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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accessories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accessories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Accessories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accessories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Headphones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Headphones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Headphones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Headphones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design_variety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_variety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Design variety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design_variety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Community" 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vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi%C3%B2fil" title="Audiòfil – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Audiòfil" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi%C3%B3filo" title="Audiófilo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Audiófilo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="صداباز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صداباز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiophile" title="Audiophile – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Audiophile" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiofil" title="Audiofil – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Audiofil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiofilo" title="Audiofilo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Audiofilo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Аудиофил – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Аудиофил" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiofilas" title="Audiofilas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Audiofilas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiofiel" title="Audiofiel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Audiofiel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AA%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2" title="オーディオマニア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オーディオマニア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiofil" title="Audiofil – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Audiofil" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi%C3%B3filo" title="Audiófilo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Audiófilo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiofil" title="Audiofil – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Audiofil" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Аудиофил – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аудиофил" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiophile" title="Audiophile – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Audiophile" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiofiili" title="Audiofiili – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Audiofiili" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyofil" title="Odyofil – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Odyofil" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB" title="Аудіофіл – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аудіофіл" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiophile" title="Audiophile – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Audiophile" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E5%93%8D%E7%88%B1%E5%A5%BD%E8%80%85" title="音响爱好者 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="音响爱好者" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2035081#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Audiophile" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Audiophiles&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Audiophiles">Audiophiles</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">High-fidelity sound reproduction enthusiast</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Audio-Technica_ATH-AD7_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Audio-Technica_ATH-AD7_001.jpg/220px-Audio-Technica_ATH-AD7_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Audio-Technica_ATH-AD7_001.jpg/330px-Audio-Technica_ATH-AD7_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Audio-Technica_ATH-AD7_001.jpg/440px-Audio-Technica_ATH-AD7_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>A good pair of <a href="/wiki/Headphones" title="Headphones">headphones</a> are often associated with the audiophile</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>audiophile</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">audīre</i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'to hear' + <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">φίλος</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">philos</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'loving') is a person who is enthusiastic about <a href="/wiki/High-fidelity" class="mw-redirect" title="High-fidelity">high-fidelity</a> <a href="/wiki/Sound_reproduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound reproduction">sound reproduction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The audiophile seeks to achieve high <a href="/wiki/Sound_quality" title="Sound quality">sound quality</a> in the audio reproduction of recorded music, typically in a quiet listening space in a room with good <a href="/wiki/Acoustics" title="Acoustics">acoustics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Audiophile values may be applied at all stages of music reproduction –the initial <a href="/wiki/Audio_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio recording">audio recording</a>, the production process, the storage of sound data, and the playback (usually in a home setting). In general, the values of an audiophile are seen to be antithetical to the growing popularity of more convenient but lower-quality music, especially <a href="/wiki/Lossy_compression" title="Lossy compression">lossy</a> digital file types like <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a>, lower-definition <a href="/wiki/Music_streaming_service" title="Music streaming service">music streaming services</a>, laptop or cell phone speakers, and low-cost headphones.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i><a href="/wiki/High-end_audio" title="High-end audio">high-end audio</a></i> refers to playback equipment used by audiophiles, which may be bought at specialist shops and websites.