurovSarsonGangal2014" class="citation journal cs1">Shukurov, Anvar; Sarson, Graeme R.; Gangal, Kavita (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4012948">"The Near-Eastern Roots of the Neolithic in South Asia"</a>. <i>PLOS ONE</i>. <b>9</b> (5): e95714. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PLoSO...995714G">2014PLoSO...995714G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0095714">10.1371/journal.pone.0095714</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4012948">4012948</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24806472">24806472</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=The+Near-Eastern+Roots+of+the+Neolithic+in+South+Asia&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=e95714&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4012948%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24806472&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0095714&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014PLoSO...995714G&rft.aulast=Shukurov&rft.aufirst=Anvar&rft.au=Sarson%2C+Graeme+R.&rft.au=Gangal%2C+Kavita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4012948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Pottery+Neolithic+B" class="Z3988"></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CC_BY_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/50px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/75px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/100px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="88" data-file-height="31" /></a></span> Material was copied from this source, which is available under a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DT-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DT_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DT_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DT_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DT_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DT_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DT_29-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DT_29-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CC_BY_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/50px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/75px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/100px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="88" data-file-height="31" /></a></span> Material was copied from this source, which is available under a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurbónArroyo-Pardo2014" class="citation journal cs1">Turbón, Daniel; Arroyo-Pardo, Eduardo (5 June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4046922">"Ancient DNA Analysis of 8000 B.C. Near Eastern Farmers Supports an Early Neolithic Pioneer Maritime Colonization of Mainland Europe through Cyprus and the Aegean Islands"</a>. <i>PLOS Genetics</i>. <b>10</b> (6): e1004401. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1004401">10.1371/journal.pgen.1004401</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1553-7404">1553-7404</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4046922">4046922</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24901650">24901650</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Genetics&rft.atitle=Ancient+DNA+Analysis+of+8000+B.C.+Near+Eastern+Farmers+Supports+an+Early+Neolithic+Pioneer+Maritime+Colonization+of+Mainland+Europe+through+Cyprus+and+the+Aegean+Islands&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=e1004401&rft.date=2014-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4046922%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=1553-7404&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24901650&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pgen.1004401&rft.aulast=Turb%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft.au=Arroyo-Pardo%2C+Eduardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4046922&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APre-Pottery+Neolithic+B" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_B" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pre-Pottery Neolithic B">Pre-Pottery Neolithic B</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Neolithic_Southwest_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neolithic_Southwest_Asia" title="Template:Neolithic Southwest Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Pottery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_A" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic A">Pre-Pottery Neolithic A</a> (PPNA)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pre-Pottery Neolithic B</a> (PPNB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic C">Pre-Pottery Neolithic C</a> (PPNC)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zagros_Neolithic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zagros Neolithic (page does not exist)">Zagros Neolithic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amuq_A-B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amuq A-B (page does not exist)">Amuq A-B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassuna_culture" title="Hassuna culture">Hassuna</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jarmoan_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jarmoan culture (page does not exist)">Jarmoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lodian_culture" title="Lodian culture">Lodian</a> (Jericho XI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizzanim_culture" title="Nizzanim culture">Nizzanim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarra_culture" title="Samarra culture">Samarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Rabah_culture" title="Wadi Rabah culture">Wadi Rabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarmukian_culture" title="Yarmukian culture">Yarmukian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_site" title="Archaeological site">Sites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-Pottery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Hudhud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Hudhud (page does not exist)">Abu Hudhud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Ghazal_(archaeological_site)" title="Ayn Ghazal (archaeological site)">ʿAin Ghazal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27ja" title="Ba'ja">Ba'ja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basta_(archaeological_site)" title="Basta (archaeological site)">Basta</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bawwab_al-Ghazal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bawwab al-Ghazal (page does not exist)">Bawwab al-Ghazal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beidha_(archaeological_site)" title="Beidha (archaeological site)">Beidha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beisamoun" class="mw-redirect" title="Beisamoun">Beisamoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boncuklu_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Boncuklu Höyük">Boncuklu Höyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boncuklu_Tarla" title="Boncuklu Tarla">Boncuklu Tarla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouqras" title="Bouqras">Bouqras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87ay%C3%B6n%C3%BC" title="Çayönü">Çayönü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chia_Jani" title="Chia Jani">Chia Jani</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chia_Sabz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chia Sabz (page does not exist)">Chia Sabz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhuweila" title="Dhuweila">Dhuweila</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dja%27de_el_Mughara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dja'de el Mughara (page does not exist)">Dja'de el Mughara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganj_Dareh" title="Ganj Dareh">Ganj Dareh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgal_I" title="Gilgal I">Gilgal I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe" title="Göbekli Tepe">Göbekli Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq_ed-Dubb" title="Iraq