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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B2" title="جان میلتون نیلز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جان میلتون نیلز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton_Niles" title="John Milton Niles – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="John Milton Niles" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B2" title="جان میلتون نیلز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جان میلتون نیلز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton_Niles" title="John Milton Niles – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="John Milton Niles" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%A1" title="ג'ון מילטון נילס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ון מילטון נילס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton_Niles" title="John Milton Niles – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="John Milton Niles" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B2" title="جون ميلتون نيليز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جون ميلتون نيليز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9F%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8A%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BA" title="ジョン・ミルトン・ナイルズ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョン・ミルトン・ナイルズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milton_Niles" title="John Milton Niles – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="John Milton Niles" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q302111#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/John_Niles_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="John Niles (disambiguation)">John Niles</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">John M. Niles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:JohnMiltonNiles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/JohnMiltonNiles.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="225" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="225" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senator</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 4, 1843 – March 3, 1849</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Perry_Smith_(politician)" title="Perry Smith (politician)">Perry Smith</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Truman_Smith" title="Truman Smith">Truman Smith</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />December 21, 1835 – March 3, 1839</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Smith_(senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathan Smith (senator)">Nathan Smith</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Betts" title="Thaddeus Betts">Thaddeus Betts</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">9th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">United States Postmaster General</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />May 19, 1840 – March 4, 1841</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Amos_Kendall" title="Amos Kendall">Amos Kendall</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Granger" title="Francis Granger">Francis Granger</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">John Milton Niles</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1787-08-20</span>)</span>August 20, 1787<br /><a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Connecticut" title="Windsor, Connecticut">Windsor, Connecticut</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">May 31, 1856<span style="display:none">(1856-05-31)</span> (aged 68)<br /><a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">Hartford, Connecticut</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party" title="Democratic-Republican Party">Democratic-Republican</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Before 1825)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1828– 1848)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1848–1854)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1854–1856)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Sarah Robinson<br />Jane Pratt</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>John Milton Niles</b> (August 20, 1787 – May 31, 1856) was a lawyer, <a href="/wiki/Literary_editor" title="Literary editor">editor</a>, author and politician from <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>, serving in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> and as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">United States Postmaster General</a> 1840 to 1841. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Milton_Niles&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Windsor,_Connecticut" title="Windsor, Connecticut">Windsor, Connecticut</a>, Niles received a common school education and studied <a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">law</a>. He was admitted to the bar in 1817 and practiced in <a href="/wiki/Hartford,_Connecticut" title="Hartford, Connecticut">Hartford, Connecticut</a>. There, he also established a newspaper, the <a href="/wiki/The_Hartford_Times" title="The Hartford Times">"Hartford Weekly Times"</a>, in 1817, where he worked as an editor as well as a contributor for over thirty years. He published two other papers, the Gazatteer of Connecticut and Rhode Island, and The Independent Whig.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He married Sarah Robinson on June 17, 1824. After her death on November 23, 1824, he married Jane Pratt on November 26, 1845. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Milton_Niles&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Niles became active in <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> politics and a supporter of <a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">states-rights doctrines</a>. In 1820 he was appointed an <a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="Associate Justice">associate judge</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hartford_County,_Connecticut" title="Hartford County, Connecticut">Hartford County</a> Court, but didn't start until 1821. He served until 1826 when he was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_House_of_Representatives" title="Connecticut House of Representatives">Connecticut House of Representatives</a>. Unsuccessful for reelection, he continued practicing law. In 1829 he was appointed <a href="/wiki/Postmaster" title="Postmaster">Postmaster</a> of Hartford, serving this position until 1836. He failed to be elected to an at-large Connecticut Representative seat. </p><p>After the demise of <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a> senator <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Smith_(senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathan Smith (senator)">Nathan Smith</a>, Niles was elected as a <a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_Senators#Class_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Classes of United States Senators">class one senator</a> to fill his seat, serving from 1835 to 1839.