<sup id="cite_ref-perlman1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perlman1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High-end components include <a href="/wiki/Phonograph#Turntable_technology" title="Phonograph">turntables</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital-to-analog_converter" title="Digital-to-analog converter">digital-to-analog converters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equalization_(audio)" title="Equalization (audio)">equalization</a> devices, <a href="/wiki/Preamplifier" title="Preamplifier">preamplifiers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amplifiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Amplifiers">amplifiers</a> (both solid-state and <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tube</a>), <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">loudspeakers</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Horn_loudspeaker" title="Horn loudspeaker">horn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_loudspeaker" title="Electrostatic loudspeaker">electrostatic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnetostatic_loudspeaker" title="Magnetostatic loudspeaker">magnetostatic</a> speakers), <a href="/wiki/Power_conditioner" title="Power conditioner">power conditioners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subwoofer" title="Subwoofer">subwoofers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Headphones" title="Headphones">headphones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Soundproofing" title="Soundproofing">acoustic room treatment</a> in addition to room correction devices.<sup id="cite_ref-Veen1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Veen1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OConnell1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OConnell1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although many audiophile techniques are based on objective criteria that can be verified using techniques like <a href="/wiki/ABX_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="ABX testing">ABX testing</a>, perceived sound quality is necessarily subjective, often with subtle differences, leading to some more controversial audiophile techniques being based on <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscientific" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudoscientific">pseudoscientific</a> principles.<sup id="cite_ref-lost-in-music_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lost-in-music-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Audio_playback_components">Audio playback components</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audiophile&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Audio playback components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An audio system typically consists of one or more source components, one or more amplification components, and (for <a href="/wiki/Stereophonic_sound" title="Stereophonic sound">stereo</a>) two or more <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">loudspeakers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Audio_and_video_connector" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio and video connector">Signal cables</a> (analog audio, speaker, digital audio etc.) are used to link these components. There are also a variety of accessories, including equipment racks, <a href="/wiki/Power_conditioner" title="Power conditioner">power conditioners</a>, devices to reduce or control <a href="/wiki/Vibration" title="Vibration">vibration</a>, record cleaners, anti-static devices, phonograph needle cleaners, <a href="/wiki/Reverberation" title="Reverberation">reverberation</a> reducing devices such as speaker pads and stands, sound absorbent foam, and <a href="/wiki/Soundproofing" title="Soundproofing">soundproofing</a>. </p><p>The interaction between the loudspeakers and the room (<a href="/wiki/Room_acoustics" title="Room acoustics">room acoustics</a>) plays an important part in sound quality. Sound vibrations are reflected from walls, floor and ceiling, and are affected by the room's contents. Room dimensions can create <a href="/wiki/Standing_wave" title="Standing wave">standing waves</a> at particular (usually low) frequencies. There are devices and materials for <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_treatment#Absorption" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoustic treatment">room treatment</a> that affect sound quality. Soft materials, such as draperies and carpets, can absorb higher frequencies, whereas hard walls and floors can cause excess reverberation. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:179px;max-width:179px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:177px;max-width:177px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turntable-floating-view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Turntable-floating-view.jpg/175px-Turntable-floating-view.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Turntable-floating-view.jpg/263px-Turntable-floating-view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Turntable-floating-view.jpg/350px-Turntable-floating-view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Modern turntable.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:177px;max-width:177px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cd-player-top-loading-and-DAC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Cd-player-top-loading-and-DAC.jpg/175px-Cd-player-top-loading-and-DAC.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Cd-player-top-loading-and-DAC.jpg/263px-Cd-player-top-loading-and-DAC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Cd-player-top-loading-and-DAC.jpg/350px-Cd-player-top-loading-and-DAC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2300" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Top-loading CD player and external D-to-A converter.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:177px;max-width:177px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Harumphy.Quad_ii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Harumphy.Quad_ii.jpg/175px-Harumphy.Quad_ii.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Harumphy.Quad_ii.jpg/263px-Harumphy.Quad_ii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Harumphy.Quad_ii.jpg/350px-Harumphy.Quad_ii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2556" data-file-height="1884" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Quad_Electroacoustics" title="Quad Electroacoustics">Quad</a> II, an early monoblock valve (vacuum tube) amplifier.