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W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_M._Frank" title="Anthony M. Frank">Anthony M. Frank</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_J._Henderson" title="William J. Henderson">William J. Henderson</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1924-09-16</span>)</span>September 16, 1924<br /><a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth, Texas</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">October 3, 2004<span style="display:none">(2004-10-03)</span> (aged 80)<br /><a href="/wiki/Nashville" class="mw-redirect" title="Nashville">Nashville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University" title="Texas A&M University">Texas A&M University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BS</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Marvin Travis Runyon</b> (September 16, 1924 – October 3, 2004) was an <a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">American</a> business executive and civil servant. He had a long career as a manufacturing executive at <a href="/wiki/Ford_Motor_Company" title="Ford Motor Company">Ford Motor Company</a> until his retirement, then joined <a href="/wiki/Nissan" title="Nissan">Nissan</a> as head of North American operations. He later served as chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Tennessee Valley Authority">Tennessee Valley Authority</a> (TVA) and as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">U.S. Postmaster General</a>. He was a forceful and charismatic figure who picked up the nicknames "Marvelous Marv" and "Carvin' Marvin". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ford_Motor_Company">Ford Motor Company</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marvin_Travis_Runyon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Ford Motor Company"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth,_Texas" title="Fort Worth, Texas">Fort Worth, Texas</a>, he graduated from <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_High_School_(Dallas,_Texas)" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodrow Wilson High School (Dallas, Texas)">Woodrow Wilson High School (Dallas, Texas)</a> in 1942 and started working for Ford at the now-closed Dallas Assembly Plant in 1943, where his father was also employed. He served in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">United States Army Air Forces</a> later during 1943 to 1945 and returned to Ford. After graduation from <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_University" title="Texas A&M University">Texas A&M University</a> in 1948 he began to climb in management, making the rounds through Ford assembly plants in <a href="/wiki/Atlanta,_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlanta, Georgia">Atlanta, Georgia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lorain,_Ohio" title="Lorain, Ohio">Lorain, Ohio</a>, during the 1950s. </p><p>He was a plant manager during the 1960s <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. He lived in <a href="/wiki/London,_Ontario" title="London, Ontario">London, Ontario</a>, Canada, where he supervised the opening and staffing of the <a href="/wiki/St._Thomas_Assembly" title="St. Thomas Assembly">Talbotville (St. Thomas) assembly plant</a> which begun operations in 1967. </p><p>He became an executive at the assembly operations headquarters in 1969 and became assembly division general manager in 1972. From 1973 to 1977 he was vice-president in charge of powertrain and chassis operations, then became vice president in charge of vehicle assembly and body stamping operations in 1978. When he retired at the end of 1980 it was widely rumored that he was going to head all <a href="/wiki/Nissan" title="Nissan">Nissan</a> operations in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, but that announcement did not come until several days after he had actually retired. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nissan_North_America">Nissan North America</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marvin_Travis_Runyon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nissan North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1981, Runyon became the chief executive of <a href="/wiki/Nissan" title="Nissan">Nissan</a> North America and supervised the construction of its <a href="/wiki/Nissan_Smyrna_Assembly_Plant" title="Nissan Smyrna Assembly Plant">assembly and engine plants</a> in <a href="/wiki/Smyrna,_Tennessee" title="Smyrna, Tennessee">Smyrna, Tennessee</a>. These plants became among the most productive in the auto industry. Despite being a top manager, "Runyon wore the same blue jumpsuit as assemblers and ate lunch alongside them in the company cafeteria", saying that "Erasing the symbolic gap between the assembly line and the executive office was key to building the worker's sense of identification with the company".<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Runyon moved onto the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Tennessee Valley Authority">Tennessee Valley Authority</a> in 1988, he was succeeded by another former Ford plant manager, Jerry Benefield. Benefield had been head of the Ford assembly plant in <a href="/wiki/Dearborn,_Michigan" title="Dearborn, Michigan">Dearborn, Michigan</a> when he joined Nissan North America as the organization's first vice president of manufacturing at the bequest of Runyon. In July 1989, Benefield successfully defeated a <a href="/wiki/United_Auto_Workers" title="United Auto Workers">United Auto Workers</a> union drive attempting to organize the Nissan Smyrna plant.