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There, he served as chairman of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Commerce,_Science_and_Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation">Committee on Manufactures</a> in the <a href="/wiki/24th_United_States_Congress" title="24th United States Congress">24th</a> and <a href="/wiki/25th_United_States_Congress" title="25th United States Congress">25th congresses</a>. He was not a candidate for reelection. In <a href="/wiki/1839_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1839 Connecticut gubernatorial election">1839</a> and in <a href="/wiki/1840_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1840 Connecticut gubernatorial election">1840</a> he was the unsuccessful Democratic candidate for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Connecticut" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Connecticut">Governor of Connecticut</a>, losing to <a href="/wiki/William_W._Ellsworth" title="William W. Ellsworth">William W. Ellsworth</a>. </p><p>Appointed <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">United States Postmaster General</a> by <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> in 1840, Niles served until the end of the administration in 1841. As Postmaster General he ended delivery of mail on Sunday. He returned to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Classes_of_United_States_Senators#Class_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Classes of United States Senators">class three senator</a> in 1844. He was actually elected in 1842 and was to start in 1843, but ill health and a credentials challenge kept him out until the next year. When he was a US Senator, in 1845, he cast the deciding vote admitting Texas to the Union as a slave state, though he was against slavery.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served from March 4, 1843, to March 3, 1849, and declined for reelection.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Associating with the <a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil Party</a> campaign of his friend <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Van Buren</a> in 1848, he became their candidate for governor in <a href="/wiki/1849_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1849 Connecticut gubernatorial election">1849</a>. He spent some time in Europe from 1851 to 1852. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Milton_Niles&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his later years, Niles pursued horticulture. He had no children and bequeathed his library to the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chs.org/">Connecticut Historical Society</a> and left <a href="/wiki/Dollar" title="Dollar">$</a>70,000 in trust to the city of Hartford as a charity fund, the income of which he directed to be annually distributed to the poor. He was Connecticut's member on the original <a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">Republican National Committee</a> in February 1856. </p><p>Niles died in Hartford on May 30, 1856, at the age of 68 and is interred in the city's Old North Cemetery <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Published_works">Published works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Milton_Niles&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Published works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Niles_Map_of_Mexico_and_the_Republic_of_Texas_1838_(1844)_UTA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Niles_Map_of_Mexico_and_the_Republic_of_Texas_1838_%281844%29_UTA.jpg/220px-Niles_Map_of_Mexico_and_the_Republic_of_Texas_1838_%281844%29_UTA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Niles_Map_of_Mexico_and_the_Republic_of_Texas_1838_%281844%29_UTA.jpg/330px-Niles_Map_of_Mexico_and_the_Republic_of_Texas_1838_%281844%29_UTA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Niles_Map_of_Mexico_and_the_Republic_of_Texas_1838_%281844%29_UTA.jpg/440px-Niles_Map_of_Mexico_and_the_Republic_of_Texas_1838_%281844%29_UTA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2742" data-file-height="2184" /></a><figcaption>Niles' <i>Map of Mexico and the Republic of Texas</i>, 1838</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><i>The Life of Oliver Hazard Perry</i> (1820)</li> <li><i>The Connecticut Civil Officer</i> (1823)</li> <li><i>A View of South America and Mexico, Comprising Their History, the Political Condition, Geography, Agriculture, Commerce, & c. of the Republics of Mexico, Guatemala, Colombia, Peru, the United Provinces of South America and Chile, with a Complete History of the Revolution, in Each of These Independent States</i> (two volumes, 1826)</li> <li><i>History of South America and Mexico: Comprising Their Discovery, Geography, Politics, Commerce and Revolutions</i> (two volumes, 1838)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Milton_Niles&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130117032559/http://millercenter.org/president/vanburen/essays/cabinet/196">"John Milton Niles"</a>. Rector and Visitors of the University of Virginia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://millercenter.org/president/vanburen/essays/cabinet/196">the original</a> on January 17, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Milton+Niles&rft.pub=Rector+and+Visitors+of+the+University+of+Virginia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmillercenter.org%2Fpresident%2Fvanburen%2Fessays%2Fcabinet%2F196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Milton+Niles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/members/john_niles/408192">"John Milton Niles"</a>. Govtrack US Congress<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Milton+Niles&rft.pub=Ancestry.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffamilytreemaker.genealogy.com%2Fusers%2Fn%2Fi%2Fl%2FStephen-S-Niles%2FGENE12-0025.