</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sound_sources">Sound sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audiophile&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sound sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Audiophiles play music from a variety of sources including <a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">phonograph records</a>, <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">compact discs</a> (CDs), and <a href="/wiki/Audio_file_format" title="Audio file format">digital audio files</a> that are either uncompressed or are <a href="/wiki/Lossless_compression" title="Lossless compression">losslessly compressed</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/FLAC" title="FLAC">FLAC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Direct_Stream_Digital" title="Direct Stream Digital">DSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Audio_9_Lossless" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Media Audio 9 Lossless">Windows Media Audio 9 Lossless</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apple_Lossless" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Lossless">Apple Lossless</a> (ALAC), in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Data_compression#Lossy_audio_compression" title="Data compression">lossy compression</a>, such as in <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a> encoding. From the early 1990s, CDs were the most common source of high-quality music. Nevertheless, <a href="/wiki/Phonograph#Turntable_technology" title="Phonograph">turntables</a>, tonearms, and <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_cartridge" title="Magnetic cartridge">magnetic cartridges</a> are still used, despite the difficulties of keeping records free from dust and the delicate set-up associated with turntables. </p><p>The 44.1 kHz <a href="/wiki/Sampling_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sampling rate">sampling rate</a> of the CD format, in theory, restricts CD information losses to above the theoretical <a href="/wiki/Nyquist_limit" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyquist limit">upper-frequency limit</a> of <a href="/wiki/Human_hearing" class="mw-redirect" title="Human hearing">human hearing</a> – 20 kHz. Nonetheless, newer formats such as FLAC, ALAC, <a href="/wiki/DVD-Audio" title="DVD-Audio">DVD-Audio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Super_Audio_CD" title="Super Audio CD">Super Audio Compact Disc</a> (SACD) allow for sampling rates of 88.2 kHz, 96 kHz or even 192 kHz. Higher sample rates allow fewer restrictions on filter choices in playback components, and some audiophiles upsample from the source rate to higher rates to achieve different filter properties.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CD audio signals are encoded in 16-bit values. Higher-definition consumer formats such as <a href="/wiki/High_Definition_Compatible_Digital" title="High Definition Compatible Digital">HDCD</a>-encoded CDs, DVD-Audio, and SA-CD contain 20-bit, 24-bit and even 32-bit audio streams. With more bits, more <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range" title="Dynamic range">dynamic range</a> is possible; 20-bit dynamic range is theoretically 120 dB—the limit of most consumer electronic playback equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-HuberRunstein2005_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HuberRunstein2005-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>SACDs and DVD-Audio have up to 5.1 to 6.1 surround sound. Although both high-res optical formats have failed, there has been a resurgence in high-res digital files. SACD can be stored as a DSD file, and DVD-Audio can be stored as an FLAC or ALAC file. FLAC is the most widely used digital format for high-res with up to 8 channels, a maximum depth of 32-bit, and 655,350 Hz sampling rate. Uncompressed formats such as WAV and AIFF files can store audio CDs without compression. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amplifiers">Amplifiers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audiophile&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Amplifiers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Preamplifier" title="Preamplifier">preamplifier</a> selects among several audio inputs, amplifies source-level signals (such as those from a turntable), and allows the listener to adjust the sound with volume and tone controls. Many audiophile-oriented preamplifiers lack tone controls. A power <a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">amplifier</a> takes the "line-level" audio signal from the preamplifier and drives the <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">loudspeakers</a>. An integrated amplifier combines the functions of power amplification with input switching and volume and tone control. Both pre/power combinations and integrated amplifiers are widely used by audiophiles. </p><p>Audiophile amplifiers are available based on solid-state (<a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a>) technology, <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum-tube</a> (valve) technology, or hybrid technology—semiconductors and vacuum tubes. </p><p>Dedicated amplifiers are also commonly used by audiophiles to drive headphones, especially those with high impedance and/or low sensitivity, or <a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_headphones" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrostatic headphones">electrostatic headphones</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loudspeakers">Loudspeakers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audiophile&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Loudspeakers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The loudspeaker's cabinet is known as the <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker_enclosure" title="Loudspeaker enclosure">enclosure</a>. There are a variety of loudspeaker enclosure designs, including sealed cabinets (<a href="/wiki/Acoustic_suspension" title="Acoustic suspension">acoustic suspension</a>), ported cabinets (<a href="/wiki/Bass-reflex" class="mw-redirect" title="Bass-reflex">bass-reflex</a>), transmission line, infinite baffles, and horn-loaded. The enclosure plays a major role in the sound of the loudspeaker. </p><p>Depending on the frequencies reproduced, the drivers that produce the sound are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Tweeter" title="Tweeter">tweeters</a> for high frequencies, <a href="/wiki/Mid-range_speaker" title="Mid-range speaker">midranges</a> for middle frequencies, such as voice and lead instruments, and <a href="/wiki/Woofer" title="Woofer">woofers</a> for bass frequencies. Driver designs include <a href="/wiki/Electrodynamic_speaker_driver" title="Electrodynamic speaker driver">dynamic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_loudspeaker" title="Electrostatic loudspeaker">electrostatic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plasma_speaker" title="Plasma speaker">plasma</a>, ribbon, planar, ionic, and servo-actuated. Drivers are made from various materials, including paper pulp, polypropylene, kevlar, aluminium, magnesium, beryllium, and vapour-deposited diamond. </p><p>The direction and intensity of the output of a loudspeaker, called dispersion or polar response, has a large effect on its sound.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various methods are employed to control the dispersion. These methods include monopolar, bipolar, dipolar, 360-degree, horn, waveguide, and line source. These terms refer to the configuration and arrangement of the various drivers in the enclosure. </p><p>The positioning of loudspeakers in the room strongly influences the sound experience.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Loudspeaker output is influenced by interaction with room boundaries, particularly bass response, and high-frequency transducers are directional, or "beaming". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accessories">Accessories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audiophile&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Accessories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Audiophiles use a wide variety of accessories and fine-tuning techniques, sometimes referred to as "tweaks", to improve the sound of their systems. These include power conditioner filters to "clean" the electricity,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> equipment racks to isolate components from floor vibrations, specialty power and audio cables, loudspeaker stands (and footers to isolate speakers from stands), and room treatments. </p><p>There are several types of room treatment. Sound-absorbing materials may be placed strategically within a listening room to reduce the amplitude of early reflections, and to deal with resonance modes. Other treatments are designed to produce diffusion, reflection of sound in a scattered fashion. Room treatments can be expensive and difficult to optimize. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Headphones">Headphones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audiophile&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Headphones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Headphones are regularly used by audiophiles. These products can be remarkably expensive, some over $10,000,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in general are much cheaper than comparable speaker systems. They have the advantage of not requiring room treatment and being usable without requiring others to listen at the same time. However, many audiophiles still prefer speaker systems over headphones due to their ability to simulate an immersive, rounded sonic environment. Newer <a href="/wiki/Headphones#In-ear_headphones" title="Headphones">canalphones</a> can be driven by the less powerful outputs found on portable music players. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design_variety">Design variety</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audiophile&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Design variety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For music storage and playback, <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">digital</a> formats offer an absence of clicks, pops, <a href="/wiki/Wow_(recording)" title="Wow (recording)">wow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flutter_(electronics_and_communication)" title="Flutter (electronics and communication)">flutter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_feedback" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoustic feedback">acoustic feedback</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rumble_(noise)" title="Rumble (noise)">rumble</a>, compared to vinyl records. Depending on the format, digital can have a higher <a href="/wiki/Signal-to-noise_ratio" title="Signal-to-noise ratio">signal-to-noise ratio</a>, a wider <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range" title="Dynamic range">dynamic range</a>, less <a href="/wiki/Total_harmonic_distortion" title="Total harmonic distortion">total harmonic distortion</a>, and a flatter and more extended <a href="/wiki/Frequency_response" title="Frequency response">frequency response</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Masters_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masters-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Digital_recording" title="Digital recording">digital recording</a> and playback processes may include degradations not found in the analog processes, such as timing jitter and distortions associated with band limiting filter choices.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vinyl records remain popular and discussion about the relative merits of analog and digital sound continues (see <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_analog_and_digital_recording" title="Comparison of analog and digital recording">Comparison of analog and digital recording</a>). Note that vinyl records may be mastered differently from their digital versions, and multiple digital remasters may exist. </p><p>In the amplification stage, <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum-tube</a> electronics remain popular, despite most other applications having since abandoned tubes for <a href="/wiki/Solid_state_(electronics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid state (electronics)">solid state</a> amplifiers. Vacuum-tube amplifiers often have higher <a href="/wiki/Total_harmonic_distortion" title="Total harmonic distortion">total harmonic distortion</a>, require rebiasing, are less reliable, generate more heat, are less powerful, and cost more.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also continuing debate about the proper use of <a href="/wiki/Negative_feedback" title="Negative feedback">negative feedback</a> in amplifier design.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Community">Community</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audiophile&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Community"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The audiophile community is scattered across many different platforms and communication methods. In person, one can find audiophiles at audio-related events such as music festivals, <a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">theaters</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">concerts</a>. The online audiophile community is even more widespread, with users on web forums and apps such as <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a>, and others. These groups are self-identified audiophiles and will often contribute to their communities by mentoring new audiophiles, posting their current audio configurations, and sharing news related to the audiophile community. </p><p>Among the listeners themselves, audiophiles will commonly differentiate community members between "golden eared" and "wooden eared" individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who are deemed as having "golden ears" are people who can accurately express the description of a sound or sonic environment, whereas those with "wooden ears" are implied to be untrained in listening and needing more guidance or assistance. These labels are not permanent, however, and people within these two groups can move between the groups interchangeably, often depending on the judgement of others within the community. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audiophile&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is substantial controversy on the subject of audiophile components; many have asserted that the occasionally high cost produces no measurable improvement in audio reproduction.<sup id="cite_ref-lost-in-music_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lost-in-music-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, skeptic <a href="/wiki/James_Randi" title="James Randi">James Randi</a>, through his foundation <a href="/wiki/One_Million_Dollar_Paranormal_Challenge" title="One Million Dollar Paranormal Challenge">One Million Dollar Paranormal Challenge</a>, offered a prize of $1 million to anyone able to demonstrate that $7,250 audio cables "are any better than ordinary audio cables".