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tennessee_Valley_Authority">Tennessee Valley Authority</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marvin_Travis_Runyon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Tennessee Valley Authority"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1988, Runyon was appointed by President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> to head the <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Valley_Authority" title="Tennessee Valley Authority">Tennessee Valley Authority</a>. TVA, America's largest electric power producer, was struggling with enormous debts from its failing nuclear power program. A creation of the New Deal era, TVA had also been the Congressional dumping ground for a multitude of unrelated Federal programs and projects. TVA managed not only nuclear plants, but ran recreation facilities, tested electric cars, produced fertilizer, and even owned a herd of buffalo—in all, more than 186 separate business units. TVA's electric rates had skyrocketed in past years to pay for uncompleted nuclear plants, and high electric rates were threatening the region's economy. </p><p>The nomination process was noted for its hastiness. He received the support of Senator <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> Jr and Senator <a href="/wiki/Jim_Sasser" title="Jim Sasser">James Sasser</a>, among others, but groups like the Tennessee Valley Authority Board Appointment Coalition felt the process was a "runaway train" and that Runyon had failed to foster partnership with them and the Valley citizens. Runyon was the first presidential appointee since the creation of the TVA Board Appointment Coalition to outright refuse to answer the coalition's questions. Before his appointment, he remained quiet on most issues, stating that he would seek more information if appointed. Runyon and those who supported him argued that his managerial experience at Ford and Nissan USA was more important and relevant than his lack of experience in utilities, hydroelectric energy, or land management. </p><p>Runyon, a serious-minded technical manager, believed that TVA's management had too many distractions from TVA's wide-ranging activities, so he ordered non-essential business units closed. Runyon's aggressive cost cutting began with a promise to residential and commercial customers that TVA would not increase rates under his watch. This pledge forced TVA management to reduce costs in order to keep electric rates stable. </p><p>Although popular with homeowners and the business community, Runyon's cost-cutting included massive layoffs—more than 7,000 employees were let go on one day alone. The staff reductions earned him the sobriquet "Carvin Marvin" which inspired a satirical song played on local radio stations. Nationally he was celebrated by industry publications. In a <i>Baron's</i> editorial article, his work was lauded: "Three cheers for TVA: privatization could win it a coveted third" </p><p>The TVA Runyon left behind was much leaner, more focused, and had begun paying down its massive debt load. Some believe TVA would not have survived without the restructuring Runyon accomplished. But this new TVA was starkly different from the "national laboratory" Carter called on it to become in 1979. The TVA of 1933 run by engineers and bureaucratic experts was handed over to a financial class of managers who gained newfound status in the Reagan era. These managers had an often tenuous relationship with the Authority. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Postmaster_General">Postmaster General</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marvin_Travis_Runyon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Postmaster General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Runyon was appointed <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">United States Postmaster General</a> in 1992, at a time when the postal service was struggling with high costs and a poor reputation for service. </p><p>Runyon's first goal was to treat the United States Postal Service as a business geared toward making money and pleasing customers. He was a cost control expert and instituted cost measurement systems copied from his years with Ford—he even sent senior post office officials to Ford to review their systems. He eliminated 23,000 management jobs, hired more letter carriers and counter employees and emphasized automation to speed mail delivery. </p><p>Runyon, during his time at the United States Postal Service, often decided to distance himself from management when he traveled. He normally made it a high priority to visit Postal Service craft employees (letter carriers, clerks, mailhandlers, etc.) in their work areas. It was not uncommon for him to sit alone in the coach section of an airplane, reading fiction. </p><p>He stepped down in 1998, the year in which he oversaw the introduction of electronically distributed <a href="/wiki/Franking" title="Franking">franks</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Retirement">Retirement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marvin_Travis_Runyon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Retirement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gravesite_of_United_States_Army_2nd_Lieutenant_Marvin_Runyon,_Jr._in_Section_46_of_Arlington_National_Cemetery,_Arlington,_Va.,_April_18,_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Gravesite_of_United_States_Army_2nd_Lieutenant_Marvin_Runyon%2C_Jr._in_Section_46_of_Arlington_National_Cemetery%2C_Arlington%2C_Va.%2C_April_18%2C_2024.jpg/220px-Gravesite_of_United_States_Army_2nd_Lieutenant_Marvin_Runyon%2C_Jr._in_Section_46_of_Arlington_National_Cemetery%2C_Arlington%2C_Va.%2C_April_18%2C_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Gravesite_of_United_States_Army_2nd_Lieutenant_Marvin_Runyon%2C_Jr._in_Section_46_of_Arlington_National_Cemetery%2C_Arlington%2C_Va.%2C_April_18%2C_2024.jpg/330px-Gravesite_of_United_States_Army_2nd_Lieutenant_Marvin_Runyon%2C_Jr._in_Section_46_of_Arlington_National_Cemetery%2C_Arlington%2C_Va.%2C_April_18%2C_2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Gravesite_of_United_States_Army_2nd_Lieutenant_Marvin_Runyon%2C_Jr._in_Section_46_of_Arlington_National_Cemetery%2C_Arlington%2C_Va.%2C_April_18%2C_2024.jpg/440px-Gravesite_of_United_States_Army_2nd_Lieutenant_Marvin_Runyon%2C_Jr._in_Section_46_of_Arlington_National_Cemetery%2C_Arlington%2C_Va.