ed-Dubb">Iraq ed-Dubb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarmo" title="Jarmo">Jarmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerf_el_Ahmar" title="Jerf el Ahmar">Jerf el Ahmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karahan_Tepe" title="Karahan Tepe">Karahan Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tell_al-%27Abr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tell al-'Abr (page does not exist)">Tell 'Abr 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Abu_Hureyra" title="Tell Abu Hureyra">Tell Abu Hureyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sultan" title="Tell es-Sultan">Tell es-Sultan</a> (Jericho)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Qaramel" title="Tell Qaramel">Tell Qaramel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tell_Qarassa_North&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tell Qarassa North (page does not exist)">Tell Qarassa North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tayibe,_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Tayibe, Lebanon">Tayibe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tepe_Abdul_Hosein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tepe Abdul Hosein (page does not exist)">Tepe Abdul Hosein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tepe_Asiab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tepe Asiab (page does not exist)">Tepe Asiab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%27lefaat" title="M'lefaat">M'lefaat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mureybet" title="Mureybet">Mureybet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahal_Hemar_Cave" title="Nahal Hemar Cave">Nahal Hemar Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemrik_9" title="Nemrik 9">Nemrik 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netiv_HaGdud_(archaeological_site)" title="Netiv HaGdud (archaeological site)">Netiv HaGdud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neval%C4%B1_%C3%87ori" title="Nevalı Çori">Nevalı Çori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nachcharini" title="Nachcharini">Nachcharini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qermez_Dere" title="Qermez Dere">Qermez Dere</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sabra_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sabra 1 (page does not exist)">Sabra 1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheikh_e-Abad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sheikh e-Abad (page does not exist)">Sheikh e-Abad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shkarat_Msaeid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shkarat Msaeid (page does not exist)">Shkarat Msaeid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shubayqa_6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shubayqa 6 (page does not exist)">Shubayqa 6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wadi_Faynan_16&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wadi Faynan 16 (page does not exist)">Wadi Faynan 16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Shu%CA%BFeib_(archaeological_site)" title="Wadi Shuʿeib (archaeological site)">Wadi Shuʿeib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiftahel" title="Yiftahel">Yiftahel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zumlat_Arus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zumlat Arus (page does not exist)">Zumlat Arus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Hamid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Hamid (page does not exist)">Abu Hamid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Masiyad_al-Gharbi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Masiyad al-Gharbi (page does not exist)">Abu Masiyad al-Gharbi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abu_Masiyad_al-Sharqi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Abu Masiyad al-Sharqi (page does not exist)">Abu Masiyad al-Sharqi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayn_Jammam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ayn Jammam (page does not exist)">Ayn Jammam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ayn_Rahub&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ayn Rahub (page does not exist)">Ayn Rahub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bestansur" title="Bestansur">Bestansur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos" title="Byblos">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhuweila" title="Dhuweila">Dhuweila</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=El-Hemmeh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El-Hemmeh (page does not exist)">El-Hemmeh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghuwayr_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ghuwayr 1 (page does not exist)">Ghuwayr 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginnig" title="Ginnig">Ginnig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallan_%C3%87emi" title="Hallan Çemi">Hallan Çemi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hibabiya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hibabiya (page does not exist)">Hibabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_el_Ghazi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn el Ghazi (page does not exist)">Ibn el Ghazi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jabal_Na%27ja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jabal Na'ja (page does not exist)">Jabal Na'ja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jabal_Quweisa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jabal Quweisa (page does not exist)">Jabal Quweisa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jebel_Abu_Thawwab&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jebel Abu Thawwab (page does not exist)">Jebel Abu Thawwab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jebel_Qurma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jebel Qurma (page does not exist)">Jebel Qurma</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jebel_Subhi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jebel Subhi (page does not exist)">Jebel Subhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kfar_HaHoresh_(archaeological_site)" title="Kfar HaHoresh (archaeological site)">Kfar HaHoresh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khabrat_Abu_Hussein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khabrat Abu Hussein (page does not exist)">Khabrat Abu Hussein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khallat_Anaza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khallat Anaza (page does not exist)">Khallat Anaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharaysin" title="Kharaysin">Kharaysin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaukaba" title="Kaukaba">Kaukaba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khirbet_Hammam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khirbet Hammam (page does not exist)">Khirbet Hammam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khirbet_al-Dharih&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khirbet al-Dharih (page does not exist)">Khirbet al-Dharih</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matarrah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matarrah (page does not exist)">Matarrah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mugharat_al-Jawa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mugharat al-Jawa (page does not exist)">Mugharat al-Jawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munhata" title="Munhata">Munhata</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muraybet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muraybet (page does not exist)">Muraybet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mushash_163&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mushash 163 (page does not exist)">Mushash 163</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sayyeh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sayyeh (page does not