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vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-觀測簡史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#觀測簡史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 觀測簡史 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-觀測簡史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-恆星命名" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#恆星命名"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 恆星命名 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-恆星命名-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关恆星命名子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-恆星命名-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-中國" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#中國"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 中國 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-中國-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-西方" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#西方"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 西方 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-西方-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-其他" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#其他"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 其他 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-其他-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-数量" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#数量"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 数量 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-数量-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-測量的單位" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#測量的單位"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 測量的單位 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-測量的單位-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-形成和演化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#形成和演化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 形成和演化 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-形成和演化-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关形成和演化子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-形成和演化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-原恆星形成" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#原恆星形成"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 原恆星形成 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-原恆星形成-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-主序星" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#主序星"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 主序星 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-主序星-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-主序後星" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#主序後星"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 主序後星 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-主序後星-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-大質量恆星" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#大質量恆星"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 大質量恆星 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-大質量恆星-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-坍縮" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#坍縮"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 坍縮 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-坍縮-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-分布" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#分布"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 分布 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-分布-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-特徵" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#特徵"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 特徵 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-特徵-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关特徵子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-特徵-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-年齡" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#年齡"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 年齡 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-年齡-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-化學組成" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#化學組成"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 化學組成 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-化學組成-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-直徑" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#直徑"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 直徑 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-直徑-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-動能" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#動能"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 動能 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-動能-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-磁場" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#磁場"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 磁場 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-磁場-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-質量" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#質量"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 質量 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-質量-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-質量下限" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#質量下限"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 質量下限 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-質量下限-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-自轉" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#自轉"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 自轉 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-自轉-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-溫度" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#溫度"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.9 溫度 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-溫度-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-輻射" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#輻射"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 輻射 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-輻射-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关輻射子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-輻射-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-光度" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#光度"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 光度 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-光度-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-星等" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#星等"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 星等 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-星等-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-分類" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#分類"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 分類 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-分類-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-變星" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#變星"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 變星 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-變星-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-結構" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#結構"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 結構 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-結構-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-核融合反應路徑" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#核融合反應路徑"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 核融合反應路徑 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-核融合反應路徑-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-相關條目" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相關條目"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 相關條目 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-相關條目-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考資料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考資料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 參考資料 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考資料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-進階讀物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#進階讀物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 進階讀物 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-進階讀物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 外部連結 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 开关目录 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">恒星</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。232种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-232" aria-hidden="true" > 232种语言 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ster" title="Ster – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ster" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern" title="Stern – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Stern" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AE%E1%8A%AE%E1%89%A5" title="ኮኮብ – 阿姆哈拉语" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኮኮብ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fu%27is" title="Fu'is – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Fu'is" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrela" title="Estrela – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Estrela" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ntoronyan%CC%84" title="Ntoronyan̄ – 奥博洛语" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Ntoronyan̄" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="奥博洛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="तारा – 昂加语" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="तारा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加语" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85" title="نجم – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نجم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9F%DC%98%DC%9F%DC%92%DC%90" title="ܟܘܟܒܐ – 阿拉米语" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܟܘܟܒܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="阿拉米语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A9_(%D9%81%D9%84%D9%83)" title="نجمة (فلك) – 摩洛哥阿拉伯文" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="نجمة (فلك)" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="摩洛哥阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%87" title="نجمه – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نجمه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0" title="নক্ষত্ৰ – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="নক্ষত্ৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrella" title="Estrella – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estrella" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D3%80%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="ЦӀва – 阿瓦尔语" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ЦӀва" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="阿瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warawara" title="Warawara – 艾马拉语" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Warawara" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="艾马拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulduz" title="Ulduz – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ulduz" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B2" title="اولدوز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اولدوز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D2%99%D2%99%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Йондоҙҙар – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Йондоҙҙар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stean" title="Stean – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Stean" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDv%C4%81zdie" title="Žvāzdie – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Žvāzdie" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitoon" title="Bitoon – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bitoon" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Зорка – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Зорка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Зорка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Зорка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bintang" title="Bintang – 貝塔維文" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Bintang" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="貝塔維文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Звезда – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Звезда" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="तारा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="तारा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bintang" title="Bintang – 班亞爾文" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Bintang" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="班亞爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%AC%E1%82%8F" title="ဆာႏ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဆာႏ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE" title="তারা – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তারা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%9F%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8D" title="བརྟན་སྐར། – 藏语" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བརྟན་སྐར།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="藏语" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steredenn" title="Steredenn – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Steredenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvijezda" title="Zvijezda – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Zvijezda" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bintang" title="Bintang – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Bintang" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Одон – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Одон" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estel" title="Estel – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estel" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%C3%A2ng-s%C4%ADng" title="Diâng-sĭng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Diâng-sĭng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Седа – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Седа" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitoon" title="Bitoon – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bitoon" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%83%E1%8F%88%E1%8F%8F" title="ᏃᏈᏏ – 切罗基语" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏃᏈᏏ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="切罗基语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotohke" title="Hotohke – 夏延语" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Hotohke" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="夏延语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8E%D8%B1%DB%95" title="ئەستێرە – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەستێرە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hv%C4%9Bzda" title="Hvězda – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hvězda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%99%82%D0%B2%D1%A3%EA%99%81%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Ꙃвѣꙁда – 教会斯拉夫语" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Ꙃвѣꙁда" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="教会斯拉夫语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C4%83%D0%BB%D1%82%C4%83%D1%80" title="Çăлтăр – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çăлтăр" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seren" title="Seren – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Seren" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="推荐条目"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stjerne" title="Stjerne – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stjerne" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C5%8Bmariga" title="Saŋmariga – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Saŋmariga" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern" title="Stern – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stern" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dga mw-list-item"><a href="https://dga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%8Amarebiri" title="Ŋmarebiri – Dagaare" lang="dga" hreflang="dga" data-title="Ŋmarebiri" data-language-autonym="Dagaare" data-language-local-name="Dagaare" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagaare</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estare" title="Estare – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Estare" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rombituon" title="Rombituon – 中部杜順文" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Rombituon" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="中部杜順文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="तारा – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="तारा" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Αστέρας – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αστέρας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Str%C3%A8la" title="Strèla – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Strèla" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star" title="Star – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Star" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stelo" title="Stelo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Stelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrella" title="Estrella – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estrella" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4ht_(astronoomia)" title="Täht (astronoomia) – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Täht (astronoomia)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izar" title="Izar – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Izar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrella" title="Estrella – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Estrella" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87" title="ستاره – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ستاره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4hti" title="Tähti – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tähti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taivat%C3%A4ht" title="Taivatäht – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Taivatäht" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalokalo" title="Kalokalo – 斐济语" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Kalokalo" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="斐济语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stj%C3%B8rna" title="Stjørna – 法罗语" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Stjørna" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89toile" title="Étoile – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Étoile" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A4%C3%A4r" title="Stäär – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Stäär" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stele" title="Stele – 弗留利语" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Stele" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="弗留利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stjer" title="Stjer – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Stjer" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9alta" title="Réalta – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Réalta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%A9tw%C3%A8l" title="Zétwèl – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Zétwèl" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reul" title="Reul – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Reul" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrela_(astronom%C3%ADa)" title="Estrela (astronomía) – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Estrela (astronomía)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87" title="ستاره – 吉拉基文" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="ستاره" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="吉拉基文" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbyja" title="Mbyja – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mbyja" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bintang" title="Bintang – 哥伦打洛语" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Bintang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="哥伦打洛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%8B" title="તારો – 古吉拉特语" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="તારો" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rollage" title="Rollage – 马恩语" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Rollage" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="马恩语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="推荐条目"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauraro" title="Tauraro – 豪萨语" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Tauraro" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A8n-s%C3%AAn" title="Hèn-sên – 客家语" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Hèn-sên" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家语" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%8Dk%C5%AB" title="Hōkū – 夏威夷语" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Hōkū" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="夏威夷语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%91" title="כוכב – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כוכב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="तारा – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तारा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tara" title="Tara – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Tara" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvijezda" title="Zvijezda – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zvijezda" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etwal" title="Etwal – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Etwal" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csillag" title="Csillag – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csillag" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B2" title="Աստղ – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աստղ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stella" title="Stella – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Stella" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bintang" title="Bintang – 伊班语" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Bintang" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="伊班语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bintang" title="Bintang – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bintang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stelle" title="Stelle – 国际文字（E）" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Stelle" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="国际文字（E）" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kpakpando" title="Kpakpando – 伊博语" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Kpakpando" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="伊博语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uvlu%C4%A1iaq" title="Uvluġiaq – 伊努皮克语" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Uvluġiaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="伊努皮克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bituen" title="Bituen – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Bituen" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0" title="Седкъа – 印古什语" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Седкъа" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="印古什语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stelo" title="Stelo – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Stelo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stjarna" title="Stjarna – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stjarna" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stella" title="Stella – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stella" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F" title="恒星 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="恒星" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staar" title="Staar – 牙買加克里奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Staar" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克里奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/tarci" title="tarci – 逻辑语" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="tarci" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="逻辑语" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lintang" title="Lintang – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Lintang" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98" title="ვარსკვლავი – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვარსკვლავი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juld%C4%B1z" title="Juldız – 卡拉卡尔帕克语" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Juldız" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="卡拉卡尔帕克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itri" title="Itri – 卡拜尔语" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Itri" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡拜尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%A9%C9%A9%C5%8Ba" title="Tɩɩŋa – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Tɩɩŋa" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1ta%CC%B1ngwat" title="A̱ta̱ngwat – 卡塔布语" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱ta̱ngwat" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="卡塔布语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bintang" title="Bintang – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Bintang" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Njata" title="Njata – 吉库尤语" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Njata" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="吉库尤语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D2%B1%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B7" title="Жұлдыз – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жұлдыз" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ನಕ್ಷತ್ರ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನಕ್ಷತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%AD%EC%84%B1" title="항성 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="항성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B7" title="Джулдуз – 卡拉恰伊巴尔卡尔语" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Джулдуз" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="卡拉恰伊巴尔卡尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8F%DA%A9" title="تارُک – 克什米尔语" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="تارُک" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="克什米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steern" title="Steern – 科隆语" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Steern" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="科隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%AAr" title="Stêr – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Stêr" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steren" title="Steren – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Steren" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B7" title="Жылдыз – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жылдыз" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stella" title="Stella – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Stella" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estreya" title="Estreya – 拉迪诺语" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Estreya" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="拉迪诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A4r" title="Stär – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Stär" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B4" title="Гъед – 列兹金语" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Гъед" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="列兹金语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stela" title="Stela – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Stela" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staar" title="Staar – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Staar" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%ABra" title="Stëra – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Stëra" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stela" title="Stela – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Stela" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monz%C9%94%CC%81t%C9%94_mwa_m%C9%94%CC%8Ct%C9%94" title="Monzɔ́tɔ mwa mɔ̌tɔ – 林加拉语" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Monzɔ́tɔ mwa mɔ̌tɔ" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="林加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDvaig%C5%BEd%C4%97" title="Žvaigždė – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žvaigždė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvaigzne" title="Zvaigzne – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zvaigzne" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lintang" title="Lintang – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Lintang" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kintana" title="Kintana – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kintana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whet%C5%AB" title="Whetū – 毛利语" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Whetū" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="毛利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bintang" title="Bintang – 米南佳保语" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bintang" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南佳保语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%85%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Ѕвезда – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ѕвезда" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="നക്ഷത്രം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നക്ഷത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4" title="Од – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Од" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8A%EA%AF%A7%EA%AF%8B%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9B" title="ꯊꯧꯋꯥꯏꯃꯤꯆꯥꯛ – 曼尼普尔语" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯊꯧꯋꯥꯏꯃꯤꯆꯥꯛ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="曼尼普尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="तारा – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तारा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bintang" title="Bintang – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bintang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilla" title="Stilla – 马耳他语" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Stilla" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="马耳他语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streilha" title="Streilha – 米兰德斯语" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Streilha" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米兰德斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA" title="ကြယ် – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကြယ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5" title="Теште – 厄尔兹亚语" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Теште" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="厄尔兹亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87" title="اساره – 马赞德兰语" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="اساره" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="马赞德兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citlalli" title="Citlalli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Citlalli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stella" title="Stella – 那不勒斯语" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Stella" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="那不勒斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steern_(Astronomie)" title="Steern (Astronomie) – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Steern (Astronomie)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steern" title="Steern – 低萨克森语" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Steern" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="低萨克森语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="तारा – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="तारा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81" title="नगु – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="नगु" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ster_(hemellichaam)" title="Ster (hemellichaam) – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ster (hemellichaam)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stjerne" title="Stjerne – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Stjerne" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stjerne" title="Stjerne – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stjerne" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stele" title="Stele – 諾維亞文" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Stele" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="諾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ataile" title="Êtaile – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Êtaile" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estela" title="Estela – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Estela" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C3%A4hti" title="Tiähti – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Tiähti" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urjii" title="Urjii – 奥罗莫语" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Urjii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奥罗莫语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Стъалы – 奥塞梯语" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Стъалы" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="奥塞梯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE" title="ਤਾਰਾ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਾਰਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batuin" title="Batuin – 邦板牙语" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Batuin" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="邦板牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89to%C3%A9le" title="Étoéle – 庇卡底文" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Étoéle" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="庇卡底文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sdar" title="Sdar – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Sdar" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwiazda" title="Gwiazda – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gwiazda" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A8ila" title="Stèila – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Stèila" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="تارا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تارا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ستوری – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ستوری" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estrela" title="Estrela – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estrela" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quyllur" title="Quyllur – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Quyllur" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chexay" title="Chexay – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Chexay" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stea" title="Stea – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steau%C3%A2" title="Steauâ – 阿罗马尼亚语" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Steauâ" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="阿罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rsk mw-list-item"><a href="https://rsk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Гвизда – Pannonian Rusyn" lang="rsk" hreflang="rsk" data-title="Гвизда" data-language-autonym="Руски" data-language-local-name="Pannonian Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Руски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Звезда – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Звезда" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Звізда – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Звізда" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="तारा – 梵语" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="तारा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵语" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81" title="Сулус – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сулус" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9E" title="ᱤᱯᱤᱞ – 桑塔利语" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱤᱯᱤᱞ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="桑塔利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isteddu" title="Isteddu – 萨丁语" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Isteddu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="萨丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stidda" title="Stidda – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Stidda" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starn" title="Starn – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Starn" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88" title="تارو – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="تارو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1sti" title="Násti – 北方萨米语" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Násti" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="北方萨米语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvijezda" title="Zvijezda – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Zvijezda" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94" title="තරු – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තරු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star" title="Star – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Star" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hviezda" title="Hviezda – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hviezda" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvezda" title="Zvezda – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zvezda" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4sni" title="Täsni – 伊纳里萨米语" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Täsni" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="伊纳里萨米语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyenyedzi" title="Nyenyedzi – 绍纳语" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Nyenyedzi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="绍纳语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xidig" title="Xidig – 索马里语" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Xidig" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索马里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ylli" title="Ylli – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ylli" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Звезда – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Звезда" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiern" title="Stiern – 沙特菲士蘭文" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Stiern" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="沙特菲士蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ntang" title="Béntang – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Béntang" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stj%C3%A4rna" title="Stjärna – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stjärna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyota" title="Nyota – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Nyota" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwi%C5%8Fzda" title="Gwiŏzda – 西里西亚语" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Gwiŏzda" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="西里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="விண்மீன் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விண்மீன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/bzngah" title="bzngah – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="bzngah" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82_(%E0%B0%96%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B3_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82)" title="నక్షత్రం (ఖగోళ శాస్త్రం) – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నక్షత్రం (ఖగోళ శాస్త్రం)" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Ситора – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ситора" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A9%E0%B9%8C" title="ดาวฤกษ์ – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดาวฤกษ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Dyldyz" title="Ýyldyz – 土库曼语" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ýyldyz" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="土库曼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bituin" title="Bituin – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bituin" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z" title="Yıldız – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yıldız" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pngerah" title="Pngerah – 赛德克语" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Pngerah" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="赛德克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B7" title="Йолдыз – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Йолдыз" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nsoroma" title="Nsoroma – 契维语" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Nsoroma" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="契维语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Кизили – 乌德穆尔特语" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Кизили" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="乌德穆尔特语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8F" title="Зоря – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Зоря" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%81" title="ستارہ – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ستارہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yulduz" title="Yulduz – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yulduz" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A9%C5%82a" title="Stéła – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Stéła" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4htaz" title="Tähtaz – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Tähtaz" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sao" title="Sao – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sao" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterre_(astronomie)" title="Sterre (astronomie) – 西佛蘭德文" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Sterre (astronomie)" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="西佛蘭德文" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stel" title="Stel – 沃拉普克语" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Stel" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="沃拉普克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitoele" title="Sitoele – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Sitoele" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitoon" title="Bitoon – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bitoon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F" title="恆星 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="恆星" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD" title="Одн – 卡尔梅克语" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Одн" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="卡尔梅克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkwenkwezi" title="Inkwenkwezi – 科萨语" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Inkwenkwezi" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="科萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98" title="მურიცხი – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მურიცხი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9F" title="שטערן – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="שטערן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cr%C3%A0w%E1%BB%8D%CC%80" title="Ìràwọ̀ – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìràwọ̀" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndaundeiq" title="Ndaundeiq – 壮语" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Ndaundeiq" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壮语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F" title="恆星 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="恆星" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%AAng-chhe%E2%81%BF" title="Hêng-chheⁿ – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hêng-chheⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F" title="恆星 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="恆星" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkanyezi" title="Inkanyezi – 祖鲁语" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Inkanyezi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="祖鲁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q523#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-noteTA-5b3e2ee2" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><img alt="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/35px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/53px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/70px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="20" /></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">（重定向自<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="恆星">恆星</a>）</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84833064">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r74069148">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.mobile{display:none}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .ifmobile>.nomobile{display:inherit;display:initial}</style>  此条目页的主題是天體。关于五子棋开局名称，請見「<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F_(%E4%BA%94%E5%AD%90%E6%A3%8B)" class="mw-redirect" title="恒星 (五子棋)">恒星 (五子棋)</a>」。</div> <div id="noteTA-5b3e2ee2" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-group"><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="Physics"></div><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="Astronomy"></div></div><div class="noteTA-local"><div data-noteta-code="zh-hans:核聚变; zh-hant:核融合;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-hans:核裂变; zh-hant:核分裂;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-hans:沃尔夫-拉叶; zh-hant:沃夫-瑞葉;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-hans:等离子体; zh-hant:電漿;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-hans:里德伯; zh-hant:芮得柏;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-hans:褐矮星; zh-hant:棕矮星;"></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starsinthesky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Starsinthesky.jpg/220px-Starsinthesky.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Starsinthesky.jpg/330px-Starsinthesky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Starsinthesky.jpg/440px-Starsinthesky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3877" data-file-height="2482" /></a><figcaption>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%BA%A5%E5%93%B2%E5%80%AB%E9%9B%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="大麥哲倫雲">大麥哲倫雲</a>的一個<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90" title="恆星形成">恆星形成</a>區</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Sun_by_the_Atmospheric_Imaging_Assembly_of_NASA%27s_Solar_Dynamics_Observatory_-_20100819.