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formation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_and_formation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History and formation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_and_formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spread_of_Hokkien_to_Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spread_of_Hokkien_to_Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Spread of Hokkien to Taiwan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spread_of_Hokkien_to_Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_and_divergence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_and_divergence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Development and divergence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_and_divergence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Modern times</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Tones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ninth_tone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ninth_tone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Ninth tone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ninth_tone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syllabic_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syllabic_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Syllabic structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syllabic_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tone_sandhi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tone_sandhi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Tone sandhi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tone_sandhi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Normal_tone_sandhi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Normal_tone_sandhi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.1</span> <span>Normal tone sandhi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Normal_tone_sandhi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Double_tone_sandhi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Double_tone_sandhi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.2</span> <span>Double tone sandhi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Double_tone_sandhi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Before_the_-á_suffix" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Before_the_-á_suffix"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.3</span> <span>Before the -á suffix</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Before_the_-á_suffix-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_triplicated_adjectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_triplicated_adjectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6.4</span> <span>In triplicated adjectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_triplicated_adjectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lexicon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lexicon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Lexicon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lexicon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Syntax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Syntax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Syntax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Syntax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scripts_and_orthographies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scripts_and_orthographies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Scripts and orthographies</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Scripts_and_orthographies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Scripts and orthographies subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Scripts_and_orthographies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Han_characters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Han_characters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Han characters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Han_characters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthography_in_Latin_characters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthography_in_Latin_characters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Orthography in Latin characters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthography_in_Latin_characters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orthographies_in_kana_and_in_bopomofo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orthographies_in_kana_and_in_bopomofo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Orthographies in kana and in bopomofo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orthographies_in_kana_and_in_bopomofo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_of_orthographies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_of_orthographies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Comparison of orthographies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_of_orthographies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Computing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sociolinguistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sociolinguistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sociolinguistics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sociolinguistics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sociolinguistics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sociolinguistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regional_variations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_variations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Regional variations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_variations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Quanzhou–Zhangzhou_inclinations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quanzhou–Zhangzhou_inclinations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Quanzhou–Zhangzhou inclinations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quanzhou–Zhangzhou_inclinations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_terminological_distinctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_terminological_distinctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>Recent terminological distinctions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_terminological_distinctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fluency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fluency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Fluency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fluency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Special_literary_and_art_forms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Special_literary_and_art_forms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Special literary and art forms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Special_literary_and_art_forms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bible_translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bible_translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Bible translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bible_translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mother_tongue_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mother_tongue_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Mother tongue movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mother_tongue_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.7</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scholarship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Scholarship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholarship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Notes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Words_in_native_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Words_in_native_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Words in native languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Words_in_native_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Cited sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books_and_other_material" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books_and_other_material"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Books and other material</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books_and_other_material-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Taiwanese Hokkien</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">38 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwannees" title="Taiwannees – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Taiwannees" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_taiwan%C3%A9s" title="Idioma taiwanés – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma taiwanés" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2i-o%C3%A2n-%C5%8De" title="Tâi-oân-ōe – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tâi-oân-ōe" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanisch" title="Taiwanisch – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Taiwanisch" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanische_Sprache" title="Taiwanische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Taiwanische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_taiwan%C3%A9s" title="Idioma taiwanés – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma taiwanés" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="هاکین تایوانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هاکین تایوانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%AFwanais" title="Taïwanais – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Taïwanais" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiciainis_na_T%C3%A9av%C3%A1ine" title="Haiciainis na Téaváine – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Haiciainis na Téaváine" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%B2i-v%C3%A2n-fa" title="Thòi-vân-fa – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thòi-vân-fa" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EB%A7%8C%EC%96%B4" title="대만어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대만어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Թայվանական լեզու – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թայվանական լեզու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Hokkien_Taiwan" title="Bahasa Hokkien Taiwan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Hokkien Taiwan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dialetto_taiwanese" title="Dialetto taiwanese – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dialetto taiwanese" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingaz_hokkien_taiwanesc" title="Lingaz hokkien taiwanesc – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Lingaz hokkien taiwanesc" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiv%C4%81nie%C5%A1u_dialekts" title="Taivāniešu dialekts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Taivāniešu dialekts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taivano_hokien%C5%B3_tarm%C4%97" title="Taivano hokienų tarmė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Taivano hokienų tarmė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="തായ്വാനീസ് ഹോക്കിൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തായ്വാനീസ് ഹോക്കിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Hokkien_Taiwan" title="Bahasa Hokkien Taiwan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahasa Hokkien Taiwan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A0i-u%C4%83ng-u%C3%A2" title="Dài-uăng-uâ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dài-uăng-uâ" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanees" title="Taiwanees – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Taiwanees" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BE%E8%AA%9E" title="台湾語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="台湾語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwansk" title="Taiwansk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Taiwansk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/pinairangan" title="pinairangan – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="pinairangan" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pinayuanan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_tajwa%C5%84ski" title="Język tajwański – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język tajwański" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_taiwanesa" title="Língua taiwanesa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua taiwanesa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanez%C4%83" title="Taiwaneză – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Taiwaneză" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE" title="Тайваньский хокло – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тайваньский хокло" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Taiwanese Hokkien" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanin_kieli" title="Taiwanin kieli – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Taiwanin kieli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanesiska" title="Taiwanesiska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Taiwanesiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="ภาษาจีนฮกเกี้ยนสำเนียงไต้หวัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษาจีนฮกเกี้ยนสำเนียงไต้หวัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayvanca" title="Tayvanca – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tayvanca" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Тайванська південномінська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тайванська південномінська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DB%81%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%A6%D9%86" title="تائیوانی ہاکیئن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تائیوانی ہاکیئن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Ph%C3%BAc_Ki%E1%BA%BFn_%C4%90%C3%A0i_Loan" title="Tiếng Phúc Kiến Đài Loan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Phúc Kiến Đài Loan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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For other languages spoken in Taiwan, see <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Taiwan" title="Languages of Taiwan">Languages of Taiwan</a>. For the indigenous languages of Taiwan, see <a href="/wiki/Formosan_languages" title="Formosan languages">Formosan languages</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_language_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Taiwanese language (disambiguation)">Taiwanese language (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: salmon;">Taiwanese Hokkien</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: salmon;"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant-TW">臺語</span></span><br /><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="nan-Latn">Tâi-gí</i></span> / <span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="nan-Latn">Tâi-gú</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-word1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-word1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>I<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Hoklo_Taiwanese" title="Hoklo Taiwanese">Hoklo Taiwanese</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">13.5 million (2017)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese#Coastal_Min" title="Min Chinese">Coastal Min</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Taiwanese Hokkien</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sino-Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Sino-Tibetan">Proto-Sino-Tibetan</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a><sup id="cite_ref-minClassification_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minClassification-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Min" title="Proto-Min">Proto-Min</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Written_Hokkien#Chinese_characters" title="Written Hokkien">Chinese characters</a> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional</a>), <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> (<a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2i-l%C3%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="Tâi-lô">Tâi-lô</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a>), <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_kana" title="Taiwanese kana">Kana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Phonetic_Symbols" title="Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols">Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols</a>), <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hangul" title="Taiwanese Hangul">Hangul</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: salmon;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_language_regulators" title="List of language regulators">Regulated by</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Taiwan)" title="Ministry of Education (Taiwan)">Ministry of Education in Taiwan</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: salmon;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">(<code class="mw-highlight mw-highlight-lang-text mw-content-ltr" style="" dir="ltr">ftg</code> is proposed<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/taib1242">taib1242</a></code>  Taibei Hokkien</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hortensj-garden.org/index.php?tnc=1&tr=lsr&nid=79-AAA-jh">79-AAA-jh</a></code></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Home_usage_of_Taiwanese_by_district_in_Taiwan_gradient_map_(2010).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Home_usage_of_Taiwanese_by_district_in_Taiwan_gradient_map_%282010%29.svg/320px-Home_usage_of_Taiwanese_by_district_in_Taiwan_gradient_map_%282010%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="433" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Home_usage_of_Taiwanese_by_district_in_Taiwan_gradient_map_%282010%29.svg/480px-Home_usage_of_Taiwanese_by_district_in_Taiwan_gradient_map_%282010%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Home_usage_of_Taiwanese_by_district_in_Taiwan_gradient_map_%282010%29.svg/640px-Home_usage_of_Taiwanese_by_district_in_Taiwan_gradient_map_%282010%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1300" /></a></span><div style="text-align:left;">Proportion of residents aged 6 or older using Hokkien at home in Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen & Matsu in 2010<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;"><b>This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Taiwanese Minnan</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3" class="extiw" title="wikt:臺灣">臺灣</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%96%A9%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E" class="extiw" title="wikt:閩南語">閩南語</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Tâi-oân Bân-lâm-gí / Bân-lâm-gú</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Tâi-oân Bân-lâm-gí / Bân-lâm-gú</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Tâi-uân Bân-lâm-gí / Bân-lâm-gú</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Taiwanese dialect</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E8%A9%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:臺灣話">臺灣話</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Tâi-oân-ōe</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Táiwān huà</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">ㄊㄞˊ ㄨㄢㄏㄨㄚˋ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span>T'ai<sup>2</sup>-wan<sup>1</sup> hua<sup>4</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Táiwan huà</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[tʰǎɪ.wán xwâ]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Wu Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="wuu-Latn">The-uae-ho</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Tòih wāan wá</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Toi4 waan1 waa2</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[tʰɔj˩ wan˥ wa˧˥]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Tâi-oân-ōe</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Tâi-uân-uē</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Taiwanese</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E8%AA%9E" class="extiw" title="wikt:臺語">臺語</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Tâi-gí / Tâi-gú</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Táiyǔ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">ㄊㄞˊ ㄩˇ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span>T'ai<sup>2</sup>-yü<sup>3</sup></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Tái-yǔ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[tʰǎɪ.