%2C_April_18%2C_2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5568" data-file-height="3712" /></a><figcaption>Grave at Arlington National Cemetery</figcaption></figure> <p>After leaving the United States Postal Service, Runyon started an independent consulting business in Tennessee, which he operated until his death. He also taught business at <a href="/wiki/Middle_Tennessee_State_University" title="Middle Tennessee State University">Middle Tennessee State University</a>. In 1999, he was inducted into <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson_High_School_(Dallas)" title="Woodrow Wilson High School (Dallas)">Woodrow Wilson High School</a>'s Hall of Fame. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marvin_Travis_Runyon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://qz.com/1510405/gms-layoffs-can-be-traced-to-its-quest-to-turn-people-into-machines/">"GM's decline truly began with its quest to turn people into machines"</a>. 30 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GM%27s+decline+truly+began+with+its+quest+to+turn+people+into+machines&rft.date=2018-12-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqz.com%2F1510405%2Fgms-layoffs-can-be-traced-to-its-quest-to-turn-people-into-machines%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarvin+Travis+Runyon" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nashvillepost.com/home/article/20446834/benefield-retires-amid-nissan-shakeupupdated-250-pm">"Benefield retires amid Nissan shakeup(Updated 2:50 pm) | Home | nashvillepost.com"</a>. 16 March 2000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Benefield+retires+amid+Nissan+shakeup%28Updated+2%3A50+pm%29+%7C+Home+%7C+nashvillepost.com&rft.date=2000-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nashvillepost.com%2Fhome%2Farticle%2F20446834%2Fbenefield-retires-amid-nissan-shakeupupdated-250-pm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMarvin+Travis+Runyon" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marvin_Travis_Runyon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/04/business/marvin-runyon-dies-at-79-former-postmaster-general.html">Obituary from The New York Times</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reagan.utexas.edu/resource/speeches/1987/091187a.htm">Article on his appointment to TVA</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.detnews.com/2004/editorial/0405/11/a09-148713.htm">Detroit News retrospective</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?24625">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #bebebe;">Government offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_M._Frank" title="Anthony M. Frank">Anthony M. Frank</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">United States Postmaster General</a> </b><br />July 6, 1992 – May 16, 1998 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_J._Henderson" title="William J. Henderson">William J. Henderson</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USPostGen" title="Template:USPostGen"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USPostGen" title="Template talk:USPostGen"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USPostGen" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USPostGen"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_postmasters_general" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">United States postmasters general</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Confederation_period" title="Confederation period">Confederal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bache" title="Richard Bache">Bache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Hazard" title="Ebenezer Hazard">Hazard</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Post_Office.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Postal Department Seal"><img alt="Postal Department Seal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Post_Office.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Post_Office.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Post_Office.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Post_Office.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Post_Office.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_the_Post_Office.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="901" data-file-height="901" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Osgood" title="Samuel Osgood">Osgood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Pickering" title="Timothy Pickering">Pickering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Habersham" title="Joseph Habersham">Habersham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gideon_Granger" title="Gideon Granger">G. Granger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_J._Meigs_Jr." title="Return J. Meigs Jr.">Meigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McLean" title="John McLean">McLean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet level</a><br /><a href="/wiki/United_States_Post_Office_Department" title="United States Post Office Department">Post Office Department</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_T._Barry" title="William T. Barry">Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Kendall" title="Amos Kendall">Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton_Niles" title="John Milton Niles">Niles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Granger" title="Francis Granger">F. Granger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Wickliffe" title="Charles A. Wickliffe">Wickliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_Johnson" title="Cave Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Collamer" title="Jacob Collamer">Collamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_K._Hall" title="Nathan K. Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Dickinson_Hubbard" title="Samuel Dickinson Hubbard">Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Campbell_(postmaster_general)" title="James Campbell (postmaster general)">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_V._Brown" title="Aaron V. Brown">A. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Holt" title="Joseph Holt">Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_King" title="Horatio King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Blair" title="Montgomery Blair">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Dennison_Jr." title="William Dennison Jr.">Dennison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Randall_(Wisconsin_politician)" title="Alexander Randall (Wisconsin politician)">Randall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Creswell" title="John Creswell">Creswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_William_Marshall" title="James William Marshall">Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Jewell" title="Marshall Jewell">Jewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Noble_Tyner" title="James Noble Tyner">Tyner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_M._Key" title="David M. Key">Key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Maynard" title="Horace Maynard">Maynard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lemuel_James" title="Thomas Lemuel James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_O._Howe" title="Timothy O. Howe">Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Q._Gresham" title="Walter Q. Gresham">Gresham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Hatton_(American_politician)" title="Frank Hatton (American politician)">Hatton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Vilas" title="William F. Vilas">Vilas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_M._Dickinson" title="Donald M. Dickinson">Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wanamaker" title="John Wanamaker">Wanamaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson_S._Bissell" title="Wilson S. Bissell">Bissell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyne_Wilson" title="William Lyne Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Albert_Gary" title="James Albert Gary">Gary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Emory_Smith" title="Charles Emory Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay_Payne" title="Henry Clay Payne">Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wynne" title="Robert Wynne">Wynne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Cortelyou" title="George B. Cortelyou">Cortelyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_von_Lengerke_Meyer" title="George von Lengerke Meyer">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Harris_Hitchcock" title="Frank Harris Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_S._Burleson" title="Albert S. Burleson">Burleson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_H._Hays" title="Will H. Hays">Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Work" title="Hubert Work">Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._New" title="Harry S. New">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Folger_Brown" title="Walter Folger Brown">W. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farley" title="James Farley">Farley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_C._Walker" title="Frank C. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Hannegan" title="Robert E. Hannegan">Hannegan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_M._Donaldson" title="Jesse M. Donaldson">Donaldson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Summerfield" title="Arthur Summerfield">Summerfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Edward_Day" title="J. Edward Day">Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Gronouski" title="John A. Gronouski">Gronouski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_O%27Brien" title="Larry O'Brien">O'Brien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Marvin_Watson" title="W. Marvin Watson">Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winton_M._Blount" title="Winton M. Blount">Blount</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">U.S. Postal Service</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winton_M._Blount" title="Winton M. Blount">Blount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._T._Klassen" title="E. T. Klassen">Klassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_F._Bailar" title="Benjamin F. Bailar">Bailar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Bolger" title="William F. Bolger">Bolger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_N._Carlin" title="Paul N. Carlin">Carlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Vincent_Casey" title="Albert Vincent Casey">Casey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preston_Robert_Tisch" title="Preston Robert Tisch">Tisch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_M._Frank" title="Anthony M. Frank">Frank</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Runyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Henderson" title="William J. Henderson">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Potter" title="John E. Potter">Potter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_R._Donahoe" title="Patrick R. Donahoe">Donahoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megan_Brennan" title="Megan Brennan">Brennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_DeJoy" title="Louis DeJoy">DeJoy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1906110#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1906110#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1906110#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000030645724">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/23686626">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/227523/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJc3KrHqxkkB7bm3DmrKBP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1200666070">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n88077062">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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