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/The_Sun_by_the_Atmospheric_Imaging_Assembly_of_NASA%27s_Solar_Dynamics_Observatory_-_20100819.jpg/220px-The_Sun_by_the_Atmospheric_Imaging_Assembly_of_NASA%27s_Solar_Dynamics_Observatory_-_20100819.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/The_Sun_by_the_Atmospheric_Imaging_Assembly_of_NASA%27s_Solar_Dynamics_Observatory_-_20100819.jpg/330px-The_Sun_by_the_Atmospheric_Imaging_Assembly_of_NASA%27s_Solar_Dynamics_Observatory_-_20100819.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/The_Sun_by_the_Atmospheric_Imaging_Assembly_of_NASA%27s_Solar_Dynamics_Observatory_-_20100819.jpg/440px-The_Sun_by_the_Atmospheric_Imaging_Assembly_of_NASA%27s_Solar_Dynamics_Observatory_-_20100819.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4044" data-file-height="3860" /></a><figcaption>假色影像的太陽，它是最接近地球的<a href="/wiki/G%E5%9E%8B%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F" title="G型主序星">G型主序星</a></figcaption></figure> 恆星（star）是一种天体，由<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B" title="引力">引力</a>凝聚在一起的一颗球型发光等离子体，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3" title="太阳">太阳</a>就是最接近<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83" title="地球">地球</a>的恒星。在地球的夜晚可以看见的其他恒星，几乎全都在<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%B6%E6%B2%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="银河系">银河系</a>内，但由于距离非常遥远，这些恒星看似只是固定的发光点。历史上，那些比较显着的恒星被组成一个个的星座和星群，而最亮的恒星都有专有的传统名称。天文学家组合成的恒星目录，提供了许多不同恒星命名的标准。恒星会在核心进行<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="重元素">重元素</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94" title="核反应">核反应</a>，从恒星的内部将能量向外传输，经过漫长的路径，然后从表面<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%90%E5%B0%84" title="辐射">辐射</a>到外层空间。一旦核心的核反应殆尽，恒星的生命就即将结束。恒星的核心终其一生都在进行核聚变，在生命的尽头，恒星也会包含<a href="/wiki/%E7%B0%A1%E4%BD%B5%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="簡併物質">简并物质</a>。天文学家经由观测其在空间中的运动、亮度和<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E8%B0%B1" title="光谱">光谱</a>，确知一颗恒星的质量、年龄、金属量（化学元素的丰度），和许多其它属性。一颗恒星的总质量是恒星演化和决定最终命运的主要因素：恒星在其一生中，包括直径、温度和其它特征，在生命的不同阶段都会变化，而恒星周围的环境会影响其自转和运动。描绘众多恒星的温度相对于亮度的图，即赫罗图（H-R图），可以让我们测量一颗恒星的年龄和演化的状态。 恆星的生命是由氣態<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="星雲">星雲</a>（主要由氫、氦，以及其它微量的較重元素所組成）<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%9D%8D%E7%BC%A9" title="引力坍缩">引力坍縮</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90" title="恆星形成">開始</a>的。一旦核心有了足夠的密度，氫融合成氦的核融合反應就可以穩定的持續進行，釋放過程中產生的能量<a href="#cite_note-sunshine-1">[1]</a>。恆星內部的其它部分會進行組合，形成<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84%E5%B1%A4" title="輻射層">輻射層</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E6%B5%81%E5%B1%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="對流層">對流層</a>，將能量向外傳輸；恆星內部的壓力能防止其因自身的重力繼續向內坍縮。恒星的核心终其一生都在进行核合成，一旦耗盡了核心的重元素核反應，質量大於0.4太陽質量的恆星<a href="#cite_note-late_stages-2">[2]</a>，會膨脹成為一顆<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E5%B7%A8%E6%98%9F" title="紅巨星">紅巨星</a>，在某些情況下，核心會融合成更重的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="化學元素">元素</a>。然後這顆恆星會演化出簡併型態，並將一些物質回歸至星際空間的環境中。這些釋放至空間中的物質有助於形成新一代的恆星，它們會含有比例較高的重元素<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a>。與此同時，核心成為<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%BB%E5%AF%86%E6%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="緻密星">恆星殘骸</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F" title="白矮星">白矮星</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E6%98%9F" title="中子星">中子星</a>、或<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B4%9E" title="黑洞">黑洞</a>（如果它有足夠龐大的質量）。 <a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E6%98%9F" title="聯星">聯星</a>和多星系統包含兩顆或更多受到引力束縛的恆星，通常彼此都在穩定的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8C%E9%81%93" class="mw-disambig" title="軌道">軌道</a>上各自運行著。當這樣的兩顆恆星在相對較近的軌道上時，其间的引力作用可以對它們的演化產生重大的影響<a href="#cite_note-iben-4">[4]</a>。恆星可以構成更巨大的引力束縛結構，像是<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E5%9C%98" class="mw-redirect" title="星團">星團</a>或是<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB" title="星系">星系</a>或是<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="星雲">星雲</a>。 <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="觀測簡史">觀測簡史</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：觀測簡史">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dibuix_de_Leo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Dibuix_de_Leo.png/220px-Dibuix_de_Leo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Dibuix_de_Leo.png/330px-Dibuix_de_Leo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Dibuix_de_Leo.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="292" /></a><figcaption>自古以來，人們就將恆星組成圖形<a href="#cite_note-forbes-5">[5]</a>，這是<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E7%B6%AD%E7%95%99" title="約翰·赫維留">約翰·赫維留</a>在1690年描繪的<a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%85%E5%AD%90%E5%BA%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="獅子座">獅子座</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></figcaption></figure> 人類對恒星的觀測歷史悠久。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%9F%83%E5%8F%8A" title="古埃及">古埃及</a>以<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%8B%BC%E6%98%9F" title="天狼星">天狼星</a>在東方地平線的出現，預示<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E7%BE%85%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="尼羅河">尼羅河</a>氾濫的日子。中國<a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E6%9C%9D" title="商朝">商朝</a>就設立專門官員觀測<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E5%AE%BF%E4%BA%8C" title="心宿二">大火</a>在東方的出現，確定歲首的時刻，與作物<a href="/wiki/%E6%92%AD%E7%A7%8D" title="播种">播種</a>與收割並列在卜辭中。而中國<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D" title="明朝">明朝</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E6%B5%B7%E5%AE%B6" title="航海家">航海家</a>們則利用<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%AA%E6%B5%B7%E4%B9%9D%E6%98%9F" title="航海九星">航海九星</a>來判斷方向。美國的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%B3%A2%E7%BE%8511%E8%99%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="阿波羅11號">阿波羅11號</a>飛船設有<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%89%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%9A%E4%BD%8D%E5%84%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="光學定位儀（页面不存在）">光學定位儀</a>，利用恒星來確定位置。 <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LeoCC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/LeoCC.jpg/220px-LeoCC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/LeoCC.jpg/330px-LeoCC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/LeoCC.jpg/440px-LeoCC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="446" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>肉眼可以看見的<a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%85%E5%AD%90%E5%BA%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="獅子座">獅子座</a>（已添加星座連線）</figcaption></figure> 在歷史上，恆星在世界各地的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E" title="文明">文明</a>中都曾佔有重要的地位，它們被作為<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="宗教">宗教</a>上的實踐並用於<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AF%BC%E8%88%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="天文导航">天文導航</a>上指示方向。許多古代的天文學家都相信恆星被固定在永恆的天球上（球形的天空），並且永遠不會變化。經由相約成俗，天文學家將一群一群的恆星集合組成<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E5%BA%A7" title="星座">星座</a>，並且用它們來追蹤<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F" title="行星">行星</a>在天空中的運動和臆測<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="太陽">太陽</a>的位置<a href="#cite_note-forbes-5">[5]</a>。太陽在星空背景（和地平線）被用來創造了<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E6%9B%86" class="mw-redirect" title="太陽曆">曆法</a>，可以用來實踐農業的調控<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a>。現在幾乎全球都在使用的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%87%8C%E6%9B%86" class="mw-redirect" title="格里曆">格里曆</a>就是依據最靠近地球的恆星，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="太陽">太陽</a>為基礎建立的。 最古老的，標有精確日期的星圖出現在西元前1534年的古埃及<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8" title="中古伊斯蘭天文學">伊斯蘭天文學家</a>為許多恆星取的<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="阿拉伯文">阿拉伯文</a>名稱一直到今天都還在使用，他們還發明了許多<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E8%98%AD%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8#觀測儀器" title="中古伊斯蘭天文學">天文儀器</a>可以測量和計算恆星的位置。在11世紀，<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E9%AD%AF%E5%B0%BC" title="比魯尼">阿布·拉伊漢·比魯尼</a>描述<a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%80%E6%B2%B3%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="銀河系">銀河系</a>像是由有恆星的雲氣組成的許多碎片，在1019年的月食也測量了一些恆星的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%AF%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="緯度">緯度</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>。 中国古代的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="中国天文学史">天文学家</a>就已经意识到可以出现新的恒星<a href="#cite_note-clark-10">[10]</a>，并在公元185年首次观察并记录了现在被称为<a href="/wiki/SN_185" title="SN 185">SN 185</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%96%B0%E6%98%9F" title="超新星">超新星</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a>。早期的一些<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="歐洲">歐洲</a>天文學家，像是<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E8%B0%B7%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E8%B5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="第谷·布拉赫">第谷</a>，就在夜空中辨認出一顆新的恆星（後來稱為新星），因此認為天空不是永恆不變的。在1584年，<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E7%88%BE%E9%81%94%E8%AB%BE%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E9%AD%AF%E8%AB%BE" title="焦爾達諾·布魯諾">焦爾達諾·布魯諾</a>認為恆星像太陽一樣，也可能有<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E7%B3%BB%E5%A4%96%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F" title="太陽系外行星">其他行星</a>，甚至有像地球一樣的，環繞著它們<a href="#cite_note-he_history-12">[12]</a>，古代的希臘哲學家<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%B0%9F%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9%E7%89%B9" title="德谟克利特">德謨克利特</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%AF%94%E9%B3%A9%E9%AD%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="伊比鳩魯">伊比鳩魯</a>也曾經提出和他一樣的想法<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a>。在進入下個世紀前，天文學家已經取得了一致的看法，認為恆星是遙遠的太陽。神學家<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%8E%E5%AF%9F%C2%B7%E8%B3%93%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="李察·賓特利（页面不存在）">李察·賓特利</a>質疑這些恆星為何沒有對太陽系施加萬有引力，<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E7%89%9B%E9%A0%93" class="mw-redirect" title="艾薩克·牛頓">艾薩克·牛頓</a>解釋認為在每個方向分布的恆星將引力彼此互相抵銷掉了<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a>。 義大利天文學家<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%82%91%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%BC%E5%AE%89%E8%AB%BE%C2%B7%E8%92%99%E5%A1%94%E7%B4%8D%E5%88%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="傑米尼安諾·蒙塔納利（页面不存在）">傑米尼安諾·蒙塔納利</a>在1667年觀測和記錄了<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B5%E4%BA%94" title="大陵五">大陵五</a>的光度變化，<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E5%BE%B7%E8%92%99%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E9%9B%B7" title="愛德蒙·哈雷">愛德蒙·哈雷</a>出版一對鄰近"恆星"<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E8%A1%8C" title="自行">自行</a>的測量報告，顯示出從古希臘天文學家<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E5%8B%92%E5%AF%86" class="mw-redirect" title="托勒密">托勒密</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%9C%E5%B8%95%E6%81%B0%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="喜帕恰斯">喜帕恰斯</a>迄今，它們的位置已經改變了。<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94" title="弗里德里希·威廉·贝塞尔">白塞爾</a>在1838年首度利用<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E5%B7%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="視差">視差</a>的技術測出一顆恆星（<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%B5%9D%E5%BA%A761" title="天鵝座61">天鵝座61</a>）的距離是11.4<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%B9%B4" title="光年">光年</a>，顯示了天空的廣大和天體距離的遙遠<a href="#cite_note-he_history-12">[12]</a>。 <a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E6%AD%87%E7%88%BE" title="威廉·赫歇爾">威廉·赫歇爾</a>是第一位嘗試確定恆星在天空中分佈狀態的天文學家。在1780年代，他用量測器對600個方向進行了一系列的測量，計算沿著視線方向可以看見的恆星數目。透過這樣的研究，他推論出恆星的數量平穩的向著天空的一側增加，這個方向就是<a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%80%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="銀河">銀河</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%80%E5%BF%83" title="銀心">中心</a>。他的兒子<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E6%AD%87%E7%88%BE" title="約翰·赫歇爾">約翰·赫歇爾</a>在南半球的天空重複他的研究，也得到向著同一方向增加的相同結果<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a>。除了這些還有其他的成就，威廉·赫歇爾還注意到有些恆星不僅是在相同的方向上，彼此之間還是物理上的夥伴形成了<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E6%98%9F" title="聯星">聯星</a>系統。 <a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%A4%AB%E7%90%85%E7%A6%BE%E8%B4%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="约瑟夫·夫琅禾费">約瑟夫·夫琅禾费</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%90%89%E6%B4%9B%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E5%A5%87" class="mw-redirect" title="安吉洛·西奇">安吉洛·西奇</a>開創了科學的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%AB%94%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C%E5%AD%B8" title="天體光譜學">天體光譜學</a>，經由比較<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%8B%BC%E6%98%9F" title="天狼星">天狼星</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="太陽">太陽</a>的光譜，他們發現有不同數量和強度的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%9C%E7%B7%9A" title="譜線">吸收譜線</a>—恆星光譜中黑暗的譜線是由大氣層吸收特定頻率的波長造成的。西奇從1865年開始分依據<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E8%B0%B1%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="光谱类型">光譜類型</a>對恆星做分類<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a>。不過，現代的恆星分類系統是<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%A6%AE%C2%B7%E5%9D%8E%E5%86%9C" title="安妮·坎农">安妮·坎農</a>在1900年代建立的。 <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alpha_Centauri_AB_over_limb_of_Saturn_PIA10406.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Alpha_Centauri_AB_over_limb_of_Saturn_PIA10406.jpg/220px-Alpha_Centauri_AB_over_limb_of_Saturn_PIA10406.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Alpha_Centauri_AB_over_limb_of_Saturn_PIA10406.jpg/330px-Alpha_Centauri_AB_over_limb_of_Saturn_PIA10406.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Alpha_Centauri_AB_over_limb_of_Saturn_PIA10406.jpg/440px-Alpha_Centauri_AB_over_limb_of_Saturn_PIA10406.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1017" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%96%80%E4%BA%8C" title="南門二">半人马座α星A</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E9%96%80%E4%BA%8C" title="南門二">半人马座α星B</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E6%98%9F" title="土星">土星</a>环之上</figcaption></figure> 在19世紀雙星觀測所獲得的成就使其重要性也增加了。在1834年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94" title="弗里德里希·威廉·贝塞尔">白塞爾</a>觀測到天狼星自行的變化，因而推測有一顆隱藏的伴星；<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E5%85%8B%E6%9E%97" title="爱德华·皮克林">愛德華·皮克林</a>在1899年觀測<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E9%98%B3" class="mw-disambig" title="开阳">開陽</a>週期性分裂的光譜線時發現第一顆<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E6%98%9F" title="聯星">光譜雙星</a>，週期是104天。天文學家<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E9%9B%85%E5%8F%AF%E5%A4%AB%E5%88%97%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E9%B2%81%E7%BB%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="瓦西里·雅可夫列维奇·斯特鲁维">斯特魯維</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8D%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E5%8D%AB%E6%96%AF%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E4%BC%AF%E7%BA%B3%E5%A7%86" title="舍本·卫斯里·伯纳姆">舍本·衛斯里·伯納姆</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherburne_Wesley_Burnham" class="extiw" title="en:Sherburne Wesley Burnham">Sherburne Wesley Burnham</a>）仔細的觀察和收集了許多聯星的資料，使得可以從被確定的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%8C%E9%81%93%E8%A6%81%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="軌道要素">軌道要素</a>推算出恆星的質量。第一個獲得解答的是1827年由菲利克斯·薩瓦里（Felix Savary）透過望遠鏡的觀測得到的聯星軌道<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a>。 對恆星的科學研究在20世紀獲得快速的進展，<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E7%89%87" class="mw-redirect" title="相片">相片</a>成為天文學上很有價值的工具。<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E7%93%A6%E8%A5%BF" title="卡爾·史瓦西">卡爾·史瓦西</a>發現經由比較視星等和攝影星等的差別，可以得到恆星的顏色和它的溫度。1921年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E9%9B%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="光電">光電</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%BA%A6%E8%A8%88" title="光度計">光度計</a>的發展可以在不同的波長間隔上非常精密的測量星等。<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%BF%88%E5%85%8B%E8%80%B3%E5%AD%99" title="阿尔伯特·迈克耳孙">阿尔伯特·迈克耳孙</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%94%E9%80%8A%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%8F%B0" title="威尔逊山天文台">虎克望遠鏡</a>第一次使用<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B2%E6%B6%89%E5%84%80" class="mw-redirect" title="干涉儀">干涉儀</a>測量出恆星的直徑<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a>。 在20世紀的第一個十年裡，恆星物理概念性的重要工作開始進展。在1913年，<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E7%BE%85%E5%9C%96" title="赫羅圖">赫羅圖</a>發展出來，推動了恆星在天文物理上的研究。解釋恆星內部和恆星演化的模型被成功的發展出來；恆星光譜也因為<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="量子力學">量子物理學</a>的進展而得以成功的解釋；恆星大氣中的化學成分也能夠被確定<a href="#cite_note-new_cosmos-19">[19]</a>。 除了超新星之外，各別的恆星都在我們的<a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%80%E6%B2%B3%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="銀河系">銀河系</a>所在的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB%E7%BE%A4" title="本星系群">本星系群</a>中被觀測到<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a>，特別是在可以看見的<a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%80%E6%B2%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="銀河">銀河</a>部分（如同展示我們的銀河系可以利用的詳細<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E8%A1%A8" title="星表">星表</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a>）。但是有些距離地球一億光年遠，在<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A4%E5%A5%B3%E5%BA%A7%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB%E5%9C%98" title="室女座星系團">室女座星系團</a><a href="/wiki/M100" title="M100">M100</a>星系內的恆星也被觀測到<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a>。在<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E8%B6%85%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB%E5%9C%98" class="mw-redirect" title="本超星系團">本超星系團</a>也有一些星團被觀測到，並且現代的望遠鏡原則上可以觀察到<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB%E7%BE%A4" title="本星系群">本星系群</a>內單獨的微弱恆星—被解晰出來最遙遠的恆星距離在一億光年<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a>（參見<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%A0%E7%88%B6%E8%AE%8A%E6%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="造父變星">造父變星</a>）。然而在<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E8%B6%85%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB%E5%9C%98" class="mw-redirect" title="本超星系團">本超星系團</a>之外的星系中，無論是單獨的恆星或星團都未曾被觀測過，唯一的例外是在十億光年外的一個擁有數十萬顆恆星的巨大星團曾留下微弱的影像<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a>—距離十倍於以前曾觀測過最遙遠的星團。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="恆星命名">恆星命名</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：恆星命名">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D" title="恆星命名">恆星命名</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%AB%94%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D" title="天體命名">天體命名</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E8%A1%A8" title="星表">星表</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ngc6397_hst_blue_straggler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ngc6397_hst_blue_straggler.jpg/220px-Ngc6397_hst_blue_straggler.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ngc6397_hst_blue_straggler.jpg/330px-Ngc6397_hst_blue_straggler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ngc6397_hst_blue_straggler.jpg/440px-Ngc6397_hst_blue_straggler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="996" data-file-height="792" /></a><figcaption>這張圖中的藍色恆星是所謂的<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8D%E6%8E%89%E9%9A%8A%E6%98%9F" title="藍掉隊星">藍掉隊星</a>，它們是出現在<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E7%BE%85%E5%9C%96" title="赫羅圖">赫羅圖</a>上的左上角</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="中國">中國</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：中國">编辑</a>]</div> 每一顆恒星都要給它取一個獨特的名字，才能夠便於研究和識別。中國在戰國時代起已命名肉眼能辨別到的恒星或是以它所在<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E5%AE%98" title="星官">星官</a>（包括<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%9E%A3" title="三垣">三垣</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E5%AE%BF" title="二十八宿">二十八宿</a>）命名，如<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%97%9C" title="天關">天關星</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%B2%B3%E4%BA%8C" title="北河二">北河二</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E5%AE%BF%E4%BA%8C" title="心宿二">心宿二</a>等；或是根據傳說命名，例如<a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%94%E5%A5%B3%E6%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="織女星">織女星</a>（織女一）、<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E9%83%8E%E6%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="牛郎星">牛郎星</a>（河鼓二）、<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E4%BA%BA%E6%98%9F" title="老人星">老人星</a>等，構成一個不嚴謹的獨立體系。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="西方">西方</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：西方">编辑</a>]</div> 星座的概念在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%AF%94%E5%80%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="巴比倫">巴比倫</a>時期就已經存在，古代的觀星人將哪些比較顯著的恆星和自然或神話等特定的景物結合，想像成不同的形狀，和與它們相關形象的性質或神話。位於<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E9%81%93" class="mw-redirect" title="黃道">黃道</a>帶上的12個星座就成了<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A0%E6%98%9F%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="占星學">占星學</a>的依據<a href="#cite_note-koch95-25">[25]</a>。許多明顯的單獨恆星也被賦予專屬的名字，特別是以<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="阿拉伯文">阿拉伯文</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="拉丁文">拉丁文</a>標示的名稱。 除了某些星座和太陽本身，有些個別的恆星也有自己的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="神話">神話</a><a href="#cite_note-mythology-26">[26]</a>。它們被認為是亡者或神的靈魂，例如<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%99%B5%E4%BA%94" title="大陵五">大陵五</a>就代表著<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%9D%9C%E8%8E%8E" title="美杜莎">蛇髮女怪</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%9D%9C%E8%8E%8E" title="美杜莎">美杜莎</a>。 在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" class="mw-redirect" title="古希臘">古希臘</a>，已經知道有些星星是<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F" title="行星">行星</a>（希臘文：πλανήτης (planētēs)，意思是“漫遊者”），代表著各式各樣重要的神祇，這些行星的名字是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E6%98%9F" title="水星">水星</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F" title="金星">金星</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E6%98%9F" title="火星">火星</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E6%98%9F" title="木星">木星</a>、和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%9F%E6%98%9F" title="土星">土星</a><a href="#cite_note-mythology-26">[26]</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%8E%8B%E6%98%9F" title="天王星">天王星</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E7%8E%8B%E6%98%9F" title="海王星">海王星</a>雖然也是<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" class="mw-redirect" title="希臘">希臘</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="羅馬">羅馬</a>神話中的神祇，但是它們的光度暗淡，因此古代人並未發現，它們的名字是後來才由天文學家命名的。）。 大約在1600年代，星座的名稱、範圍以及恆星的名字還是由各個地區自己命名的。