ỳ]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Wu_Chinese" title="Romanization of Wu Chinese">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Wu Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="wuu-Latn">The-nyy</span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Tòih yúh</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Toi4 jyu5</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[tʰɔj˩ jy˩˧]</a></span></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Tâi-gí / Tâi-gú</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Tâi-gí / Tâi-gú</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Taiwanese Hokkien</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">HOK</span>-ee-en</i></a>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a> also </span><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">HOH</span>-kee-en</i></a>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">臺灣話</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a>: <i><span lang="nan-Latn">Tâi-oân-ōe</span></i>; <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2i-u%C3%A2n_L%C3%B4-m%C3%A1-j%C4%AB_Phing-im_Hong-%C3%A0n" title="Tâi-uân Lô-má-jī Phing-im Hong-àn">Tâi-lô</a>: <i><span lang="nan-Latn-tailo">Tâi-uân-uē</span></i>), or simply <b>Taiwanese</b>, also known as <b>Taiuanoe</b>, <b>Taigi</b>, <b>Taigu</b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">臺語</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a>/<a href="/wiki/T%C3%A2i-l%C3%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="Tâi-lô">Tâi-lô</a>: <span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="nan-Latn">Tâi-gí</i></span> / <span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="nan-Latn">Tâi-gú</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-word1_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-word1-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-taigi_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taigi-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Taiwanese Minnan</b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">臺灣閩南語</span>), <b>Hoklo</b> and <b>Holo</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-taiwansnapshot_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-taiwansnapshot-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a variety of the <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> language spoken natively by more than 70 percent of the <a href="/wiki/Population_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Population of Taiwan">population of Taiwan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is spoken by a significant portion of those <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_people" title="Taiwanese people">Taiwanese people</a> who are descended from <a href="/wiki/Hoklo" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoklo">Hoklo</a> immigrants of <a href="/wiki/Minnan_region" title="Minnan region">southern Fujian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is one of the national <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Taiwan" title="Languages of Taiwan">languages of Taiwan</a>. </p><p>Taiwanese is generally similar to Hokkien spoken in <a href="/wiki/Amoy_dialect" title="Amoy dialect">Amoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quanzhou_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Quanzhou dialect">Quanzhou</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhangzhou dialect">Zhangzhou</a>, as well as dialectal forms used in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Hokkien" title="Singaporean Hokkien">Singaporean Hokkien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penang_Hokkien" title="Penang Hokkien">Penang Hokkien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Hokkien" title="Philippine Hokkien">Philippine Hokkien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medan_Hokkien" title="Medan Hokkien">Medan Hokkien</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Peninsular_Malaysian_Hokkien" title="Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien">Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien</a>. It is <a href="/wiki/Mutually_intelligible" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutually intelligible">mutually intelligible</a> with the Amoy and Zhangzhou varieties at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Jiulong_River" title="Jiulong River">Jiulong River</a> in mainland China, and with <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Hokkien" title="Philippine Hokkien">Philippine Hokkien</a> to the south in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, spoken altogether by about 3 million people.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mass popularity of <a href="/wiki/Hokkien_entertainment_media" title="Hokkien entertainment media">Hokkien entertainment media</a> from Taiwan has given <a href="/wiki/Prestige_(sociolinguistics)" title="Prestige (sociolinguistics)">prominence</a> to the Taiwanese variety of Hokkien, especially since the 1980s. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_Hokkien&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Taiwanese Hokkien is a variety of <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a> language. Like many varieties of <a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min Chinese</a>, it has distinct <a href="/wiki/Literary_and_colloquial_readings_of_Chinese_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters">literary and colloquial layers</a> of vocabulary, often associated with formal and informal <a href="/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)" title="Register (sociolinguistics)">registers</a> respectively. The literary layer can be traced to the late <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, and as such is related to <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a>. In contrast, the colloquial layers of Min varieties are believed to have branched from the mainstream of Chinese around the time of the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Regional variations within the Taiwanese variant may be traced back to Hokkien variants spoken in Southern Fujian, specifically those from <a href="/wiki/Quanzhou" title="Quanzhou">Quanzhou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou" title="Zhangzhou">Zhangzhou</a>, and later from <a href="/wiki/Amoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Amoy">Amoy</a>. Taiwanese also contains loanwords from Japanese and native <a href="/wiki/Formosan_languages" title="Formosan languages">Formosan languages</a>. Recent work by scholars such as Ekki Lu,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Toru Sakai,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Li Khin-hoann,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> based on former research by scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Ong_Iok-tek" title="Ong Iok-tek">Ong Iok-tek</a>, has gone so far as to associate part of the basic vocabulary of the colloquial Taiwanese with the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tai_languages" title="Tai languages">Tai</a> language families; however, such claims are controversial. </p><p>The literary form of Hokkien once flourished in <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> and was brought to Taiwan by early emigrants. <i><a href="/wiki/Tale_of_the_Lychee_Mirror" title="Tale of the Lychee Mirror">Tale of the Lychee Mirror</a></i>, a manuscript of a series of plays published during the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> in 1566, is one of the earliest known works. This form of language is now largely extinct. However, literary readings of the numbers are used in certain contexts, such as reciting telephone numbers (see <a href="/wiki/Literary_and_colloquial_readings_of_Chinese_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters">Literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters</a>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_formation">History and formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_Hokkien&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History and formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hokkien#History" title="Hokkien">Hokkien § History</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spread_of_Hokkien_to_Taiwan">Spread of Hokkien to Taiwan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_Hokkien&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Spread of Hokkien to Taiwan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quanzhou" title="Quanzhou">Quanzhou</a> became a major international port for trade with the outside world.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From that period onwards, many people from the <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a>-speaking regions (southern Fujian) started to emigrate overseas due to political and economic reasons. One of the destinations for the emigrants was the island of Taiwan (formerly Formosa), starting around 1600. They brought with their native Hokkien language with them. </p><p>During the late <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>, the political chaos pushed more migrants from southern Fujian and eastern <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> to Taiwan. The earliest immigrants involved in Taiwan's development included <a href="/wiki/Chinese_pirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese pirates">pirate-merchants</a> <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Yan_Shiqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro Yan Shiqi">Pedro Yan Shiqi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zheng_Zhilong" title="Zheng Zhilong">Zheng Zhilong</a>. In 1621, Chinese Peter and his forces, hailing from <a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou" title="Zhangzhou">Zhangzhou</a>, occupied <i>Ponkan</i> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Beigang,_Yunlin" title="Beigang, Yunlin">Beigang, Yunlin</a>) and started to develop <i>Tirosen</i> (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Chiayi_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiayi City">Chiayi</a>). After the death of Peter and another pirate, <a href="/wiki/Li_Dan_(pirate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Dan (pirate)">Li Dan</a> of Quanzhou, Zheng sought to dominate the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Strait" title="Taiwan Strait">Strait of Taiwan</a>. By 1628, he had grown so powerful that the Ming court bestowed him the official title, "Patrolling Admiral".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1624, the number of Chinese on the island was about 25,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson190313_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson190313-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Chongzhen_Emperor" title="Chongzhen Emperor">Chongzhen Emperor</a> (1627–1644), there were frequent droughts in the Fujian region. Zheng and a Chinese official suggested sending victims to Taiwan and provide "for each person three <a href="/wiki/Tael" title="Tael">taels</a> of silver and for each three people one ox".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2005§26_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2005§26-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although this plan was never carried out, the Zheng family maintained an interest in Taiwan that would have dire consequences for the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch Empire">Dutch Empire</a>, who ruled Taiwan as <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Formosa" title="Dutch Formosa">Dutch Formosa</a> at the time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_and_divergence">Development and divergence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_Hokkien&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Development and divergence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1624 and 1626, the Dutch and Spanish forces occupied the <a href="/wiki/Tainan" title="Tainan">Tainan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Keelung" title="Keelung">Keelung</a> areas, respectively. During the 40 years of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Formosa" title="Dutch Formosa">Dutch colonial rule of Taiwan</a>, the Dutch recruited many Chinese from the regions around Quanzhou and <a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou" title="Zhangzhou">Zhangzhou</a> in southern Fujian to help develop Taiwan. </p><p>In the 1661 <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Zeelandia" title="Siege of Fort Zeelandia">Siege of Fort Zeelandia</a>, Chinese general <a href="/wiki/Koxinga" title="Koxinga">Koxinga</a>, marshaling a military force composed of fellow hometown <a href="/wiki/Hoklo" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoklo">hoklo</a> soldiers of Southern Fujian, expelled the Dutch and established the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning" title="Kingdom of Tungning">Kingdom of Tungning</a>. Koxinga originated from the Quanzhou region. <a href="/wiki/Chen_Yonghua" title="Chen Yonghua">Chen Yonghua</a>, who was in charge of establishing the education system of Tungning, also originated from <a href="/wiki/Tong%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Tong'an">Tong'an</a> county of Quanzhou Prefecture. Because most of the soldiers he brought to Taiwan came from Quanzhou, the <a href="/wiki/Prestige_(sociolinguistics)" title="Prestige (sociolinguistics)">prestige variant</a> of Hokkien on the island at the time was the <a href="/wiki/Quanzhou_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Quanzhou dialect">Quanzhou dialect</a>. </p><p>In 1683, Chinese admiral <a href="/wiki/Shi_Lang" title="Shi Lang">Shi Lang</a>, marshaling a military force again composed of fellow hometown <a href="/wiki/Hoklo" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoklo">hoklo</a> soldiers of Southern Fujian, attacked Taiwan in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penghu" title="Battle of Penghu">Battle of Penghu</a>, ending the Tungning era and beginning <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Qing_rule" title="Taiwan under Qing rule">Qing dynasty rule</a> (until 1895). </p><p>In the first decades of the 18th century, the linguistic differences between the Qing imperial bureaucrats and the commoners were recorded by the Mandarin-speaking first Imperial <a href="/wiki/High_commissioner" title="High commissioner">High Commissioner</a> to Taiwan (1722), <a href="/wiki/Huang_Shujing" title="Huang Shujing">Huang Shujing</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In this place, the language is as <a href="/wiki/Birdcall" class="mw-redirect" title="Birdcall">birdcall</a> – totally unintelligible! For example: for the surname <a href="/wiki/Liu" title="Liu">Liú</a>, they say 'Lâu'; for <a href="/wiki/Chen_(surname)" title="Chen (surname)">Chén</a>, 'Tân'; <a href="/wiki/Zhuang_(surname)" title="Zhuang (surname)">Zhuāng</a>, 'Chng'; and <a href="/wiki/Zhang_(surname)" title="Zhang (surname)">Zhāng</a> is 'Tioⁿ'. My deputy's surname <a href="/wiki/Wu_(surname)" title="Wu (surname)">Wú</a> becomes 'Ngô͘'. My surname <a href="/wiki/Huang_(surname)" title="Huang (surname)">Huáng</a> does not even have a proper vowel: it is 'N̂g' here! It is difficult to make sense of this.<br /> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">郡中鴃舌鳥語，全不可曉。如：劉呼「澇」、陳呼「澹」、莊呼「曾」、張呼「丟」。余與吳待御兩姓，吳呼作「襖」，黃則無音，厄影切，更為難省。</span></span>)</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i>Records from the mission to Taiwan and its Strait</i>, Volume II: "On the area around <a href="/wiki/Fort_Provintia" title="Fort Provintia">Fort Provintia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tainan" title="Tainan">Tainan</a>" (臺海使槎錄卷二赤嵌筆談)</cite></div></blockquote> <p>The tone of Huang's message <a href="/wiki/Foretelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Foretelling">foretold</a> the uneasy relationships between different <a href="/wiki/Speech_community" title="Speech community">language communities</a> and colonial establishments over the next few centuries. </p><p>During the 200 years of Qing dynasty rule, thousands of immigrants from <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> arrived yearly; the population was over one million in the middle of the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson1903561_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson1903561-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Civil unrest and armed conflicts were frequent. In addition to resistance against governments (both Chinese and later Japanese), <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">battles between ethnic groups</a> were also significant: the belligerents usually grouped around the language they used. History has recorded battles between <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a> speakers and Hokkien speakers, between these and the <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_aborigine" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese aborigine">aborigines</a>, and even between those who spoke different variants of Hokkien. </p><p>In the early 20th century, the <a href="/wiki/Hoklo_people" title="Hoklo people">Hoklo people</a> in Taiwan could be categorized as originating from modern-day <a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quanzhou" title="Quanzhou">Quanzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou" title="Zhangzhou">Zhangzhou</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zhangpu_County" title="Zhangpu County">Zhangpu</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Zhangpu is part of Zhangzhou (August 2020)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson1903591_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson1903591-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People from the former two areas (Quanzhou-speaking) were dominant in the north of the island and along the west coast,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whereas people from the latter two areas (<a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhangzhou dialect">Zhangzhou</a>-speaking) were dominant in the south and perhaps the central plains as well. </p><p>Although there were conflicts between Quanzhou- and Zhangzhou speakers in Taiwan historically, their gradual <a href="/wiki/Intermingling" title="Intermingling">intermingling</a> led to the mixture of the two <a href="/wiki/Accent_(sociolinguistics)" title="Accent (sociolinguistics)">accents</a>. Apart from <a href="/wiki/Lukang,_Changhua" class="mw-redirect" title="Lukang, Changhua">Lukang city</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yilan_County,_Taiwan" title="Yilan County, Taiwan">Yilan County</a>, which have preserved their original Quanzhou and Zhangzhou accents, respectively, almost every region of Taiwan now speaks a mixture of Quanzhou and Zhangzhou Hokkien.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAng1987_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAng1987-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar phenomenon occurred in <a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a> (Amoy) after 1842, when the mixture of Quanzhou and Zhangzhou Hokkien displaced the Quanzhou dialect to yield the modern <a href="/wiki/Amoy_dialect" title="Amoy dialect">Amoy dialect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Japanese colonial rule of Taiwan</a>, Taiwan began to hold Amoy Hokkien as its standard pronunciation; the Japanese called this mixture Taiwanese<span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">臺灣語</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Taiwango</i></span>)</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the influx of Japanese loanwords before 1945 and the political separation after 1949,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Amoy Hokkien and Taiwanese Hokkien began to <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_divergence" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic divergence">diverge</a> slightly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_times">Modern times</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_Hokkien&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Proportion_of_Taiwanese_Language_Used_in_House.