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, audio reviewer <a href="/wiki/Michael_Fremer" title="Michael Fremer">Michael Fremer</a> attempted to claim the prize, and said that Randi declined the challenge.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Randi said that the cable manufacturer Pear Cables was the one who withdrew.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another commonly referenced study done by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Greenspun" title="Philip Greenspun">Philip Greenspun</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leigh_Klotz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leigh Klotz (page does not exist)">Leigh Klotz</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> found that although test subjects were able to distinguish between high fidelity, "expensive" cables versus common use cables, there was no statistically significant preference between the two cables.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greenspun and Klotz expect that critics of the study will point to the fact that this experiment was not done as a <a href="/wiki/Blinded_experiment" title="Blinded experiment">double-blind test</a>, but this critique has a counter in that the study participants felt as though the experiment solely isolated the subjects' opinions on sound quality and nothing more. </p><p>There is disagreement on how <a href="/wiki/Audio_equipment_testing" title="Audio equipment testing">equipment testing</a> should be conducted and its utility. Audiophile publications frequently describe differences in quality which are not detected by standard <a href="/wiki/Audio_system_measurements" title="Audio system measurements">audio system measurements</a> and <a href="/wiki/Double_blind_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Double blind testing">double blind testing</a>, claiming that they perceive differences in audio quality which cannot be measured by current instrumentation,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and cannot be detected by listeners if listening conditions are <a href="/wiki/Scientific_control" title="Scientific control">controlled</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but without providing an explanation for those claims. </p><p>Criticisms usually focus on claims around so-called "tweaks" and accessories beyond the core source, amplification, and speaker products. Examples of these accessories include speaker cables, component interconnects, stones, cones, CD markers, and power cables or conditioners.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Russell_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most notorious "tweakers" was <a href="/wiki/Peter_Belt" title="Peter Belt">Peter Belt</a>, who introduced numerous eccentric innovations that included a £500 "quantum clip" that consisted of a <a href="/wiki/Crocodile_clip" title="Crocodile clip">crocodile clip</a> with a short length of copper wire attached.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audiophile&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_quality" title="Broadcast quality">Broadcast quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_audio" title="Professional audio">Professional audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Videophile" title="Videophile">Videophile</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Audiophile publications</dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Absolute_Sound" title="The Absolute Sound">The Absolute Sound</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stereophile" title="Stereophile">Stereophile</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What_Hi-Fi%3F_Sound_and_Vision" class="mw-redirect" title="What Hi-Fi? Sound and Vision">What Hi-Fi? Sound and Vision</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audiophile&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/audiophile">"Audiophile"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=God+is+in+the+Nuances&rft.date=2000-01-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stereophile.com%2Ffeatures%2F203%2Findex11.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAudiophile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stereophile.com/features/141">"<i>The Highs and Lows of Double Blind Testing</i>"</a>. 5 May 1985<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cheap+Tweaks+That+Sound+Like+a+Million+Bucks%21%21%21&rft.pub=Enjoy+The+Music&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Kinch&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enjoythemusic.com%2FMagazine%2Fequipment%2F1000%2Fcheaptweaks.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAudiophile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Russell-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Russell_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell1999–2007" class="citation web cs1">Russell, Roger (1999–2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roger-russell.com/wire/wire.htm">"Speaker Wire – A History"</a>. Roger Russell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071105093122/http://www.roger-russell.com/wire/wire.htm#gordongow">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PWB+Electronics&rft.atitle=PWB+Price+List&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pwbelectronics.co.uk%2Fpwb-price-list&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAudiophile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audiophile&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101118071651/http://www.audiophilia.com/wp/">Audiophilia: The Online Journal for the Serious Audiophile</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gizmodo.com/5213042/why-we-need-audiophiles">Why We Need Audiophiles</a> (Gizmodo)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.audiophile.org/">High end Audio and Audiophile Pages</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.EnjoyTheMusic.com/">Enjoy the Music.com: Equipment reviews, industry news, shows reports, etc.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hificlube.net/">Portuguese High end Audio benchmark reviews and reports website from José Victor Henriques.</a></li></ul> <p><b>Audio societies</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asonaudiophiles.org/">Audiophile Society of New South Wales</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090106141001/http://www.baasnotes.com/">Bay Area Audiophile Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bostonaudiosociety.org/">Boston Audio Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagoaudio.org/">Chicago Audio Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coloradoaudiosociety.org/">Colorado Audio Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laocaudiosociety.com/">Los Angeles and Orange County Audio Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://audiosociety.org/">Pacific Northwest Audio Society</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img 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