1603年，德國天文學家<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%8B%9C%E8%80%B3" title="約翰·拜耳">約翰·拜耳</a>創造了以希臘字母序列與星座結合的<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E8%80%B3%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E6%B3%95" title="拜耳命名法">拜耳命名法</a>，為星座內的每一顆恆星命名。然後英國天文學家<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E4%BD%9B%E8%98%AD%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%BE%B7" title="約翰·佛蘭斯蒂德">約翰·佛蘭斯蒂德</a>發明出了依據<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%A4%E7%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="赤經">赤經</a>數值的數字系統命名法，使用在它的星表《不列颠星表》（Historia coelestis Britannica，在公元1712年出版），這就是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E8%98%AD%E6%96%AF%E8%92%82%E5%BE%B7%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E6%B3%95" title="佛蘭斯蒂德命名法">佛蘭斯蒂德命名法</a>或「佛氏數字法」<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a>。從此以後許多其他的系統的<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E8%A1%A8" title="星表">星表</a>都被創造出來。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="其他">其他</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：其他">编辑</a>]</div> 國際公認唯一能夠為恆星或天體命名的權威機構是<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="國際天文學聯合會">國際天文學聯合會</a>（IAU，International Astronomical Union）<a href="#cite_note-space_law09-29">[29]</a>。但是，世界各地有許多私人公司出售恆星的名字，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%96%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="大英圖書館">大英圖書館</a>稱這些是<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E6%B3%95%E8%A6%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="行政法規">不道德</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%81%E6%A5%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="企業">企業</a><a href="#cite_note-astrometry05-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-bl_disclaimer-31">[31]</a>。不過，國際天文學聯合會本身不會從事這種商業行為，這些公司售出的名稱不會被認可，也不會被使用<a href="#cite_note-andersen10-32">[32]</a>。其中一間名為<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%98%9F%E8%BE%B0%E6%B3%A8%E5%86%8C" title="国际星辰注册">国际星辰注册</a>（International Star Registry，ISR）的公司，在1980年代被指控欺詐，不實的讓民眾誤以為購買的恆星名稱可以得到<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%98%E6%96%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="官方">官方</a>認可。現在，ISR的這種作法已經被正式貼上標籤，是一種騙局和欺詐的行為<a href="#cite_note-si30_5-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-sd19980401-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-golden_faflick82-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-di_justo20011226-36">[36]</a>；<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%90%E7%B4%84%E5%B8%82%E6%B6%88%E8%B2%BB%E8%80%85%E4%BA%8B%E5%8B%99%E9%83%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="紐約市消費者事務部（页面不存在）">紐約市消費者事務部</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Consumer_Affairs" class="extiw" title="en:New York City Department of Consumer Affairs">New York City Department of Consumer Affairs</a>）也發出ISR的做法是違法從事欺騙貿易<a href="#cite_note-pliat02-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-sclafani19980508-38">[38]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="数量">数量</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：数量">编辑</a>]</div> 天文学家对<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99" title="宇宙">宇宙</a>中恒星的数量一直有不同的估算。最著名的一个说法是美国天文学家<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%90%A8%E6%A0%B9" title="卡尔·萨根">卡尔·萨根</a>在他的著作《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%83%E4%BA%BF%E7%9A%84%E5%8D%83%E4%BA%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="千亿的千亿（页面不存在）">千亿的千亿</a>》中提出的一个猜测，认为宇宙中有1000亿个<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB" title="星系">星系</a>，每个星系有1000亿个恒星。而据此天文学家又进一步推测各星系恒星数量约为1000亿的一万亿倍。美国天文学家<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E8%8C%83%C2%B7%E5%A4%9A%E6%98%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="彼得·范·多昆（页面不存在）">彼得·范·多昆</a>和天体物理学家<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%A5%E7%90%86%C2%B7%E5%BA%B7%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="查理·康罗伊（页面不存在）">查理·康罗伊</a>对来自星系的光强度分析后认为大约有3X1023<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="測量的單位">測量的單位</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：測量的單位">编辑</a>]</div> 多數恆星的參數被用<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="國際單位制">SI單位</a>來表示，但是有時也會採用<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%98%E7%B1%B3-%E5%85%8B-%E7%A7%92%E5%88%B6" title="厘米-克-秒制">CGS單位</a>（像是使用爾格/秒來表示光度）。質量、光度和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E5%BE%91" class="mw-redirect" title="半徑">半徑</a>通常都會以太陽為單位，建立在太陽的特性上： <dl><dd><table> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="太陽質量">太陽質量</a>： </td> <td><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{smallmatrix}M_{\odot }=1.9891\times 10^{30}\end{smallmatrix}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle scriptlevel="1"> <mtable rowspacing=".2em" columnspacing="0.333em" displaystyle="false"> <mtr> <mtd> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊙</mo> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1.9891</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>30</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{smallmatrix}M_{\odot }=1.9891\times 10^{30}\end{smallmatrix}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/99d9351d04513231540ee664910df7c75ab697dc" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.511ex; margin-bottom: -0.327ex; width:13.815ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{smallmatrix}M_{\odot }=1.9891\times 10^{30}\end{smallmatrix}}}">公斤<a href="#cite_note-constants-40">[40]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E5%85%89%E5%BA%A6" title="太陽光度">太陽光度</a>： </td> <td><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{smallmatrix}L_{\odot }=3.827\times 10^{26}\end{smallmatrix}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle scriptlevel="1"> <mtable rowspacing=".2em" columnspacing="0.333em" displaystyle="false"> <mtr> <mtd> <msub> <mi>L</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊙</mo> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>3.827</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>26</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{smallmatrix}L_{\odot }=3.827\times 10^{26}\end{smallmatrix}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/31d903f20c20756b384e5fb3027499827e9c39b5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.511ex; margin-bottom: -0.327ex; width:12.518ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{smallmatrix}L_{\odot }=3.827\times 10^{26}\end{smallmatrix}}}"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E7%89%B9" title="瓦特">瓦特</a><a href="#cite_note-constants-40">[40]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E5%8D%8A%E5%BE%91" class="mw-redirect" title="太陽半徑">太陽半徑</a>： </td> <td><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{smallmatrix}R_{\odot }=6.960\times 10^{8}\end{smallmatrix}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle scriptlevel="1"> <mtable rowspacing=".2em" columnspacing="0.333em" displaystyle="false"> <mtr> <mtd> <msub> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>⊙</mo> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>6.960</mn> <mo>×</mo> <msup> <mn>10</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>8</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mtd> </mtr> </mtable> </mstyle> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{smallmatrix}R_{\odot }=6.960\times 10^{8}\end{smallmatrix}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e3399da5c608b64c9f293a42528bf26f9dd55fa1" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.511ex; margin-bottom: -0.327ex; width:11.979ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{smallmatrix}R_{\odot }=6.960\times 10^{8}\end{smallmatrix}}}"> <a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3_(%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D)" class="mw-redirect" title="米 (單位)">米</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> 巨大的長度，像是巨星的半徑或是<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="聯星系統">聯星系統</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E9%95%B7%E8%BB%B8" title="半長軸">半長軸</a>，經常會用<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D" title="天文單位">天文單位</a>—地球和太陽的平均距離來表示，大約是一億五千萬公里或九千三百萬英里。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="形成和演化">形成和演化</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：形成和演化">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="恆星演化">恆星演化</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Star_life_cycles_red_dwarf_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Star_life_cycles_red_dwarf_en.svg/300px-Star_life_cycles_red_dwarf_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Star_life_cycles_red_dwarf_en.svg/450px-Star_life_cycles_red_dwarf_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Star_life_cycles_red_dwarf_en.svg/600px-Star_life_cycles_red_dwarf_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="288" /></a><figcaption>低質量恆星（左迴圈）和高質量恆星（右迴圈）演化的迴圈，對應的例子以斜體字呈現</figcaption></figure> 恆星在<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E9%9A%9B%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="星際物質">星際物質</a>擴散區域內密度較高的地區形成，但是那兒的密度仍然低於我們在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E7%A9%BA%E5%AE%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="真空室（页面不存在）">真空室</a>內所能創造的密度。這樣的地區是所謂的<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E9%9B%B2" title="分子雲">分子雲</a>，其中絕大部分是氫，大約23至28%的氦，還有幾個%的重元素組成。分子雲是恒星形成的場所。赫歇爾空間望遠鏡發現纖維狀結構遍布在分子雲中。致密的纖維狀結構在恒星形成過程中起著至關重要的作用。致密的纖維狀結構將碎裂成受引力束縛的雲核（〜0.1 pc），大部分雲核將會演化為恒星。氣體的吸積、幾何彎曲和磁場可能控制了纖維狀結構的詳細碎裂方式。在超臨界的纖維狀結構中，已經觀察到致密雲核的準周期鏈式結構，雲核間距與纖維狀結構的寬度相當，有些雲核已經嵌入了原恒星，並伴隨著外向流<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a>。纖維狀結構橫貫宇宙，編織了縱橫交錯的“宇宙網”，不僅孕育恒星，而且還孕育了星系和黑洞。有可能存在可以在各種尺度上起作用的某種物理機制，構建了當今我們觀測到的宇宙結構。如果不是重力，那會是什麽？獵戶座大星雲就是恆星形成區的一個例子<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a>。當大質量的恆星在分子雲內形成，它們不僅將照亮那團雲氣，也會使氫<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E9%9B%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="電離">電離</a>，創造出<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A6%BB%E6%B0%A2%E5%8C%BA" title="电离氢区">HII區</a>。 所有的恆星，有生之年的絕大部分時間都是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F" title="主序星">主序星</a>，主要是燃燒氫元素，經由<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%81%9A%E5%8F%98" title="核聚变">核融合</a>產生氦。然而，不同質量的恆星在其演化階段有著截然不同的性質，大質量恆星不僅最終的命運和低質量恆星不同，它們的亮度和對周遭環境的衝擊也不同。因此，天文學家經常以質量將恆星分成不同的群組<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a>： <ul><li>非常低質量的恆星：質量少於0.5<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="太陽質量">太陽質量</a>的恆星不會演化進入<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%B8%E8%BF%91%E5%B7%A8%E6%98%9F%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="漸近巨星分支">漸近巨星分支</a>（AGB），但是會直接成為白矮星。</li> <li>低質量恆星（包括太陽）是質量超過0.5太陽質量，但未超過1.8-2.2太陽質量的恆星，會演化進入AGB（依據它們的組成），在那裏演化出簡併的氦核。</li> <li>中等質量恆星會經歷<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6%E8%9E%8D%E5%90%88" title="氦融合">氦融合</a>和演化出簡併的碳-氧核。</li> <li>大質量恆星的質量至少是7-10太陽質量，但也可能低至5或6太陽質量。這些恆星在生命的後期經過<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E8%81%9A%E5%8F%98" title="碳聚变">碳融合</a>，並以核心坍縮的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%96%B0%E6%98%9F" title="超新星">超新星</a>爆炸結束一生。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="原恆星形成">原恆星形成</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：原恆星形成">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90" title="恆星形成">恆星形成</a></div> 恆星的形成從分子雲內部的重力不穩定開始，通常是因為<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%96%B0%E6%98%9F" title="超新星">超新星</a>（大質量恆星爆炸）的沖激波觸發或兩個<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB" title="星系">星系</a>的碰撞（像是<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E7%88%86%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="星爆星系">星爆星系</a>）。一旦某個區域的密度達到或滿足<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%8D%E7%A9%A9%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="金斯不穩定性">金斯不穩定性</a>的標準，它就會因為自身的重力開始塌縮<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a>。 <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Witness_the_Birth_of_a_Star.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Witness_the_Birth_of_a_Star.jpg/220px-Witness_the_Birth_of_a_Star.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Witness_the_Birth_of_a_Star.jpg/330px-Witness_the_Birth_of_a_Star.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Witness_the_Birth_of_a_Star.jpg/440px-Witness_the_Birth_of_a_Star.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>藝術家觀念下在高密度<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E9%9B%B2" title="分子雲">分子雲</a>誕生的恆星</figcaption></figure> 分子雲一旦開始塌縮，個別密集的塵土和氣體就會形成我們所知道的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%85%E5%85%8B%E7%90%83" class="mw-redirect" title="包克球">包克球</a>，它們可以擁有50倍太陽質量的物質。當小球繼續塌縮時，密度持續增加，重力位能被轉換成熱，並且使溫度上升。當原恆星雲趨近於<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E9%AB%94%E9%9D%9C%E5%8A%9B%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1" title="流體靜力平衡">流體靜力平衡</a>的狀態時，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F" title="原恆星">原恆星</a>就在核心形成了<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a>。這些<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E5%89%8D%E6%98%9F" title="主序前星">主序前星</a>經常都有<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F%E7%9B%A4" title="原行星盤">原行星盤</a>環繞著，並且主要的能量來源是重力收縮，重力收縮的期間至少要經歷一千萬至一千五百萬年。 質量低於2倍太陽質量的早期恆星稱為<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E7%89%9BT%E6%98%9F" title="金牛T星">金牛T星</a>，質量較大的則是<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E6%AF%94%E6%A0%BCAe/Be%E6%98%9F" title="赫比格Ae/Be星">赫比格Ae/Be星</a>。這些新生的恆星由自轉軸的兩極噴出的噴流，這可能會降低所知的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E6%AF%94%E6%A0%BC-%E5%93%88%E7%BE%85%E5%A4%A9%E9%AB%94" title="赫比格-哈羅天體">赫比格-哈羅天體</a>小片雲氣坍縮結果所形成恆星的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%92%E5%8B%95%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="角動量">角動量</a> <a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-smith04-48">[48]</a>。這些噴流，結合來自附近大質量恆星的輻射，有助於驅散形成中恆星周圍殘餘的雲氣<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a>。 在它們發展的早期，金牛T星遵循著<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E8%BB%8C%E8%B7%A1" title="林軌跡">林軌跡</a> ―它們收縮和光度降低，但是溫度和其它則大致相同。質量低的金牛T星遵循這樣的軌跡進入主序帶，質量較重的恆星會先轉入<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E8%80%B6%E8%B7%A1" title="亨耶跡">亨耶跡</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="主序星">主序星</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：主序星">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F" title="主序星">主序星</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:H-R_diagram_-edited-3-zh-hant.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/H-R_diagram_-edited-3-zh-hant.png/220px-H-R_diagram_-edited-3-zh-hant.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/H-R_diagram_-edited-3-zh-hant.png/330px-H-R_diagram_-edited-3-zh-hant.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/H-R_diagram_-edited-3-zh-hant.png/440px-H-R_diagram_-edited-3-zh-hant.png 2x" data-file-width="723" data-file-height="811" /></a><figcaption>包括太陽（中心）在內一系列恆星的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E7%BE%85%E5%9C%96" title="赫羅圖">赫羅圖</a>例子。（參見下文的分類）</figcaption></figure> 恆星一生的90%都是在核心以高溫和高壓將氫融合成氦的階段。在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F" title="主序星">主序帶</a>上，像這樣的恆星，稱為矮星。從零齡主序星開始，氦在核心的比率穩定的增加，在核心的核融合速率緩慢的增加，恆星表面的溫度和亮度也是一樣<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a>。以太陽為例，估計從它進入主序帶開始，在這46億年當中，它的亮度已經增加了大約40%<a href="#cite_note-sun_future-51">[51]</a>。 每一顆恆星都會形成由微粒組成的<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E9%A2%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="恆星風">恆星風</a>，導致不斷噴出氣體進入太空。對多數的恆星，這樣的質量損失可以忽略不計。太陽每年損失的質量只有10−14太陽質量<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a>，或是在它的一生中損失大約總質量的0.01%。然而，質量非常巨大的恆星每年可能損失10−7到10−5太陽質量，顯著的影響到它的演化<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a>。恆星進入主序帶的質量若是超過太陽質量的50倍，在主序帶的階段可以失去過一半的質量<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a>。 恆星在主序帶上所經歷的時間取決於它的燃料量和消耗燃料的速率，換言之就是開始的光度和質量。對太陽來說，估計它的壽命有100億年。大質量的恆星燃燒燃料的速度快，生命期就短；低質量的恆星燃燒燃料的速度很慢。質量低於0.25太陽質量的恆星，稱為<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F" title="紅矮星">紅矮星</a>，幾乎所有的質量都是可以燃燒的燃料，但是1倍太陽質量的恆星，大約只有10%質量是燃料。結合它們緩慢的燃燒速率和可以使用的燃料量，依據恆星演化的計算，0.25太陽質量的恆星至少可以維持1萬億年，而以氫為燃料的質量最低恆星（0.08太陽質量）將可以持續燃燒12萬億年。<a href="#cite_note-adams-55">[55]</a>當恆星的生命結束時，紅矮星單純的只是越來越黯淡<a href="#cite_note-late_stages-2">[2]</a>。但是，因為這種恆星的生命期遠大於現在的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%B9%B4%E9%BD%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="宇宙年齡">宇宙年齡</a>（138億年），還沒有質量低於0.85太陽質量的恆星死亡<a href="#cite_note-saomainseq-56">[56]</a>，也還未被預期會離開主序帶。 除了質量，比氦重的元素在恆星演化中也扮演著值得注意的角色。在天文學中，比氦重的元素都被視為"金屬"，而這些元素在化學上的<a href="/wiki/%E6%BF%83%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="濃度">濃度</a>稱為<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC%E9%87%8F" title="金屬量">金屬量</a>。金属量可以影響恆星燃燒燃料的速率和持續的時間，和控制磁場的形成<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a>，並改變恆星風的強度<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a>。年老的<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E6%97%8F" title="星族">第二星族</a>恆星的金屬量會低於年輕的第一星族，這是由於形成星族的分子雲的成分不同。隨著時間的推移，因為當老的恆星死去時會將<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3%E5%B1%A4" title="恆星大氣層">大氣層</a>灑落至分子雲中，雲中的重元素量就會隨著時間過去變得越來越豐富。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="主序後星">主序後星</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：主序後星">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E5%B7%A8%E6%98%9F" title="紅巨星">紅巨星</a></div> 質量不低於0.4太陽質量的恆星<a href="#cite_note-late_stages-2">[2]</a>在耗盡核心供應的氫之後，外層的氣體開始膨脹並冷卻形成<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E5%B7%A8%E6%98%9F" title="紅巨星">紅巨星</a>。大約50億年後，當太陽進入這個階段，它將膨脹至的最大半徑大約是1<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D" title="天文單位">天文單位</a>（150 × 106公里），是目前的250倍。成為巨星時，太陽大約已失去目前質量的30%<a href="#cite_note-sun_future-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-sun_future_schroder-59">[59]</a>。 質量達到2.25太陽質量的紅巨星，氫燃燒的程序會在環繞核心周圍的殼層進行<a href="#cite_note-hinshaw-60">[60]</a>最後核心被壓縮至可以進行<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6%E8%9E%8D%E5%90%88" title="氦融合">氦融合</a>，同時恆星的半徑逐漸縮小而且表面的溫度增加。更大的恆星，核心的區域會直接從氫融合進入氦融合<a href="#cite_note-iben-4">[4]</a>。 在恆星核心的氦也耗盡之後，核融合繼續在包圍著高熱的碳和氧核心的殼層內進行。然後循著與原來的紅巨星階段平行，但是表面溫度較高的路徑繼續演化。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="大質量恆星">大質量恆星</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：大質量恆星">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E8%B6%85%E5%B7%A8%E6%98%9F" title="紅超巨星">紅超巨星</a></div> 在氦燃燒階段，質量超過9倍太陽質量的大質量恆星會膨脹成為<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E8%B6%85%E5%B7%A8%E6%98%9F" title="紅超巨星">紅超巨星</a>。一旦核心的燃料耗盡，它們會繼續燃燒比氦更重的元素。 核心繼續收縮直到溫度和壓力能夠讓碳融合（參考<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E7%87%83%E7%87%92%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="碳燃燒過程">碳燃燒過程</a>）。這個過程會繼續，接續到下一步驟燃燒<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%96" title="氖">氖</a>（參考<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%96%E7%87%83%E7%87%92%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" title="氖燃燒過程">氖燃燒過程</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7" title="氧">氧</a>（參考<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E7%87%83%E7%87%92%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" title="氧燃燒過程">氧燃燒過程</a>）、和<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="矽">矽</a>（參考<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%BD%E7%87%83%E7%87%92%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" title="矽燃燒過程">矽燃燒過程</a>）。接近恆星生命的終點，核融合在恆星內部可能延沿著數層像洋蔥殼一樣的殼層中發生。每一層燃燒著不同的元素燃料，燃燒的最外層是氫融合，第二層是氦融合，依序向內<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a>。當大質量恆星將<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="鐵">鐵</a>製造出來就到達了最後的階段，因為鐵核的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%9F%E7%B8%9B%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="束縛能">束縛能</a>比任何更重的元素都大。任何超越鐵元素的融合，與之前的相反，不僅不會釋放出能量，還要消耗能量。同樣的，它也比較輕的元素緊密，鐵核的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" class="mw-redirect" title="核分裂">分裂</a>也不會釋放出能量<a href="#cite_note-hinshaw-60">[60]</a>。在比較老、質量比較大的恆星，惰性的鐵會累積在恆星的核心。在這些恆星中的重元素或許可能會隨著自身的運作方式到達恆星的表面，發展形成所知的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E7%88%BE%E5%A4%AB-%E6%8B%89%E8%91%89%E6%98%9F" title="沃爾夫-拉葉星">沃夫-瑞葉星</a>，從大氣層向外吹送出緻密的恆星風。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="坍縮">坍縮</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：坍縮">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crab_Nebula.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/220px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/330px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/440px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E8%9F%B9%E7%8B%80%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%B2" title="蟹狀星雲">蟹狀星雲</a>是<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%96%B0%E6%98%9F%E6%AE%98%E9%AA%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="超新星殘骸">超新星殘骸</a>，它是在西元1054年首度被發現的</figcaption></figure> 當恆星的核心縮小時，從這個表面輻射強度就會增加，創造出的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84%E5%A3%93" title="輻射壓">輻射壓</a>會將上層的氣體殼層往外推送，形成<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F%E7%8B%80%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="行星狀星雲">行星狀星雲</a>。如果外層的大氣已經被推出之後，殘餘的質量少於1.4太陽質量，它就會收縮至相對於較小，大約如同地球般大小的物體，稱為<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F" title="白矮星">白矮星</a>。白矮星缺乏進一步進行引力壓縮所需要的質量<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a>。雖然一般的恆星都是電漿體，但在白矮星內的<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%80%E5%B9%B6%E6%80%81%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8" title="简并态物质">電子簡併物質</a>已經不是電漿體。在經歷非常漫長的時間之後，白矮星最後會暗淡至成為<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F" title="黑矮星">黑矮星</a>。 更大的恆星，核融合會繼續進行，直到鐵核有了足夠的大小（大於1.4倍太陽質量）而不再能支撐自身的質量。在反<a href="/wiki/%CE%92%E8%A1%B0%E8%AE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Β衰變">β衰變</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%8D%95%E8%8E%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="电子捕获">電子捕獲</a>的爆發之後，電子會進入質子之內形成中子、微中子和伽瑪射線，使核心突然的坍縮。由這種突然的塌縮產生的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%87%E6%B3%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="震波">激震波</a>造成恆星剩餘的部分爆炸成為<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%96%B0%E6%98%9F" title="超新星">超新星</a>。超新星非常的明亮，在短時間內它的亮度可以等同於它所在星系的所有恆星亮度。當它們發生在銀河系內，就是歷史上曾經以肉眼看見和記載，但在以前不存在的"新恆星"<a href="#cite_note-supernova-63">[63]</a>。 超新星爆炸會使這顆恆星的大部分物質都飛散出去（形成像蟹狀星雲這種的雲氣<a href="#cite_note-supernova-63">[63]</a>）。剩下的就是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E6%98%9F" title="中子星">中子星</a>（有些被證明是<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E9%9C%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="波霎">波霎</a>或是<a href="/w/index.php?title=X-%E5%B0%84%E7%B7%9A%E7%88%86%E7%99%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="X-射線爆發（页面不存在）">X-射線爆發</a>），或是在質量最大恆星（剩餘的質量必須大於4倍太陽質量）就會形成<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B4%9E" title="黑洞">黑洞</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a>。在中子星內的物質是<a href="/wiki/%E7%AE%80%E5%B9%B6%E6%80%81%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8" title="简并态物质">中子簡併物質</a>，和一種可能存在核心但極不穩定的簡併物質，<a href="/w/index.php?title=QCD%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="QCD物質（页面不存在）">QCD物質</a>。物質在黑洞核心所處在的狀態是迄今仍不了解的。 垂死恆星拋出去的外層物質包括一些重元素，可能恆星形成的世代交替中成為新恆星的原料。這些重元素可以形成岩石的行星。從超新星和大恆星的恆星風拋出的物質在星際物質的構成中扮演著重要的角色<a href="#cite_note-supernova-63">[63]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="分布">分布</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：分布">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sirius_A_and_B_artwork.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Sirius_A_and_B_artwork.jpg/220px-Sirius_A_and_B_artwork.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Sirius_A_and_B_artwork.jpg/330px-Sirius_A_and_B_artwork.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Sirius_A_and_B_artwork.jpg/440px-Sirius_A_and_B_artwork.