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Proportion_of_Taiwanese_Language_Used_in_House.svg/220px-Proportion_of_Taiwanese_Language_Used_in_House.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Proportion_of_Taiwanese_Language_Used_in_House.svg/330px-Proportion_of_Taiwanese_Language_Used_in_House.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Proportion_of_Taiwanese_Language_Used_in_House.svg/440px-Proportion_of_Taiwanese_Language_Used_in_House.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="922" data-file-height="491" /></a><figcaption>Proportion of languages used at home by residents aged 6 or over in Taiwan in 2010, sorted by birth year.<sup id="cite_ref-housing_census_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-housing_census-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chart shows the tendency that speech communities of <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Taiwan#Other_languages" title="Languages of Taiwan">Taiwanese local languages</a> are shifting to speak <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Mandarin</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Later, in the 20th century, the conceptualization of Taiwanese was more controversial than most variations of Chinese because, at one time, it marked a clear division between the <a href="/wiki/Waishengren" title="Waishengren">mainlanders who</a> <a href="/wiki/KMT_retreat_to_Taiwan_in_1949" class="mw-redirect" title="KMT retreat to Taiwan in 1949">arrived in 1949</a> and the pre-existing majority native Taiwanese. Although the political and linguistic divisions between the two groups have blurred considerably, the political issues surrounding the Taiwanese have been more controversial and sensitive than for other <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">varieties of Chinese</a>. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a>, due to military defeat to the Japanese, the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> ceded <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> to Japan, causing contact with the <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a>-speaking regions of mainland China to stop. During Japanese rule, Japanese became an official language in Taiwan, and Taiwanese began to absorb a large number of Japanese loanwords into its language. Examples of such loanwords (some which had in turn been borrowed from English) include <i>piān-só͘</i> from <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">benjo</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BE%BF%E6%89%80" class="extiw" title="wikt:便所">便所</a></span></span>, "toilet")</span>, <i>phêng</i> from <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tsubo" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsubo">tsubo</a></i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9D%AA" class="extiw" title="wikt:坪">坪</a></span></span>, "<a href="/wiki/Pyeong" title="Pyeong">pyeong</a>", an areal measurement)</span> (see also <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_units_of_measurement" title="Taiwanese units of measurement">Taiwanese units of measurement</a>), <i>ga-suh</i> from <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">gasu</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E6%96%AF" class="extiw" title="wikt:瓦斯">瓦斯</a></span></span>, "gas")</span>, <i>o͘-tó͘-bái</i> from <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">ōtobai</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%90%E3%82%A4" class="extiw" title="wikt:オートバイ">オートバイ</a></span></span>, "autobicycle", motorcycle)</span>. All of these caused the Taiwanese to deviate from Hokkien used elsewhere. </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/Japanization#Taiwan" title="Japanization">Kōminka</a> of the late Japanese colonial period, the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese language</a> appeared in every corner of Taiwan. The <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a> beginning in 1937 brought stricter measures into force, and along with the outlawing of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language_romanization_in_Taiwan" title="Chinese language romanization in Taiwan">romanized Taiwanese</a>, various publications were prohibited and Confucian-style private schools which taught <a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese" title="Classical Chinese">Classical Chinese</a> with <a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">literary</a> Southern Min pronunciation – was closed down in 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlöter2005135_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlöter2005135-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taiwanese thus was reduced to a common <a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">daily language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1937 the colonial government introduced a concept called "National Language Family" (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E8%AA%9E" class="extiw" title="wikt:国語">国語</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%AE" class="extiw" title="wikt:の">の</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%AE%B6" class="extiw" title="wikt:家">家</a>), which meant that families that proved that they adopted Japanese as their daily language enjoyed benefits such as greater access to education.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the handover of Taiwan to the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> in 1945, there was a brief cultural exchange with mainland China followed by further oppression. The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> resulted in another political separation when the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (Chinese Nationalist Party) government <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Nationalist_Party_retreat_to_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Nationalist Party retreat to Taiwan">retreated to Taiwan following their defeat by the communists</a> in 1949. The influx of two million soldiers and civilians caused the population of Taiwan to increase from 6 million to 8 million. The government subsequently promoted Mandarin while suppressing, but short of banning, the use of written Taiwanese <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a>, a phonetic rendering of spoken Hokkien using the Latin alphabet) as part of its general policy of political repression.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1964 the use of spoken Taiwanese <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hakka" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakka">Hakka</a> in schools or in official settings was forbidden; violations of the prohibition in schools often resulted in physical punishments, fines, or humiliation.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Only after the lifting of <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Taiwan" title="Martial law in Taiwan">martial law</a> in 1987 and the <a href="/wiki/Mother_tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother tongue">mother tongue</a> movement in the 1990s did Taiwan finally see a true <a href="/wiki/Language_revitalization" title="Language revitalization">revival</a> in Taiwanese Hokkien. Today, there are a large number of Taiwanese Hokkien scholars dedicated to researching the language. Despite this, however, according to census data, the number of people speaking Taiwanese continued to drop.<sup id="cite_ref-housing_census_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-housing_census-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The history of the Taiwanese variety of Hokkien and its interaction with Mandarin is complex and, at times, controversial, even regarding its name. The language has no official name in Taiwan.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some dislike the name "Taiwanese" as they feel that it belittles other languages spoken on the island such as Mandarin, <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Formosan_languages" title="Formosan languages">indigenous languages</a>. Others prefer the names <a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a>, Minnan or Hokkien as this views Taiwanese as a form of the Chinese variety spoken in <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> province in <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a>. Others dislike those names for precisely the same reason.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the <a href="/wiki/American_Community_Survey" title="American Community Survey">American Community Survey</a> run by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>, Taiwanese was referred to as "Formosan" from 2012 to 2015 and as "Min Nan Chinese" since 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_Hokkien&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Taiwanese_Hokkien" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwanese Hokkien</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Help:IPA/Taiwanese Hokkien">Help:IPA/Taiwanese Hokkien</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hokkien_phonology" title="Hokkien phonology">Hokkien phonology</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">Phonologically</a>, Hokkien is a <a href="/wiki/Tonal_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonal language">tonal language</a> with extensive <a href="/wiki/Tone_sandhi" title="Tone sandhi">tone sandhi</a> rules. <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">Syllables</a> consist maximally of an initial <a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">consonant</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a>, a final consonant, and a tone. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_Hokkien&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Initials </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">Alveolo<br />-palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>]</span> m ㄇ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>]</span> n ㄋ </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>]</span> ng ㄫ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <th><small>voiced</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>]</span> b ㆠ </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>]</span><b>~</b><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>]</span><b>~</b><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>]</span> l ㄌ </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>]</span> g ㆣ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_consonant" title="Tenuis consonant">tenuis</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>]</span> p ㄅ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>]</span> t ㄉ </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>]</span> k ㄍ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated</a></small> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a>]</span> ph ㄆ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a>]</span> th ㄊ </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a>]</span> kh ㄎ </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <th><small>voiced</small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a>]</span> j ㆡ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">dʑ</a>]</span> j(i) ㆢ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>tenuis</small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a>]</span> ch, ts ㄗ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">tɕ</a>]</span> ch(i), ts(i) ㄐ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>aspirated</small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tsʰ</a>]</span> chh, tsh ㄘ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tɕʰ</a>]</span> chh(i), tsh(i) ㄑ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]</span> s ㄙ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a>]</span> si ㄒ </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>]</span> h ㄏ </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Liquid_consonant" title="Liquid consonant">Liquid</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>]</span><b>~</b><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a>]</span><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>ii<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> l ㄌ </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">Allophonically</a> pronounced in some variations spoken in Taiwan.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">Allophonically</a> pronounced in some variations spoken in Taiwan.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Finals </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>]</span> -m</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>]</span> -n</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a>]</span> -ng</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">◌̃</a>]</span> -ⁿ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/No_audible_release" title="No audible release">p̚</a>]</span> -p ㆴ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/No_audible_release" title="No audible release">t̚</a>]</span> -t ㆵ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/No_audible_release" title="No audible release">k̚</a>]</span> -k ㆻ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a>]</span> -h ㆷ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Unlike many other varieties of Chinese such as Mandarin, <a href="/wiki/Standard_Cantonese" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Cantonese">Cantonese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a>, etc., there are no native <a href="/wiki/Labiodental" class="mw-redirect" title="Labiodental">labiodental</a> phonemes (i.e. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">ʋ</a>]</span>, etc.). </p> <ol><li>Coronal affricates and fricatives become <a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">alveolo-palatal</a> before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span>, that is, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dzi/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tsi/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tsʰi/</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/si/</span> are pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dʑi]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tɕi]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tɕʰi]</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɕi]</span>.</li> <li>The consonant <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/dz/</span> may be realized as a fricative; that is, as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[z]</span> in most environments and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʑ]</span> before <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> plosives (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/b/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span>) become the corresponding fricatives (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a>]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a>]</span>) in some phonetic contexts. This is similar to <a href="/wiki/Begadkefat" title="Begadkefat">begadkefat</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> and a similar <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophony</a> of intervocalic <a href="/wiki/Plosive_consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive consonants">plosive consonants</a> and their fricatives in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_Hokkien&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Taiwanese has the following <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a>: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"></th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a></th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a></th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th> <th rowspan="5"></th> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Syllabic_consonant" title="Syllabic consonant">Syllabic consonant</a> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Oral</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">Nasal</a></th> <th>Oral</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">Nasal</a></th> <th>Oral</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">Nasal</a> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>]</span> i ㄧ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ĩ</a>]</span> iⁿ ㆪ </td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>]</span> u ㄨ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ũ</a>]</span> uⁿ ㆫ </td> <td rowspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Syllabic_consonant" title="Syllabic consonant">m̩</a>]</span> m ㆬ </td> <td rowspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Syllabic_consonant" title="Syllabic consonant">ŋ̍</a>]</span> ng ㆭ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a>]</span> e ㆤ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ẽ</a>]</span> eⁿ ㆥ </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back unrounded vowel">ɤ</a>]</span> ~ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>]</span> o ㄜ, ㄛ</td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>]</span> o͘ ㆦ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɔ̃</a>]</span> oⁿ ㆧ </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a>]</span> a ㄚ</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ã</a>]</span> aⁿ ㆩ</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The vowel <span class="nowrap">⟨o⟩</span> is akin to a <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a>; in contrast, <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/O%CD%98" title="O͘">o͘</a> ⟩</span> (with dot) is a more <a href="/wiki/Vowel#Height" title="Vowel">open vowel</a>. In addition, there are several <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthongs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Triphthong" title="Triphthong">triphthongs</a> (for example, <span class="nowrap">⟨iau⟩</span>). The consonants <span class="nowrap">⟨m⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨ng⟩</span> can function as a <a href="/wiki/Nucleus_(syllable)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nucleus (syllable)">syllabic nucleus</a> and are therefore included here as vowels. The vowels may be either plain or <a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">nasal</a>: <span class="nowrap">⟨a⟩</span> is non-nasal, and <span class="nowrap">⟨aⁿ⟩</span> is the same vowel with concurrent nasal articulation. This is similar to <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>, and many other languages. </p><p>There are two pronunciations of vowel <span class="nowrap">⟨o⟩</span>. In the south (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Tainan" title="Tainan">Tainan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kaohsiung" title="Kaohsiung">Kaohsiung</a>) it is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back unrounded vowel">ɤ</a>]</span>; in the north (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>) it is <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a>]</span>. Due to the development of transportation and communication, both pronunciations are common and acceptable throughout the country. </p><p><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>/</span> is a diphthong [<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a>] before -k or -ng (POJ: ek, eng), and is slightly shortened and retracted before -p or -t to something more like [<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">í̞</a>]. Similarly, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/</span> is slightly shortened and retracted before -t or -n to something more like [<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a>].