CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Audiophile - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"e3d41c27-b123-4c0d-b37d-3ea92b10e4a3","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Audiophile","wgTitle":"Audiophile","wgCurRevisionId":1254540931,"wgRevisionId":1254540931,"wgArticleId":145372,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from January 2023","Articles containing Latin-language text","Articles containing Greek-language text","Wikipedia external links cleanup from October 2023","Hobbies","Audio engineering"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Audiophile","wgRelevantArticleId":145372,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable": true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q2035081","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false, "wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","mediawiki.action.styles":"ready","mediawiki.interface.helpers.styles":"ready","mediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles":"ready","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin", "mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.action.styles%7Cmediawiki.codex.messagebox.styles%7Cmediawiki.interface.helpers.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow,max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Audio-Technica_ATH-AD7_001.jpg/1200px-Audio-Technica_ATH-AD7_001.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="797"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Audio-Technica_ATH-AD7_001.jpg/800px-Audio-Technica_ATH-AD7_001.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="531"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Audio-Technica_ATH-AD7_001.jpg/640px-Audio-Technica_ATH-AD7_001.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="425"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Audiophile - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiophile"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Audiophile&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiophile"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Audiophile rootpage-Audiophile skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Audiophile&returntoquery=oldid%3D1254540931" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Audiophile&returntoquery=oldid%3D1254540931" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Audiophile&returntoquery=oldid%3D1254540931" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Audiophile&returntoquery=oldid%3D1254540931" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Audio_playback_components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audio_playback_components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Audio playback components</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Audio_playback_components-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Audio playback components subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Audio_playback_components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sound_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sound_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Sound sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sound_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amplifiers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amplifiers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Amplifiers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amplifiers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loudspeakers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loudspeakers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Loudspeakers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loudspeakers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accessories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accessories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Accessories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accessories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Headphones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Headphones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Headphones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Headphones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design_variety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_variety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Design variety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design_variety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Community</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Controversies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Audiophile</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi%C3%B2fil" title="Audiòfil – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Audiòfil" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi%C3%B3filo" title="Audiófilo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Audiófilo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="صداباز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صداباز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiophile" title="Audiophile – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Audiophile" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiofil" title="Audiofil – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Audiofil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiofilo" title="Audiofilo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Audiofilo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Аудиофил – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Аудиофил" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiofilas" title="Audiofilas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Audiofilas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiofiel" title="Audiofiel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Audiofiel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%AA%E3%83%9E%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2" title="オーディオマニア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オーディオマニア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiofil" title="Audiofil – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Audiofil" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi%C3%B3filo" title="Audiófilo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Audiófilo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiofil" title="Audiofil – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Audiofil" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Аудиофил – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аудиофил" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiophile" title="Audiophile – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Audiophile" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiofiili" title="Audiofiili – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Audiofiili" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odyofil" title="Odyofil – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Odyofil" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB" title="Аудіофіл – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аудіофіл" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audiophile" title="Audiophile – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Audiophile" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E5%93%8D%E7%88%B1%E5%A5%BD%E8%80%85" title="音响爱好者 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="音响爱好者" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2035081#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Audiophile" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Audiophile" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Audiophile"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audiophile&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audiophile&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Audiophile"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audiophile&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audiophile&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Audiophile" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Audiophile" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audiophile&oldid=1254540931" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audiophile&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Audiophile&id=1254540931&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAudiophile%26oldid%3D1254540931"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DAudiophile%26oldid%3D1254540931"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Audiophile&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audiophile&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Audiophile" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2035081" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><div