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>在軌道上環繞著<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%8B%BC%E6%98%9F" title="天狼星">天狼星</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F" title="白矮星">白矮星</a>（藝術想像图）NASA的影像</figcaption></figure> 除了單獨的恆星之外，<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="恆星系統">恆星系統</a>可以是兩顆或更多的恆星受到重力的約束而在軌道上互繞著。最普通的恆星系統就是<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E6%98%9F" title="聯星">聯星</a>，但是也發現有三顆或更多恆星的系統。而因為軌道要穩定的緣故，這些恆星系統經常會形成階級制度的共軌恆星<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a>。也存在著更大的、被稱為<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E5%9C%98" class="mw-redirect" title="星團">星團</a>的集團。他們的範圍從只有幾十顆恆星，鬆散的<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E5%8D%8F" title="星协">星協</a>，到龐大的擁有數十萬顆恆星，稱為<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%83%E7%8B%80%E6%98%9F%E5%9C%98" title="球狀星團">球狀星團</a>的集團。 這是一個長久以來就存在的假設，大多數的恆星都是長期處在特定引力場的多星或聯星系統。特別是許多大質量的O和B型恆星，有80%被認為是多星系統的一部分。然而，質量越低的恆星，單獨存在的比例顯然越高，只有25%的紅矮星被發現有伴星。因為85%的恆星是紅矮星，所以在銀河系內多數的恆星都是單獨誕生的<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a>。 恆星在宇宙中的分布是不均勻的，並且通常都是成群的與星際間的氣體、塵埃一起存在於星系中。一個典型的星系擁有數千億顆的恆星，而在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%A7%80%E6%B8%AC%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99" title="可觀測宇宙">可觀測宇宙</a>中的星系數量超過一千億個（1011）<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a>。2010年對恆星數量的估計是在可觀測宇宙中有3000<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%81%E9%80%B2%E4%BD%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="十進位">垓</a>（3 × 1023）顆<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a>。儘管人們往往認為恆星僅存在於星系中，但星系際的恆星已經被發現了<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a>。 除了太陽之外，最靠近地球的恆星是半人馬座的<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%97%E9%84%B0%E6%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="毗鄰星">毗鄰星</a>，距離是39.9兆（1012）公里，或4.2光年。光線從半人馬座的比鄰星要4.2年才能抵達地球。在軌道上繞行地球的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E6%A2%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="太空梭">太空梭</a>（速度約為8公里/秒，時速約30,000公里），需要150,000年才能抵達那兒<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a>。包括鄰近太陽系的地區，像這樣的距離，在<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB%E7%9B%A4" title="星系盤">星系盤</a>中是很典型的<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a>。在星系的中心和<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%83%E7%8B%80%E6%98%9F%E5%9C%98" title="球狀星團">球狀星團</a>內，恆星的距離會比較接近，而在<a href="/wiki/%E8%9E%BA%E6%97%8B%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB#星系扁球體" title="螺旋星系">星暈</a>中的距離則會更遙遠。 由於相對於星系的中心，恆星的距離是非常開闊的，因此恆星的相互碰撞是非常罕見的。但是在密集的區域，像是球狀星團或星系的核心，恆星碰撞則很常見<a href="#cite_note-DarkMatter-72">[72]</a>。這樣的碰撞會形成所知的<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8D%E6%8E%89%E9%9A%8A%E6%98%9F" title="藍掉隊星">藍掉隊星</a>，這些異常的恆星比在同一星團中光度相同的主序星有著更高的表面溫度<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="特徵">特徵</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：特徵">编辑</a>]</div> 恆星的一切幾乎都取決於它最初的質量，包括本質特徵，例如光度和大小，還有演變、壽命和最終的命運。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="年齡">年齡</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：年齡">编辑</a>]</div> 多數恆星的年齡在10億至100億歲之間，有些恆星甚至接近138億歲－<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%A7%80%E6%B8%AC%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99" title="可觀測宇宙">可觀測宇宙</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%B9%B4%E9%BD%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="宇宙年齡">年齡</a>。目前發現最古老的恆星是<a href="/wiki/HD_140283" title="HD 140283">HD 140283</a>，暱稱瑪土撒拉的恆星，估計的年齡是144.6 ± 8億歲<a href="#cite_note-Bond-140283-74">[74]</a>（由於具有不確定性，在數值上，這顆恆星的年齡與宇宙年齡並不衝突。由<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%9C%97%E5%85%8B%E5%8D%AB%E6%98%9F" title="普朗克卫星">普朗克衛星</a>測量的年齡是137.98 ± 0.37億歲<a href="#cite_note-Bond-140283-74">[74]</a>。） 質量越大的恆星，壽命越短暫，主要是因為質量越大的恆星核心的壓力也越高，造成燃燒氫的速度也越快。許多大質量的恆星平均只有數百萬年的壽命，但質量最輕的恆星（紅矮星）以很慢的速率燃燒它們的燃料，壽命至少有數兆年<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="化學組成">化學組成</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：化學組成">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC%E9%87%8F" title="金屬量">金屬量</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="恆星分子">恆星分子</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209892">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{margin-top:0;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1em;text-align:left;padding-left:2em;margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite cite{font-size:small}</style> <blockquote class="templatequote">“從化學家的角度來看，無論是恆星表面或內部……都很無趣－那兒沒有分子存在。”--<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%A4%AB%E6%9B%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="羅德·霍夫曼">羅德·霍夫曼</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a></blockquote> 目前的銀河系中形成的恒星，它們的組成成分約是71%的氫和27%的氦<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a>。以質量測量時，會有著小比例的重元素。因為鐵是很普通的元素，而且相對而言很容易測到它的譜線，因此典型的重元素測量是根據恆星大氣層內鐵含量；更重元素的成份或許可以是有無數行星系統的一個指標<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a>。 人类測量過的恆星中含鐵量最低的是矮星HE1327-2326，鐵的比率只有太陽的二十万分之一<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a>。与其相比，金屬量較高的是<a href="/wiki/%E8%BB%92%E8%BD%85%E5%8D%81" title="軒轅十">軒轅十</a>（獅子座μ），鐵豐度比太陽高一倍，而另一顆有行星的恒星，<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E4%BB%99%E5%BA%A714" title="武仙座14">七公增十三</a>，則其铁丰度幾乎是太陽的三倍<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a>。也存在一些化學元素與眾不同的<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F" title="特殊恆星">特殊恆星</a>，在它們的譜線中有某些元素的吸收線，特別是<a href="/wiki/%E9%89%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="鉻">鉻</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%80%E5%9C%9F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="稀土元素">稀土元素</a> <a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="直徑">直徑</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：直徑">编辑</a>]</div> 由於和地球的距離遙遠，除了太陽之外的所有恆星在肉眼看來都只是夜空中的一個光點，並且受到<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3%E5%B1%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="大氣層">大氣層</a>的影響而<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%83%E7%88%8D" title="閃爍">閃爍</a>著。太陽也是恆星，但因為很靠近地球所以不僅看起來呈現圓盤狀，還提供了白天的光線。除了太陽之外，看起來最大的恆星是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%8D%E9%AD%9A%E5%BA%A7R" title="劍魚座R">劍魚座R</a>，它的直徑是0.057<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%92%E7%A7%92" class="mw-redirect" title="角秒">角秒</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a>。 我們對恆星的瞭解大多數來自理論的模型和模擬，而這些理論只是建立在恆星光譜和直徑的測量上。除了太陽之外，首顆被測量出直徑的恆星是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%83%E5%AE%BF%E5%9B%9B" title="參宿四">參宿四</a>，是由<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%BF%88%E5%85%8B%E8%80%B3%E5%AD%99" title="阿尔伯特·迈克耳孙">阿尔伯特·迈克耳孙</a>在1921年使用威爾遜山天文臺100吋的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%99%8E%E5%85%8B%E6%9C%9B%E9%81%A0%E9%8F%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="虎克望遠鏡（页面不存在）">虎克望遠鏡</a>完成（約450個太陽直徑）。 對地基的望遠鏡而言，絕大多數的恆星盤面都太小而無法察覺其<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%92%E7%9B%B4%E5%BE%91" title="角直徑">角直徑</a>，因此要使用<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B2%E6%B6%89%E5%84%80" class="mw-redirect" title="干涉儀">干涉儀</a>望遠鏡才能獲得這些恆星的影像。另一種測量恆星角直徑的技術是<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A9%E6%98%9F" title="掩星">掩星</a>：這種技術精確的測量被<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%88%E7%90%83" title="月球">月球</a>掩蔽時光度減弱的過程（或再出現時光度回升的過程），依此可以計算出恆星的視直徑<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a>。 恆星的尺寸，從小到只有20<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E9%87%8C" title="公里">公里</a>到40公里的中子星，到像<a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%B5%E6%88%B6%E5%BA%A7" title="獵戶座">獵戶座</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%83%E5%AE%BF%E5%9B%9B" title="參宿四">參宿四</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%B7%A8%E6%98%9F" title="超巨星">超巨星</a>，直徑是太陽的650倍，大約9億公里，但是<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E5%BA%A6" title="密度">密度</a>比太陽低很多 <a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="動能">動能</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：動能">编辑</a>]</div> 一顆恆星相對於太陽運動可以提供這顆恆星的年齡和起源的有用資訊，並且還包括周圍的星系結構和演變。一顆恆星運動的成分包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%91%E5%90%91%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6" title="徑向速度">徑向速度</a>是接近或遠離太陽，和橫越天空的角動量，也就是所謂的<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E8%A1%8C" title="自行">自行</a>。 徑向速度是由恆星光譜中的<a href="/wiki/%E9%83%BD%E5%8D%9C%E5%8B%92%E4%BD%8D%E7%A7%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="都卜勒位移">都卜勒位移</a>來測量，它的單位是<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E9%87%8C" title="公里">公里</a>/秒。恆星的自行是經由精密的天體測量來確認，其單位為百萬分之一<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%A7%E7%A7%92" title="弧秒">弧秒</a>（mas）/年。經由測量恆星的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E5%B7%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="視差">視差</a>，自行可以換算成實際的速度單位。恆星自行速率越高的通常就是比較靠近太陽，這也使高自行的恆星成為視差測量的理想候選者<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a>。 一旦兩種運動都已測出，恆星相對於太陽恆星系的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A9%BA%E9%96%93%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6" title="空間速度">空間速度</a>就可以算出來。在鄰近的恆星中，已經發現第一星族的恆星速度通常比較老的第二星族的恆星低，而後者是以傾斜於平面的橢圓軌道運轉的<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a>。比較鄰近恆星的動能也能導出和証明<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E5%8D%8F" title="星协">星協</a>的結構，它們就像起源於同一個巨大的分子雲中共同向著同一個點運動的一群恆星<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="磁場">磁場</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：磁場">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E7%A3%81%E5%A0%B4" title="恆星磁場">恆星磁場</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suaur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Suaur.jpg/220px-Suaur.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Suaur.jpg/330px-Suaur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Suaur.jpg/440px-Suaur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="575" data-file-height="582" /></a><figcaption>以平均的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E6%9B%BC-%E9%83%BD%E5%8D%9C%E5%8B%92%E6%88%90%E5%83%8F" title="塞曼-都卜勒成像">塞曼-都卜勒成像</a>重建的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%A1%E5%A4%AB%E5%BA%A7SU" title="御夫座SU">御夫座SU</a>（一顆年輕的<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E7%89%9B%E5%BA%A7T%E5%9E%8B%E6%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="金牛座T型星">金牛座T型星</a>）表面的磁場</figcaption></figure> 恆星的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%A0%B4" title="磁場">磁場</a>起源於恆星內部<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E6%B5%81" title="對流">對流</a>的循環開始產生的區域。具有導電性的電漿像<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E7%94%B5%E6%9C%BA%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="发电机原理">發電機</a>，引起在恆星中延伸的磁場。磁場的強度隨著恆星的質量和成分而改變，表面磁性活動的總量取決於恆星自轉的速率。表面的活動會產生<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E6%96%91" title="星斑">星斑</a>，是表面磁場較正常強而溫度較正常低的區域。拱型的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%9F%E5%86%95%E5%9C%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="星冕圈（页面不存在）">星冕圈</a>是從磁場活躍地區進入星冕的光環，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%9F%E7%84%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="星焰（页面不存在）">星焰</a>是由同樣的磁場活動噴發出的高能粒子爆發的現象<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a>。 由於磁場的活動，年輕、高速自轉的恆星傾向於有高度的表面活動。磁場也會增強恆星風，然而自轉的速率有如閘門，隨著恆星的老化而逐漸減緩。因此，像太陽這樣高齡的恆星，自轉的速率較低，表面的活動也較溫和。自轉緩慢的恆星活動程度傾向於週期性的變化，並且可能在週期中暫時停止活動<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a>。像是<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%BE%B7%E6%A5%B5%E5%B0%8F%E6%9C%9F" title="蒙德極小期">蒙德極小期</a>的例子，太陽有大約70年的時間幾乎完全沒有黑子活動。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="質量">質量</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：質量">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ngc1999.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ngc1999.jpg/200px-Ngc1999.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ngc1999.jpg/300px-Ngc1999.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ngc1999.jpg/400px-Ngc1999.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1563" data-file-height="1590" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%84%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%B2" title="反射星雲">反射星雲</a><a href="/wiki/NGC_1999" title="NGC 1999">NGC 1999</a>是被<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8D%B5%E6%88%B6%E5%BA%A7V380&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="獵戶座V380（页面不存在）">獵戶座V380</a>（位於中心）照亮的，這顆變星的質量大約是3.5太陽質量。源自NASA影像</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%B1%B1%E4%BA%8C" title="海山二">船底座η</a>是已知質量最大的恆星之一<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a>，約為太陽的100–150倍，所以其<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%BF%E5%91%BD" title="寿命">壽命</a>很短，最多祇有數百萬年。依據對<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%93%E6%8B%B1%E6%98%9F%E5%9C%98" title="圓拱星團">圓拱星團</a>（Arches cluster）的研究，認為在現在的宇宙應該有質量是太陽150倍的大質量恆星存在<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a>，但在實際上卻未能尋獲。雖然這個極限的原因仍不清楚，但<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E4%B8%81%E9%A1%BF%E5%85%89%E5%BA%A6" title="爱丁顿光度">愛丁頓光度</a>給了部份答案，因為它定義了恆星在不拋出外層大氣層下所能發射至空間的最大光度。 在<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%9C%B9%E9%9D%82" class="mw-redirect" title="大霹靂">大霹靂</a>後最早誕生的那一批恆星質量必然很大，或許能達到太陽的300倍甚至更大<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a>，由於在它們的成分中完全沒有比<a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="鋰">鋰</a>更重的元素，這一代超大質量的恆星應該已經滅絕，<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E6%98%9F%E6%97%8F%E6%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="第三星族星">第三星族星</a>目前只存在於理論中。 <a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%8D%E9%AD%9A%E5%BA%A7AB" title="劍魚座AB">劍魚座AB A</a>的伴星<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%8D%E9%AD%9A%E5%BA%A7AB" title="劍魚座AB">劍魚座AB C</a>，質量只有<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E6%98%9F" title="木星">木星</a>的93倍，是已知質量最小，但核心仍能進行核融合的恆星<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a>。金屬量與太陽相似的恆星，理論上仍能進行核融合反應的最低質量估計質量大約是木星質量的75倍<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-minimum-96">[96]</a>。當金屬量很低時，依目前對最暗淡恆星的研究，發現尺寸最小的恆星質量似乎只有太陽的8.3%，或是木星質量的87倍<a href="#cite_note-minimum-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a>。再小的恆星就是介乎於恆星與<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%9E%E6%9C%A8%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="類木行星">氣體巨星</a>之間的灰色地帶，沒有明確定義的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%95%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F" title="棕矮星">棕矮星</a>。 結合恆星的半徑和質量可以確定恆星表面的重力，巨星表面的重力比主序星低了許多，而相較於簡併下的狀態，像是白矮星，表面重力則更為強大。表面重力也會影響恆星的光譜，越高的重力所造成<a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%9C%E7%B7%9A" title="譜線">吸收譜線</a>的變寬越明顯<a href="#cite_note-new_cosmos-19">[19]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="質量下限">質量下限</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：質量下限">编辑</a>]</div> 恒星的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A8%E9%87%8F" title="质量">质量</a>是有限制的。据计算，如果一颗恒星的质量小于0.07个<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3" title="太阳">太阳</a>质量，它便失去了作为恒星的资格。如果非常小的原恒星<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A9%E5%BA%A6" title="温度">温度</a>不能达到足够开始<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2" title="氢">氢</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%81%9A%E5%8F%98" title="核聚变">核聚变</a>反应，它们会成为<a href="/wiki/%E8%A4%90%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="褐矮星">褐矮星</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="自轉">自轉</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节：自轉">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E8%87%AA%E8%BD%89" title="恆星自轉">恆星自轉</a></div> 恆星的自轉可以透過<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%85%89%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="分光學">分光鏡</a>概略的測量，或是追蹤星斑確實的測量。年輕恆星會有很高的自轉速度，在赤道可以超過100公里/秒。例如，B型的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%A7%94%E4%B8%80" title="水委一">水委一</a>在自轉的赤道速度就高達225公里/秒甚至更高，使得赤道半徑比極赤道大了50%。這樣的速度僅比讓水委一分裂的臨界速度300公里/秒低了一些<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a>。相較之下，太陽以25 – 35天的週期自轉一圈，在赤道的自轉速度只有1.994公里/秒。恆星的磁場和恆星風對<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F" title="主序星">主序帶</a>上恆星的自轉速率的減緩，在演變有著重要的影響<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a>。 <a href="/wiki/%E8%87%B4%E5%AF%86%E6%98%9F" title="致密星">致密星</a>壓縮成非常緻密的物質，同時造成高速的自轉。但是相較於它們在低自轉速度的狀態由於<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%92%E5%8B%95%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="角動量">角動量</a>守恆，一個轉動的物體會以增加自轉的速率來補償尺寸上的縮減，而絕大部分消散的角動量是經向外吹拂恆星風帶走的<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a>。無論如何，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E9%9C%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="波霎">波霎</a>的自轉是非常快速的，例如在<a href="/wiki/%E8%9F%B9%E7%8B%80%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%B2" title="蟹狀星雲">蟹狀星雲</a>核心的波霎，自轉速率為每秒30轉<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a>。波霎的自轉速率會因為輻射發射而減緩。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="溫度">溫度</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节：溫度">编辑</a>]</div> 在主序帶上恆星的表面溫度取決於核心能量生成的速率和恆星的半徑，並且可以使用<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E6%8C%87%E6%95%B8" title="色指數">色指數</a>來估計<a href="#cite_note-astronomynotes-102">[102]</a>。它通常被作為<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%95%88%E6%BA%AB%E5%BA%A6" title="有效溫度">有效溫度</a>，也就是被理想化的<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E4%BD%93_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6)" title="黑体 (物理学)">黑體</a>在表面輻射出的能量使單位表面積有著相同的光度時所對應的溫度。然而要注意的是有效溫度只是一個代表的數值，因為實際上恆星的溫度從核心表至面是有隨著距離增加而減少的梯度<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a>，在核心區域的溫度通常都是數百萬度<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E6%BA%AB%E6%A8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="熱力學溫標">K</a><a href="#cite_note-aps_mss-104">[104]</a>。 恆星的溫度可以確定不同元素被電離或被活化的比率，結果呈現在光譜吸收線的特徵。恆星的表面溫度，與他的目視<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%95%E5%B0%8D%E6%98%9F%E7%AD%89" title="絕對星等">絕對星等</a>和吸收特點，被用來作為恆星分類的依據（參見下面的<a href="#分類">#分類</a>）<a href="#cite_note-new_cosmos-19">[19]</a>。 大質量的主序星表面溫度可以高達50,000 <a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E6%BA%AB%E6%A8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="熱力學溫標">K</a>，像太陽這種較小的恆星表面溫度就只有幾千度。相對來說，紅巨星的表面只有3,600 K的低溫，但是因為巨大的表面積而有高亮度<a href="#cite_note-zeilik-105">[105]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="輻射">輻射</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节：輻射">编辑</a>]</div> 恆星產生的能量，是核融合的副產品，以<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84" title="電磁輻射">電磁輻射</a>和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B3%AA%E9%BB%9E%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="質點輻射（页面不存在）">質點輻射</a>的輻射熱進入太空。質點輻射（它們穩定的存在於氣流中，包括來自恆星外層的自由<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90" title="質子">質子</a>、<a href="/wiki/%CE%91%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="Α粒子">α粒子</a>、和<a href="/wiki/%CE%92%E7%B2%92%E5%AD%90" title="Β粒子">β粒子</a>）經由恆星風來散發<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a>，還有來自核心的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="微中子">微中子</a>也穩定的存在於恆星風內。 在核心產生的能量是如何使恆星如此的明亮：任何時間當某種元素的兩個或更多的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8" title="原子核">原子核</a>融合在一起，組合成一種更重的新元素時，<a href="/wiki/%CE%93%E5%B0%84%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ射線">γ射線</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%90" title="光子">光子</a>經由核反應被釋放出來。當這些能量抵達表面的數層時，已經被轉換成包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%A6%8B%E5%85%89" class="mw-redirect" title="可見光">可見光</a>等其他各種形式的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%90%E5%B0%84%E8%83%BD" title="辐射能">電磁能</a>。 恆星的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%8F%E8%89%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="顏色">顏色</a>，以可見光<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%BB%E7%8E%87_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)" title="頻率 (物理學)">頻率</a>的峰值來測量，與恆星最外層，包括<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%90%83%E5%B1%82" class="mw-redirect" title="光球层">光球層</a>的溫度有關<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a>。除了可見光，恆星還輻射出其他肉眼看不見的電磁波輻射。事實上，恆星的電磁波輻射涵蓋了整個的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E6%B3%A2%E9%A0%BB%E8%AD%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="電磁波頻譜">電磁波頻譜</a>，從<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E9%95%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="波長">波長</a>最長的<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E7%B7%9A%E9%9B%BB%E6%B3%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="無線電波">無線電波</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E5%A4%96%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="紅外線">紅外線</a>到最短的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%AB%E5%A4%96%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="紫外線">紫外線</a>、<a href="/wiki/X%E5%B0%84%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="X射線">X射線</a>和<a href="/wiki/%CE%93%E5%B0%84%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="Γ射線">γ射線</a>。恆星電磁波輻射的組成，包括可見和不可見的，都很值得注意。 使用<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="恆星光譜">恆星光譜</a>，天文學家可以測量恆星的表面溫度、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E9%9D%A2%E9%87%8D%E5%8A%9B" title="表面重力">表面重力</a>、金屬量和<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E8%BD%89" class="mw-redirect" title="自轉">自轉</a>的速度。如果知道恆星的距離，例如通過視差的測量，就可以推導出恆星的光度，質量、半徑、表面重力、和自轉周期都是建立在恆星模型的估計上（在<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%AF%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="聯星系統">聯星系統</a>的恆星質量可以直接測量），<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%8A%9B%E5%BE%AE%E9%80%8F%E9%8F%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="重力微透鏡">重力微透鏡</a>的技術可以直接測量恆星的質量<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a>)。有了這些參數，天文學家可以估計恆星的年齡<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="光度">光度</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F&action=edit&section=26" title="编辑章节：光度">编辑</a>]</div> 在天文學，光度是一個天體在單位<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93" class="mw-redirect" title="時間">時間</a>內輻射的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89" title="光">光</a>和其他形式<a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84%E8%83%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="輻射能">輻射能</a>的總和，恆星的光度取決於恆星的半徑和表面溫度。但是許多恆星表面輻射的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E9%87%8F" title="流量">流量</a>是不均勻的—總能量是單位面積的能量乘上整個表面積。以快速自轉的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%94%E5%A5%B3%E6%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="織女星">織女星</a>為例，它的極輻射的能量流量就比<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%A4%E9%81%93" title="赤道">赤道</a>為多<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a>。 恆星表面的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E9%BB%91%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="太陽黑子">星斑</a>輻射出的能量和溫度都低於平均值。小的，像太陽這樣的矮星，通常表面除了星斑之外就沒有其他的特徵；大的巨星則有較大和較明顯的星斑<a href="#cite_note-Michelson_Starspots-111">[111]</a>，它們也有較強烈的<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%A8%E9%82%8A%E6%98%8F%E6%9A%97" title="周邊昏暗">周邊昏暗</a>現象，也就是說光度會由恆星圓盤面中心向邊緣逐漸減弱<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a>。紅矮星的<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%80%E6%98%9F" title="耀星">閃光星</a>，像是<a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%B8%E9%B1%BC%E5%BA%A7UV" class="mw-redirect" title="鲸鱼座UV">鯨魚座UV</a>，可能擁有明顯的星斑特徵<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="星等">星等</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F&action=edit&section=27" title="编辑章节：星等">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E6%98%9F%E7%AD%89" class="mw-redirect" title="視星等">視星等</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%95%E5%B0%8D%E6%98%9F%E7%AD%89" title="絕對星等">絕對星等</a></div> 恆星的視<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%AE%E5%BA%A6" title="亮度">亮度</a>是測量所得的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E6%98%9F%E7%AD%89" class="mw-redirect" title="視星等">視星等</a>，這種亮度是與恆星的<a href="#光度">發光度</a>、到地球的距離，和穿過地球的大氣層所受到的改變有關。