<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tones">Tones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_Hokkien&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Tones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taiwanese_tones.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Taiwanese_tones.png/220px-Taiwanese_tones.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Taiwanese_tones.png/330px-Taiwanese_tones.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Taiwanese_tones.png/440px-Taiwanese_tones.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="155" /></a><figcaption>Taiwanese tones, close to Taipei values.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the traditional analysis, there are eight "tones", <a href="/wiki/Tone_number" title="Tone number">numbered</a> from 1 to 8. Strictly speaking, there are only five <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tonal contours</a>. But as in other Sinitic languages, the two kinds of stopped syllables are also considered to be tones and assigned numbers 4 and 8. Words of tone 6 have merged into either tone 2 or tone 7 in most Taiwanese variants, and thus tone 6 is duplicated in the count. Here the eight tones are shown, following the traditional tone class categorization, named after the tones of <a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a>: </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Taiwanese tones<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWu20002691_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWu20002691-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Tone<br />number</th> <th>Name</th> <th>POJ<br />accent</th> <th>Pitch in<br />Taipei</th> <th>Description</th> <th>Pitch in<br />Tainan</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>Yin Level (陰平)</td> <td>a</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Pitch-accent_language" title="Pitch-accent language">á</a>/</span> = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">a˥</a>/</span> (55)</td> <td>High</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Pitch-accent_language" title="Pitch-accent language">á</a>/</span> = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">a˦</a>/</span> (44)</td> <td>High </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 (6)</td> <td>Rising (上聲)</td> <td>á</td> <td>/â/ = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">a˥˩</a>/</span> (51)</td> <td>Falling</td> <td>/â/ = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">a˥˧</a>/</span> (53)</td> <td>High Falling </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>Yin Departing (陰去)</td> <td>à</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Pitch-accent_language" title="Pitch-accent language">à</a>/</span> = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">a˧˩</a>/</span> to <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">˨˩</a>/</span> (21)</td> <td>Low Falling</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Pitch-accent_language" title="Pitch-accent language">à</a>/</span> = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">a˩</a>/</span> (11)</td> <td>Low </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>Yin Entering (陰入)</td> <td>ah</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Pitch-accent_language" title="Pitch-accent language">āʔ</a>/</span> = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aʔ˧˨/</span> (32)</td> <td>Mid Stopped</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Pitch-accent_language" title="Pitch-accent language">àʔ</a>/</span> = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/aʔ˨˩/</span> (21)</td> <td>Low Stopped </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>Yang Level (陽平)</td> <td>â</td> <td>/ǎ/= <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/a˩˦<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>a˨˦/</span> (24)</td> <td>Rising</td> <td>/ǎ/ = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">a˨˦</a>/</span> (25)</td> <td>Rising </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>Yang Departing (陽去)</td> <td>ā</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Pitch-accent_language" title="Pitch-accent language">ā</a>/</span> = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">a˧</a>/</span> (33)</td> <td>Mid</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Pitch-accent_language" title="Pitch-accent language">ā</a>/</span> = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">a˨</a>/</span> (22)</td> <td>Mid </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>Yang Entering (陽入)</td> <td>a̍h</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Pitch-accent_language" title="Pitch-accent language">áʔ</a>/</span> = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">aʔ˦</a>/</span> (4)</td> <td>High Stopped</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Pitch-accent_language" title="Pitch-accent language">áʔ</a>/</span> = <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/<a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">aʔ˥</a>/</span> (5)</td> <td>High Stopped </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Taiwanese-8Tones.ogg" title="File:Taiwanese-8Tones.ogg">Eight tones of Taiwanese</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="6" data-mwtitle="Taiwanese-8Tones.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/Taiwanese-8Tones.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/38/Taiwanese-8Tones.ogg/Taiwanese-8Tones.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Demonstration of the tones of Taiwanese: 衫 <i>saⁿ, 短 té, 褲, khò͘, 闊 khoah, 人 lâng, 矮 é, 鼻 phīⁿ, 直 ti̍t</i>. Tone sandhi rules do not apply in this sentence. (This demonstration is popular but misleading in the use of <i>矮 é</i> as an example for tone 6. Despite alternations in its vowel, the word <i>矮</i> belongs in tone 2 in all Southern Min varieties, including those distinguishing tone 6 from other tones.)</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>See (for one example) the modern phonological analysis in <a href="#CITEREFChiung2003">Chiung (2003)</a>, which challenges these notions. </p><p>For tones 4 and 8, a final consonant <span class="nowrap">⟨p⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨t⟩</span>, or <span class="nowrap">⟨k⟩</span> may appear. When this happens, it is impossible for the syllable to be nasal. Indeed, these are the counterpart to the nasal final consonants <span class="nowrap">⟨m⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨n⟩</span>, and <span class="nowrap">⟨ng⟩</span>, respectively, in other tones. However, it is possible to have a nasal 4th or 8th tone syllable such as <span class="nowrap">⟨siahⁿ⟩</span>, as long as there is no final consonant other than <span class="nowrap">⟨h⟩</span>. </p><p>In the dialect spoken near the northern coast of Taiwan, there is no distinction between tones number 8 and number 4 – both are pronounced as if they follow the <a href="/wiki/Tone_sandhi" title="Tone sandhi">tone sandhi</a> rules of tone number 4. </p><p>Tone number 0, typically written with two consecutive hyphens (--a) or a point (·a) before the syllable with this tone, is used to mark <a href="/wiki/Enclitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclitic">enclitics</a> denoting the extent of a verb action, the end of a noun phrase, etc. A frequent use of this tone is to denote a question, such as in "Chia̍h-pá--bōe?", literally meaning 'Have you eaten yet?'. This is realized by speaking the syllable with either a low-falling tone (3) or a low stop (4). The syllable prior to the <span class="nowrap">⟨--⟩</span> maintains its original tone. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ninth_tone">Ninth tone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_Hokkien&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ninth tone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although uncommon in written Taiwanese, there is a ninth tone which is used for three main purposes: contractions, triplicated adjectives, and <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loan words</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The writing conventions for this tone vary, but the most common are with a <a href="/wiki/Breve_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Breve accent">breve accent</a> (U+0306, ⟨◌̆⟩) in POJ and with a <a href="/wiki/Double_acute_accent" title="Double acute accent">double acute accent</a> (U+030B, ⟨◌̋⟩) in Tai-lo.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Syllabic_structure">Syllabic structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_Hokkien&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Syllabic structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllable</a> requires a vowel (or diphthong or <a href="/wiki/Triphthong" title="Triphthong">triphthong</a>) to appear in the middle. All consonants can appear at the initial position. The consonants <span class="nowrap">⟨p, t, k⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨m, n, ng⟩</span> (and some consider <span class="nowrap">⟨h⟩</span>) may appear at the end of a syllable. Therefore, it is possible to have syllables such as <span class="nowrap">⟨ngiau⟩</span> ("(to) tickle") and <span class="nowrap">⟨thng⟩</span> ("soup"). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tone_sandhi">Tone sandhi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_Hokkien&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Tone sandhi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taiwanese_Hokkien_Tone_Sandhi_01.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Taiwanese_Hokkien_Tone_Sandhi_01.svg/220px-Taiwanese_Hokkien_Tone_Sandhi_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Taiwanese_Hokkien_Tone_Sandhi_01.svg/330px-Taiwanese_Hokkien_Tone_Sandhi_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Taiwanese_Hokkien_Tone_Sandhi_01.svg/440px-Taiwanese_Hokkien_Tone_Sandhi_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Schema of the tone sandhi rules in Taiwanese.</figcaption></figure> <p>Taiwanese has extremely extensive <a href="/wiki/Tone_sandhi" title="Tone sandhi">tone sandhi</a> (tone-changing) rules: in an utterance, only the last syllable pronounced is not affected by the rules.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What an '<a href="/wiki/Utterance" title="Utterance">utterance</a>' (or '<a href="/wiki/Intonational_phrase" class="mw-redirect" title="Intonational phrase">intonational phrase</a>') is, in the context of this language, is an ongoing topic for linguistic research, but some general rules apply:<sup id="cite_ref-Lin2015_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lin2015-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following syllables are unaffected by tone sandhi: </p> <ul><li>The final syllable in a <a href="/wiki/Sentence_(linguistics)" title="Sentence (linguistics)">sentence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a> (including single syllable nouns, but not <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronouns</a>), number, time phrase (i.e., today, tomorrow, etc.), spatial <a href="/wiki/Preposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Preposition">preposition</a> (i.e., on, under), or <a href="/wiki/Question_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Question word">question word</a> (i.e., who, what, how).</li> <li>The syllable immediately preceding the <a href="/wiki/Possessive_particle" class="mw-redirect" title="Possessive particle">possessive particle</a> 的 (ê) or a neutralized tone. In POJ, this is the syllable before a double hyphen, e.g., 王先生 (Ông--sian-siⁿ)</li> <li>Some common <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_aspect" title="Grammatical aspect">aspect</a> markers: 了 (liáu), 好 (hó), 完 (oân), 煞 (soah)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Normal_tone_sandhi">Normal tone sandhi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_Hokkien&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Normal tone sandhi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following rules, listed in the traditional pedagogical mnemonic order, govern the pronunciation of tone on each of the syllables affected (that is, all but those described according to the rules listed above): </p> <ul><li>If the original tone number is <b>5</b>, pronounce it as tone number <b>3</b> (<a href="/wiki/Quanzhou" title="Quanzhou">Quanzhou</a>/Taipei speech) or <b>7</b> (<a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou" title="Zhangzhou">Zhangzhou</a>/Tainan speech).</li> <li>If the original tone number is <b>7</b>, pronounce it as tone number <b>3</b>.</li> <li>If the original tone number is <b>3</b>, pronounce it as tone number <b>2</b>.</li> <li>If the original tone number is <b>2</b>, pronounce it as tone number <b>1</b>.</li> <li>If the original tone number is <b>1</b>, pronounce it as tone number <b>7</b>.</li> <li>If the original tone number is <b>8</b> and the final consonant is not <b>h</b> (that is, it is <b>p</b>, <b>t</b>, or <b>k</b>), pronounce it as tone number <b>4</b>.</li> <li>If the original tone number is <b>4</b> and the final consonant is not <b>h</b> (that is, it is <b>p</b>, <b>t</b>, or <b>k</b>), pronounce it as tone number <b>8</b>.</li> <li>If the original tone number is <b>8</b> and the final consonant is <b>h</b>, pronounce it as tone number <b>3</b>.</li> <li>If the original tone number is <b>4</b> and the final consonant is <b>h</b>, pronounce it as tone number <b>2</b>.</li></ul> <p>An example of the normal tone sandhi rule is: </p> <dl><dd>老老 lao lao: 7 + 7 = 7 + 3</dd> <dd>拍拍 phah phah: 4 + 4 = 2 + 4</dd></dl> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Normal tone sandhi (IPA) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Tone<br />number</th> <th>Sandhi</th> <th>Taipei</th> <th>Tainan </th></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><span>tang<sup>5</sup>⁻<sup>3</sup> / tang<sup>5</sup>⁻<sup>7</sup></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[taŋ˨˦꜔꜖]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[taŋ˨˦꜕]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><span>tang<sup>7</sup>⁻<sup>3</sup></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[taŋ˧꜔꜖]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[taŋ˨꜖]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><span>tang<sup>3</sup>⁻<sup>2</sup></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[taŋ˧˩꜒꜖]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[taŋ˩꜒꜔]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><span>tang<sup>2</sup>⁻<sup>1</sup></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[taŋ˥˩꜒]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[taŋ˥˧꜓]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><span>tang<sup>1</sup>⁻<sup>7</sup></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[taŋ˥꜔]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[taŋ˦꜕]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">8 </td> <td><span>tak<sup>8</sup>⁻<sup>4</sup></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tak˦꜔꜕]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tak˥꜕꜖]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span>tah<sup>8</sup>⁻<sup>3</sup></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[taʔ˦꜔꜖]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[taʔ˥꜖]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">4 </td> <td><span>tak<sup>4</sup>⁻<sup>8</sup></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tak˧˨꜓]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tak˨˩꜒]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span>tah<sup>4</sup>⁻<sup>2</sup></span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[taʔ˧˨꜒꜖]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[taʔ˨˩꜒꜔]</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Double_tone_sandhi">Double tone sandhi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_Hokkien&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Double tone sandhi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are a number of a single syllable words that undergo double tone sandhi, that is, they follow the tone change rule twice and are pronounced according to the second tone change. These syllables are almost always a 4th tone ending in <b>-h</b>, and include the words 欲 (beh), 佮 (kah), 閣 (koh), 才 (chiah), as well as the 3rd tone verb 去 khì. As a result of following the tone change rule twice, these syllables are all pronounced as tone number <b>1</b>. </p> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Double tone sandhi (IPA) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Tone<br />number</th> <th>Sandhi</th> <th>Taipei</th> <th>Tainan </th></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>kah⁴⁻¹</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kaʔ˧˨꜒]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kaʔ˨˩꜓]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>khi³⁻¹</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʰi˧˩꜒]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[kʰi˩꜓]</span> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Before_the_-á_suffix"><span id="Before_the_-.C3.A1_suffix"></span>Before the -á suffix</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_Hokkien&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Before the -á suffix"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BB%94#Usage_notes" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:仔">the rules for tone sandhi before '仔' (-á) with examples</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <p>Apart from the normal tone sandhi rules described above, there are two special cases where a different set of tone sandhi apply.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a noun with the noun <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffix</a> '<span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%BB%94#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:仔">仔</a></span>' (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C3%A1" class="extiw" title="wikt:á">á</a>), the penultimate syllable is governed by the following rules: </p> <ul><li>If the original tone number is <b>5</b>, pronounce it as tone number <b>7</b>.</li> <li>If the original tone number is <b>7</b>, pronounce it as tone number <b>7</b>.</li> <li>If the original tone number is <b>2</b> or <b>3</b>, pronounce it as tone number <b>1</b>.</li> <li>If the original tone number is <b>1</b>, pronounce it as tone number <b>7</b>.(same as normal)</li> <li>If the original tone number is <b>8</b> and final consonant is not <b>h</b> (that is, it is <b>p</b>, <b>t</b>, or <b>k</b>), pronounce it as tone number <b>4</b>.(same as normal)</li> <li>If the original tone number is <b>4</b> and final consonant is not <b>h</b> (that is, it is <b>p</b>, <b>t</b>, or <b>k</b>), pronounce it as tone number <b>8</b>.(same as normal)</li> <li>If the original tone number is <b>8</b> and final consonant is <b>h</b>, pronounce it as tone number <b>7</b>.