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Milton+Niles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.govtrack.us/congress/members/john_niles/408192">"John Milton Niles"</a>. Govtrack US Congress<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Milton+Niles&rft.pub=Govtrack+US+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.govtrack.us%2Fcongress%2Fmembers%2Fjohn_niles%2F408192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Milton+Niles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politicalgraveyard.com/bio/niles.html#117.58.84">"John Milton Niles"</a>. The Political Graveyard<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+Milton+Niles&rft.pub=The+Political+Graveyard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpoliticalgraveyard.com%2Fbio%2Fniles.html%23117.58.84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Milton+Niles" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Milton_Niles&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_CongressN000108" class="citation web cs1">United States Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=N000108">"John Milton Niles (id: N000108)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress" title="Biographical Directory of the United States Congress">Biographical Directory of the United States Congress</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Directory+of+the+United+States+Congress&rft.atitle=John+Milton+Niles+%28id%3A+N000108%29&rft.au=United+States+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioguide.congress.gov%2Fscripts%2Fbiodisplay.pl%3Findex%3DN000108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Milton+Niles" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/20238">John Milton Niles</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Smith_(senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathan Smith (senator)">Nathan Smith</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Connecticut" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Senators from Connecticut">U.S. Senator (Class 1) from Connecticut</a> </b><br />1835–1839 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Tomlinson" title="Gideon Tomlinson">Gideon Tomlinson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perry_Smith_(politician)" title="Perry Smith (politician)">Perry Smith</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Betts" title="Thaddeus Betts">Thaddeus Betts</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Perry_Smith_(politician)" title="Perry Smith (politician)">Perry Smith</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Senators_from_Connecticut" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Senators from Connecticut">U.S. Senator (Class 3) from Connecticut</a> </b><br />1843–1849 <br />Served alongside: <b><a href="/wiki/Jabez_W._Huntington" title="Jabez W. Huntington">Jabez W. Huntington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Sherman_Baldwin" title="Roger Sherman Baldwin">Roger Baldwin</a></b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Truman_Smith" title="Truman Smith">Truman Smith</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Duhurst_Merrick" title="William Duhurst Merrick">William Duhurst Merrick</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Civil_Service" title="United States Senate Committee on Civil Service">Senate Post Office Committee</a> </b><br />1845–1849 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Rusk" title="Thomas Jefferson Rusk">Thomas Jefferson Rusk</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Seth_Preston_Beers" title="Seth Preston Beers">Seth P. Beers</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Connecticut" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Connecticut">Governor of Connecticut</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1839_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1839 Connecticut gubernatorial election">1839</a>, <a href="/wiki/1840_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1840 Connecticut gubernatorial election">1840</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Francis H. Nicoll</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>First</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Free_Soil_Party" title="Free Soil Party">Free Soil</a> nominee for <a href="/wiki/List_of_Governors_of_Connecticut" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Governors of Connecticut">Governor of Connecticut</a> </b><br /><a href="/wiki/1849_Connecticut_gubernatorial_election" title="1849 Connecticut gubernatorial election">1849</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Boyd_(Connecticut_politician)" title="John Boyd (Connecticut politician)">John Boyd</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Amos_Kendall" title="Amos Kendall">Amos Kendall</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">United States Postmaster General</a> </b><br />1840–1841 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Granger" title="Francis Granger">Francis Granger</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_senators_from_Connecticut" title="Template:United States senators from Connecticut"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_senators_from_Connecticut" title="Template talk:United States senators from 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Dana">Dana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Boardman" title="Elijah Boardman">Boardman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_W._Edwards" title="Henry W. Edwards">Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_A._Foot" title="Samuel A. Foot">Foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Smith_(senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathan Smith (senator)">N. Smith</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Niles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Betts" title="Thaddeus Betts">Betts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabez_W._Huntington" title="Jabez W. Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Sherman_Baldwin" title="Roger Sherman Baldwin">R. S. Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Toucey" title="Isaac Toucey">Toucey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dixon" title="James Dixon">Dixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Buckingham" title="William A. Buckingham">Buckingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Eaton" title="William W. Eaton">Eaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_R._Hawley" title="Joseph R. Hawley">Hawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Bulkeley" title="Morgan Bulkeley">Bulkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_P._McLean" title="George P. McLean">McLean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederic_C._Walcott" title="Frederic C. Walcott">Walcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_T._Maloney" title="Francis T. Maloney">Maloney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Hart" title="Thomas C. Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Baldwin" title="Raymond E. Baldwin">R. E. Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Benton_(politician)" title="William Benton (politician)">Benton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Purtell" title="William A. Purtell">Purtell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Dodd" title="Thomas J. Dodd">T. J. Dodd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowell_Weicker" title="Lowell Weicker">Weicker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Lieberman" title="Joe Lieberman">Lieberman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Murphy" title="Chris Murphy">Murphy</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="United States Senate"><img alt="United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Class 3</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Samuel_Johnson" title="William Samuel Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Sherman" title="Roger Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Mix_Mitchell" title="Stephen Mix Mitchell">Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Trumbull_Jr." title="Jonathan Trumbull Jr.">Trumbull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uriah_Tracy" title="Uriah Tracy">Tracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauncey_Goodrich" title="Chauncey Goodrich">Goodrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Daggett" title="David Daggett">Daggett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lanman" title="James Lanman">Lanman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Willey" title="Calvin Willey">Willey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Tomlinson" title="Gideon Tomlinson">Tomlinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_Smith_(politician)" title="Perry Smith (politician)">P. Smith</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Niles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Smith" title="Truman Smith">T. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Gillette" title="Francis Gillette">Gillette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lafayette_S._Foster" title="Lafayette S. Foster">Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orris_S._Ferry" title="Orris S. Ferry">Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_E._English" title="James E. English">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barnum" title="William Barnum">Barnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orville_H._Platt" title="Orville H. Platt">Platt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_B._Brandegee" title="Frank B. Brandegee">Brandegee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_Bingham_III" title="Hiram Bingham III">Bingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Lonergan" title="Augustine Lonergan">Lonergan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Danaher" title="John A. Danaher">Danaher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brien_McMahon" title="Brien McMahon">McMahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Purtell" title="William A. Purtell">Purtell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prescott_Bush" title="Prescott Bush">Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Ribicoff" title="Abraham Ribicoff">Ribicoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Dodd" title="Chris Dodd">C. Dodd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Blumenthal" title="Richard Blumenthal">Blumenthal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_postmasters_general" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USPostGen" title="Template:USPostGen"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USPostGen" title="Template talk:USPostGen"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USPostGen" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USPostGen"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_postmasters_general" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">United States postmasters general</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bache" title="Richard Bache">Bache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Hazard" title="Ebenezer Hazard">Hazard</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Post_Office.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Postal Department Seal"><img alt="Postal Department Seal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Post_Office.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Post_Office.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Post_Office.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Post_Office.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Post_Office.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Post_Office.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="901" data-file-height="901" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Osgood" title="Samuel Osgood">Osgood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Pickering" title="Timothy Pickering">Pickering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Habersham" title="Joseph Habersham">Habersham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Granger" title="Gideon Granger">G. Granger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_J._Meigs_Jr." title="Return J. Meigs Jr.">Meigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McLean" title="John McLean">McLean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet level</a><br /><a href="/wiki/United_States_Post_Office_Department" title="United States Post Office Department">Post Office Department</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_T._Barry" title="William T. Barry">Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Kendall" title="Amos Kendall">Kendall</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Niles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Granger" title="Francis Granger">F. Granger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Wickliffe" title="Charles A. Wickliffe">Wickliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_Johnson" title="Cave Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Collamer" title="Jacob Collamer">Collamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_K._Hall" title="Nathan K. Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Dickinson_Hubbard" title="Samuel Dickinson Hubbard">Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Campbell_(postmaster_general)" title="James Campbell (postmaster general)">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_V._Brown" title="Aaron V. Brown">A. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Holt" title="Joseph Holt">Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_King" title="Horatio King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Blair" title="Montgomery Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dennison_Jr." title="William Dennison Jr.">Dennison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Randall_(Wisconsin_politician)" title="Alexander Randall (Wisconsin politician)">Randall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Creswell" title="John Creswell">Creswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_William_Marshall" title="James William Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Jewell" title="Marshall Jewell">Jewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Noble_Tyner" title="James Noble Tyner">Tyner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_M._Key" title="David M. Key">Key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Maynard" title="Horace Maynard">Maynard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lemuel_James" title="Thomas Lemuel James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_O._Howe" title="Timothy O. Howe">Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Q._Gresham" title="Walter Q. Gresham">Gresham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Hatton_(American_politician)" title="Frank Hatton (American politician)">Hatton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Vilas" title="William