內在的或絕對星等是恆星在距離地球10<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%92%E5%B7%AE%E8%B7%9D" title="秒差距">秒差距</a>（32.6<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%B9%B4" title="光年">光年</a>）所呈現的視星等，只與恆星的<a href="#光度">發光度</a>有關。 <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em;"> <caption>亮度超過的; 恆星數目 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>視星等 </th> <th>恆星的 數目<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>0 </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>1 </td> <td>15 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>2 </td> <td>48 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>3 </td> <td>171 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>4 </td> <td>513 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>5 </td> <td>1,602 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>6 </td> <td>4,800 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <td>7 </td> <td>14,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> 視星等和絕對星等的標尺都是<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E6%95%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="對數">對數</a>單位：每一個相鄰的整數數值的光度變化都是相差2.5倍<a href="#cite_note-luminosity-115">[115]</a>（100的五次方根值近似於2.512）。這意思就是一等星（+1.00）的亮度是二等星（+2.00）的2.5倍，並且是六等星（+6.00）的100倍。在視相度良好的條件下肉眼可以看見的最暗星就是六等星。 在視星等和絕對星等的亮度標尺上，都是數值越小的恆星越亮，數值越大的亮度越暗。無論在那一種標尺下最亮的都是負數值的星等。兩顆恆星之間的亮度差是亮星（mb）的星等減去暗星（mf）的星等，然後使用2.512做對數的基底取方次；也就是說， <dl><dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Delta {m}=m_{f}-m_{b}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>f</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Delta {m}=m_{f}-m_{b}}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/33515f456ce354827188a12107bf1a5e5cb3a419" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:16.07ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Delta {m}=m_{f}-m_{b}}"></dd> <dd><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 2.512^{\Delta {m}}=}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msup> <mn>2.512</mn> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Δ</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>m</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 2.512^{\Delta {m}}=}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0118288647990c3055039370d3952b35983304e9" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.794ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 2.512^{\Delta {m}}=}"> 光度差</dd></dl> 相對於發光度和地球的距離，絕對星等（M）和視星等（m）對單獨的恆星通常都是不同的<a href="#cite_note-luminosity-115">[115]</a>，例如，明亮的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E7%8B%BC%E6%98%9F" title="天狼星">天狼星</a>視星等為−1.44，但它的絕對星等是+1.41。 太陽的視星等是−26.7，但它的絕對星等只有+4.83。天狼星從地球上看是最亮的恆星，發光度大約是太陽的23倍；而在夜空中第二亮的恆星是<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E4%BA%BA%E6%98%9F" title="老人星">老人星</a>，絕對星等是−5.53，比太陽亮了14,000倍。儘管老人星實質上比天狼星要亮許多，但是看起來是天狼星比較亮，這是因為天狼星與地球的距離是8.6光年，而老人星遠了許多，與地球的距離是310光年。 在2006年，絕對星等最亮的恆星是<a href="/wiki/LBV_1806-20" title="LBV 1806-20">LBV 1806-20</a>，亮度是−14.2等，至少比太陽亮約5,000,000倍<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a>。最暗淡的恆星則是在<a href="/wiki/NGC_6397" title="NGC 6397">NGC 6397</a>星團內的一顆，在星團內的這顆紅矮星絕對星等為+26等，同時最暗的白矮星光度是+28等。如此黯淡的光度相當於從地球上觀看一枝在月球上點亮的生日蠟燭<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="分類">分類</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F&action=edit&section=28" title="编辑章节：分類">编辑</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; text-align: center; margin-left: 1em;"> <caption>表面溫度範圍 不同的恆星分類<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>分類 </th> <th>溫度 </th> <th>例子 </th></tr> <tr style="background: #aabfff"> <td>O </td> <td>33,000 K or更高 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%A7%E7%9F%A2%E5%A2%9E%E4%BA%8C%E5%8D%81%E4%BA%8C" title="弧矢增二十二">弧矢增二十二</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #cad7ff"> <td>B </td> <td>10,500–30,000 K </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%83%E5%AE%BF%E4%B8%83" title="參宿七">參宿七</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #f8f7ff"> <td>A </td> <td>7,500–10,000 K </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E9%83%8E%E6%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="牛郎星">牛郎星</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #fcf4d8"> <td>F </td> <td>6,000–7,200 K </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%B2%B3%E4%B8%89" title="南河三">南河三</a>A </td></tr> <tr style="background: #fff2a1"> <td>G </td> <td>5,500–6,000 K </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="太陽">太陽</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #ffe46f"> <td>K </td> <td>4,000–5,250 K </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E7%AC%AC%E5%AE%89%E5%BA%A7%CE%B5%E6%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="印第安座ε星">印第安座ε星</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background: #ffa040"> <td>M </td> <td>2,600–3,850 K </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E9%84%B0%E6%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="比鄰星">半人馬座比鄰星</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="恆星光譜">恆星光譜</a></div> 目前所用的恆星分類系統源起於20世紀初期，當時是以<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AB%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C" title="氫原子光譜">氫</a>的譜線從A排列至Q<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a>，那時還不知道溫度是影響譜線最主要的因素，而當依照溫度重新排列時，就與現在使用的完全一致了<a href="#cite_note-carlos-120">[120]</a>。 根據恆星光譜的差異，以不同的單一字母來表示類型，O型是溫度最高的，到了M型，溫度已經低至分子可能存在於恆星的大氣層內。依據溫度由高至低，主要的類型為：O、B、A、F、G、K和M，各種各樣罕見的光譜類型還有特殊的分類。最常見的特殊類型是L和T，是溫度最低的低質量恆星和棕矮星。每個字母還以數字從0至9，以溫度遞減再分為10個細分類。然而，這個系統在極端高溫的一端仍不完整：迄今還沒有被分類為O0和O1的恆星<a href="#cite_note-spectrum-121">[121]</a>。 另一方面，也發現恆星的譜線可以根據光度作用再分類，這對應到它們在空間的大小和表面的重力。它們的範圍從0（<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%B7%A8%E6%98%9F" title="超巨星">超巨星</a>）經過III'（<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A8%E6%98%9F" title="巨星">巨星</a>）到V（主序帶矮星）和VII（白矮星）。大部分的恆星都屬於<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E5%B8%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="主序帶">主序帶</a>，這是在絕對星等和光譜圖（<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E7%BE%85%E5%9C%96" title="赫羅圖">赫羅圖</a>）的對角線上窄而長的範圍，包含在其中的都是進行<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AB%E7%87%83%E7%87%92" title="氫燃燒">氫燃燒</a>的恆星<a href="#cite_note-spectrum-121">[121]</a>。我們的太陽是主序帶上分類為G2V的黃色矮星，是一般平常的大小和溫度中等的恆星。太陽被作為恆星的典型樣本，並非因為它很特別，只因它是離我們最近的恆星，且其它恆星的許多特徵都能以太陽作為一個單位來加之比較。 附加於光譜類型之後的小寫字母可以顯示出光譜的特殊性質。例如，“e”表示有發射譜線，“m”代表金屬的強度異常，“var”意味著光譜的類型會改變<a href="#cite_note-spectrum-121">[121]</a>。 白矮星有自己專屬的分類，均以字母D為首，再依據光譜中最明顯的譜線特徵細分為DA、DB、DC、DO、DZ、和DQ，還可以附隨一個依據溫度索引的數值<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="變星">變星</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F&action=edit&section=29" title="编辑章节：變星">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E6%98%9F" title="變星">變星</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mira_1997.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Mira_1997.jpg/200px-Mira_1997.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Mira_1997.jpg/300px-Mira_1997.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Mira_1997.jpg/400px-Mira_1997.jpg 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="502" /></a><figcaption>外型不對稱的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E6%8B%89" class="mw-disambig" title="米拉">米拉</a>是一顆脹縮型的變星。NASA<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E4%BC%AF%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E6%9C%9B%E9%81%A0%E9%8F%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="哈伯太空望遠鏡">哈伯太空望遠鏡</a>的影像</figcaption></figure> 變星是因為內部或外在的原因，造成光度週期性或任意變化的恆星。內在原因的變星，主要的類型可以被分入三個主要的群組。 在恆星演化的期間，有些恆星會經過脹縮型變星的階段。脹縮型變星會隨著時間改變半徑和亮度，根據恆星的大小，膨脹和收縮的週期可以從數分鐘到數年。這些類型包括<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%A0%E7%88%B6%E8%AE%8A%E6%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="造父變星">造父變星和類造父變星</a>、長周期的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E6%8B%89%E8%AE%8A%E6%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="米拉變星">米拉變星</a><a href="#cite_note-variables-123">[123]</a>。 激變星可能是由於閃光或質量的拋射，光度突然間增加的變星<a href="#cite_note-variables-123">[123]</a>。這一群包括原恆星、沃夫-瑞葉星和<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%83%E5%85%89%E6%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="閃光星">閃光星</a>，並且都是巨星和超巨星。 巨變或爆炸的變星進行的是驚天動地的變化，這一群包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%98%9F" title="新星">新星</a>和超新星。擁有一顆鄰近白矮星的聯星系可能會導致這一類型中壯觀爆炸的某種類型，包括新星和<a href="/wiki/Ia%E8%B6%85%E6%96%B0%E6%98%9F" title="Ia超新星">Ia超新星</a>。當白矮星從伴星吸積氫時，會使質量增加導致氫進行核融合<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a>。有些新星會一再的爆發，還具有周期性和適度的強度<a href="#cite_note-variables-123">[123]</a>。 恆星也會因為外在的因素造成光度的變化，像是食雙星，還有極端的情形是由恆星自轉導致星斑造成變光<a href="#cite_note-variables-123">[123]</a>。值得一提的食變星例子是大陵五，它在2.87天的週期中，光度規則的在2.3至3.5等之間變化著。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="結構">結構</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F&action=edit&section=30" title="编辑章节：結構">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B" title="恆星結構">恆星結構</a></div> 一顆穩定的恆星內部是在<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E9%AB%94%E9%9D%9C%E5%8A%9B%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1" title="流體靜力平衡">流體靜力平衡</a>的狀態下：在任何一個小體積內的力量相互之間幾乎確定都是完全平衡的。平衡的力是向內的<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%AC%E6%9C%89%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="萬有引力">萬有引力</a>和恆星內部由於壓力<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%AF%E5%BA%A6" title="梯度">梯度</a>產生向外的壓力。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%93%E5%8A%9B%E6%A2%AF%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="壓力梯度">壓力梯度</a>是由電漿體的溫差建立的，因為外面的部份溫度會比內部核心的低。主序星或巨星的核心溫度至少有107<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E6%BA%AB%E6%A8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="熱力學溫標">K</a>，這樣的溫度在主序列恆星的核心要燃燒氫進行<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%9E%8D%E5%90%88" class="mw-redirect" title="核融合">核融合</a>反應是綽綽有餘的，並且能產生足夠的能量防止恆星進一部的崩潰。<a href="#cite_note-hansen-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schwarzschild-126">[126]</a>。 在核心的原子核融合時，產生的能量會以γ射線輻射出去。這些光子與包圍在周圍的電漿體交互作用，增加了核心的溫度。在主序代的恆星將氫轉換成氦，緩慢但是穩定的增加核心內氦的比率。最後，氦成為核心最主要的成分，並且核心不再產生能量。取代的是，質量大於0.4太陽質量的恆星，核融合慢慢的在包圍著氦核心的氫殼層擴展開來<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a>。 除了流體靜力平衡之外，在穩定的恆星內部也要維持著<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1" title="熱平衡">熱平衡</a>的能量平衡。在內部的輻射溫度梯度造成熱能向外流動。在任何一層向外流出的能量，與鄰接其下方那一層向外傳送的能量是完全相等的。 <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sun_parts_big-zh-hant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Sun_parts_big-zh-hant.jpg/300px-Sun_parts_big-zh-hant.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Sun_parts_big-zh-hant.jpg/450px-Sun_parts_big-zh-hant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Sun_parts_big-zh-hant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="468" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>這張圖顯示太陽類型恆星的剖面結構</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84%E5%B1%A4" title="輻射層">輻射層</a>是在恆星內部的能量以輻射的形式充分且有效率傳送能量的區域，在這個區域內電漿沒有任何的擾動，也不會有任何質量的運動。如果不是這樣，電漿就會變得不穩定，並且開始產生對流運動成為<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E6%B5%81%E5%B1%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="對流層">對流層</a>。這種情況很可能發生，例如，在某一個區域產生了非常高的能量流動，例如在核心區域或在外面非常<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8D%E9%80%8F%E6%98%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="不透明（页面不存在）">不透明</a>的包層附近<a href="#cite_note-Schwarzschild-126">[126]</a>。 主序帶上的恆星能否在外面的包層產生對流，主要取決於恆星的質量。質量是太陽數倍的恆星有著深入恆星內部的對流層而輻射層在外面。較小的恆星，像太陽這樣的則正好相反，是對流層在外面<a href="#cite_note-imagine-128">[128]</a>。紅矮星的質量低於0.4太陽質量，整個都是對流層，阻止了氦在核心堆積成氦核<a href="#cite_note-late_stages-2">[2]</a>多數恆星的對流層都會隨著恆星老化而改變內部的結構和發生變化<a href="#cite_note-Schwarzschild-126">[126]</a>。 恆星能夠讓觀測者看見的部份是<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%90%83%E5%B1%82" class="mw-redirect" title="光球层">光球層</a>，這是恆星的電漿體變得透明可以用<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%90" title="光子">光子</a>傳送能量的一層。在此處，從核心傳遞過來的能量變成可以自由進入太空中的光子，因此在光球層上的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E9%BB%91%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="太陽黑子">太陽黑子</a>，或是溫度低於平均值的區域，就會出現。 在光球層之上是<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3%E5%B1%A4" title="恆星大氣層">恆星大氣層</a>。像太陽這種在主序帶上的恆星，最低層的大氣是<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E7%90%83%E5%B1%82" class="mw-redirect" title="色球层">色球層</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%9D%E7%8B%80%E9%AB%94" title="針狀體">針狀體</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%83%E7%84%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="閃焰">閃焰</a>會出現在這兒。包圍在外面的是過渡區，溫度在不到100公里的距離內很快的竄升，在上面就是<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E5%86%95" class="mw-redirect" title="日冕">日冕</a>，由大量高熱的電漿體組成，巨大的體積可以向外伸展出數百萬公里<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a>。日冕的存在看來是依靠著恆星外面數層的對流區域<a href="#cite_note-imagine-128">[128]</a>。儘管它的溫度很高，日冕只發出微弱的光。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="太陽">太陽</a>的日冕平常只有在<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E5%85%A8%E9%A3%9F" title="日全食">日全食</a>的時候才能看見。 從日冕吹出的<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E9%A2%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="恆星風">恆星風</a>是來自恆星的電漿質點，會繼續向外擴張直至遭遇到<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E9%9A%9B%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="星際物質">星際物質</a>。對太陽而言，受到<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E9%A2%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="太陽風">太陽風</a>擴張影響所及的氣泡狀範圍稱為<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E5%9C%88" title="太陽圈">太陽圈</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="核融合反應路徑">核融合反應路徑</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F&action=edit&section=31" title="编辑章节：核融合反應路徑">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84833064"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E6%A0%B8%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="恆星核合成">恆星核合成</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fusion_in_the_Sun.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Fusion_in_the_Sun.svg/langzh-200px-Fusion_in_the_Sun.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Fusion_in_the_Sun.svg/langzh-300px-Fusion_in_the_Sun.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Fusion_in_the_Sun.svg/langzh-400px-Fusion_in_the_Sun.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>質子-質子鏈的回顧</figcaption></figure><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CNO_Cycle.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/CNO_Cycle.svg/langzh-200px-CNO_Cycle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/CNO_Cycle.svg/langzh-300px-CNO_Cycle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/CNO_Cycle.svg/langzh-400px-CNO_Cycle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>碳氮氧循環</figcaption></figure><table style="float: right;"> </table> 做為<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E6%A0%B8%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="恆星核合成">恆星核合成</a>的一部份，依據<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="恆星">恆星</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="質量">質量</a>和內部結構，在核心內會發生各種不同的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E8%9E%8D%E5%90%88%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="核融合反應（页面不存在）">核融合反應</a>。原子在融合後的淨質量會略小於融合前的原子質量總和，這些失去的質量，依照<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A8%E8%83%BD%E7%AD%89%E4%BB%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="质能等价">质能等价</a>的關係：E = mc²，被轉換成能量。 氫融合的反應對溫度極端敏感，所以核心的溫度只要有少量的改變，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89%E9%80%9F%E7%8E%87" class="mw-redirect" title="反應速率">反應速率</a>就會有明顯的變化結果。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F" title="主序星">主序星</a>的核心溫度可以從質量最低的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F" title="紅矮星">M型恆星</a>的400萬<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E6%BA%AB%E6%A8%99" class="mw-redirect" title="熱力學溫標">K</a>到大質量的<a href="/wiki/O%E5%9E%8B%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="O型恒星">O型恒星</a>的4,000萬K<a href="#cite_note-aps_mss-104">[104]</a>。 在太陽，核心溫度是1,000萬K，氫進行的是<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90-%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90%E9%8F%88%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89" class="mw-redirect" title="質子-質子鏈反應">質子-質子鏈反應</a><a href="#cite_note-synthesis-131">[131]</a>： <dl><dd>4<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AB%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="氫原子">1H</a> → 2<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%98" title="氘">2H</a> + 2<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90" title="正電子">e+</a> + 2<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="微中子">νe</a>（4.0 M<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E4%BC%8F%E7%89%B9" title="電子伏特">eV</a> + 1.0 MeV）</dd> <dd>21H + 22H → 2<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6-3" title="氦-3">3He</a> + 2<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%AD%90" title="光子">γ</a> (5.5 MeV)</dd> <dd>23He → <a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6-4" title="氦-4">4He</a> + 21H (12.9 MeV)</dd></dl> 這些反應的總體結果是： <dl><dd>41H → 4He + 2e+ + 2γ + 2νe (26.7 MeV)</dd></dl> 此處e+是<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90" title="正電子">正電子</a>，γ是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%BD%E7%91%AA%E5%B0%84%E7%B7%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="伽瑪射線">伽瑪射線</a>的光子，νe是<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="微中子">微中子</a>，而H和He各自是氫和氦的同位素。在這些反應中釋放出的能量單位MeV為百萬<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E4%BC%8F%E7%89%B9" title="電子伏特">電子伏特</a>。實際上這只是一種很微小的能量單位，然而，每次的反應都有極大數量的原子參于，導致所有的能量累積能達到恆星輻射的輸出。 <table class="wikitable" style="float:left;margin-right:20px;"> <caption>恆星核融合需要的最低質量 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>元素 </th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="太陽質量">太陽 質量</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="氫">氫</a></td> <td style="text-align: center;">0.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6" title="氦">氦</a></td> <td style="text-align: center;">0.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳">碳</a></td> <td style="text-align: center;">4 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%96" title="氖">氖</a></td> <td style="text-align: center;">8 </td></tr></tbody></table> 在質量更大的恆星，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6" title="氦">氦</a>可以經由<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E6%B0%AE%E6%B0%A7%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0" title="碳氮氧循環">碳氮氧循環</a>的反應產生<a href="#cite_note-synthesis-131">[131]</a>。 從0.5至10倍太陽質量的恆星，核心的溫度演化至一億度時，氦可以進行<a href="/wiki/3%E6%B0%A6%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" title="3氦過程">3氦過程</a>，經由中間物質<a href="/wiki/%E9%88%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="鈹">鈹</a>轉換成<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳">碳</a><a href="#cite_note-synthesis-131">[131]</a>： <dl><dd>4He + 4He + 92 keV → <a href="/wiki/%E9%88%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="鈹">8*Be</a></dd> <dd>4He + 8*Be + 67 keV → 12*C</dd> <dd>12*C → <a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3-12" title="碳-12">12C</a> + γ + 7.4 MeV</dd></dl> 整體的反應式是： <dl><dd>34He → 12C + γ + 7.2 MeV</dd></dl> 在大質量的恆星，更重的元素在核心收縮後可以經由<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%96%E7%87%83%E7%87%92%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" title="氖燃燒過程">氖燃燒過程</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E7%87%83%E7%87%92%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" title="氧燃燒過程">氧燃燒過程</a>產生。恆星核合成的最終階段是<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%BD%E7%87%83%E7%87%92%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" title="矽燃燒過程">矽燃燒過程</a>，結果是產生穩定的同位素<a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0" title="鐵的同位素">鐵-56</a>。而除了經由<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B8%E7%83%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="吸热">吸熱</a>過程，<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%9E%8D%E5%90%88" class="mw-redirect" title="核融合">核融合</a>也不能繼續產生新的元素，所以未來只能經由<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%8A%9B%E5%A1%8C%E7%B8%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="重力塌縮">重力塌縮</a>來產生進一步的能量<a href="#cite_note-synthesis-131">[131]</a>。 下面的例子顯示質量為太陽20倍的恆星消耗掉所有的核燃料所需要的時間。在<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E5%B8%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="主序帶">主序帶</a>上的<a href="/wiki/O%E5%9E%8B%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="O型恆星">O型恆星</a>，半徑約為太陽的8倍，發光度是太陽的62,000倍<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a>。 <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th valign="bottom">燃料 物質 </th> <th valign="bottom">溫度 （百萬K） </th> <th valign="bottom">密度 (kg/cm³) </th> <th valign="bottom">燃燒時期 （以年為單位） </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="氫">氫</a> </td> <td>37 </td> <td>0.0045 </td> <td>810萬 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6" title="氦">氦</a> </td> <td>188 </td> <td>0.97 </td> <td>120萬 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳">碳</a> </td> <td>870 </td> <td>170 </td> <td>976 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%96" title="氖">氖</a> </td> <td>1,570 </td> <td>3,100 </td> <td>0.6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7" title="氧">氧</a> </td> <td>1,980 </td> <td>5,550 </td> <td>1.25 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AB" title="硫">硫</a>/ <a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="矽">矽</a> </td> <td>3,340 </td> <td>33,400 </td> <td>0.0315<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="相關條目">相關條目</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F&action=edit&section=32" title="编辑章节：相關條目">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:var(--background-color-base,#f9f9f9);font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-weight:bold"> <li style="display:table-row"><a href="/wiki/File:He1523a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/24px-He1523a.jpg" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/36px-He1523a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/He1523a.jpg/49px-He1523a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="207" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F" title="Portal:恒星">恒星主题</a></li> <li style="display:table-row"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/28px-Crab_Nebula.jpg" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/42px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Crab_Nebula.jpg/56px-Crab_Nebula.