</li> <li>If the original tone number is <b>4</b> and final consonant is <b>h</b>, pronounce it as tone number <b>1</b>. (same as double)</li></ul> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Tone sandhi before -á (IPA) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Tone<br />number</th> <th>Sandhi</th> <th>Taipei</th> <th>Tainan </th></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>tang⁵⁻⁷</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[taŋ˨˦꜔]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[taŋ˨˦꜕]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>tang⁷⁻⁷</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[taŋ˧꜔]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[taŋ˨꜕]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>tang³⁻¹</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[taŋ˧˩꜒]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[taŋ˩꜓]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>tang²⁻¹</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[taŋ˥˩꜒]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[taŋ˥˧꜓]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>tang¹⁻⁷</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[taŋ˥꜔]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[taŋ˦꜕]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">8</td> <td>tak⁸⁻⁴</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tak˦꜔꜕]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tak˥꜕꜖]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>tah⁸⁻⁷</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[taʔ˦꜔]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[taʔ˥꜕]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">4</td> <td>tak⁴⁻⁸</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tak˧˨꜓]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tak˨˩꜒]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>tah⁴⁻¹</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[taʔ˧˨꜒]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[taʔ˨˩꜓]</span> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_triplicated_adjectives">In triplicated adjectives</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_Hokkien&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: In triplicated adjectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Finally, in the case of a single-syllable adjective <a href="/wiki/Triplication" class="mw-redirect" title="Triplication">triplication</a> (for added emphasis), the first syllable is governed by the following rules (the second syllable follows the normal tone sandhi rules above): </p> <ul><li>If the original tone number is <b>5</b>, pronounce it as tone number <b>5</b>.</li> <li>If the original tone number is <b>7</b>, pronounce it as tone number <b>1</b>.</li> <li>If the original tone number is <b>3</b>, pronounce it as tone number <b>2</b> (same as normal).</li> <li>If the original tone number is <b>2</b>, pronounce it as tone number <b>1</b> (same as normal).</li> <li>If the original tone number is <b>1</b>, pronounce it as tone number <b>5</b>.</li> <li>If the original tone number is <b>8</b> and the final consonant is not <b>h</b> (that is, it is <b>p</b>, <b>t</b>, or <b>k</b>), pronounce it as tone number <b>4</b> (same as normal).</li> <li>If the original tone number is <b>4</b> and the final consonant is not <b>h</b> (that is, it is <b>p</b>, <b>t</b>, or <b>k</b>), pronounce it as tone number <b>8</b> (same as normal).</li> <li>If the original tone number is <b>8</b> and the final consonant is <b>h</b>, pronounce it as tone number <b>5</b>.</li> <li>If the original tone number is <b>4</b> and the final consonant is <b>h</b>, pronounce it as tone number <b>2</b> (same as normal).<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd><table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Triplicated tone sandhi (IPA) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Tone<br />number</th> <th>Sandhi</th> <th>Taipei</th> <th>Tainan </th></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>tang⁵⁻⁵</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[taŋ˨˦꜕꜓]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[taŋ˨˦꜕꜓]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>tang⁷⁻¹</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[taŋ˧꜒]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[taŋ˨꜓]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>tang³⁻²</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[taŋ˧˩꜒꜖]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[taŋ˩꜒꜔]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>tang²⁻¹</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[taŋ˥˩꜒]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[taŋ˥˧꜓]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>tang¹⁻⁵</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[taŋ˥꜕꜓]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[taŋ˦꜕꜓]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">8</td> <td>tak⁸⁻⁴</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tak˦꜔꜕]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tak˥꜕꜖]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>tah⁸⁻⁵</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[taʔ˦꜕꜓]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[taʔ˥꜕꜓]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">4</td> <td>tak⁴⁻⁸</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tak˧˨꜓]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tak˨˩꜒]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>tah⁴⁻²</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[taʔ˧˨꜒꜖]</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[taʔ˨˩꜒꜔]</span> </td></tr></tbody></table></dd></dl> <p>See <a href="#CITEREFTiuⁿ2001">Tiuⁿ (2001)</a>, <a href="#CITEREFChiung2003">Chiung (2003)</a> and the work of Robert L. Cheng (鄭良偉; Tēⁿ Liông-úi)<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for modern linguistic approaches to tones and tone sandhi in Taiwanese. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lexicon">Lexicon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_Hokkien&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Lexicon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hokkien#Vocabulary" title="Hokkien">Hokkien § Vocabulary</a></div> <p>Modern linguistic studies (by Robert L. Cheng and Chin-An Li, for example) estimate that most (75% to 90%) Taiwanese <a href="/wiki/Word" title="Word">words</a> have <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognates</a> in other Sinitic languages. <a href="/wiki/False_friend" title="False friend">False friends</a> do exist; for example, <i>cháu</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">走</span></span>) means "to run" in Taiwanese, whereas the <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> cognate, <i>zǒu</i>, means "to walk". Moreover, cognates may have different <a href="/wiki/Part_of_speech" title="Part of speech">lexical categories</a>; for example, the <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morpheme</a> <i>phīⁿ</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">鼻</span></span>) means not only "nose" (a noun, as in Mandarin <i>bí</i>) but also "to smell" (a verb, unlike Mandarin). </p><p>Among the apparently cognate-less words are many basic words with properties that contrast with similar-meaning words of pan-Chinese derivation. Often the former group lacks a standard Han character, and the words are variously considered colloquial, intimate, vulgar, uncultured, or more concrete in meaning than the pan-Chinese synonym. Some examples: <i>lâng</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">人</span></span> or <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">儂</span></span>, person, concrete) vs. <i>jîn</i> (人, person, abstract); <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cha-b%C3%B3%CD%98" class="extiw" title="wikt:cha-bó͘">cha-bó͘</a></i> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E6%9F%90" class="extiw" title="wikt:查某">查某</a>, woman) vs. <i>lú-jîn</i> (女人, woman, literary). Unlike the <a href="/wiki/English_language#Vocabulary" title="English language">English Germanic/Latin contrast</a>, however, the two groups of Taiwanese words cannot be as strongly attributed to the influences of two disparate linguistic sources. </p><p>Extensive contact with the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese language</a> has left a legacy of Japanese <a href="/wiki/Loanwords" class="mw-redirect" title="Loanwords">loanwords</a>, with 172 recorded in the Ministry of Education's <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Frequently-Used_Taiwan_Minnan" title="Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan">Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although a very small percentage of the vocabulary, their usage tends to be high-frequency because of their relevance to modern society and popular culture. Examples are: <i>o͘-tó͘-bái</i> from <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">ōtobai</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">オートバイ</span></span>, "autobike"/motorcycle)</span> and <i>pháng</i> from <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">pan</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%B3" class="extiw" title="wikt:パン">パン</a></span></span>, "<a href="/wiki/Bread" title="Bread">bread</a>", itself a loanword from <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_particle" title="Grammatical particle">Grammatical particles</a> borrowed from Japanese, notably <i>te̍k</i> from <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">teki</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">的</span></span>)</span> and <i>ka</i> from <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">ka</i></span><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">か</span></span>)</span>, show up in the Taiwanese of older speakers. </p><p>Whereas Mandarin attaches a syllabic suffix to the singular pronoun to make a <a href="/wiki/Collective" title="Collective">collective</a> form, Taiwanese pronouns are collectivized through <a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">nasalization</a>. For example, <i>i</i> (he/she/it) and <i>goá</i> (I) become <i>in</i> (they) and <i>goán</i> (we), respectively. The <i>-n</i> thus represents a subsyllabic <a href="/wiki/Morpheme" title="Morpheme">morpheme</a>. Like all other <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">varieties of Chinese</a>, Taiwanese does not have true grammatical <a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">plurals</a>. </p><p>Unlike English, Taiwanese has two <a href="/wiki/First_person_plural" class="mw-redirect" title="First person plural">first-person plural</a> pronouns. This distinction is called <a href="/wiki/Clusivity" title="Clusivity">inclusive</a>, which includes the <a href="/wiki/Interlocutor_(linguistics)" title="Interlocutor (linguistics)">addressee</a>, and exclusive, which excludes the addressee. Thus, <i>goán</i> means <i>we excluding you</i>, while <i>lán</i> means <i>we including you</i> (similar to <a href="/wiki/Pluralis_auctoris" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluralis auctoris">pluralis auctoris</a>). The inclusive <i>lán</i> may be used to express politeness or solidarity, as in the example of a speaker asking a stranger "Where do we live?" while implicitly asking "Where do <i>you</i> live?". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Syntax">Syntax</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_Hokkien&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Syntax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hokkien#Grammar" title="Hokkien">Hokkien § Grammar</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Tai_JintianDaoJiaKanWo.ogg" title="File:Tai JintianDaoJiaKanWo.ogg">Kin-á-ji̍t hit ê cha-bó͘ gín-á lâi góan tau khòaⁿ góa.</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="3" data-mwtitle="Tai_JintianDaoJiaKanWo.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Tai_JintianDaoJiaKanWo.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f1/Tai_JintianDaoJiaKanWo.ogg/Tai_JintianDaoJiaKanWo.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">An audio sample for a simple sentence, meaning "Today that little girl came to our house to see me".</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a> of Taiwanese is similar to southern Sinitic languages such as <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93verb%E2%80%93object" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–verb–object">subject–verb–object</a> sequence is typical as in, for example, <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a>, but <a href="/wiki/Subject%E2%80%93object%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject–object–verb">subject–object–verb</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Passive_voice" title="Passive voice">passive voice</a> (with the sequence <a href="/wiki/Object%E2%80%93subject%E2%80%93verb" class="mw-redirect" title="Object–subject–verb">object–subject–verb</a>) is possible with particles. Take a simple sentence for example: 'I hold you.' The words involved are: <i>goá</i> ('I' or 'me'), <i>phō</i> ('to hold'), <i>lí</i> ('you'). </p> <ul><li>Subject–verb–object (typical sequence): The sentence in the typical sequence would be: <i>Goá phō lí.</i> ('I hold you.')</li> <li>Subject–<i>kā</i>–object–verb: Another sentence of roughly equivalent meaning is <i>Goá kā lí phō</i>, with the slight connotation of 'I take you and hold' or 'I get to you and hold'.</li> <li>Object–<i>hō͘</i>–subject–verb (the passive voice): Then, <i>Lí hō͘ goá phō</i> means the same thing but in the <a href="/wiki/Passive_voice" title="Passive voice">passive voice</a>, with the connotation of 'You allow yourself to be held by me' or 'You make yourself available for my holding'.</li></ul> <p>The word <i>hō͘</i> also has other uses, such as to introduce an embedded clause: <i>Goá hō͘ lí chúi lim</i> ('I give water for you to drink': <i>chúi</i> means 'water'; <i>lim</i> is 'to drink'). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scripts_and_orthographies">Scripts and orthographies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_Hokkien&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Scripts and orthographies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Written_Hokkien" title="Written Hokkien">Written Hokkien</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holo_bunhak_chokphin.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Holo_bunhak_chokphin.JPG/220px-Holo_bunhak_chokphin.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Holo_bunhak_chokphin.JPG/330px-Holo_bunhak_chokphin.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Holo_bunhak_chokphin.JPG/440px-Holo_bunhak_chokphin.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A selection of literary works (original and translated) in Taiwanese, in several orthographies.</figcaption></figure> <p>Until the late 19th century, Taiwanese speakers wrote mostly in <a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese" title="Classical Chinese">Classical Chinese</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlöter200529_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlöter200529-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although songbooks using <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Han characters</a> are attested from the 1820s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlöter200571-73_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlöter200571-73-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among many systems of writing Taiwanese using Latin characters, the most used is called <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a> (POJ) and was developed in the 19th century, while the <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Taiwanese Romanization System</a> (Tâi-lô) has been officially promoted since 2006 by Taiwan's <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education (Republic of China)">Ministry of Education</a>. (For additional romanized systems, see references in "Orthography in Latin characters", below.) Nonetheless, Taiwanese speakers nowadays most commonly write in Mandarin, though many of the same characters are also used to write Taiwanese. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Han_characters">Han characters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_Hokkien&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Han characters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In most cases, Taiwanese speakers write using the <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">script</a> called <a href="/wiki/Han_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Han characters">Han characters</a> as in Mandarin, although there are a number of special characters which are unique to Taiwanese and which are sometimes used in informal writing. Where Han characters are used, they are not always etymological or genetic; the borrowing of similar-sounding or similar-meaning characters is a common practice. Bilingual speakers of both Mandarin and Taiwanese sometimes attempt to represent the sounds by adopting similar-sounding Mandarin Han characters. For example, the Han characters of the <a href="/wiki/Profanity" title="Profanity">vulgar slang</a> 'khoàⁿ sáⁿ-siâu' (<span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9C%8B#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:看">看</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E5%B0%8F#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:三小">三小</a></span>, substituted for the etymologically correct <span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9C%8B#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:看">看</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%95%A5%E6%BD%B2#Chinese" class="extiw" title="wikt:啥潲">啥潲</a></span>, meaning 'What the hell are you looking at?') has very little meaning in Mandarin and may not be readily understood by a Taiwanese monolingual, as knowledge of Mandarin character readings is required to fully decipher it. </p><p>In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Republic_of_China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Education (Republic of China)">Ministry of Education</a> in Taiwan published the first list of <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Southern_Min_Recommended_Characters" title="Taiwanese Southern Min Recommended Characters">Taiwanese Southern Min Recommended Characters</a>, a list of 300 Han characters standardized for the use of writing Taiwanese and implemented the teaching of them in schools.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, the ministry published a second list of 100 characters, and in 2009 added 300 more, giving a total of 700 standardized characters used to write uniquely Taiwanese words. With increasing literacy in Taiwanese, there are currently more Taiwanese online bloggers who write Taiwanese online using these standardized Chinese characters. Han characters are also used by Taiwan's Hokkien literary circle for Hokkien poets and writers to write literature or poetry in Taiwanese. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orthography_in_Latin_characters">Orthography in Latin characters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_Hokkien&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Orthography in Latin characters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kauhoe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Kauhoe.jpg/220px-Kauhoe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Kauhoe.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="293" data-file-height="252" /></a><figcaption>An issue of the <i><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Church_News" title="Taiwan Church News">Taiwan Church News</a></i>, first published by Presbyterian missionaries in 1885. This was the first printed newspaper in Taiwan, and was written in Taiwanese, in the Latin orthography Pe̍h-ōe-jī.</figcaption></figure> <p>There are several Latin-based orthographies, the oldest being <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a> (POJ, meaning "vernacular writing"), developed in the 19th century. <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Taiwanese Romanization System</a> (Tâi-ôan lô-má-jī, Tâi-lô) and <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Language_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet">Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet</a> (TLPA) are two later adaptations of POJ. Other 20th-century innovations include <a href="/wiki/Daighi_tongiong_pingim" class="mw-redirect" title="Daighi tongiong pingim">Daighi tongiong pingim</a> (DT), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ganvsig_daiuuan_bhanlam_ghiw_tongiong_pingimv&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ganvsig daiuuan bhanlam ghiw tongiong pingimv (page does not exist)">Ganvsig daiuuan bhanlam ghiw tongiong pingimv</a> (GDT), <a href="/wiki/Modern_Literal_Taiwanese" title="Modern Literal Taiwanese">Modern Literal Taiwanese</a> (MLT), <a href="/wiki/Simplified_MLT" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified MLT">Simplified MLT</a> (SMLT), <a href="/wiki/Phofsit_Daibuun" title="Phofsit Daibuun">Phofsit Daibuun</a> (PSDB). The last four employ <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tonal</a> <a href="/wiki/Spelling" title="Spelling">spelling</a> to indicate tone without use of <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritic</a> symbols, but letters instead. </p><p>In POJ, the traditional list of letters is </p> <dl><dd>a b ch chh e g h i j k kh l m n ng o o͘ p ph s t th (ts) u</dd></dl> <p>Twenty-four in all, including the obsolete <span class="nowrap">⟨ts⟩</span>, which was used to represent the modern <span class="nowrap">⟨ch⟩</span> at some places. The additional necessities are the nasal symbol <span class="nowrap">⟨ⁿ⟩</span>  (superscript <span class="nowrap">⟨n⟩</span>; the uppercase form <span class="nowrap">⟨<sup>N</sup>⟩</span> is sometimes used in <a href="/wiki/All_caps" title="All caps">all caps</a> texts,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as book titles or section headings), and the tonal <a href="/wiki/Diacritic" title="Diacritic">diacritics</a>. POJ was developed first by <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> <a href="/wiki/Missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionaries">missionaries</a> and later by the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Taiwan" title="Presbyterian Church in Taiwan">Presbyterian Church in Taiwan</a>; they have been active in promoting the language since the late 19th century. Recently there has been an increase in texts using a mixed orthography of Han characters and romanization, although these texts remain uncommon. </p><p>In 2006, the <a href="/wiki/National_Languages_Committee" title="National Languages Committee">National Languages Committee</a> (Ministry of Education, Republic of China) proposed its <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Taiwanese Romanization System</a> (Tâi-ôan Lô-má-jī pheng-im, Tâi-Lô). This alphabet reconciles two orthographies, TLPA and POJ.