class="cdx-message cdx-message--block cdx-message--warning mw-revision"><span class="cdx-message__icon"></span><div class="cdx-message__content"><div id="mw-revision-info-current"><p><b>This is the <a href="/wiki/Help:Page_history" title="Help:Page history">current revision</a> of this page, as edited by <span id="mw-revision-name"><a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/2001:8A0:5E4D:9F00:4C4D:15DB:4754:3CD8" class="mw-userlink mw-anonuserlink" title="Special:Contributions/2001:8A0:5E4D:9F00:4C4D:15DB:4754:3CD8" data-mw-revid="1254540931"><bdi>2001:8a0:5e4d:9f00:4c4d:15db:4754:3cd8</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=User_talk:2001:8A0:5E4D:9F00:4C4D:15DB:4754:3CD8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:2001:8A0:5E4D:9F00:4C4D:15DB:4754:3CD8 (page does not exist)">talk</a>)</span></span> at <span id="mw-revision-date">14:12, 31 October 2024</span><span id="mw-revision-summary"> <span class="comment">(ref)</span></span>. The present address (URL) is a <a href="/wiki/Help:Permanent_link" title="Help:Permanent link">permanent link</a> to this version.</b></p><div id="revision-info-current-plain" style="display: none;">Revision as of 14:12, 31 October 2024 by <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/2001:8A0:5E4D:9F00:4C4D:15DB:4754:3CD8" class="mw-userlink mw-anonuserlink" title="Special:Contributions/2001:8A0:5E4D:9F00:4C4D:15DB:4754:3CD8" data-mw-revid="1254540931"><bdi>2001:8a0:5e4d:9f00:4c4d:15db:4754:3cd8</bdi></a> <span class="mw-usertoollinks">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=User_talk:2001:8A0:5E4D:9F00:4C4D:15DB:4754:3CD8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new mw-usertoollinks-talk" title="User talk:2001:8A0:5E4D:9F00:4C4D:15DB:4754:3CD8 (page does not exist)">talk</a>)</span> <span class="comment">(ref)</span></div></div><div id="mw-revision-nav">(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Audiophile&diff=prev&oldid=1254540931" title="Audiophile">diff</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Audiophile&direction=prev&oldid=1254540931" title="Audiophile">← Previous revision</a> | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)</div></div></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">High-fidelity sound reproduction enthusiast</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Audio-Technica_ATH-AD7_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Audio-Technica_ATH-AD7_001.jpg/220px-Audio-Technica_ATH-AD7_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Audio-Technica_ATH-AD7_001.jpg/330px-Audio-Technica_ATH-AD7_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Audio-Technica_ATH-AD7_001.jpg/440px-Audio-Technica_ATH-AD7_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>A good pair of <a href="/wiki/Headphones" title="Headphones">headphones</a> are often associated with the audiophile</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>audiophile</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">audīre</i>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'to hear' + <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">φίλος</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Greek" title="Romanization of Greek">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">philos</i></span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> </small>'loving') is a person who is enthusiastic about <a href="/wiki/High-fidelity" class="mw-redirect" title="High-fidelity">high-fidelity</a> <a href="/wiki/Sound_reproduction" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound reproduction">sound reproduction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The audiophile seeks to achieve high <a href="/wiki/Sound_quality" title="Sound quality">sound quality</a> in the audio reproduction of recorded music, typically in a quiet listening space in a room with good <a href="/wiki/Acoustics" title="Acoustics">acoustics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Audiophile values may be applied at all stages of music reproduction –the initial <a href="/wiki/Audio_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio recording">audio recording</a>, the production process, the storage of sound data, and the playback (usually in a home setting). In general, the values of an audiophile are seen to be antithetical to the growing popularity of more convenient but lower-quality music, especially <a href="/wiki/Lossy_compression" title="Lossy compression">lossy</a> digital file types like <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a>, lower-definition <a href="/wiki/Music_streaming_service" title="Music streaming service">music streaming services</a>, laptop or cell phone speakers, and low-cost headphones.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term <i><a href="/wiki/High-end_audio" title="High-end audio">high-end audio</a></i> refers to playback equipment used by audiophiles, which may be bought at specialist shops and websites.<sup id="cite_ref-perlman1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perlman1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High-end components include <a href="/wiki/Phonograph#Turntable_technology" title="Phonograph">turntables</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital-to-analog_converter" title="Digital-to-analog converter">digital-to-analog converters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equalization_(audio)" title="Equalization (audio)">equalization</a> devices, <a href="/wiki/Preamplifier" title="Preamplifier">preamplifiers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amplifiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Amplifiers">amplifiers</a> (both solid-state and <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum tube</a>), <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">loudspeakers</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Horn_loudspeaker" title="Horn loudspeaker">horn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_loudspeaker" title="Electrostatic loudspeaker">electrostatic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Magnetostatic_loudspeaker" title="Magnetostatic loudspeaker">magnetostatic</a> speakers), <a href="/wiki/Power_conditioner" title="Power conditioner">power conditioners</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subwoofer" title="Subwoofer">subwoofers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Headphones" title="Headphones">headphones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Soundproofing" title="Soundproofing">acoustic room treatment</a> in addition to room correction devices.<sup id="cite_ref-Veen1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Veen1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OConnell1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OConnell1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although many audiophile techniques are based on objective criteria that can be verified using techniques like <a href="/wiki/ABX_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="ABX testing">ABX testing</a>, perceived sound quality is necessarily subjective, often with subtle differences, leading to some more controversial audiophile techniques being based on <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscientific" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudoscientific">pseudoscientific</a> principles.