exist)">Sayyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sha%27ar_HaGolan_(archaeological_site)" title="Sha'ar HaGolan (archaeological site)">Sha'ar HaGolan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabaqat_al-B%C3%BBma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tabaqat al-Bûma (page does not exist)">Tabaqat al-Bûma</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tell_Abu_Suwwan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tell Abu Suwwan (page does not exist)">Tell Abu Suwwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Ghoraif%C3%A9" title="Tell Ghoraifé">Tell Ghoraifé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Hassuna" title="Tell Hassuna">Tell Hassuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_Shemshara" title="Tell Shemshara">Tell Shemshara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tell_es-Sawwan" title="Tell es-Sawwan">Tell es-Sawwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleilat_el_Ghassul" class="mw-redirect" title="Teleilat el Ghassul">Teleilat el Ghassul</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Umm_Dabaghiyah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Umm Dabaghiyah (page does not exist)">Umm Dabaghiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wadi_Jilat_7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wadi Jilat 7 (page does not exist)">Wadi Jilat 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Shu%CA%BFeib_(archaeological_site)" title="Wadi Shuʿeib (archaeological site)">Wadi Shuʿeib</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zumlat_Arus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zumlat Arus (page does not exist)">Zumlat Arus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founder_crops" title="Founder crops">Founder crops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_demographic_transition" title="Neolithic demographic transition">Neolithic demographic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_decline" title="Neolithic decline">Neolithic decline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vavilov_centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Vavilov centre">Vavilov centre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prehistoric_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prehistoric_Asia" title="Template:Prehistoric Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prehistoric_Asia" title="Template talk:Prehistoric Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prehistoric_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Asia" title="Prehistoric Asia">Prehistoric Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dmanisi_hominins" title="Dmanisi hominins">Dmanisi hominins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Paleolithic" title="Japanese Paleolithic">Japanese Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Man" title="Java Man">Java Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Paleolithic_sites_in_China" title="List of Paleolithic sites in China">List of Paleolithic sites in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natufian_culture" title="Natufian culture">Natufian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mesopotamia#Paleolithic_and_Epipaleolithic_periods" title="History of Mesopotamia">Paleolithic Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peking_Man" title="Peking Man">Peking Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riwat" title="Riwat">Riwat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangiran" title="Sangiran">Sangiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soanian" title="Soanian">Soanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solo_Man" title="Solo Man">Solo Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Stone_Age" title="South Asian Stone Age">South Asian Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubeidiya_prehistoric_site" title="Ubeidiya prehistoric site">Ubeidiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiaochangliang" title="Xiaochangliang">Xiaochangliang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fertile_Crescent" title="Fertile Crescent">Fertile Crescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic#Early_settlements" title="Neolithic">Early Neolithic settlements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khiamian" class="mw-redirect" title="Khiamian">Khiamian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialetian" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialetian">Trialetian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Nemrikian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarzian_culture" title="Zarzian culture">Zarzian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Neolithic_cultures_of_China" title="List of Neolithic cultures of China">Neolithic China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Tibet" title="Neolithic Tibet">Neolithic Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Korea#Neolithic" title="Prehistoric Korea">Neolithic Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_South_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic South Asia">Neolithic South Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohalo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohalo">Ohalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic_A" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic A">Pre-Pottery Neolithic A</a> (Mesopotamia)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pre-Pottery Neolithic B</a> (Mesopotamia)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daimabad" title="Daimabad">Daimabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halaf_culture" title="Halaf culture">Halaf culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andronovo_culture" title="Andronovo culture">Andronovo culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Anatolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Anatolia">Bronze Age Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Caucasus">Bronze Age Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age China">Bronze Age China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_India" title="Bronze Age India">Bronze Age India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Korea">Bronze Age Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Levant">Bronze Age Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bronze_Age_sites_in_China" title="List of Bronze Age sites in China">List of Bronze Age sites in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seima-Turbino_phenomenon" class="mw-redirect" title="Seima-Turbino phenomenon">Seima-Turbino phenomenon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods" title="List of archaeological periods">Archaeological periods</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_time_periods" title="List of time periods">Time periods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prehistoric_technology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template talk:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prehistoric_technology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_technology" title="Prehistoric technology">Prehistoric technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_prehistory" title="Timeline of prehistory">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_prehistoric_technology" title="Outline of prehistoric technology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-age_system#Stone_Age_subdivisions" title="Three-age system">Subdivisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">New Stone Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology" title="Glossary of archaeology">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Tools" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Tools</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">Farming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founder_crops" title="Founder crops">Founder crops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_crops" title="New World crops">New World crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard_(plough)" title="Ard (plough)">Ard / plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celt_(tool)" title="Celt (tool)">Celt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digging_stick" title="Digging stick">Digging stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goad" title="Goad">Goad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_products_revolution" title="Secondary products revolution">Secondary products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sickle" title="Sickle">Sickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terracing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Food processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basket" title="Basket">Basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_oven" title="Earth oven">Earth oven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granary" title="Granary">Granaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinding_slab" title="Grinding slab">Grinding slab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_stone" title="Ground stone">Ground stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">Hearth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9F%C4%B1kl%C4%B1_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk#Hearths" title="Aşıklı Höyük">Aşıklı Höyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qesem_cave#Fire" title="Qesem cave">Qesem cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mano_(stone)" title="Mano (stone)">Manos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metate" title="Metate">Metate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">Mortar and pestle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_storage_pits" title="Prehistoric storage pits">Storage pits</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Hunting_hypothesis" title="Hunting hypothesis">Hunting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrow" title="Arrow">Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang" title="Boomerang">Boomerang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Throwing_stick" title="Throwing stick">throwing stick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_archery" title="History of archery">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Hunting" title="Gravettian">Nets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">Spear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spear-thrower" title="Spear-thrower">spear-thrower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_fragment_(Palart_310)" title="Baton fragment (Palart 310)">baton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpoon" title="Harpoon">harpoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6ningen_spears" title="Schöningen spears">Schöningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woomera_(spear-thrower)" title="Woomera (spear-thrower)">woomera</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">Projectile points</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrowhead" title="Arrowhead">Arrowhead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_arrowhead" title="Transverse arrowhead">Transverse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bare_Island_projectile_point" title="Bare Island projectile point">Bare Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_point" title="Cascade point">Cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creswellian_culture" title="Creswellian culture">Cresswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_point" title="Cumberland point">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_point" title="Eden point">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_point" title="Folsom point">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamoka_projectile_point" title="Lamoka projectile point">Lamoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manis_Mastodon_site" title="Manis Mastodon site">Manis Mastodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_point" title="Plano point">Plano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_drive_system" title="Game drive system">Game drive system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_jump" title="Buffalo jump">Buffalo jump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Toolmaking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industry_(archaeology)" title="Industry (archaeology)">Earliest toolmaking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oldowan" title="Oldowan">Oldowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurignacian" title="Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupstone" title="Cupstone">Cupstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_hardening" title="Fire hardening">Fire hardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian" title="Gravettian">Gravettian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafting" title="Hafting">Hafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_axe" title="Hand axe">Hand axe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grooves_(archaeology)" title="Grooves (archaeology)">Grooves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdale_axe_industry" title="Langdale axe industry">Langdale axe industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levallois_technique" title="Levallois technique">Levallois technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_core" title="Lithic core">Lithic core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_reduction" title="Lithic reduction">Lithic reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_analysis" title="Lithic analysis">analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debitage" title="Debitage">debitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_flake" title="Lithic flake">flake</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Lithic technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalenian" title="Magdalenian">Magdalenian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microblade_technology" title="Microblade technology">Microblade technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grime%27s_Graves" title="Grime's Graves">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepared-core_technique" title="Prepared-core technique">Prepared-core technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solutrean" title="Solutrean">Solutrean industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striking_platform" title="Striking platform">Striking platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_stone" title="Tool stone">Tool stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniface" title="Uniface">Uniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yubetsu_technique" title="Yubetsu technique">Yubetsu technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Other tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">Adze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stitching_awl" title="Stitching awl">Awl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Use_of_animal_remains" title="Gravettian">bone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">Axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannerstone" title="Bannerstone">Bannerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blade_(archaeology)" title="Blade (archaeology)">Blade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prismatic_blade" title="Prismatic blade">prismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_tool" title="Bone tool">Bone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_drill" title="Bow drill">Bow drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burin_(lithic_flake)" title="Burin (lithic flake)">Burin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe#History" title="Canoe">Canoe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oar" title="Oar">Oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesse_canoe" title="Pesse canoe">Pesse canoe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopper_(archaeology)" title="Chopper (archaeology)">Chopper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chopping_tool" title="Chopping