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3864" data-file-height="3864" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:天文学">天文学主题</a></li></ul></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79074265">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="div-col"> <dl><dt>一般條目</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E5%BA%A7" title="星座">星座</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="恆星列表">恆星列表</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E8%A8%88%E6%95%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="恆星計數（页面不存在）">恆星計數</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8#恆星天文學" title="天文學">恒星天文學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="恆星天文學年表">恒星天文學年表</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>恆星類型</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8D%E6%8E%89%E9%9A%8A%E6%98%9F" title="藍掉隊星">藍掉隊星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8D%E5%B7%A8%E6%98%9F" title="藍巨星">藍巨星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E6%98%9F" title="碳星">碳星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A8%E6%98%9F" title="巨星">巨星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E5%AD%B8#高速星" title="恆星運動學">高速星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%B7%A8%E6%98%9F" title="超巨星">超巨星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E5%AD%B8#超高速星" title="恆星運動學">超高速星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F" title="主序星">主序星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E6%98%9F" title="中子星">中子星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E5%AD%B8#速逃星" title="恆星運動學">速逃星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%B7%A8%E6%98%9F" title="超巨星">超巨星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E7%88%BE%E5%A4%AB-%E6%8B%89%E8%91%89%E6%98%9F" title="沃爾夫-拉葉星">沃夫-瑞葉星</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>恆星的終結</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%B4%9E" title="黑洞">黑洞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%B5%E8%B6%85%E6%96%B0%E6%98%9F" title="極超新星">極超新星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E6%98%9F" title="磁星">磁星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E6%98%9F" title="中子星">中子星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F" title="白矮星">白矮星</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>時間和導航</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E9%90%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="恆星鐘（页面不存在）">恆星鐘</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%98%9F%E9%90%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="星鐘（页面不存在）">星鐘</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E5%B0%8E%E8%88%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="恆星導航（页面不存在）">恆星導航</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>其他</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%92%E7%AB%A5%E9%9F%BB%E6%96%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="兒童韻文（页面不存在）">兒童韻文</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E9%96%83%E4%B8%80%E9%96%83%E4%BA%AE%E6%99%B6%E6%99%B6_(%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E5%85%92%E6%AD%8C)" class="mw-redirect" title="一閃一閃亮晶晶 (英國兒歌)">小星星亮晶晶</a></li> <li><a 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The Astronomical Journal. 2003, 125 (3): 1298–1308 [2007-02-04]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F346274">doi:10.1086/346274</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181005103432/http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003AJ....125.1298B">存档</a>于2018-10-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F&rft.atitle=Carbon+Star+Survey+in+the+Local+Group.+V.+The+Outer+Disk+of+M31&rft.au=Battinelli%2C+Paolo%3B+Demers%2C+Serge%3B+Letarte%2C+Bruno&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=The+Astronomical+Journal&rft.pages=1298-1308&rft.volume=125&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2003AJ....125.1298B&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F346274&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <cite class="citation news"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rssd.esa.int/index.php?project=HIPPARCOS&page=esa_msa">Millennium Star Atlas marks the completion of ESA's Hipparcos Mission</a>. 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[2006-08-23]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nso.edu/PR/answerbook/magnitude.html">原始内容</a>存档于2008-02-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F&rft.btitle=%E6%98%9F%E7%AD%89&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=National+Solar+Observatory%E2%80%94Sacramento+Peak&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nso.edu%2FPR%2Fanswerbook%2Fmagnitude.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-luminosity-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-luminosity_115-0">115.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-luminosity_115-1">115.1</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140809120004/http://www.atnf.csiro.au/outreach//education/senior/astrophysics/photometry_specparallax.html">Luminosity of Stars</a>. Australian Telescope Outreach and Education. [2006-08-13]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://outreach.atnf.csiro.au/education/senior/astrophysics/photometry_luminosity.html">原始内容</a>存档于2014-08-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F&rft.btitle=Luminosity+of+Stars&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Australian+Telescope+Outreach+and+Education&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foutreach.atnf.csiro.au%2Feducation%2Fsenior%2Fastrophysics%2Fphotometry_luminosity.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Hoover, Aaron. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070807035239/http://www.napa.ufl.edu/2004news/bigbrightstar.htm">Star may be biggest, brightest yet observed</a>. HubbleSite. 2004-01-05 [2006-06-08]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.napa.ufl.edu/2004news/bigbrightstar.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2007-08-07）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F&rft.au=Hoover%2C+Aaron&rft.btitle=Star+may+be+biggest%2C+brightest+yet+observed&rft.date=2004-01-05&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=HubbleSite&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.napa.ufl.edu%2F2004news%2Fbigbrightstar.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/newsdesk/archive/releases/2006/37/image/a">Faintest Stars in Globular Cluster NGC 6397</a>. HubbleSite. 2006-08-17 [2006-06-08]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060902085159/http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/newsdesk/archive/releases/2006/37/image/a">存档</a>于2006-09-02）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F&rft.btitle=Faintest+Stars+in+Globular+Cluster+NGC+6397&rft.date=2006-08-17&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=HubbleSite&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhubblesite.org%2Fnewscenter%2Fnewsdesk%2Farchive%2Freleases%2F2006%2F37%2Fimage%2Fa&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <cite class="citation web">Smith, Gene. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://casswww.ucsd.edu/public/tutorial/Stars.html">Stellar Spectra</a>. University of California, San Diego. 1999-04-16 [2006-10-12]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110403074547/http://casswww.ucsd.edu/public/tutorial/Stars.html">存档</a>于2011-04-03）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F&rft.aufirst=Gene&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.btitle=Stellar+Spectra&rft.date=1999-04-16&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=University+of+California%2C+San+Diego&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcasswww.ucsd.edu%2Fpublic%2Ftutorial%2FStars.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Fowler, A. The Draper Catalogue of Stellar Spectra. <a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6" title="自然">自然</a>, a Weekly Illustrated Journal of Science. 1891–2, 45: 427–8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F&rft.atitle=The+Draper+Catalogue+of+Stellar+Spectra&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.aulast=Fowler&rft.chron=1891%E2%80%932&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%2C+a+Weekly+Illustrated+Journal+of+Science&rft.pages=427-8&rft.volume=45&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  请检查<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code>中的日期值 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#bad_date" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-carlos-120"><a href="#cite_ref-carlos_120-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Jaschek, Carlos; Jaschek, Mercedes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/classificationof0000jasc">The Classification of Stars</a>. Cambridge University Press. 1990. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0521389968" title="Special:网络书源/0521389968">ISBN 0521389968</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft.aulast=Jaschek&rft.btitle=The+Classification+of+Stars&rft.date=1990&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0521389968&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fclassificationof0000jasc&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-spectrum-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-spectrum_121-0">121.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-spectrum_121-1">121.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-spectrum_121-2">121.2</a> <cite class="citation web">MacRobert, Alan M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728054228/http://www.skyandtelescope.com/howto/basics/3305876.html">The Spectral Types of Stars</a>. Sky and Telescope. [2006-07-19]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skyandtelescope.com/howto/basics/3305876.html">原始内容</a>存档于2011-07-28）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F&rft.aufirst=Alan+M&rft.aulast=MacRobert&rft.btitle=The+Spectral+Types+of+Stars&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Sky+and+Telescope&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skyandtelescope.com%2Fhowto%2Fbasics%2F3305876.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091008115925/http://www.physics.uq.edu.au/people/ross/ph3080/whitey.htm">White Dwarf (wd) Stars</a>. White Dwarf Research Corporation. 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[2006-07-20]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aavso.org/vstar/types.shtml">原始内容</a>存档于2003-06-27）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F&rft.btitle=Types+of+Variable+Stars&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=AAVSO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aavso.org%2Fvstar%2Ftypes.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l2/cataclysmic_variables.html">Cataclysmic Variables</a>. NASA <a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E9%81%94%E5%BE%B7%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E9%A3%9B%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" class="mw-redirect" title="高達德太空飛行中心">高達德太空飛行中心</a>. 2004-11-01 [2006-06-08]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140730200549/http://imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/science/know_l2/cataclysmic_variables.html">存档</a>于2014-07-30）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F&rft.btitle=Cataclysmic+Variables&rft.date=2004-11-01&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=NASA+%E9%AB%98%E9%81%94%E5%BE%B7%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E9%A3%9B%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fimagine.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fdocs%2Fscience%2Fknow_l2%2Fcataclysmic_variables.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-hansen-125"><a href="#cite_ref-hansen_125-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Hansen, Carl J.; Kawaler, Steven D.; Trimble, Virginia. Stellar Interiors. 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Science. 2005, 309 (5743): 2027–2029. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16179471">PMID 16179471</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1117542">doi:10.1126/science.1117542</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F&rft.atitle=Crossing+the+Termination+Shock+into+the+Heliosheath%3A+Magnetic+Fields&rft.au=Burlaga%2C+L.+F.%3B+Ness%2C+N.+F.%3B+Acu%C3%B1a%2C+M.+H.%3B+Lepping%2C+R.+P.%3B+Connerney%2C+J.+E.+P.%3B+Stone%2C+E.+C.%3B+McDonald%2C+F.+B.&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5743&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.pages=2027-2029&rft.volume=309&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1117542&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16179471&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-synthesis-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-synthesis_131-0">131.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-synthesis_131-1">131.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-synthesis_131-2">131.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-synthesis_131-3">131.3</a> <cite class="citation journal">Wallerstein, G.; Iben Jr., I.; Parker, P.; Boesgaard, A. M.; Hale, G. M.; Champagne, A. E.; Barnes, C. A.; KM-dppeler, F.; Smith, V. V.; Hoffman, R. D.; Timmes, F. X.; Sneden, C.; Boyd, R. N.; Meyer, B. S.; Lambert, D. L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060928043229/http://www.cococubed.com/papers/wallerstein97.pdf">Synthesis of the elements in stars: forty years of progress</a> (PDF). Reviews of Modern Physics. 1999, 69 (4): 995–1084 [2006-08-04]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FRevModPhys.69.995">doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.69.995</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cococubed.com/papers/wallerstein97.pdf">原始内容</a> (pdf)存档于2006-09-28）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F&rft.atitle=Synthesis+of+the+elements+in+stars%3A+forty+years+of+progress&rft.au=Wallerstein%2C+G.%3B+Iben+Jr.%2C+I.%3B+Parker%2C+P.%3B+Boesgaard%2C+A.+M.%3B+Hale%2C+G.+M.%3B+Champagne%2C+A.+E.%3B+Barnes%2C+C.+A.%3B+KM-dppeler%2C+F.%3B+Smith%2C+V.+V.%3B+Hoffman%2C+R.+D.%3B+Timmes%2C+F.+X.%3B+Sneden%2C+C.%3B+Boyd%2C+R.+N.%3B+Meyer%2C+B.+S.%3B+Lambert%2C+D.+L.&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Reviews+of+Modern+Physics&rft.pages=995-1084&rft.volume=69&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cococubed.com%2Fpapers%2Fwallerstein97.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FRevModPhys.69.995&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Woosley, S. E.; Heger, A.; Weaver, T. A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002RvMP...74.1015W">The evolution and explosion of massive stars</a>. Reviews of Modern Physics. 2002, 74 (4): 1015–1071 [2008-09-05]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FRevModPhys.74.1015">doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.74.1015</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080120194735/http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002RvMP...74.1015W">存档</a>于2008-01-20）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F&rft.atitle=The+evolution+and+explosion+of+massive+stars&rft.au=Woosley%2C+S.+E.%3B+Heger%2C+A.%3B+Weaver%2C+T.+A.&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Reviews+of+Modern+Physics&rft.pages=1015-1071&rft.volume=74&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fadsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F2002RvMP...74.1015W&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FRevModPhys.74.1015&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> 11.5天相當於0.0315年。 </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="進階讀物">進階讀物</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F&action=edit&section=34" title="编辑章节：進階讀物">编辑</a>]</div> <ul><li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cliff_Pickover&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cliff Pickover（页面不存在）">Pickover, Cliff</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/starsofheaven00pick">The Stars of Heaven</a>. Oxford University Press. 2001. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-19-514874-6" title="Special:网络书源/0-19-514874-6">ISBN 0-19-514874-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F&rft.aufirst=Cliff&rft.aulast=Pickover&rft.btitle=The+Stars+of+Heaven&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-19-514874-6&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstarsofheaven00pick&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Gribbin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Gribbin（页面不存在）">Gribbin, John</a>; Gribbin, Mary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stardustsupernov0000john">Stardust: Supernovae and Life—The Cosmic Connection</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. 2001. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-300-09097-8" title="Special:网络书源/0-300-09097-8">ISBN 0-300-09097-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F&rft.au=Gribbin%2C+Mary&rft.aufirst=John&rft.aulast=Gribbin&rft.btitle=Stardust%3A+Supernovae+and+Life%E2%80%94The+Cosmic+Connection&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-300-09097-8&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstardustsupernov0000john&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Hawking" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Hawking">Hawking, Stephen</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/briefhistoryofti0000hawk">A Brief History of Time</a>. Bantam Books. 1988. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-553-17521-1" title="Special:网络书源/0-553-17521-1">ISBN 0-553-17521-1</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.aulast=Hawking&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Time&rft.date=1988&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-553-17521-1&rft.pub=Bantam+Books&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbriefhistoryofti0000hawk&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li></ul> <ul><li>（简体中文）<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kepu.net.cn/gb/beyond/astronomy/galaxy/galaxy.html">中国科普博览（Science Museums of China）──天文──恒星与银河系</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210211123243/http://www.kepu.net.cn/gb/beyond/astronomy/galaxy/galaxy.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>），<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" title="中国科学院">中国科学院</a>主编。</li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040909031824/http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/EducationResource/Universe/framed_c/index.html">香港大學物理系自學天文課程</a>. 《宇宙的本質》講義. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Space/EducationResource/Universe/framed_c/index.html">原始内容</a>存档于2004-09-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F&rft.atitle=%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E7%B3%BB%E8%87%AA%E5%AD%B8%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E8%AA%B2%E7%A8%8B&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E7%9A%84%E6%9C%AC%E8%B3%AA%E3%80%8B%E8%AC%9B%E7%BE%A9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lcsd.gov.hk%2FCE%2FMuseum%2FSpace%2FEducationResource%2FUniverse%2Fframed_c%2Findex.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li>H.H. Voigt: Abriß der Astronomie. 4. überarb. Aufl. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9783411031481" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-411-03148-1</a> （德文）</li> <li>H. Scheffler, Hans Elsässer: Physik der Sterne und der Sonne. 2. überarb. Aufl. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9783411141722" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-411-14172-2</a> （德文）</li> <li>魯道夫·基彭哈恩, A. Weigert: Stellar structure and evolution. 2nd corr. ed., <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9783540502111" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-540-50211-1</a> (englisch) （英文）</li> <li>N. Langer: Leben und Sterben der Sterne. Originalausgabe, Becksche Reihe, München 1995, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9783406397202" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-3-406-39720-2</a> （德文）</li> <li>D. Prialnik: An Introduction to the Theory of Stellar Structure and Evolution. Cambridge University Press 2000, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780521650656" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-521-65065-6</a> (hardback), <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780521659376" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-521-65937-6</a> (paperback) （英文）</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結">外部連結</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F&action=edit&section=35" title="编辑章节：外部連結">编辑</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">查看<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8" title="维基词典">维基词典</a>中的词条「<a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/恒星">恒星</a>」。</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>上的相关多媒体资源：<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Stars" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Stars">恒星</a></div></div> </div> <ul><li><cite class="citation web">Kaler, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/sow.html">Portraits of Stars and their Constellations</a>. University of Illinois. [2010-08-20]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201124040228/http://stars.astro.illinois.edu/sow/sow.html">存档</a>于2020-11-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F&rft.aufirst=James&rft.aulast=Kaler&rft.btitle=Portraits+of+Stars+and+their+Constellations&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstars.astro.illinois.edu%2Fsow%2Fsow.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-fid">Query star by identifier, coordinates or reference code</a>. SIMBAD. Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg. [2010-08-20]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090621062643/http://simbad.u-strasbg.fr/simbad/sim-fid">存档</a>于2009-06-21）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F&rft.atitle=Query+star+by+identifier%2C+coordinates+or+reference+code&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SIMBAD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsimbad.u-strasbg.fr%2Fsimbad%2Fsim-fid&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.assa.org.au/sig/variables/classifications.asp">How To Decipher Classification Codes</a>. Astronomical Society of South Australia. [2010-08-20]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061003001342/http://www.assa.org.au/sig/variables/classifications.asp">存档</a>于2006-10-03）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F&rft.btitle=How+To+Decipher+Classification+Codes&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Astronomical+Society+of+South+Australia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.assa.org.au%2Fsig%2Fvariables%2Fclassifications.asp&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li> <li><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121204180007/http://www.mydob.co.uk/community_star.php">Live Star Chart</a>. Dobsonian Telescope Community. [2010-08-20]. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mydob.co.uk/community_star.php">原始内容</a>存档于2012-12-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F&rft.btitle=Live+Star+Chart&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Dobsonian+Telescope+Community&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mydob.co.uk%2Fcommunity_star.php&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  View the stars above your location</li> <li><cite class="citation web">Prialnick, Dina; et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-star.st-and.ac.uk/~kw25/teaching/stars/stars.html">Stars: Stellar Atmospheres, Structure, & Evolution</a>. University of St. Andrews. 2001 [2010-08-20]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210211123306/http://www-star.st-and.ac.uk/~kw25/teaching/stars/stars.html">存档</a>于2021-02-11）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F&rft.au=Bjorkman%2C+Jon&rft.au=Gray%2C+David&rft.au=Mihalas%2C+Dimitri&rft.au=Whitney%2C+Barbara&rft.au=Wolff%2C+Michael&rft.au=Wood%2C+Kenneth&rft.aufirst=Dina&rft.aulast=Prialnick&rft.btitle=Stars%3A+Stellar+Atmospheres%2C+Structure%2C+%26+Evolution&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=University+of+St.+Andrews&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-star.st-and.ac.uk%2F~kw25%2Fteaching%2Fstars%2Fstars.