<sup id="cite_ref-lost-in-music_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lost-in-music-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Audio_playback_components">Audio playback components</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audiophile&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Audio playback components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An audio system typically consists of one or more source components, one or more amplification components, and (for <a href="/wiki/Stereophonic_sound" title="Stereophonic sound">stereo</a>) two or more <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">loudspeakers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Audio_and_video_connector" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio and video connector">Signal cables</a> (analog audio, speaker, digital audio etc.) are used to link these components. There are also a variety of accessories, including equipment racks, <a href="/wiki/Power_conditioner" title="Power conditioner">power conditioners</a>, devices to reduce or control <a href="/wiki/Vibration" title="Vibration">vibration</a>, record cleaners, anti-static devices, phonograph needle cleaners, <a href="/wiki/Reverberation" title="Reverberation">reverberation</a> reducing devices such as speaker pads and stands, sound absorbent foam, and <a href="/wiki/Soundproofing" title="Soundproofing">soundproofing</a>. </p><p>The interaction between the loudspeakers and the room (<a href="/wiki/Room_acoustics" title="Room acoustics">room acoustics</a>) plays an important part in sound quality. Sound vibrations are reflected from walls, floor and ceiling, and are affected by the room's contents. Room dimensions can create <a href="/wiki/Standing_wave" title="Standing wave">standing waves</a> at particular (usually low) frequencies. There are devices and materials for <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_treatment#Absorption" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoustic treatment">room treatment</a> that affect sound quality. Soft materials, such as draperies and carpets, can absorb higher frequencies, whereas hard walls and floors can cause excess reverberation. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:179px;max-width:179px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:177px;max-width:177px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Turntable-floating-view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Turntable-floating-view.jpg/175px-Turntable-floating-view.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Turntable-floating-view.jpg/263px-Turntable-floating-view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Turntable-floating-view.jpg/350px-Turntable-floating-view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Modern turntable.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:177px;max-width:177px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cd-player-top-loading-and-DAC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Cd-player-top-loading-and-DAC.jpg/175px-Cd-player-top-loading-and-DAC.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Cd-player-top-loading-and-DAC.jpg/263px-Cd-player-top-loading-and-DAC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Cd-player-top-loading-and-DAC.jpg/350px-Cd-player-top-loading-and-DAC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2300" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Top-loading CD player and external D-to-A converter.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:177px;max-width:177px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Harumphy.Quad_ii.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Harumphy.Quad_ii.jpg/175px-Harumphy.Quad_ii.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Harumphy.Quad_ii.jpg/263px-Harumphy.Quad_ii.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Harumphy.Quad_ii.jpg/350px-Harumphy.Quad_ii.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2556" data-file-height="1884" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Quad_Electroacoustics" title="Quad Electroacoustics">Quad</a> II, an early monoblock valve (vacuum tube) amplifier.</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sound_sources">Sound sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audiophile&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sound sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Audiophiles play music from a variety of sources including <a href="/wiki/Phonograph_record" title="Phonograph record">phonograph records</a>, <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">compact discs</a> (CDs), and <a href="/wiki/Audio_file_format" title="Audio file format">digital audio files</a> that are either uncompressed or are <a href="/wiki/Lossless_compression" title="Lossless compression">losslessly compressed</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/FLAC" title="FLAC">FLAC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Direct_Stream_Digital" title="Direct Stream Digital">DSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Audio_9_Lossless" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Media Audio 9 Lossless">Windows Media Audio 9 Lossless</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apple_Lossless" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Lossless">Apple Lossless</a> (ALAC), in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Data_compression#Lossy_audio_compression" title="Data compression">lossy compression</a>, such as in <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a> encoding. From the early 1990s, CDs were the most common source of high-quality music. Nevertheless, <a href="/wiki/Phonograph#Turntable_technology" title="Phonograph">turntables</a>, tonearms, and <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_cartridge" title="Magnetic cartridge">magnetic cartridges</a> are still used, despite the difficulties of keeping records free from dust and the delicate set-up associated with turntables. </p><p>The 44.1 kHz <a href="/wiki/Sampling_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Sampling rate">sampling rate</a> of the CD format, in theory, restricts CD information losses to above the theoretical <a href="/wiki/Nyquist_limit" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyquist limit">upper-frequency limit</a> of <a href="/wiki/Human_hearing" class="mw-redirect" title="Human hearing">human hearing</a> – 20 kHz. Nonetheless, newer formats such as FLAC, ALAC, <a href="/wiki/DVD-Audio" title="DVD-Audio">DVD-Audio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Super_Audio_CD" title="Super Audio CD">Super Audio Compact Disc</a> (SACD) allow for sampling rates of 88.2 kHz, 96 kHz or even 192 kHz. Higher sample rates allow fewer restrictions on filter choices in playback components, and some audiophiles upsample from the source rate to higher rates to achieve different filter properties.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>CD audio signals are encoded in 16-bit values. Higher-definition consumer formats such as <a href="/wiki/High_Definition_Compatible_Digital" title="High Definition Compatible Digital">HDCD</a>-encoded CDs, DVD-Audio, and SA-CD contain 20-bit, 24-bit and even 32-bit audio streams. With more bits, more <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range" title="Dynamic range">dynamic range</a> is possible; 20-bit dynamic range is theoretically 120 dB—the limit of most consumer electronic playback equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-HuberRunstein2005_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HuberRunstein2005-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>SACDs and DVD-Audio have up to 5.1 to 6.1 surround sound. Although both high-res optical formats have failed, there has been a resurgence in high-res digital files. SACD can be stored as a DSD file, and DVD-Audio can be stored as an FLAC or ALAC file. FLAC is the most widely used digital format for high-res with up to 8 channels, a maximum depth of 32-bit, and 655,350 Hz sampling rate. Uncompressed formats such as WAV and AIFF files can store audio CDs without compression. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amplifiers">Amplifiers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audiophile&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Amplifiers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Preamplifier" title="Preamplifier">preamplifier</a> selects among several audio inputs, amplifies source-level signals (such as those from a turntable), and allows the listener to adjust the sound with volume and tone controls. Many audiophile-oriented preamplifiers lack tone controls. A power <a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">amplifier</a> takes the "line-level" audio signal from the preamplifier and drives the <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">loudspeakers</a>. An integrated amplifier combines the functions of power amplification with input switching and volume and tone control. Both pre/power combinations and integrated amplifiers are widely used by audiophiles. </p><p>Audiophile amplifiers are available based on solid-state (<a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a>) technology, <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum-tube</a> (valve) technology, or hybrid technology—semiconductors and vacuum tubes. </p><p>Dedicated amplifiers are also commonly used by audiophiles to drive headphones, especially those with high impedance and/or low sensitivity, or <a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_headphones" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrostatic headphones">electrostatic headphones</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loudspeakers">Loudspeakers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audiophile&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Loudspeakers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The loudspeaker's cabinet is known as the <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker_enclosure" title="Loudspeaker enclosure">enclosure</a>. There are a variety of loudspeaker enclosure designs, including sealed cabinets (<a href="/wiki/Acoustic_suspension" title="Acoustic suspension">acoustic suspension</a>), ported cabinets (<a href="/wiki/Bass-reflex" class="mw-redirect" title="Bass-reflex">bass-reflex</a>), transmission line, infinite baffles, and horn-loaded. The enclosure plays a major role in the sound of the loudspeaker. </p><p>Depending on the frequencies reproduced, the drivers that produce the sound are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Tweeter" title="Tweeter">tweeters</a> for high frequencies, <a href="/wiki/Mid-range_speaker" title="Mid-range speaker">midranges</a> for middle frequencies, such as voice and lead instruments, and <a href="/wiki/Woofer" title="Woofer">woofers</a> for bass frequencies. Driver designs include <a href="/wiki/Electrodynamic_speaker_driver" title="Electrodynamic speaker driver">dynamic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_loudspeaker" title="Electrostatic loudspeaker">electrostatic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plasma_speaker" title="Plasma speaker">plasma</a>, ribbon, planar, ionic, and servo-actuated. Drivers are made from various materials, including paper pulp, polypropylene, kevlar, aluminium, magnesium, beryllium, and vapour-deposited diamond. </p><p>The direction and intensity of the output of a loudspeaker, called dispersion or polar response, has a large effect on its sound.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various methods are employed to control the dispersion. These methods include monopolar, bipolar, dipolar, 360-degree, horn, waveguide, and line source. These terms refer to the configuration and arrangement of the various drivers in the enclosure. </p><p>The positioning of loudspeakers in the room strongly influences the sound experience.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Loudspeaker output is influenced by interaction with room boundaries, particularly bass response, and high-frequency transducers are directional, or "beaming". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accessories">Accessories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audiophile&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Accessories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Audiophiles use a wide variety of accessories and fine-tuning techniques, sometimes referred to as "tweaks", to improve the sound of their systems. These include power conditioner filters to "clean" the electricity,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> equipment racks to isolate components from floor vibrations, specialty power and audio cables, loudspeaker stands (and footers to isolate speakers from stands), and room treatments. </p><p>There are several types of room treatment. Sound-absorbing materials may be placed strategically within a listening room to reduce the amplitude of early reflections, and to deal with resonance modes. Other treatments are designed to produce diffusion, reflection of sound in a scattered fashion. Room treatments can be expensive and difficult to optimize. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Headphones">Headphones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audiophile&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Headphones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Headphones are regularly used by audiophiles. These products can be remarkably expensive, some over $10,000,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but in general are much cheaper than comparable speaker systems. They have the advantage of not requiring room treatment and being usable without requiring others to listen at the same time. However, many audiophiles still prefer speaker systems over headphones due to their ability to simulate an immersive, rounded sonic environment. Newer <a href="/wiki/Headphones#In-ear_headphones" title="Headphones">canalphones</a> can be driven by the less powerful outputs found on portable music players. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design_variety">Design variety</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audiophile&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Design variety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For music storage and playback, <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio" title="Digital audio">digital</a> formats offer an absence of clicks, pops, <a href="/wiki/Wow_(recording)" title="Wow (recording)">wow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flutter_(electronics_and_communication)" title="Flutter (electronics and communication)">flutter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_feedback" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoustic feedback">acoustic feedback</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rumble_(noise)" title="Rumble (noise)">rumble</a>, compared to vinyl records. Depending on the format, digital can have a higher <a href="/wiki/Signal-to-noise_ratio" title="Signal-to-noise ratio">signal-to-noise ratio</a>, a wider <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_range" title="Dynamic range">dynamic range</a>, less <a href="/wiki/Total_harmonic_distortion" title="Total harmonic distortion">total harmonic distortion</a>, and a flatter and more extended <a href="/wiki/Frequency_response" title="Frequency response">frequency response</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Masters_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Masters-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Digital_recording" title="Digital recording">digital recording</a> and playback processes may include degradations not found in the analog processes, such as timing jitter and distortions associated with band limiting filter choices.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vinyl records remain popular and discussion about the relative merits of analog and digital sound continues (see <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_analog_and_digital_recording" title="Comparison of analog and digital recording">Comparison of analog and digital recording</a>). Note that vinyl records may be mastered differently from their digital versions, and multiple digital remasters may exist. </p><p>In the amplification stage, <a href="/wiki/Vacuum_tube" title="Vacuum tube">vacuum-tube</a> electronics remain popular, despite most other applications having since abandoned tubes for <a href="/wiki/Solid_state_(electronics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid state (electronics)">solid state</a> amplifiers. Vacuum-tube amplifiers often have higher <a href="/wiki/Total_harmonic_distortion" title="Total harmonic distortion">total harmonic distortion</a>, require rebiasing, are less reliable, generate more heat, are less powerful, and cost more.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also continuing debate about the proper use of <a href="/wiki/Negative_feedback" title="Negative feedback">negative feedback</a> in amplifier design.