tool">tool</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaver_(Stone_Age_tool)" title="Cleaver (Stone Age tool)">Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denticulate_tool" title="Denticulate tool">Denticulate tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_plough" title="Fire plough">Fire plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-saw" title="Fire-saw">Fire-saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammerstone" title="Hammerstone">Hammerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knife" title="Knife">Knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microlith" title="Microlith">Microlith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racloir" title="Racloir">Racloir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scraper_(archaeology)" title="Scraper (archaeology)">Scraper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grattoir_de_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9" title="Grattoir de côté">side</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">Stone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tally_stick#Paleolithic_tally_sticks" title="Tally stick">Tally stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_weapons#Copper_Age" title="History of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">Wheel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronocice_pot" title="Bronocice pot">illustration</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Architecture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Ceremonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">Kiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">Standing stones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megalith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_row" title="Stone row">row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Dwellings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_architecture" title="Neolithic architecture">Neolithic architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_long_house" title="Neolithic long house">long house</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_megalith_architecture" title="British megalith architecture">British megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_megalith_architecture" title="Nordic megalith architecture">Nordic megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burdei" title="Burdei">Burdei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_dwelling" title="Cliff dwelling">Cliff dwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(shelter)" title="Dugout (shelter)">Dugout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hut" title="Hut">Hut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quiggly_hole" title="Quiggly hole">Quiggly hole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacal" title="Jacal">Jacal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse" title="Longhouse">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">Mudbrick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh#Lifestyle_and_technology" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit-house" title="Pit-house">Pit-house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_pueblitos" title="Navajo pueblitos">Pueblitos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo" title="Pueblo">Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_shelter" title="Rock shelter">Rock shelter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abri_de_la_Madeleine" title="Abri de la Madeleine">Abri de la Madeleine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibudu_Cave" title="Sibudu Cave">Sibudu Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundhouse_(dwelling)" title="Roundhouse (dwelling)">Roundhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilt_house" title="Stilt house">Stilt house</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_pile_dwellings_around_the_Alps" title="Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps">Alp pile dwellings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ness_of_Brodgar" title="Ness of Brodgar">Stone roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattle_and_daub" title="Wattle and daub">Wattle and daub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Water management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Check_dam" title="Check dam">Check dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet#History" title="Flush toilet">Flush toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well" title="Well">Well</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feature_(archaeology)" title="Feature (archaeology)">Archaeological features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broch" title="Broch">Broch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnt_mound" title="Burnt mound">Burnt mound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fulacht_fiadh" title="Fulacht fiadh">fulacht fiadh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causewayed_enclosure" title="Causewayed enclosure">Causewayed enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tor_enclosure" title="Tor enclosure">Tor enclosure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_circular_enclosures_in_Central_Europe" title="Neolithic circular enclosures in Central Europe">Circular enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goseck_Circle" title="Goseck Circle">Goseck</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus" title="Cursus">Cursus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henge" title="Henge">Henge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thornborough_Henges" title="Thornborough Henges">Thornborough</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_architectural_elements" title="Megalithic architectural elements">Megalithic architectural elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_extant_buildings" title="List of oldest extant buildings">Oldest extant buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_circle" title="Timber circle">Timber circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_trackway" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber trackway">Timber trackway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Track" title="Sweet Track">Sweet Track</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Arts_and_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Material goods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basket_weaving" title="Basket weaving">Baskets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beadwork" title="Beadwork">Beadwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed#History" title="Bed">Beds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">Clothing/textiles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology" title="Timeline of clothing and textiles technology">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cosmetics" title="History of cosmetics">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Stone_Age" title="Middle Stone Age">Glue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_hide_materials" title="History of hide materials">Hides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoe#History" title="Shoe">shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi#Clothes_and_shoes" title="Ötzi">Ötzi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery#History" title="Jewellery">Jewelry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amber#Use" title="Amber">amber use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror#History" title="Mirror">Mirrors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery#History" title="Pottery">Pottery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardium_pottery" title="Cardium pottery">Cardium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cord-marked_pottery" title="Cord-marked pottery">Cord-marked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooved_ware" title="Grooved ware">Grooved ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_pottery" title="Jōmon pottery">Jōmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unstan_ware" title="Unstan ware">Unstan