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"> </li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F" title="Template:恒星"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F" title="Template talk:恒星"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:恒星"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="恒星" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">恒星</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="恆星演化">演化</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E5%BD%A2%E6%88%90" title="恆星形成">恆星形成</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E5%89%8D%E6%98%9F" title="主序前星">主序前星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F" title="主序星">主序星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E5%B9%B3%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF" title="水平分支">水平分支</a> (<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E7%BE%A4%E8%81%9A" title="紅群聚">紅群聚</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E5%B7%A8%E6%98%9F%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF" title="紅巨星分支">紅巨星分支</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%B8%E8%BF%91%E5%B7%A8%E6%98%9F%E6%94%AF" title="漸近巨星支">漸近巨星分支</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8D%E8%BF%B4%E5%9C%88" title="藍迴圈">藍迴圈</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E7%BF%BB" title="上翻">上翻</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E7%A9%A9%E5%AE%9A%E5%B8%B6" title="不穩定帶">不穩定帶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PG_1159%E6%98%9F" title="PG 1159星">PG 1159星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%AD%E8%97%81%E8%AE%8A%E6%98%9F" title="蒭藁變星">蒭藁變星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F%E7%8A%B6%E6%98%9F%E4%BA%91" title="行星状星云">行星状星云</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F%E9%9B%B2" title="原行星雲">原行星雲</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%AE%E7%B4%85%E6%96%B0%E6%98%9F" title="亮紅新星">亮紅新星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%85%89%E5%BA%A6%E8%97%8D%E8%AE%8A%E6%98%9F" title="高光度藍變星">高光度藍變星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E7%88%BE%E5%A4%AB-%E6%8B%89%E8%91%89%E6%98%9F" title="沃爾夫-拉葉星">沃爾夫-拉葉星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%81%87%E8%B6%85%E6%96%B0%E6%98%9F" title="假超新星">假超新星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%96%B0%E6%98%9F" title="超新星">超新星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%B5%E8%B6%85%E6%96%B0%E6%98%9F" title="極超新星">極超新星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E7%BE%85%E5%9C%96" title="赫羅圖">赫羅圖</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E8%89%B2%E5%9B%BE" title="双色图">双色图</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F" title="原恆星">原恆星</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E9%9B%B2" title="分子雲">分子雲</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A6%BB%E6%B0%A2%E5%8C%BA" title="电离氢区">电离氢区</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%85%E5%85%8B%E9%9B%B2%E7%90%83" title="包克雲球">包克雲球</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%9D%E6%9C%9F%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E9%AB%94" title="初期恆星體">初期恆星體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E6%AF%94%E6%A0%BC-%E5%93%88%E7%BE%85%E5%A4%A9%E9%AB%94" title="赫比格-哈羅天體">赫比格-哈羅天體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E8%BB%8C%E8%B7%A1" title="林軌跡">林忠四郎軌跡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E6%A5%B5%E9%99%90" title="林極限">林忠四郎極限</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E8%80%B6%E8%B7%A1" title="亨耶跡">亨耶跡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%B5%E6%88%B6%E5%9E%8B%E8%AE%8A%E6%98%9F" title="獵戶型變星">獵戶型變星</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E7%89%9BT%E6%98%9F" title="金牛T星">金牛T星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8D%B5%E6%88%B6FU%E5%9E%8B%E8%AE%8A%E6%98%9F" title="獵戶FU型變星">獵戶FU型變星</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E6%AF%94%E6%A0%BCAe/Be%E6%98%9F" title="赫比格Ae/Be星">赫比格Ae/Be星</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">光度分类</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F" title="次矮星">次矮星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F" title="主序星">主序星</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8D%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F_(%E7%B4%85%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F%E9%9A%8E%E6%AE%B5)" title="藍矮星 (紅矮星階段)">藍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E5%9E%8B%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F" title="K型主序星">橙</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F" title="紅矮星">紅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%95%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F" title="棕矮星">棕</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%E5%9E%8B%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F" title="G型主序星">黃</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E5%B7%A8%E6%98%9F" title="次巨星">次巨星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A8%E6%98%9F" title="巨星">巨星</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E5%B7%A8%E6%98%9F" title="紅巨星">紅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8D%E5%B7%A8%E6%98%9F" title="藍巨星">蓝</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%AE%E5%B7%A8%E6%98%9F" title="亮巨星">亮巨星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%B7%A8%E6%98%9F" title="超巨星">超巨星</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8D%E8%B6%85%E5%B7%A8%E6%98%9F" title="藍超巨星">藍</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E8%B6%85%E5%B7%A8%E6%98%9F" title="紅超巨星">紅</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%84%E8%B6%85%E5%B7%A8%E6%98%9F" title="黄超巨星">黃</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E8%B6%85%E5%B7%A8%E6%98%9F" title="特超巨星">特超巨星</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E7%89%B9%E8%B6%85%E5%B7%A8%E6%98%9F" title="黃特超巨星">黃</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8D%E6%8E%89%E9%9A%8A%E6%98%9F" title="藍掉隊星">藍掉隊星</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F%E5%85%89%E8%B0%B1" title="恒星光谱">光谱分类</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O%E5%9E%8B%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F" title="O型主序星">O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%E5%9E%8B%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F" title="B型主序星">B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E5%9E%8B%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F" title="A型主序星">A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%E5%9E%8B%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F" title="F型主序星">F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%E5%9E%8B%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F" title="G型主序星">G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E5%9E%8B%E4%B8%BB%E5%BA%8F%E6%98%9F" title="K型主序星">K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F" title="紅矮星">M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Be%E6%98%9F" title="Be星">Be</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OB%E6%98%9F" title="OB星">OB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%E5%9E%8B%E6%AC%A1%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F" title="B型次矮星">B型次矮星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%9A%E6%9C%9F%E5%9E%8B%E6%98%9F" title="晚期型星">晚期型星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F" title="特殊恆星">特殊恆星</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC%E7%B7%9A%E6%98%9F" title="金屬線星">金屬線星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ap%E5%92%8CBp%E6%98%9F" title="Ap和Bp星">Ap和Bp星</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%AB%E9%80%9F%E6%8C%AF%E7%9B%AAAp%E6%98%9F" title="快速振盪Ap星">快速振盪Ap星</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%87%E6%98%9F" title="鋇星">鋇星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E6%98%9F" title="碳星">碳星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CN%E6%98%9F" title="CN星">CN星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CH%E6%98%9F" title="CH星">CH星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A5%B5%E7%AB%AF%E6%B0%A6%E6%98%9F" title="極端氦星">極端氦星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A7%E5%A4%AB%E5%BA%A7%CE%BB%E5%9E%8B%E6%98%9F" title="牧夫座λ型星">牧夫λ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%9B%E6%98%9F" title="鉛星">鉛星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9E%E9%8C%B3%E6%98%9F" title="汞錳星">汞錳星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%E5%9E%8B%E6%98%9F" title="S型星">S型星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%BC%E5%B1%A4%E6%98%9F" title="殼層星">殼層星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8D%80%E6%98%9F" title="鍀星">鍀星</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">残骸</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F" title="白矮星">白矮星</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F" title="氦行星">氦行星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F" title="黑矮星">黑矮星</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%90%E6%98%9F" title="中子星">中子星</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%89%E5%86%B2%E6%98%9F" title="脉冲星">脉冲星</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF%E8%84%89%E5%86%B2%E6%98%9F" title="X射线脉冲星">X射线</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E6%98%9F" title="磁星">磁星</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E9%BB%91%E6%B4%9E" title="恆星黑洞">恆星黑洞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%B4%E5%AF%86%E6%98%9F" title="致密星">致密星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF%E8%81%94%E6%98%9F" title="X射线联星">X射线联星</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X%E5%B0%84%E7%B7%9A%E7%88%86%E7%99%BC%E6%BA%90" title="X射線爆發源">X射線爆發源</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">纯理论恒星</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8D%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F_(%E7%B4%85%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F%E9%9A%8E%E6%AE%B5)" title="藍矮星 (紅矮星階段)">藍矮星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%A0%E8%89%B2%E6%98%9F" title="綠色星">綠色星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F" title="黑矮星">黑矮星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E7%89%B9%E6%98%9F" title="奇特星">奇特星</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E5%AD%90%E6%98%9F" title="先子星">先子星</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E6%9C%97%E5%85%8B%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="普朗克恒星（页面不存在）">普朗克恒星</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck_star" class="extiw" title="en:Planck star">Planck star</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B%E6%98%9F" title="夸克星">夸克星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9A%97%E6%98%9F" class="mw-disambig" title="暗星">暗物质星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%E6%98%9F" title="Q星">Q星</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%B0%E5%86%BB%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="冰冻恒星（页面不存在）">冰冻恒星</a>（法语：<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89toile_congel%C3%A9e" class="extiw" title="fr:Étoile congelée">Étoile congelée</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%BB%E6%98%9F" title="类星">类星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E6%81%A9-%E7%A5%96%E7%89%B9%E9%98%94%E5%A4%AB%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%93" title="索恩-祖特阔夫天体">索恩-祖特闊夫天體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B5%E6%98%9F" title="鐵星">鐵星</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E6%A0%B8%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="恆星核合成">核合成</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6%E6%A0%B8%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="氦核作用">氦核作用</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%E6%B0%A6%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" title="3氦過程">3氦過程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90%E2%80%94%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%90%E9%8F%88%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89" title="質子—質子鏈反應">質子—質子鏈反應</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A6%E9%96%83" title="氦閃">氦閃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E6%B0%AE%E6%B0%A7%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0" title="碳氮氧循環">碳氮氧循環</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8B%B0%E7%87%83%E7%87%92" title="鋰燃燒">鋰燃燒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E8%81%9A%E5%8F%98" title="碳聚变">碳燃烧</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%96%E7%87%83%E7%87%92%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" title="氖燃燒過程">氖燃烧</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E7%87%83%E7%87%92%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" title="氧燃燒過程">氧燃烧</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%BD%E7%87%83%E7%87%92%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" title="矽燃燒過程">硅燃烧</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" title="S過程">s過程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%E9%81%8E%E7%A8%8B" title="R過程">r過程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%9E%8D%E5%90%88%E9%AB%94" title="核融合體">核融合體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%98%9F" title="新星">新星</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%98%9F%E9%81%97%E8%BF%B9" title="新星遗迹">新星遗迹</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B" title="恆星結構">结构</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%99%BD%E6%A0%B8%E5%BF%83" title="太陽核心">核心</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E6%B5%81%E5%B1%A4_(%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F)" title="對流層 (恆星)">对流层</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%AE%E6%B9%8D%E6%B5%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="微湍流（页面不存在）">微湍流</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microturbulence" class="extiw" title="en:Microturbulence">Microturbulence</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%A3%E5%B1%A4" title="恆星大氣層">大气层</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%BB%E5%B0%84%E5%B1%A4" title="輻射層">輻射層</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%90%83" title="光球">光球层</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E7%90%83" title="色球">色球层</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E6%96%91" title="星斑">星斑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E5%86%95" title="星冕">冕</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E9%A3%8E" title="星风">星风</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E9%A2%A8%E6%B3%A1" title="星風泡">星風泡</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E9%9C%87%E5%AD%B8" title="星震學">星震學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E4%B8%81%E9%A1%BF%E5%85%89%E5%BA%A6" title="爱丁顿光度">爱丁顿光度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E8%B5%AB%E6%AD%B7%E7%A8%8B" title="克赫歷程">开尔文-亥姆霍兹机制</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">特徵</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D" title="恆星命名">命名</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="恆星動力學">动力学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%95%88%E6%BA%AB%E5%BA%A6" title="有效溫度">有效溫度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E5%AD%B8" title="恆星運動學">运动学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E7%A3%81%E5%A0%B4" title="恆星磁場">磁场</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%86%E6%98%9F%E7%AD%89" title="视星等">视星等</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%95%E5%B0%8D%E6%98%9F%E7%AD%89" title="絕對星等">絕對星等</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F" title="恆星質量">质量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC%E9%87%8F" title="金屬量">金屬量</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E8%87%AA%E8%BD%89" title="恆星自轉">自转</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UBV%E6%B5%8B%E5%85%89%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="UBV测光系统">UBV色</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E6%98%9F" title="變星">變星</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="恆星系統">恆星系統</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E6%98%9F" title="雙星">雙星</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E6%8E%A5%E8%81%AF%E6%98%9F" title="密接聯星">密接聯星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E6%9C%89%E5%8C%85%E5%B1%A4" title="共有包層">共有包層</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E6%98%9F" title="聚星">聚星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%B8%E7%A7%AF%E7%9B%98" title="吸积盘">吸积盘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB" title="行星系">行星系</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="太阳系">太阳系</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">地球视角</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E6%9E%81%E6%98%9F" title="北极星">北极星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%B1%E6%A5%B5%E6%98%9F" title="拱極星">拱極星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E7%AD%89" title="星等">星等</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E5%85%89" title="消光">消光</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E8%89%B2%E5%9B%BE" title="双色图">双色图</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%91%E5%90%91%E9%80%9F%E5%BA%A6" title="徑向速度">视向速度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E8%A1%8C" title="自行">自行</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%86%E5%B7%AE" title="视差">视差</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%8B%E5%85%89%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E6%98%9F" title="测光标准星">测光标准星</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="恒星列表">恒星列表</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E6%98%9F%E5%90%8D%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="普通星名表（页面不存在）">普通星名表</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_proper_names_of_stars" class="extiw" title="en:List of proper names of stars">List of proper names of stars</a>） <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E6%98%9F%E5%90%8D%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿拉伯星名表（页面不存在）">阿拉伯星名表</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Arabic_star_names" class="extiw" title="en:List of Arabic star names">List of Arabic star names</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E8%A5%BF%E6%98%9F%E5%90%8D%E5%B0%8D%E7%85%A7%E8%A1%A8" title="中西星名對照表">中西星名對照表</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E5%BA%A7%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="星座恒星列表">星座恒星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A8%E5%A4%A7%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="巨大質量恆星列表">巨大质量恒星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E5%B0%8F%E8%B3%AA%E9%87%8F%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="最小質量恆星列表">最小质量恒星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A8%E5%A4%A7%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="巨大恆星列表">巨大恒星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E5%85%89%E5%BA%A6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="恆星光度列表">恒星光度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E4%BA%AE%E5%BA%A6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="恆星亮度列表">恒星亮度</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%84%B0%E8%BF%91%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="鄰近恆星列表">临近恒星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%95%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="棕矮星列表">棕矮星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F%E7%8A%B6%E6%98%9F%E4%BA%91%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="行星状星云列表">行星状星云</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%96%B0%E6%98%9F%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="超新星列表">超新星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%96%B0%E6%98%9F%E5%80%99%E9%81%B8%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="超新星候選列表">超新星候选</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%8A%E6%98%9F%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="變星列表">变星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E4%BA%BA%E5%90%8D%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E7%9A%84%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F" title="以人名命名的恆星">以人名命名的恆星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%B8%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="恆星天文學年表">恆星天文學年表</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相关条目</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F" title="亚恒星">亚恒星</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%95%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F" title="棕矮星">棕矮星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A1%E6%A3%95%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F" title="次棕矮星">次棕矮星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%86%E8%A1%8C%E6%98%9F" title="恆行星">恆行星</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E6%BC%B8%E8%BF%91%E5%B7%A8%E6%98%9F%E6%94%AF%E6%98%9F" title="後漸近巨星支星">後漸近巨星支星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E5%9B%A2" title="星团">星团</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%8F%E6%95%A3%E6%98%9F%E5%9B%A2" title="疏散星团">疏散星团</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%83%E7%8B%80%E6%98%9F%E5%9C%98" title="球狀星團">球狀星團</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB" title="星系">星系</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8A%80%E6%B2%B3%E5%B9%B4" title="銀河年">銀河年</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB%E5%9C%98" title="超星系團">超星系團</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E9%9C%87%E5%AD%B8" title="日震學">日震學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E6%98%9F" title="客星">客星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E5%BA%A7" title="星座">星座</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E7%BE%A4" title="星群">星群</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B" title="引力">引力</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E7%B3%BB%E9%9A%9B%E6%81%86%E6%98%9F" title="星系際恆星">星系際恆星</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%85%E5%A4%96%E6%9A%97%E9%9B%B2" title="紅外暗雲">紅外暗雲</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F" title="Category:恒星">恒星分类</a></li> <li><img alt="共享资源页面" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Stars" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Stars">共享资源</a></li> <li><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F" title="Portal:恒星">恒星主题页</a></li> <li><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:天文学">天文学主题页</a></li> <li><img alt="专题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/WikiProject:%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F" title="WikiProject:恒星">恒星专题</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q523#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q523#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q523#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">各地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11936921c">法国</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11936921c">BnF data</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4057342-4">德国</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007531592405171">以色列</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85127415">美国</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00566683">日本</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph114733&CON_LNG=ENG">捷克</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">学术</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300387654">AAT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=17092">现代乌克兰百科全书</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/yildiz">伊斯兰百科全书</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=恒星&oldid=84235153">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=恒星&oldid=84235153</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F" title="Category:恒星">恒星</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%81%92%E6%98%9F%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:恒星天文学">恒星天文学</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%A4%A9%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5" 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