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Community">Community</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audiophile&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Community"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The audiophile community is scattered across many different platforms and communication methods. In person, one can find audiophiles at audio-related events such as music festivals, <a href="/wiki/Theatre" title="Theatre">theaters</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Concert" title="Concert">concerts</a>. The online audiophile community is even more widespread, with users on web forums and apps such as <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a>, and others. These groups are self-identified audiophiles and will often contribute to their communities by mentoring new audiophiles, posting their current audio configurations, and sharing news related to the audiophile community. </p><p>Among the listeners themselves, audiophiles will commonly differentiate community members between "golden eared" and "wooden eared" individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who are deemed as having "golden ears" are people who can accurately express the description of a sound or sonic environment, whereas those with "wooden ears" are implied to be untrained in listening and needing more guidance or assistance. These labels are not permanent, however, and people within these two groups can move between the groups interchangeably, often depending on the judgement of others within the community. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audiophile&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Controversies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is substantial controversy on the subject of audiophile components; many have asserted that the occasionally high cost produces no measurable improvement in audio reproduction.<sup id="cite_ref-lost-in-music_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lost-in-music-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, skeptic <a href="/wiki/James_Randi" title="James Randi">James Randi</a>, through his foundation <a href="/wiki/One_Million_Dollar_Paranormal_Challenge" title="One Million Dollar Paranormal Challenge">One Million Dollar Paranormal Challenge</a>, offered a prize of $1 million to anyone able to demonstrate that $7,250 audio cables "are any better than ordinary audio cables".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, audio reviewer <a href="/wiki/Michael_Fremer" title="Michael Fremer">Michael Fremer</a> attempted to claim the prize, and said that Randi declined the challenge.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Randi said that the cable manufacturer Pear Cables was the one who withdrew.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another commonly referenced study done by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Greenspun" title="Philip Greenspun">Philip Greenspun</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leigh_Klotz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leigh Klotz (page does not exist)">Leigh Klotz</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> found that although test subjects were able to distinguish between high fidelity, "expensive" cables versus common use cables, there was no statistically significant preference between the two cables.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greenspun and Klotz expect that critics of the study will point to the fact that this experiment was not done as a <a href="/wiki/Blinded_experiment" title="Blinded experiment">double-blind test</a>, but this critique has a counter in that the study participants felt as though the experiment solely isolated the subjects' opinions on sound quality and nothing more. </p><p>There is disagreement on how <a href="/wiki/Audio_equipment_testing" title="Audio equipment testing">equipment testing</a> should be conducted and its utility. Audiophile publications frequently describe differences in quality which are not detected by standard <a href="/wiki/Audio_system_measurements" title="Audio system measurements">audio system measurements</a> and <a href="/wiki/Double_blind_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Double blind testing">double blind testing</a>, claiming that they perceive differences in audio quality which cannot be measured by current instrumentation,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and cannot be detected by listeners if listening conditions are <a href="/wiki/Scientific_control" title="Scientific control">controlled</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but without providing an explanation for those claims. </p><p>Criticisms usually focus on claims around so-called "tweaks" and accessories beyond the core source, amplification, and speaker products. Examples of these accessories include speaker cables, component interconnects, stones, cones, CD markers, and power cables or conditioners.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Russell_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Russell-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most notorious "tweakers" was <a href="/wiki/Peter_Belt" title="Peter Belt">Peter Belt</a>, who introduced numerous eccentric innovations that included a £500 "quantum clip" that consisted of a <a href="/wiki/Crocodile_clip" title="Crocodile clip">crocodile clip</a> with a short length of copper wire attached.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audiophile&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_quality" title="Broadcast quality">Broadcast quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_audio" title="Professional audio">Professional audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Videophile" title="Videophile">Videophile</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Audiophile publications</dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Absolute_Sound" title="The Absolute Sound">The Absolute Sound</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stereophile" title="Stereophile">Stereophile</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/What_Hi-Fi%3F_Sound_and_Vision" class="mw-redirect" title="What Hi-Fi? Sound and Vision">What Hi-Fi? Sound and Vision</a></i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audiophile&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/audiophile">"Audiophile"</a>. Dictionary.reference.com. 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Audiophile&rft.pub=Dictionary.reference.com&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Faudiophile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAudiophile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLichte2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Lichte, Erick (2 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stereophile.com/content/audio-research-reference-150-power-amplifier">"Audio Research Reference 150 power amplifier"</a>. <i>Stereophile</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stereophile&rft.atitle=Audio+Research+Reference+150+power+amplifier&rft.date=2012-07-02&rft.aulast=Lichte&rft.aufirst=Erick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stereophile.com%2Fcontent%2Faudio-research-reference-150-power-amplifier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAudiophile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoris1993" class="citation web cs1">Doris, Frank (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.frankdoris.com/writing/tas/gratefuldead.htm">"Hi Fi in the Arena: The Concert Sound of the Grateful Dead"</a>. The Absolute Sound.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hi+Fi+in+the+Arena%3A+The+Concert+Sound+of+the+Grateful+Dead&rft.pub=The+Absolute+Sound&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Doris&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.frankdoris.com%2Fwriting%2Ftas%2Fgratefuldead.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAudiophile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurutz2013" class="citation news cs1">Kurutz, Steven (24 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/07/25/garden/the-new-audio-geeks.html">"The new audio geeks"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+new+audio+geeks&rft.date=2013-07-24&rft.aulast=Kurutz&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2013%2F07%2F25%2Fgarden%2Fthe-new-audio-geeks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAudiophile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-perlman1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-perlman1_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerlman2004" class="citation journal cs1">Perlman, M. (2004). "Golden ears and meter readers: The contest for epistemic authority in Audiophilia". <i>Social Studies of Science</i>. <b>34</b> (5): 783. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0306312704047613">10.1177/0306312704047613</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146545243">146545243</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Studies+of+Science&rft.atitle=Golden+ears+and+meter+readers%3A+The+contest+for+epistemic+authority+in+Audiophilia&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=783&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0306312704047613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146545243%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Perlman&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAudiophile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Veen1-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Veen1_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_Veen2005" class="citation conference cs1">van der Veen, M. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://audiochambers.co.uk/images/download_3.pdf">"Universal system and output transformer for valve amplifiers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>118th AES Convention, Barcelona, Spain</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Universal+system+and+output+transformer+for+valve+amplifiers&rft.btitle=118th+AES+Convention%2C+Barcelona%2C+Spain&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=van+der+Veen&rft.aufirst=M.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faudiochambers.co.uk%2Fimages%2Fdownload_3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAudiophile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OConnell1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OConnell1_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connell1992" class="citation journal cs1">O'Connell, Joseph (January 1992). "The Fine-Tuning of a Golden Ear: High-End Audio and the Evolutionary Model of Technology". <i>Technology and Culture</i>. <b>33</b> (1). Society for the History of Technology: 1–37. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3105807">10.2307/3105807</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0040-165X">0040-165X</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3105807">3105807</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Technology+and+Culture&rft.atitle=The+Fine-Tuning+of+a+Golden+Ear%3A+High-End+Audio+and+the+Evolutionary+Model+of+Technology&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-37&rft.date=1992-01&rft.issn=0040-165X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3105807%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3105807&rft.aulast=O%27Connell&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAudiophile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lost-in-music-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lost-in-music_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lost-in-music_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/2015/nov/29/lost-in-music-the-world-of-obsessive-audiophilia">"Lost in music: the world of obsessive audiophilia"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 29 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Lost+in+music%3A+the+world+of+obsessive+audiophilia&rft.date=2015-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmusic%2F2015%2Fnov%2F29%2Flost-in-music-the-world-of-obsessive-audiophilia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAudiophile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchinson2015" class="citation web cs1">Hutchinson, Lee (30 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2015/07/even-vegas-strangers-agree-340-audiophile-cables-make-no-difference/">"The audiophile's dilemma: strangers can't identify $340 cables, either [Updated]"</a>. <i>Ars Technica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=The+audiophile%27s+dilemma%3A+strangers+can%27t+identify+%24340+cables%2C+either+%5BUpdated%5D&rft.date=2015-07-30&rft.aulast=Hutchinson&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fgadgets%2F2015%2F07%2Feven-vegas-strangers-agree-340-audiophile-cables-make-no-difference%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAudiophile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mediacollege.com/audio/01/sound-systems.html">"Sound Systems"</a>. Media college.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sound+Systems&rft.pub=Media+college.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mediacollege.com%2Faudio%2F01%2Fsound-systems.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAudiophile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobjohns2016" class="citation web cs1">Robjohns, Hugh (August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.soundonsound.com/techniques/mqa-time-domain-accuracy-digital-audio-quality">"MQA Time-domain Accuracy & Digital Audio Quality"</a>. <i>soundonsound.com</i>. Sound On Sound. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230310175409/https://www.soundonsound.com/techniques/mqa-time-domain-accuracy-digital-audio-quality">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=soundonsound.com&rft.atitle=MQA+Time-domain+Accuracy+%26+Digital+Audio+Quality&rft.date=2016-08&rft.aulast=Robjohns&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.soundonsound.com%2Ftechniques%2Fmqa-time-domain-accuracy-digital-audio-quality&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAudiophile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HuberRunstein2005-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HuberRunstein2005_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuberRobert_E._Runstein2005" class="citation book cs1">Huber, David Miles; Robert E. Runstein (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mounFTvtYOQC"><i>Modern Recording Techniques, Sixth Edition</i></a>. Focal Press. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-240-80625-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-240-80625-5"><bdi>0-240-80625-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Recording+Techniques%2C+Sixth+Edition&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Focal+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-240-80625-5&rft.aulast=Huber&rft.aufirst=David+Miles&rft.au=Robert+E.+Runstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmounFTvtYOQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAudiophile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enjoythemusic.com/magazine/bas/0508/">"The 'Best' Loudspeaker: Revisiting Dispersion Issues"</a>. EnjoyTheMusic.com. May 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+%27Best%27+Loudspeaker%3A+Revisiting+Dispersion+Issues&rft.pub=EnjoyTheMusic.com&rft.date=1999-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enjoythemusic.com%2Fmagazine%2Fbas%2F0508%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAudiophile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffman2000" class="citation web cs1">Hoffman, David (8 October 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161221070132/http://www.onhifi.com/features/20000815.htm">"Loudspeaker Room Placement -- Part 1"</a>. onhifi.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onhifi.com/features/20000815.htm">the original</a> on 21 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Loudspeaker+Room+Placement+--+Part+1&rft.pub=onhifi.com&rft.date=2000-10-08&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.onhifi.com%2Ffeatures%2F20000815.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAudiophile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinson2008" class="citation magazine cs1">Atkinson, John (3 October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stereophile.com/reference/1008speaks/">"Getting the Best from Your Loudspeakers"</a>. <i>Stereophile</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stereophile&rft.atitle=Getting+the+Best+from+Your+Loudspeakers&rft.date=2008-10-03&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stereophile.com%2Freference%2F1008speaks%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAudiophile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.audioholics.com/reviews/power-conditioners">"Power Conditioner Reviews"</a>. Audioholics. 31 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Power+Conditioner+Reviews&rft.pub=Audioholics&rft.date=2006-10-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.audioholics.com%2Freviews%2Fpower-conditioners&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAudiophile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoollard2005" class="citation web cs1">Woollard, Deidre (14 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928044824/http://gadgets.luxist.com/2005/12/14/sennheiser-he-90-headphones">"Sennheiser HE 90 Headphones"</a>. Luxist. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gadgets.luxist.com/2005/12/14/sennheiser-he-90-headphones">the original</a> on 28 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sennheiser+HE+90+Headphones&rft.pub=Luxist&rft.date=2005-12-14&rft.aulast=Woollard&rft.aufirst=Deidre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgadgets.luxist.com%2F2005%2F12%2F14%2Fsennheiser-he-90-headphones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAudiophile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_G._Masters2003" class="citation news cs1">Ian G. Masters (1 January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050906014840/http://www.mastersonaudio.com/audio/20030101.htm">"The Decline of Vinyl and Its Timely Death"</a>. <i>mastersonaudio.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mastersonaudio.com/audio/20030101.htm">the original</a> on 6 September 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=mastersonaudio.com&rft.atitle=The+Decline+of+Vinyl+and+Its+Timely+Death&rft.date=2003-01-01&rft.au=Ian+G.+Masters&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mastersonaudio.com%2Faudio%2F20030101.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAudiophile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Masters-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Masters_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_G._Masters2005" class="citation news cs1">Ian G. Masters (15 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060320173912/http://www.soundstageav.com/mastersonaudio/20050415.htm">"Vinyl Hooey"</a>. <i>mastersonaudio.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soundstageav.com/mastersonaudio/20050415.htm">the original</a> on 20 March 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=mastersonaudio.com&rft.atitle=Vinyl+Hooey&rft.date=2005-04-15&rft.au=Ian+G.+Masters&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soundstageav.com%2Fmastersonaudio%2F20050415.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAudiophile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFourre1993" class="citation web cs1">Fourre, Remy (October 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stereophile.com/reference/1093jitter/index.html">"Jitter & the Digital Interface"</a>. Stereophile. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040818201002/https://www.stereophile.com/reference/1093jitter/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jitter+%26+the+Digital+Interface&rft.pub=Stereophile&rft.date=1993-10&rft.aulast=Fourre&rft.aufirst=Remy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stereophile.com%2Freference%2F1093jitter%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAudiophile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStory1997" class="citation web cs1">Story, Mike (September 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sdg-master.com:80/lesestoff/aes97ny.pdf">"A Suggested Explanation For (Some Of) The Audible Differences Between High Sample Rate And Conventional Sample Rate Audio Material"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. dCS Ltd. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091128021651/http://sdg-master.com:80/lesestoff/aes97ny.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 28 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Suggested+Explanation+For+%28Some+Of%29+The+Audible+Differences+Between+High+Sample+Rate+And+Conventional+Sample+Rate+Audio+Material&rft.pub=dCS+Ltd&rft.date=1997-09&rft.aulast=Story&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsdg-master.com%3A80%2Flesestoff%2Faes97ny.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAudiophile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_G._Masters2002" class="citation news cs1">Ian G. Masters (1 September 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070830120742/http://www.mastersonaudio.com/audio/20020901.htm">"The Ongoing Debate about Amplifier "Sound"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>mastersonaudio.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mastersonaudio.com/audio/20020901.htm">the original</a> on 30 August 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=mastersonaudio.com&rft.atitle=The+Ongoing+Debate+about+Amplifier+%22Sound%22&rft.date=2002-09-01&rft.au=Ian+G.+Masters&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mastersonaudio.com%2Faudio%2F20020901.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAudiophile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_Colloms1998" class="citation magazine cs1">Martin Colloms (January 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130619065311/http://www.hificritic.com/downloads/Archive_6.pdf">"A Future Without Feedback?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Stereophile</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hificritic.com/downloads/Archive_6.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 June 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 May</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stereophile&rft.atitle=A+Future+Without+Feedback%3F&rft.date=1998-01&rft.au=Martin+Colloms&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hificritic.com%2Fdownloads%2FArchive_6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAudiophile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruno_Putzeys2011" class="citation web cs1">Bruno Putzeys (February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130711222233/http://www.linearaudio.nl/linearaudio.nl/images/pdf/Volume_1_BP.pdf">"The 'F' word, or why there is no such thing as too much feedback"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Linear Audio. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.linearaudio.nl/linearaudio.nl/images/pdf/Volume_1_BP.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 11 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+%27F%27+word%2C+or+why+there+is+no+such+thing+as+too+much+feedback&rft.pub=Linear+Audio&rft.date=2011-02&rft.au=Bruno+Putzeys&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.linearaudio.nl%2Flinearaudio.nl%2Fimages%2Fpdf%2FVolume_1_BP.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAudiophile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thaler, Anita. "Golden Ears and Wooden Ears–Knowledge and Learning Arenas of the Audiophile Community."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gizmodo.com/gadgets/calling-bullshit/james-randi-offers-1-million-if-audiophiles-can-prove-7250-speaker-cables-are-better-305549.php">"James Randi Offers $1 Million If Audiophiles Can Prove $7250 Speaker Cables Are Better"</a>. <i>Gizmodo</i>. 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090202050901/http://gizmodo.com/gadgets/calling-bullshit/james-randi-offers-1-million-if-audiophiles-can-prove-7250-speaker-cables-are-better-305549.php">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gizmodo&rft.atitle=James+Randi+Offers+%241+Million+If+Audiophiles+Can+Prove+%247250+Speaker+Cables+Are+Better&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgizmodo.com%2Fgadgets%2Fcalling-bullshit%2Fjames-randi-offers-1-million-if-audiophiles-can-prove-7250-speaker-cables-are-better-305549.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAudiophile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stereophile.com/thinkpieces/021708swiftboat/">"The Swift Boating of Audiophiles"</a>. <i>Stereophile</i>. 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stereophile&rft.atitle=The+Swift+Boating+of+Audiophiles&rft.date=2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stereophile.com%2Fthinkpieces%2F021708swiftboat%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAudiophile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.randi.org/site/index.php/jref-news/102-blake-withdrawls-from-pear-cable-challenge.html">"Blake Withdraws from PEAR Cable Challenge"</a>. JREF. 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Blake+Withdraws+from+PEAR+Cable+Challenge&rft.pub=JREF&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.randi.org%2Fsite%2Findex.php%2Fjref-news%2F102-blake-withdrawls-from-pear-cable-challenge.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAudiophile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenspunKlotz1988" class="citation journal cs1">Greenspun, Philip; Klotz, Leigh (1988). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3679837">"Audio Analysis VI: Testing Audio Cables"</a></span>. <i>Computer Music Journal</i>. <b>12</b> (1): 58–64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3679837">10.2307/3679837</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0148-9267">0148-9267</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3679837">3679837</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computer+Music+Journal&rft.atitle=Audio+Analysis+VI%3A+Testing+Audio+Cables&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=58-64&rft.date=1988&rft.issn=0148-9267&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3679837%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3679837&rft.aulast=Greenspun&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft.au=Klotz%2C+Leigh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3679837&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAudiophile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stereophile.com/features/203/index11.html">"<i>God is in the Nuances</i>"</a>. 19 January 2000<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=God+is+in+the+Nuances&rft.date=2000-01-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stereophile.com%2Ffeatures%2F203%2Findex11.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAudiophile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stereophile.com/features/141">"<i>The Highs and Lows of Double Blind Testing</i>"</a>. 5 May 1985<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Highs+and+Lows+of+Double+Blind+Testing&rft.date=1985-05-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stereophile.com%2Ffeatures%2F141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAudiophile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKinch2000" class="citation web cs1">Kinch, Bruce (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120730173933/http://www.enjoythemusic.com/Magazine/equipment/1000/cheaptweaks.htm">"Cheap Tweaks That Sound Like a Million Bucks!!!"</a>. Enjoy The Music. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.enjoythemusic.com/Magazine/equipment/1000/cheaptweaks.htm">the original</a> on 30 July 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cheap+Tweaks+That+Sound+Like+a+Million+Bucks%21%21%21&rft.pub=Enjoy+The+Music&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Kinch&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.enjoythemusic.com%2FMagazine%2Fequipment%2F1000%2Fcheaptweaks.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAudiophile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Russell-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Russell_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell1999–2007" class="citation web cs1">Russell, Roger (1999–2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roger-russell.com/wire/wire.htm">"Speaker Wire – A History"</a>. Roger Russell. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071105093122/http://www.roger-russell.com/wire/wire.htm#gordongow">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Speaker+Wire+%E2%80%93+A+History&rft.pub=Roger+Russell&rft.date=1999%2F2007&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roger-russell.com%2Fwire%2Fwire.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAudiophile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stereophile.com/news/10415/index.html">"Magic Thrives at PWB Electronics"</a>. <i>Stereophile.com</i>. 4 April 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stereophile.com&rft.atitle=Magic+Thrives+at+PWB+Electronics&rft.date=1999-04-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stereophile.com%2Fnews%2F10415%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAudiophile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pwbelectronics.co.uk/pwb-price-list">"PWB Price List"</a>. <i>PWB Electronics</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PWB+Electronics&rft.atitle=PWB+Price+List&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pwbelectronics.co.uk%2Fpwb-price-list&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAudiophile" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Audiophile&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-External_links plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-external_links" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <b>use of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a> may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Audiophile&action=edit">improve this article</a> by removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_mirror_or_a_repository_of_links,_images,_or_media_files" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">excessive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">inappropriate</a> external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">footnote references</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101118071651/http://www.audiophilia.com/wp/">Audiophilia: The Online Journal for the Serious Audiophile</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gizmodo.com/5213042/why-we-need-audiophiles">Why We Need Audiophiles</a> (Gizmodo)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.audiophile.org/">High end Audio and Audiophile Pages</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.EnjoyTheMusic.com/">Enjoy the Music.com: Equipment reviews, industry news, shows reports, etc.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hificlube.net/">Portuguese High end Audio benchmark reviews and reports website from José Victor Henriques.</a></li></ul> <p><b>Audio societies</b> </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asonaudiophiles.org/">Audiophile Society of New South Wales</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090106141001/http://www.baasnotes.com/">Bay Area Audiophile Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bostonaudiosociety.org/">Boston Audio Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chicagoaudio.org/">Chicago Audio Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coloradoaudiosociety.org/">Colorado Audio Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laocaudiosociety.com/">Los Angeles and Orange County Audio Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://audiosociety.org/">Pacific Northwest Audio Society</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Audiophile&oldid=1254540931">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Audiophile&oldid=1254540931</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hobbies" title="Category:Hobbies">Hobbies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Audio_engineering" title="Category:Audio engineering">Audio engineering</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_January_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from January 2023">Use dmy dates from January 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Greek-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Greek-language text">Articles containing Greek-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_external_links_cleanup_from_October_2023" title="Category:Wikipedia external links cleanup from October 2023">Wikipedia external links cleanup from October 2023</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 31 October 2024, at 14:12<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Audiophile&oldid=1254540931&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7fc47fc68d-c8f7t","wgBackendResponseTime":187,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.629","walltime":"0.768","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1990,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":62759,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":775,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":4,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":120285,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 680.485 1 -total"," 45.60% 310.303 1 Template:Reflist"," 28.31% 192.644 21 Template:Cite_web"," 20.23% 137.688 2 Template:Langx"," 15.16% 103.142 1 Template:Short_description"," 8.31% 56.570 1 Template:External_link_cleanup"," 7.74% 52.682 2 Template:Pagetype"," 7.32% 49.791 1 Template:Ambox"," 5.15% 35.035 4 Template:Main_other"," 4.67% 31.809 1 Template:SDcat"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.427","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":13406825,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-847495b4dd-x5g9p","timestamp":"20241128131404","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Audiophile","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Audiophile","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2035081","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2035081","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-11-09T04:02:44Z","dateModified":"2024-10-31T14:12:08Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/1e\/Audio-Technica_ATH-AD7_001.jpg","headline":"person who pursues high-quality or realistic audio playback"}</script> </body> </html>