ware</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewing_needle#History" title="Sewing needle">Sewing needle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">Wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areni-1_winery" title="Areni-1 winery">winery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_wine_press#Early_history" title="History of the wine press">wine press</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Upper_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Upper Paleolithic">Art of the Upper Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Middle_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Middle Paleolithic">Art of the Middle Paleolithic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave#Archaeological_remains_and_material_culture_from_the_Middle_Stone_Age_levels" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Stone_Age_art" title="List of Stone Age art">List of Stone Age art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_stone" title="Bird stone">Bird stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairn" title="Cairn">Cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carved_stone_balls" title="Carved stone balls">Carved stone balls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">Cave paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cup_and_ring_mark" title="Cup and ring mark">Cup and ring mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoglyph" title="Geoglyph">Geoglyph</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hill_figure" title="Hill figure">Hill figure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_hat" title="Golden hat">Golden hats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_stones" title="Guardian stones">Guardian stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwion_Gwion_rock_paintings" title="Gwion Gwion rock paintings">Gwion Gwion rock paintings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_painting#Pre-history" title="History of painting">painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigment#History" title="Pigment">pigment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_art" title="Megalithic art">Megalithic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroform" title="Petroform">Petroform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">Petroglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrosomatoglyph" title="Petrosomatoglyph">Petrosomatoglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">Rock art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_cupule" title="Rock cupule">Rock cupule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_carving" title="Stone carving">Stone carving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture#Prehistoric_periods" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_menhir" title="Statue menhir">Statue menhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circle" title="Stone circle">Stone circle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stone_circles" title="List of stone circles">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circles_in_the_British_Isles_and_Brittany" title="Stone circles in the British Isles and Brittany">British Isles and Brittany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_figurine" title="Venus figurine">Venus figurine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Burial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">Burial mounds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowl_barrow" title="Bowl barrow">Bowl barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_barrow" title="Round barrow">Round barrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_burial_mounds_in_the_United_States" title="List of burial mounds in the United States">U.S. sites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_tomb" title="Chamber tomb">Chamber tomb</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cotswold-Severn_Group" title="Cotswold-Severn Group">Cotswold-Severn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cist" title="Cist">Cist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dartmoor_kistvaens" title="Dartmoor kistvaens">Dartmoor kistvaens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clava_cairn" title="Clava cairn">Clava cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_cairn" title="Court cairn">Court cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremation#History" title="Cremation">Cremation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">Dolmen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_dolmen" title="Great dolmen">Great dolmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyre" title="Pyre">Funeral pyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallery_grave" title="Gallery grave">Gallery grave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transepted_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Transepted gallery grave">transepted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge-shaped_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedge-shaped gallery grave">wedge-shaped</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">Grave goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar_burial" title="Jar burial">Jar burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_barrow" title="Long barrow">Long barrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_barrow" title="Unchambered long barrow">unchambered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B8nsalen" title="Grønsalen">Grønsalen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalithic tomb">Megalithic tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_grave" title="Passage grave">Passage grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectangular_dolmen" title="Rectangular dolmen">Rectangular dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_cairn" title="Ring cairn">Ring cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_dolmen" title="Simple dolmen">Simple dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_box_grave" title="Stone box grave">Stone box grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_cairn" title="Tor cairn">Tor cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_cairn" title="Unchambered long cairn">Unchambered long cairn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeoastronomy" title="Archaeoastronomy">Archaeoastronomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeoastronomical_sites_by_country" title="List of archaeoastronomical sites by country">sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">lunar calendar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_musicology" title="Evolutionary musicology">Evolutionary musicology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_archaeology" title="Music archaeology">music archaeology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogenic_drugs_and_the_archaeological_record" title="Entheogenic drugs and the archaeological record">Spiritual drug use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_counting" title="Prehistoric counting">Prehistoric counting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_medicine" title="Prehistoric medicine">Prehistoric medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trepanning" title="Trepanning">trepanning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">Prehistoric music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_drum" title="Alligator drum">Alligator drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_flute" title="Paleolithic flute">flutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divje_Babe_flute" title="Divje Babe flute">Divje Babe flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_(instrument)" title="Gudi (instrument)">gudi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diepkloof_Rock_Shelter" title="Diepkloof Rock Shelter">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howiesons_Poort#Symbolism" title="Howiesons Poort">symbolism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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