F. Vilas">Vilas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_M._Dickinson" title="Donald M. Dickinson">Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wanamaker" title="John Wanamaker">Wanamaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_S._Bissell" title="Wilson S. Bissell">Bissell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyne_Wilson" title="William Lyne Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Albert_Gary" title="James Albert Gary">Gary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Emory_Smith" title="Charles Emory Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay_Payne" title="Henry Clay Payne">Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wynne" title="Robert Wynne">Wynne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Cortelyou" title="George B. Cortelyou">Cortelyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_von_Lengerke_Meyer" title="George von Lengerke Meyer">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Harris_Hitchcock" title="Frank Harris Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_S._Burleson" title="Albert S. Burleson">Burleson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_H._Hays" title="Will H. Hays">Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Work" title="Hubert Work">Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._New" title="Harry S. New">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Folger_Brown" title="Walter Folger Brown">W. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farley" title="James Farley">Farley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_C._Walker" title="Frank C. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Hannegan" title="Robert E. Hannegan">Hannegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_M._Donaldson" title="Jesse M. Donaldson">Donaldson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Summerfield" title="Arthur Summerfield">Summerfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Edward_Day" title="J. Edward Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Gronouski" title="John A. Gronouski">Gronouski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Marvin_Watson" title="W. Marvin Watson">Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winton_M._Blount" title="Winton M. Blount">Blount</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">U.S. Postal Service</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winton_M._Blount" title="Winton M. Blount">Blount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._T._Klassen" title="E. T. Klassen">Klassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_F._Bailar" title="Benjamin F. Bailar">Bailar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Bolger" title="William F. Bolger">Bolger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_N._Carlin" title="Paul N. Carlin">Carlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Vincent_Casey" title="Albert Vincent Casey">Casey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preston_Robert_Tisch" title="Preston Robert Tisch">Tisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_M._Frank" title="Anthony M. Frank">Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Travis_Runyon" title="Marvin Travis Runyon">Runyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Henderson" title="William J. Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Potter" title="John E. Potter">Potter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_R._Donahoe" title="Patrick R. Donahoe">Donahoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megan_Brennan" title="Megan Brennan">Brennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_DeJoy" title="Louis DeJoy">DeJoy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairmen_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Post_Office_and_Civil_Service" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#default;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_Senate_Post_Office_chairs" title="Template:US Senate Post Office chairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_Senate_Post_Office_chairs" title="Template talk:US Senate Post Office chairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Senate_Post_Office_chairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US Senate Post Office chairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairmen_of_the_United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Post_Office_and_Civil_Service" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chairmen of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Civil_Service" title="United States Senate Committee on Civil Service">United States Senate Committee on Post Office and Civil Service</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post Office and Post Roads<br />(1816–1947)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_J._Wilson" title="James J. Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montfort_Stokes" title="Montfort Stokes">Stokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lanman" title="James Lanman">Lanman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_M._Bibb" title="George M. Bibb">Bibb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Grundy" title="Felix Grundy">Grundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Robinson_(Illinois_politician)" title="John M. Robinson (Illinois politician)">Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henderson_(Mississippi_politician)" title="John Henderson (Mississippi politician)">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Duhurst_Merrick" title="William Duhurst Merrick">Merrick</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Niles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Rusk" title="Thomas Jefferson Rusk">Rusk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Levy_Yulee" title="David Levy Yulee">Yulee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Gwin" title="William M. Gwin">Gwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Collamer" title="Jacob Collamer">Collamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dixon" title="James Dixon">Dixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ramsey" title="Alexander Ramsey">Ramsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Ferry" title="Thomas W. Ferry">Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_B._Maxey" title="Samuel B. Maxey">Maxey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_W._Ferry" title="Thomas W. Ferry">Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_P._Hill" title="Nathaniel P. Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omar_D._Conger" title="Omar D. Conger">Conger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philetus_Sawyer" title="Philetus Sawyer">Sawyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Vilas" title="William F. Vilas">Vilas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_O._Wolcott" title="Edward O. Wolcott">Wolcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Mason_(American_politician)" title="William E. Mason (American politician)">Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boies_Penrose" title="Boies Penrose">Penrose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bourne_Jr._(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Bourne Jr. (politician)">Bourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Bankhead" title="John H. Bankhead">Bankhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Townsend" title="Charles E. Townsend">Townsend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sterling" title="Thomas Sterling">Sterling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Moses" title="George H. Moses">Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_C._Phipps" title="Lawrence C. Phipps">Phipps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasker_Oddie" title="Tasker Oddie">Oddie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_McKellar_(politician)" title="Kenneth McKellar (politician)">McKellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Dennis Chávez">Chávez</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States Senate"><img alt="Seal of the United States Senate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/80px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/160px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civil Service and Retrenchment<br />(1873–1921)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_G._Wright" title="George G. Wright">Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powell_Clayton" title="Powell Clayton">Clayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_M._Teller" title="Henry M. Teller">Teller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Butler" title="Matthew Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_R._Hawley" title="Joseph R. Hawley">Hawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Chace" title="Jonathan Chace">Chace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_O._Wolcott" title="Edward O. Wolcott">Wolcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilkinson_Call" title="Wilkinson Call">Call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Jarvis" title="Thomas J. Jarvis">Jarvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeter_C._Pritchard" title="Jeter C. Pritchard">Pritchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Baker" title="Lucien Baker">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_C._Perkins" title="George C. Perkins">Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_B._Cummins" title="Albert B. Cummins">Cummins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlee_Pomerene" title="Atlee Pomerene">Pomerene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_McKellar_(politician)" title="Kenneth McKellar (politician)">McKellar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sterling" title="Thomas Sterling">Sterling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civil Service<br />(1921–1947)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sterling" title="Thomas Sterling">Sterling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_N._Stanfield" title="Robert N. Stanfield">Stanfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Couzens" title="James Couzens">Couzens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porter_H._Dale" title="Porter H. Dale">Dale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Bulow" title="William J. Bulow">Bulow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheridan_Downey" title="Sheridan Downey">Downey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post Office and Civil Service<br />(1947–1977)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Langer" title="William Langer">Langer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olin_D._Johnston" title="Olin D. Johnston">Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Carlson" title="Frank Carlson">Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olin_D._Johnston" title="Olin D. Johnston">Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Monroney" title="Mike Monroney">Monroney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gale_W._McGee" title="Gale W. McGee">McGee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Martin_Van_Buren_(1837–1841)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Van_Buren_cabinet" title="Template:Van Buren cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Van_Buren_cabinet" title="Template talk:Van Buren cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Van_Buren_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Van Buren cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_Martin_Van_Buren_(1837–1841)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (1837–1841)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Forsyth_(politician)" title="John Forsyth (politician)">John Forsyth</a> (1837–1841)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Martin_Van_Buren_edit.jpg/100px-Martin_Van_Buren_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Martin_Van_Buren_edit.jpg/150px-Martin_Van_Buren_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Martin_Van_Buren_edit.jpg/200px-Martin_Van_Buren_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1595" data-file-height="2048" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Woodbury" title="Levi Woodbury">Levi Woodbury</a> (1837–1841)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Roberts_Poinsett" title="Joel Roberts Poinsett">Joel Roberts Poinsett</a> (1837–1841)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Butler_(lawyer)" title="Benjamin Franklin Butler (lawyer)">Benjamin Franklin Butler</a> (1837–1838)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Grundy" title="Felix Grundy">Felix Grundy</a> (1838–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_D._Gilpin" title="Henry D. Gilpin">Henry D. Gilpin</a> (1840–1841)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Kendall" title="Amos Kendall">Amos Kendall</a> (1837–1840)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Milton Niles</a> (1840–1841)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahlon_Dickerson" title="Mahlon Dickerson">Mahlon Dickerson</a> (1837–1838)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Kirke_Paulding" title="James Kirke Paulding">James Kirke Paulding</a> (1838–1841)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q302111#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q302111#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q302111#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1055266496">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88631755">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4834833">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007369383205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=N000108">US Congress</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/947185">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w66q2gbz">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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