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The changes for the consonants involved using <span class="nowrap">⟨ts⟩</span> for POJ's <span class="nowrap">⟨ch⟩</span> (reverting to the orthography in the 19th century), and <span class="nowrap">⟨tsh⟩</span> for <span class="nowrap">⟨chh⟩</span>. For the vowels, <span class="nowrap">⟨o͘⟩</span> could optionally be represented as <span class="nowrap">⟨oo⟩</span>. The nasal mark <span class="nowrap">⟨ⁿ⟩</span> could also be represented optionally as <span class="nowrap">⟨nn⟩</span>. The rest of the alphabet, most notably the use of diacritics to mark the tones, appeared to keep to the POJ tradition. One of the aims of this compromise was to curb any increase of 'market share' for Daighi tongiong pingim/Tongyong Pinyin.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unclear whether the community will adopt this new agreement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orthographies_in_kana_and_in_bopomofo">Orthographies in kana and in bopomofo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_Hokkien&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Orthographies in kana and in bopomofo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese-Taiwanese_Dictionary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Japanese-Taiwanese_Dictionary.jpg/220px-Japanese-Taiwanese_Dictionary.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Japanese-Taiwanese_Dictionary.jpg/330px-Japanese-Taiwanese_Dictionary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Japanese-Taiwanese_Dictionary.jpg/440px-Japanese-Taiwanese_Dictionary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Japanese–Taiwanese Dictionary, using the orthography in kana</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_kana" title="Taiwanese kana">Taiwanese kana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Phonetic_Symbols" title="Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols">Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols</a></div> <p>There was an orthography of Taiwanese based on the <a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Japanese kana</a> during <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Japanese rule</a>. The Kuomintang government also tried to introduce an orthography in <a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">bopomofo</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_of_orthographies">Comparison of orthographies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_Hokkien&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Comparison of orthographies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Here the different orthographies are compared: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Vowels </caption> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ap</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">at</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ak</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aʔ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ã</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔk</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔ̃</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ə</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">o</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">e</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ẽ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">i</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iɛn</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iəŋ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a></td> <td>a</td> <td>ap</td> <td>at</td> <td>ak</td> <td>ah</td> <td>aⁿ</td> <td>o͘</td> <td>ok</td> <td>oⁿ</td> <td>o</td> <td>o</td> <td>e</td> <td>eⁿ</td> <td>i</td> <td>ian</td> <td>eng </td></tr> <tr> <td>Revised <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Language_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet">TLPA</a></td> <td>a</td> <td>ap</td> <td>at</td> <td>ak</td> <td>ah</td> <td>aN</td> <td>oo</td> <td>ok</td> <td>ooN</td> <td>o</td> <td>o</td> <td>e</td> <td>eN</td> <td>i</td> <td>ian</td> <td>ing </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Language_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet">TLPA</a></td> <td>a</td> <td>ap</td> <td>at</td> <td>ak</td> <td>ah</td> <td>ann</td> <td>oo</td> <td>ok</td> <td>oonn</td> <td>o</td> <td>o</td> <td>e</td> <td>enn</td> <td>i</td> <td>ian</td> <td>ing </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bb%C3%A1nl%C3%A1m_H%C5%8Dngggi%C3%A1n_P%C4%ABny%C4%ABn_H%C5%8Dng%C3%A0n" class="mw-redirect" title="Bbánlám Hōngggián Pīnyīn Hōngàn">BP</a></td> <td>a</td> <td>ap</td> <td>at</td> <td>ak</td> <td>ah</td> <td>na</td> <td>oo</td> <td>ok</td> <td>noo</td> <td>o</td> <td>o</td> <td>e</td> <td>ne</td> <td>i</td> <td>ian</td> <td>ing </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Modern_Literal_Taiwanese" title="Modern Literal Taiwanese">MLT</a></td> <td>a</td> <td>ab/ap</td> <td>ad/at</td> <td>ag/ak</td> <td>aq/ah</td> <td>va</td> <td>o</td> <td>og/ok</td> <td>vo</td> <td>ø</td> <td>ø</td> <td>e</td> <td>ve</td> <td>i</td> <td>ien</td> <td>eng </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Daighi_tongiong_pingim" class="mw-redirect" title="Daighi tongiong pingim">DT</a></td> <td>a</td> <td>āp/ap</td> <td>āt/at</td> <td>āk/ak</td> <td>āh/ah</td> <td>ann/aⁿ</td> <td>o</td> <td>ok</td> <td>onn/oⁿ</td> <td>or</td> <td>or</td> <td>e</td> <td>enn/eⁿ</td> <td>i</td> <td>ian/en</td> <td>ing </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_kana" title="Taiwanese kana">Taiwanese kana</a></td> <td>アア</td> <td>アㇷ゚</td> <td>アッ</td> <td>アㇰ</td> <td>アァ</td> <td>アア</td> <td>オオ</td> <td>オㇰ</td> <td>オオ</td> <td><span style="text-decoration: overline">オオ</span></td> <td>ヲヲ</td> <td>エエ</td> <td>エエ</td> <td>イイ</td> <td>イェヌ</td> <td>イェン </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Phonetic_Symbols" title="Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols">Extended</a> <a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">bopomofo</a></td> <td>ㄚ</td> <td>ㄚㆴ</td> <td>ㄚㆵ</td> <td>ㄚㆻ</td> <td>ㄚㆷ</td> <td>ㆩ</td> <td>ㆦ</td> <td>ㆦㆻ</td> <td>ㆧ</td> <td>ㄜ</td> <td>ㄛ</td> <td>ㆤ</td> <td>ㆥ</td> <td>ㄧ</td> <td>ㄧㄢ</td> <td>ㄧㄥ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></td> <td>a</td> <td>ap</td> <td>at</td> <td>ak</td> <td>ah</td> <td>ann</td> <td>oo</td> <td>ok</td> <td>onn</td> <td>o</td> <td>o</td> <td>e</td> <td>enn</td> <td>i</td> <td>ian</td> <td>ing </td></tr> <tr> <td>Example (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>) </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">亞</span><br />洲 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">壓</span><br />力 </td> <td>警<br /><span style="color: darkred">察</span> </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">沃</span><br />水 </td> <td>牛<br /><span style="color: darkred">肉</span> </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">三</span><br />十 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">烏</span><br />色 </td> <td>中<br /><span style="color: darkred">國</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">澳</span><br />洲 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">澳</span><br />洲 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">下</span><br />晡 </td> <td> </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">醫</span><br />學 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">鉛</span><br />筆 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">英</span><br />國 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Example (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>) </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">亚</span><br />洲 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">压</span><br />力 </td> <td>警<br /><span style="color: darkred">察</span> </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">沃</span><br />水 </td> <td>牛<br /><span style="color: darkred">肉</span> </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">三</span><br />十 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">乌</span><br />色 </td> <td>中<br /><span style="color: darkred">国</span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">澳</span><br />洲 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">澳</span><br />洲 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">下</span><br />晡 </td> <td> </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">医</span><br />学 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">铅</span><br />笔 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">英</span><br />国 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Vowels </caption> <tbody><tr class="IPA"> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">iək</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ĩ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ai</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aĩ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">au</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">am</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔm</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">m̩</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɔŋ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ŋ̍</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">u</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ua</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ue</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">uai</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">uan</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɨ</span></td> <td>(i)<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ũ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a></td> <td>ek</td> <td>iⁿ</td> <td>ai</td> <td>aiⁿ</td> <td>au</td> <td>am</td> <td>om</td> <td>m</td> <td>ong</td> <td>ng</td> <td>u</td> <td>oa</td> <td>oe</td> <td>oai</td> <td>oan</td> <td>i</td> <td>(i)uⁿ </td></tr> <tr> <td>Revised <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Language_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet">TLPA</a></td> <td>ik</td> <td>iN</td> <td>ai</td> <td>aiN</td> <td>au</td> <td>am</td> <td>om</td> <td>m</td> <td>ong</td> <td>ng</td> <td>u</td> <td>ua</td> <td>ue</td> <td>uai</td> <td>uan</td> <td>ir</td> <td>(i)uN </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Language_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet">TLPA</a></td> <td>ik</td> <td>inn</td> <td>ai</td> <td>ainn</td> <td>au</td> <td>am</td> <td>om</td> <td>m</td> <td>ong</td> <td>ng</td> <td>u</td> <td>ua</td> <td>ue</td> <td>uai</td> <td>uan</td> <td>ir</td> <td>(i)unn </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bb%C3%A1nl%C3%A1m_H%C5%8Dngggi%C3%A1n_P%C4%ABny%C4%ABn_H%C5%8Dng%C3%A0n" class="mw-redirect" title="Bbánlám Hōngggián Pīnyīn Hōngàn">BP</a></td> <td>ik</td> <td>ni</td> <td>ai</td> <td>nai</td> <td>au</td> <td>am</td> <td>om</td> <td>m</td> <td>ong</td> <td>ng</td> <td>u</td> <td>ua</td> <td>ue</td> <td>uai</td> <td>uan</td> <td>i</td> <td>n(i)u </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Modern_Literal_Taiwanese" title="Modern Literal Taiwanese">MLT</a></td> <td>eg/ek</td> <td>vi</td> <td>ai</td> <td>vai</td> <td>au</td> <td>am</td> <td>om</td> <td>m</td> <td>ong</td> <td>ng</td> <td>u</td> <td>oa</td> <td>oe</td> <td>oai</td> <td>oan</td> <td>i</td> <td>v(i)u </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Daighi_tongiong_pingim" class="mw-redirect" title="Daighi tongiong pingim">DT</a></td> <td>ik</td> <td>inn/iⁿ</td> <td>ai</td> <td>ainn/aiⁿ</td> <td>au</td> <td>am</td> <td>om</td> <td>m</td> <td>ong</td> <td>ng</td> <td>u</td> <td>ua</td> <td>ue</td> <td>uai</td> <td>uan</td> <td>i</td> <td>(i)unn/uⁿ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_kana" title="Taiwanese kana">Taiwanese kana</a></td> <td>イェㇰ</td> <td>イイ</td> <td>アイ</td> <td>アイ</td> <td>アウ</td> <td>アム</td> <td>オム</td> <td>ム</td> <td>オン</td> <td>ン</td> <td>ウウ</td> <td>ヲア</td> <td>ヲエ</td> <td>ヲァイ</td> <td>ヲァヌ</td> <td><span style="text-decoration: overline">ウウ</span></td> <td>ウウ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Phonetic_Symbols" title="Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols">Extended</a> <a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">bopomofo</a></td> <td>ㄧㆻ</td> <td>ㆪ</td> <td>ㄞ</td> <td>ㆮ</td> <td>ㆯ</td> <td>ㆰ</td> <td>ㆱ</td> <td>ㆬ</td> <td>ㆲ</td> <td>ㆭ</td> <td>ㄨ</td> <td>ㄨㄚ</td> <td>ㄨㆤ</td> <td>ㄨㄞ</td> <td>ㄨㄢ</td> <td>ㆨ</td> <td>ㆫ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></td> <td>ik</td> <td>inn</td> <td>ai</td> <td>ainn</td> <td>au</td> <td>am</td> <td>om</td> <td>m</td> <td>ong</td> <td>ng</td> <td>u</td> <td>ua</td> <td>ue</td> <td>uai</td> <td>uan</td> <td>ir</td> <td>(i)unn </td></tr> <tr> <td>Example (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>) </td> <td>翻<br /><span style="color: darkred">譯</span> </td> <td>病<br /><span style="color: darkred">院</span> </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">愛</span><br />情 </td> <td> </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">歐</span><br />洲 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">暗</span><br />時 </td> <td> </td> <td>阿<br /><span style="color: darkred">姆</span> </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">王</span><br />梨 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">黃</span><br />色 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">有</span><br />無 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">歌</span><br />曲 </td> <td>講<br /><span style="color: darkred">話</span> </td> <td>奇<br /><span style="color: darkred">怪</span> </td> <td>人<br /><span style="color: darkred">員</span> </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">豬</span><br />肉 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">舀</span><br />水 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Example (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>) </td> <td>翻<br /><span style="color: darkred">译</span> </td> <td>病<br /><span style="color: darkred">院</span> </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">爱</span><br />情 </td> <td> </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">欧</span><br />洲 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">暗</span><br />时 </td> <td> </td> <td>阿<br /><span style="color: darkred">姆</span> </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">王</span><br />梨 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">黄</span><br />色 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">有</span><br />无 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">歌</span><br />曲 </td> <td>讲<br /><span style="color: darkred">话</span> </td> <td>奇<br /><span style="color: darkred">怪</span> </td> <td>人<br /><span style="color: darkred">员</span> </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">猪</span><br />肉 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">舀</span><br />水 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Consonants </caption> <tbody><tr class="IPA"> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">p</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">b</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">pʰ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">m</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">t</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tʰ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">n</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">nŋ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">l</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">k</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɡ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kʰ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">h</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tɕi</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʑi</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tɕʰi</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɕi</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ts</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">dz</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">tsʰ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">s</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a></td> <td>p</td> <td>b</td> <td>ph</td> <td>m</td> <td>t</td> <td>th</td> <td>n</td> <td>nng</td> <td>l</td> <td>k</td> <td>g</td> <td>kh</td> <td>h</td> <td>chi</td> <td>ji</td> <td>chhi</td> <td>si</td> <td>ch</td> <td>j</td> <td>chh</td> <td>s </td></tr> <tr> <td>Revised <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Language_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet">TLPA</a></td> <td>p</td> <td>b</td> <td>ph</td> <td>m</td> <td>t</td> <td>th</td> <td>n</td> <td>nng</td> <td>l</td> <td>k</td> <td>g</td> <td>kh</td> <td>h</td> <td>zi</td> <td>ji</td> <td>ci</td> <td>si</td> <td>z</td> <td>j</td> <td>c</td> <td>s </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Language_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet">TLPA</a></td> <td>p</td> <td>b</td> <td>ph</td> <td>m</td> <td>t</td> <td>th</td> <td>n</td> <td>nng</td> <td>l</td> <td>k</td> <td>g</td> <td>kh</td> <td>h</td> <td>zi</td> <td>ji</td> <td>ci</td> <td>si</td> <td>z</td> <td>j</td> <td>c</td> <td>s </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bb%C3%A1nl%C3%A1m_H%C5%8Dngggi%C3%A1n_P%C4%ABny%C4%ABn_H%C5%8Dng%C3%A0n" class="mw-redirect" title="Bbánlám Hōngggián Pīnyīn Hōngàn">BP</a></td> <td>b</td> <td>bb</td> <td>p</td> <td>bb</td> <td>d</td> <td>t</td> <td>n</td> <td>lng</td> <td>l</td> <td>g</td> <td>gg</td> <td>k</td> <td>h</td> <td>zi</td> <td>li</td> <td>ci</td> <td>si</td> <td>z</td> <td>l</td> <td>c</td> <td>s </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Modern_Literal_Taiwanese" title="Modern Literal Taiwanese">MLT</a></td> <td>p</td> <td>b</td> <td>ph</td> <td>m</td> <td>t</td> <td>th</td> <td>n</td> <td>nng</td> <td>l</td> <td>k</td> <td>g</td> <td>kh</td> <td>h</td> <td>ci</td> <td>ji</td> <td>chi</td> <td>si</td> <td>z</td> <td>j</td> <td>zh</td> <td>s </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Daighi_tongiong_pingim" class="mw-redirect" title="Daighi tongiong pingim">DT</a></td> <td>b</td> <td>bh</td> <td>p</td> <td>m</td> <td>d</td> <td>t</td> <td>n</td> <td>nng</td> <td>l</td> <td>g</td> <td>gh</td> <td>k</td> <td>h</td> <td>zi</td> <td>r</td> <td>ci</td> <td>si</td> <td>z</td> <td>r</td> <td>c</td> <td>s </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_kana" title="Taiwanese kana">Taiwanese kana</a></td> <td>パア</td> <td>バア</td> <td>パ̣ア</td> <td>マア</td> <td>タア</td> <td>タ̣ア</td> <td>ナア</td> <td>ヌン</td> <td>ラア</td> <td>カア</td> <td>ガア</td> <td>カ̣ア</td> <td>ハア</td> <td>チイ</td> <td>ジイ</td> <td>チ̣イ</td> <td>シイ</td> <td><span style="text-decoration: overline">サ</span>ア</td> <td>ザア</td> <td><span style="text-decoration: overline">サ̣</span>ア</td> <td>サア </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Phonetic_Symbols" title="Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols">Extended</a> <a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">bopomofo</a></td> <td>ㄅ</td> <td>ㆠ</td> <td>ㄆ</td> <td>ㄇ</td> <td>ㄉ</td> <td>ㄊ</td> <td>ㄋ</td> <td>ㄋㆭ</td> <td>ㄌ</td> <td>ㄍ</td> <td>ㆣ</td> <td>ㄎ</td> <td>ㄏ</td> <td>ㄐ</td> <td>ㆢ</td> <td>ㄑ</td> <td>ㄒ</td> <td>ㄗ</td> <td>ㆡ</td> <td>ㄘ</td> <td>ㄙ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></td> <td>p</td> <td>b</td> <td>ph</td> <td>m</td> <td>t</td> <td>th</td> <td>n</td> <td>nng</td> <td>l</td> <td>k</td> <td>g</td> <td>kh</td> <td>h</td> <td>tsi</td> <td>ji</td> <td>tshi</td> <td>si</td> <td>ts</td> <td>j</td> <td>tsh</td> <td>s </td></tr> <tr> <td>Example (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>) </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">報</span><br />紙 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">閩</span><br />南 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">普</span><br />通 </td> <td>請<br /><span style="color: darkred">問</span> </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">豬</span><br />肉 </td> <td>普<br /><span style="color: darkred">通</span> </td> <td>過<br /><span style="color: darkred">年</span> </td> <td>雞<br /><span style="color: darkred">卵</span> </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">樂</span><br />觀 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">價</span><br />值 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">牛</span><br />奶 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">客</span><br />廳 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">煩</span><br />惱 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">支</span><br />持 </td> <td>漢<br /><span style="color: darkred">字</span> </td> <td>支<br /><span style="color: darkred">持</span> </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">是</span><br />否 </td> <td>報<br /><span style="color: darkred">紙</span> </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">熱</span><br />天 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">參</span><br />加 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">司</span><br />法 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Example (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>) </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">报</span><br />纸 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">闽</span><br />南 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">普</span><br />通 </td> <td>请<br /><span style="color: darkred">问</span> </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">猪</span><br />肉 </td> <td>普<br /><span style="color: darkred">通</span> </td> <td>过<br /><span style="color: darkred">年</span> </td> <td>鸡<br /><span style="color: darkred">卵</span> </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">乐</span><br />观 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">价</span><br />值 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">牛</span><br />奶 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">客</span><br />厅 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">烦</span><br />恼 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">支</span><br />持 </td> <td>汉<br /><span style="color: darkred">字</span> </td> <td>支<br /><span style="color: darkred">持</span> </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">是</span><br />否 </td> <td>报<br /><span style="color: darkred">纸</span> </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">热</span><br />天 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">参</span><br />加 </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">司</span><br />法 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Tones </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Tone name</th> <th>Yin level<br />陰平(1)</th> <th>Yin rising<br />陰上(2)</th> <th>Yin departing<br />陰去(3)</th> <th>Yin entering<br />陰入(4)</th> <th>Yang level<br />陽平(5)</th> <th>Yang rising<br />陽上(6)</th> <th>Yang departing<br />陽去(7)</th> <th>Yang entering<br />陽入(8)</th> <th>High rising<br />(9)</th> <th>Neutral tone<br />(0) </th></tr> <tr class="IPA"> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a˥</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a˥˧</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a˨˩</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ap˩</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">at˩</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ak˩</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aʔ˩</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a˧˥</span></td> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a˧</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ap˥</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">at˥</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ak˥</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">aʔ˥</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a˥˥</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">a˨</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a></td> <td>a</td> <td>á</td> <td>à</td> <td>ap<br />at<br />ak<br />ah</td> <td>â</td> <td>ǎ</td> <td>ā</td> <td>a̍p<br />a̍t<br />a̍k<br />a̍h</td> <td>ă</td> <td>--a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Language_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet">TLPA</a> (and Revised <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Language_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet">TLPA</a>)</td> <td>a1</td> <td>a2</td> <td>a3</td> <td>ap4<br />at4<br />ak4<br />ah4</td> <td>a5</td> <td>a6</td> <td>a7</td> <td>ap8<br />at8<br />ak8<br />ah8</td> <td>a9</td> <td>a0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bb%C3%A1nl%C3%A1m_H%C5%8Dngggi%C3%A1n_P%C4%ABny%C4%ABn_H%C5%8Dng%C3%A0n" class="mw-redirect" title="Bbánlám Hōngggián Pīnyīn Hōngàn">BP</a></td> <td>ā</td> <td>ǎ</td> <td>à</td> <td>āp<br />āt<br />āk<br />āh</td> <td>á</td> <td></td> <td>â</td> <td>áp<br />át<br />ák<br />áh</td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Modern_Literal_Taiwanese" title="Modern Literal Taiwanese">MLT</a><br /></td> <td>af</td> <td>ar</td> <td>ax</td> <td>ab<br />ad<br />ag<br />aq</td> <td>aa</td> <td>aar</td> <td>a</td> <td>ap<br />at<br />ak<br />ah</td> <td> </td> <td>~a </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Daighi_tongiong_pingim" class="mw-redirect" title="Daighi tongiong pingim">DT</a></td> <td>a</td> <td>à</td> <td>â</td> <td>āp<br />āt<br />āk<br />āh</td> <td>ǎ</td> <td></td> <td>ā</td> <td>ap<br />at<br />ak<br />ah</td> <td>á</td> <td>å </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_kana" title="Taiwanese kana">Taiwanese kana</a><br />(normal vowels)</td> <td>アア</td> <td>アア<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U%2B1AFF0.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/U%2B1AFF0.svg/15px-U%2B1AFF0.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/U%2B1AFF0.svg/23px-U%2B1AFF0.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/U%2B1AFF0.svg/30px-U%2B1AFF0.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td> <td>アア<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U%2B1AFF1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/U%2B1AFF1.svg/15px-U%2B1AFF1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/U%2B1AFF1.svg/23px-U%2B1AFF1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/U%2B1AFF1.svg/30px-U%2B1AFF1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td> <td>アㇷ゚<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U%2B1AFF2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/U%2B1AFF2.svg/15px-U%2B1AFF2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/U%2B1AFF2.svg/23px-U%2B1AFF2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/U%2B1AFF2.svg/30px-U%2B1AFF2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><br />アッ<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U%2B1AFF2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/U%2B1AFF2.svg/15px-U%2B1AFF2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/U%2B1AFF2.svg/23px-U%2B1AFF2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/U%2B1AFF2.svg/30px-U%2B1AFF2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><br />アㇰ<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U%2B1AFF2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/U%2B1AFF2.svg/15px-U%2B1AFF2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/U%2B1AFF2.svg/23px-U%2B1AFF2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/U%2B1AFF2.svg/30px-U%2B1AFF2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><br />アァ<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U%2B1AFF2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/U%2B1AFF2.svg/15px-U%2B1AFF2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/U%2B1AFF2.svg/23px-U%2B1AFF2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/U%2B1AFF2.svg/30px-U%2B1AFF2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td> <td>アア<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U%2B1AFF3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/U%2B1AFF3.svg/15px-U%2B1AFF3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/U%2B1AFF3.svg/23px-U%2B1AFF3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/U%2B1AFF3.svg/30px-U%2B1AFF3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td> <td></td> <td>アア<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U%2B1AFF5.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/U%2B1AFF5.svg/15px-U%2B1AFF5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/U%2B1AFF5.svg/23px-U%2B1AFF5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/U%2B1AFF5.svg/30px-U%2B1AFF5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td> <td>アㇷ゚<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U%2B1AFF6.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/U%2B1AFF6.svg/15px-U%2B1AFF6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/U%2B1AFF6.svg/23px-U%2B1AFF6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/U%2B1AFF6.svg/30px-U%2B1AFF6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><br />アッ<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U%2B1AFF6.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/U%2B1AFF6.svg/15px-U%2B1AFF6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/U%2B1AFF6.svg/23px-U%2B1AFF6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/U%2B1AFF6.svg/30px-U%2B1AFF6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><br />アㇰ<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U%2B1AFF6.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/U%2B1AFF6.svg/15px-U%2B1AFF6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/U%2B1AFF6.svg/23px-U%2B1AFF6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/U%2B1AFF6.svg/30px-U%2B1AFF6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><br />アァ<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U%2B1AFF6.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/U%2B1AFF6.svg/15px-U%2B1AFF6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/U%2B1AFF6.svg/23px-U%2B1AFF6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/U%2B1AFF6.svg/30px-U%2B1AFF6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_kana" title="Taiwanese kana">Taiwanese kana</a><br />(nasal vowels)</td> <td>アア<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U%2B1AFF7.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/U%2B1AFF7.svg/15px-U%2B1AFF7.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/U%2B1AFF7.svg/23px-U%2B1AFF7.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/U%2B1AFF7.svg/30px-U%2B1AFF7.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td> <td>アア<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U%2B1AFF8.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/U%2B1AFF8.svg/15px-U%2B1AFF8.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/U%2B1AFF8.svg/23px-U%2B1AFF8.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/U%2B1AFF8.svg/30px-U%2B1AFF8.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td> <td>アア<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U%2B1AFF9.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/U%2B1AFF9.svg/15px-U%2B1AFF9.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/U%2B1AFF9.svg/23px-U%2B1AFF9.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/U%2B1AFF9.svg/30px-U%2B1AFF9.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td> <td>アㇷ゚<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U%2B1AFFA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/U%2B1AFFA.svg/15px-U%2B1AFFA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/U%2B1AFFA.svg/23px-U%2B1AFFA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/U%2B1AFFA.svg/30px-U%2B1AFFA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><br />アッ<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U%2B1AFFA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/U%2B1AFFA.svg/15px-U%2B1AFFA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/U%2B1AFFA.svg/23px-U%2B1AFFA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/U%2B1AFFA.svg/30px-U%2B1AFFA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><br />アㇰ<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U%2B1AFFA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/U%2B1AFFA.svg/15px-U%2B1AFFA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/U%2B1AFFA.svg/23px-U%2B1AFFA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/U%2B1AFFA.svg/30px-U%2B1AFFA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><br />アァ<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U%2B1AFFA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/U%2B1AFFA.svg/15px-U%2B1AFFA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/U%2B1AFFA.svg/23px-U%2B1AFFA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/U%2B1AFFA.svg/30px-U%2B1AFFA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td> <td>アア<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U%2B1AFFB.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/U%2B1AFFB.svg/15px-U%2B1AFFB.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/U%2B1AFFB.svg/23px-U%2B1AFFB.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/U%2B1AFFB.svg/30px-U%2B1AFFB.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td> <td></td> <td>アア<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U%2B1AFFD.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/U%2B1AFFD.svg/15px-U%2B1AFFD.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/U%2B1AFFD.svg/23px-U%2B1AFFD.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/U%2B1AFFD.svg/30px-U%2B1AFFD.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td> <td>アㇷ゚<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U%2B1AFFE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/U%2B1AFFE.svg/15px-U%2B1AFFE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/U%2B1AFFE.svg/23px-U%2B1AFFE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/U%2B1AFFE.svg/30px-U%2B1AFFE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><br />アッ<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U%2B1AFFE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/U%2B1AFFE.svg/15px-U%2B1AFFE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/U%2B1AFFE.svg/23px-U%2B1AFFE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/U%2B1AFFE.svg/30px-U%2B1AFFE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><br />アㇰ<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U%2B1AFFE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/U%2B1AFFE.svg/15px-U%2B1AFFE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/U%2B1AFFE.svg/23px-U%2B1AFFE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/U%2B1AFFE.svg/30px-U%2B1AFFE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><br />アァ<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U%2B1AFFE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/U%2B1AFFE.svg/15px-U%2B1AFFE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/U%2B1AFFE.svg/23px-U%2B1AFFE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/U%2B1AFFE.svg/30px-U%2B1AFFE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Phonetic_Symbols" title="Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols">Extended</a> <a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">bopomofo</a></td> <td>ㄚ</td> <td>ㄚˋ</td> <td>ㄚ˪</td> <td>ㄚㆴ<br />ㄚㆵ<br />ㄚㆻ<br />ㄚㆷ</td> <td>ㄚˊ</td> <td></td> <td>ㄚ˫</td> <td>ㄚㆴ˙<br />ㄚㆵ˙<br />ㄚㆻ˙<br />ㄚㆷ˙</td> <td> </td> <td>  </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Tâi-lô</a></td> <td>a</td> <td>á</td> <td>à</td> <td>ah</td> <td>â</td> <td>ǎ</td> <td>ā</td> <td>a̍h</td> <td>a̋</td> <td>--ah </td></tr> <tr> <td>Example<br />(<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>) </td> <td>公<span style="color: darkred">司</span> </td> <td>報<span style="color: darkred">紙</span> </td> <td>興<span style="color: darkred">趣</span> </td> <td>血<span style="color: darkred">壓</span><br />警<span style="color: darkred">察</span><br />中<span style="color: darkred">國</span><br />牛<span style="color: darkred">肉</span> </td> <td>人<span style="color: darkred">員</span> </td> <td>老<span style="color: darkred">爸</span> </td> <td>草<span style="color: darkred">地</span> </td> <td>配<span style="color: darkred">合</span><br />法<span style="color: darkred">律</span><br />文<span style="color: darkred">學</span><br />歇<span style="color: darkred">熱</span> </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">昨昏</span> </td> <td>入<span style="color: darkred">去</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Example<br />(<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>) </td> <td>公<span style="color: darkred">司</span> </td> <td>报<span style="color: darkred">纸</span> </td> <td>兴<span style="color: darkred">趣</span> </td> <td>血<span style="color: darkred">压</span><br />警<span style="color: darkred">察</span><br />中<span style="color: darkred">国</span><br />牛<span style="color: darkred">肉</span> </td> <td>人<span style="color: darkred">员</span> </td> <td>老<span style="color: darkred">爸</span> </td> <td>草<span style="color: darkred">地</span> </td> <td>配<span style="color: darkred">合</span><br />法<span style="color: darkred">律</span><br />文<span style="color: darkred">学</span><br />歇<span style="color: darkred">热</span> </td> <td><span style="color: darkred">昨昏</span> </td> <td>入<span style="color: darkred">去</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Note: <i>The <a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">bopomofo</a> extended characters in the <a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">zhuyin</a> row require a UTF-8 font capable of displaying <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> values <a href="/wiki/Unicode_font#2E00-4DBF" title="Unicode font">31A0–31B7</a> (ex. <a href="/wiki/Code2000" title="Code2000">Code2000</a> true type font).</i></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computing">Computing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_Hokkien&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Computing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pa-khek-le_Kau-hoe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Pa-khek-le_Kau-hoe.jpg/220px-Pa-khek-le_Kau-hoe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Pa-khek-le_Kau-hoe.jpg/330px-Pa-khek-le_Kau-hoe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Pa-khek-le_Kau-hoe.jpg/440px-Pa-khek-le_Kau-hoe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="683" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>Pe̍h-ōe-jī inscription at a church in <a href="/wiki/Tainan" title="Tainan">Tâi-lâm</a> commemorating <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Barclay_(missionary)" title="Thomas Barclay (missionary)">Thomas Barclay</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many <a href="/wiki/Keyboard_layout" title="Keyboard layout">keyboard layouts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_input_methods_for_computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese input methods for computers">input methods</a> for entering either Latin or Han characters in Taiwanese are available. Some of them are free of charge, and some are commercial. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Min_Nan" class="mw-redirect" title="Min Nan">Min Nan</a> dialect group is registered per <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/RFC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="RFC (identifier)">RFC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc3066">3066</a> as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/assignments/lang-tags/zh-min-nan">zh-min-nan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taiwanese Min Nan can be represented as 'zh-min-nan-TW'. </p><p>When writing Taiwanese in Han characters, some writers create 'new' characters when they consider it is impossible to use directly or borrow existing ones; this corresponds to similar practices in character usage in <a href="/wiki/Written_Cantonese" title="Written Cantonese">Cantonese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chu_nom" class="mw-redirect" title="Chu nom">Vietnamese chữ nôm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Korean hanja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Japanese kanji</a>. These are usually not encoded in <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> (or the corresponding ISO/IEC 10646: <a href="/wiki/Universal_Character_Set" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Character Set">Universal Character Set</a>), thus creating problems in computer processing. </p><p>All Latin characters required by Pe̍h-ōe-jī can be represented using <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> (or the corresponding ISO/IEC 10646: <a href="/wiki/Universal_character_set" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal character set">Universal character set</a>), using precomposed or combining (diacritics) characters. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/O%CD%98" title="O͘">O͘</a></div> <p>Prior to June 2004, the vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɔ]</span> akin to but more open than ⟨o⟩, written with a 'dot above right', was not encoded. The usual workaround was to use the (stand-alone; spacing) character '<a href="/wiki/Interpunct" title="Interpunct">middle dot</a>' (U+00B7, ⟨·⟩) or, less commonly, the combining character 'dot above' (U+0307). As these are far from ideal, since 1997, proposals have been submitted to the ISO/IEC <a href="/wiki/Working_group" title="Working group">working group</a> in charge of ISO/IEC 10646 – namely, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070628163947/http://anubis.dkuug.dk/JTC1/SC2/wg2/">ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2</a> – to encode a new combining character 'dot above right'. This is now officially assigned to U+0358 (see documents <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.evertype.com/standards/la/taioan.html">N1593</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311082219/http://anubis.dkuug.dk/JTC1/SC2/WG2/docs/n2507">N2507</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060928065416/http://anubis.dkuug.dk/JTC1/SC2/WG2/docs/n2628">N2628</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://std.dkuug.dk/jtc1/sc2/wg2/docs/n2699">N2699</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://std.dkuug.dk/JTC1/sc2/wg2/docs/N2770r.pdf">N2770</a>). Font support has followed: for example, in <a href="/wiki/Charis_SIL" title="Charis SIL">Charis SIL</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sociolinguistics">Sociolinguistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_Hokkien&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sociolinguistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_variations">Regional variations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_Hokkien&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Regional variations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taiwanese_Hokkien_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Taiwanese_Hokkien_Map.svg/220px-Taiwanese_Hokkien_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Taiwanese_Hokkien_Map.svg/330px-Taiwanese_Hokkien_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Taiwanese_Hokkien_Map.svg/440px-Taiwanese_Hokkien_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of Taiwanese:<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff8080; color:black;"> </span> Quanzhou dialect predominant</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#8080ff; color:black;"> </span> Zhangzhou dialect predominant</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ff80ff; color:black;"> </span> Both Quanzhou and Zhangzhou dialects</div> </figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Prestige_(sociolinguistics)" title="Prestige (sociolinguistics)">prestige variant</a> of Taiwanese Hokkien is the southern speech found in <a href="/wiki/Tainan" title="Tainan">Tainan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kaohsiung" title="Kaohsiung">Kaohsiung</a>. Other major variants are the northern speech, the central speech (near <a href="/wiki/Taichung" title="Taichung">Taichung</a> and the port town of <a href="/wiki/Lukang,_Changhua" class="mw-redirect" title="Lukang, Changhua">Lukang</a>), and the northern (northeastern) coastal speech (dominant in <a href="/wiki/Yilan_County,_Taiwan" title="Yilan County, Taiwan">Yilan</a>). </p><p>The distinguishing feature of the coastal speech is the use of the vowel <span class="nowrap">⟨uiⁿ⟩</span> in place of <span class="nowrap">⟨ng⟩</span>. The northern speech is distinguished by the absence of the <a href="#Tones">8th tone</a>, and some vowel exchanges (for example, <span class="nowrap">⟨i⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨u⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨e⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨oe⟩</span>). The central speech has an additional vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɨ]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ø]</span> between <span class="nowrap">⟨i⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨u⟩</span>, which may be represented as <span class="nowrap">⟨ö⟩</span>. There are also a number of other pronunciation and lexical differences between the Taiwanese variants; the online Ministry of Education dictionary specifies these to a resolution of eight regions on Taiwan proper, in addition to <a href="/wiki/Kinmen" title="Kinmen">Kinmen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Penghu" title="Penghu">Penghu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Concerning the fifth (rising) tone in normal sandhi patterns, the Quanzhou/Coastal/Northern dialects change to the seventh (mid-level) tone, whereas the Zhangzhou/"Mixed"/Southern dialects change to the third (low falling) tone. </p><p>Certain new north–south distinctions have appeared in recent decades.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fourth and eighth tones tend to be reversed in the north and south.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (November 2016)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quanzhou–Zhangzhou_inclinations"><span id="Quanzhou.E2.80.93Zhangzhou_inclinations"></span>Quanzhou–Zhangzhou inclinations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_Hokkien&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Quanzhou–Zhangzhou inclinations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> immigrants to Taiwan originated from <a href="/wiki/Quanzhou" title="Quanzhou">Quanzhou</a> prefecture (44.8%) and <a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou" title="Zhangzhou">Zhangzhou</a> prefecture (35.2%).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The original phonology from these regions was spread around Taiwan during the immigration process. With the advanced development of transportation and greater mobility of the Taiwanese population, Taiwanese speech has steered itself towards a mixture of Quanzhou and Zhangzhou speech, known as <i>Chiang–Chôan-lām</i> (漳泉濫, in Mandarin <i>Zhāng–Quán làn</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAng1987_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAng1987-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to different proportions of the mixture, some regions are inclined more towards the Quanzhou accent, while others are inclined more towards the Zhangzhou accent. </p><p>In general, the Quanzhou accent is more common along the coastal region and is known as the <i>hái-kháu</i> accent; the Zhangzhou accent is more common within the mountainous region of Taiwan and is known as the <i>lāi-po͘</i> accent. The regional variation within Taiwanese may be attributed to variations in the mixture of Quanzhou and Zhangzhou accents and/or lexicons. It ranges from Lukang accent (based on Quanzhou accent) on one end to the northern coastal <a href="/wiki/Yilan_City" title="Yilan City">Yilan</a> accent (based on Zhangzhou accent) on another end. Tainan, Kaohsiung, and Taitung accents, on the other hand, are closest to the prestige accent. </p> <b><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Variations in Taiwanese Hokkien accents</div></b> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin:1em auto 1em auto"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background:#FFA000; color:black"><a href="/wiki/Quanzhou" title="Quanzhou">Quanzhou</a> accent </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#fc0;"><a href="/wiki/Lukang,_Changhua" class="mw-redirect" title="Lukang, Changhua">Lukang</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#fc6;"><a href="/wiki/Penghu" title="Penghu">Penghu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taixi,_Yunlin" title="Taixi, Yunlin">Taixi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dajia_District" title="Dajia District">Dajia</a>—<a href="/wiki/Budai,_Chiayi" title="Budai, Chiayi">Budai</a> coastal region (<i>hái-kháu</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#fc9;"><a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hsinchu" title="Hsinchu">Hsinchu</a> (very similar to <a href="/wiki/Tong%27an,_Xiamen" title="Tong'an, Xiamen">Tong'an</a> accent) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#fcc;"><a href="/wiki/Chiayi" title="Chiayi">Chiayi</a>—<a href="/wiki/Kaohsiung" title="Kaohsiung">Kaohsiung</a> surrounding <p>area, <a href="/wiki/Taitung_City" title="Taitung City">Taitung</a> (similar to <a href="/wiki/Amoy_dialect" title="Amoy dialect">Amoy</a> accent) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#fcf;"><a href="/wiki/Taichung_Basin" title="Taichung Basin">Taichung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Changhua_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Changhua City">Changhua</a>—<a href="/wiki/Yunlin_County" title="Yunlin County">Yunlin</a> inland area, <a href="/wiki/Taoyuan,_Taiwan" title="Taoyuan, Taiwan">North Taoyuan</a> (<i>lāi-po͘</i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background:#c9f;"><a href="/wiki/Yilan_City" title="Yilan City">Yilan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#BBA1CB; color:black"><a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou" title="Zhangzhou">Zhangzhou</a> accent </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Recent_terminological_distinctions">Recent terminological distinctions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_Hokkien&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Recent terminological distinctions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recent research has found a need for new terminology of Taiwanese dialects, mainly because the Quanzhou and Zhangzhou dialects in Taiwan developed independently from those in Fujian. Thus, some scholars (i.e., Klöter, following <span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">董忠司</span></span>) have divided Taiwanese into five subdialects, based on geographic region:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlöter20054_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlöter20054-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li><i>hái-kháu</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">海口腔</span></span>): west coast, based on what was formerly referred to as Quanzhou dialect (represented by the Lukang accent)</li> <li><i>phian-hái</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">偏海腔</span></span>): coastal (represented by the Nanliao (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">南寮</span></span>) accent)</li> <li><i>lāi-po͘</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">內埔腔</span></span>): western inner plain, mountain regions, based on the Zhangzhou dialect (represented by the Yilan accent)</li> <li><i>phian-lāi</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">偏內腔</span></span>): interior (represented by the <a href="/wiki/Taibao" title="Taibao">Taibao</a> accent)</li> <li><i>thong-hêng</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">通行腔</span></span>): common accents (represented by the Taipei (spec. <a href="/wiki/Datong_District,_Taipei" title="Datong District, Taipei">Datong</a>) accent in the north and the Tainan accent in the south)</li></ol> <p>Both <i>phian-hái</i> and <i>phian-lāi</i> are intermediate dialects between <i>hái-kháu</i> and <i>lāi-po͘</i>, these also known as <i>thong-hêng</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">通行腔</span></span>) or "<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">不泉不漳</span></span>". In some ways this mixed dialect is similar to the Amoy dialect, which itself is a blend of Quanzhou and Zhangzhou speech. The common dialect refers to that which can be heard on radio, television, official announcements, etc.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fluency">Fluency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_Hokkien&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Fluency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A great majority of people in Taiwan can speak both <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a> and Hokkien, but the degree of fluency varies widely.<sup id="cite_ref-housing_census_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-housing_census-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are, however, small but significant numbers of people in Taiwan, mainly but not exclusively <a href="/wiki/Hakka_people" title="Hakka people">Hakka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waishengren" title="Waishengren">Mainlanders</a>, who cannot speak Taiwanese fluently. A shrinking percentage of the population, mainly people born before the 1950s, cannot speak Mandarin at all or learned to speak Mandarin later in life, though some of these speak Japanese fluently. Urban, working-class Hakkas, as well as younger, southern-Taiwan Mainlanders, tend to have better, even native-like fluency. Approximately half of the Hakka in Taiwan do speak Taiwanese. There are many families of mixed Hakka, Hoklo, and <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_aborigines" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese aborigines">Aboriginal</a> bloodlines. There is, however, a large percentage of people in Taiwan, regardless of their background, whose ability to understand and read written Taiwanese is greater than their ability to speak it. This is the case with some singers who can sing Taiwanese songs with native-like proficiency but can neither speak nor understand the language. </p><p>Which variant is used depends strongly on the context, and in general, people will use Mandarin in more formal situations and Taiwanese in more informal situations. Taiwanese tends to get used more in <a href="/wiki/Rural" class="mw-redirect" title="Rural">rural</a> areas, while Mandarin is used more in <a href="/wiki/Urban_area" title="Urban area">urban</a> settings. Older people tend to use Taiwanese, while younger people tend to use Mandarin. In the broadcast media where Mandarin is used in many genres, <a href="/wiki/Soap_opera" title="Soap opera">soap opera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Variety_show" title="Variety show">variety shows</a>, and even some news programs can also be found in Taiwanese. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Special_literary_and_art_forms">Special literary and art forms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_Hokkien&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Special literary and art forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Chhit-jī-á</i> (literally, "that which has seven syllables") is a <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetic</a> <a href="/wiki/Meter_(poetry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meter (poetry)">meter</a> where each verse has 7 syllables. </p><p>There is a special form of <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">musical</a>/<a href="/wiki/Drama" title="Drama">dramatic</a> performance <i>koa-á-hì</i>: the <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_opera" title="Taiwanese opera">Taiwanese opera</a>; the subject matter is usually a <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">historical event</a>. A similar form <i>pò͘-tē-hì</i> (<a href="/wiki/Glove_puppetry" title="Glove puppetry">glove puppetry</a>) is also unique and has been elaborated in the past two decades into impressive <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">televised</a> spectacles. </p><p>See <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_cuisine" title="Taiwanese cuisine">Taiwanese cuisine</a> for names of several local dishes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bible_translations">Bible translations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_Hokkien&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Bible translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bible_translations_into_the_languages_of_Taiwan#Taiwanese" title="Bible translations into the languages of Taiwan">Bible translations into the languages of Taiwan § Taiwanese</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bibles_in_Taiwanese.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bibles_in_Taiwanese.jpg/220px-Bibles_in_Taiwanese.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bibles_in_Taiwanese.jpg/330px-Bibles_in_Taiwanese.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Bibles_in_Taiwanese.jpg/440px-Bibles_in_Taiwanese.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>A collection of translations of the Bible in Taiwanese. Top left, <i>Today's Taiwanese</i> version; top right, the Red-Cover Bible; bottom, Barclay's translation.</figcaption></figure> <p>As with many other languages, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Bible_Translations" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Bible Translations">translations of the Bible</a> in Taiwan marked milestones in the standardization attempts of the language and its orthography. </p><p>The first translation of the Bible in Amoy or Taiwanese in the Pe̍h-ōe-jī orthography was by the first missionary to Taiwan, <a href="/wiki/James_Laidlaw_Maxwell" title="James Laidlaw Maxwell">James Laidlaw Maxwell</a>, with the New Testament <i>Lán ê Kiù-chú Iâ-so͘ Ki-tok ê Sin-iok</i> published in 1873 and the Old Testament <i>Kū-iok ê Sèng Keng</i> in 1884. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taiwanese_Bible_Chim-gian_1933.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Taiwanese_Bible_Chim-gian_1933.jpg/220px-Taiwanese_Bible_Chim-gian_1933.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Taiwanese_Bible_Chim-gian_1933.jpg/330px-Taiwanese_Bible_Chim-gian_1933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Taiwanese_Bible_Chim-gian_1933.jpg/440px-Taiwanese_Bible_Chim-gian_1933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A copy of Barclay's Amoy translation, opened to the Proverbs.</figcaption></figure> <p>The next translation of the Bible in Taiwanese or Amoy was by the missionary to Taiwan, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Barclay_(missionary)" title="Thomas Barclay (missionary)">Thomas Barclay</a>, carried out in Fujian and Taiwan.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A New Testament translation was completed and published in 1916. The resulting work containing the Old and the New Testaments, in the <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a> orthography, was completed in 1930 and published in 1933 as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amoy_Romanized_Bible&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amoy Romanized Bible (page does not exist)">Amoy Romanized Bible</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sin-k%C5%AB-iok_%C3%AA_S%C3%A8ng-keng" class="extiw" title="nan:Sin-kū-iok ê Sèng-keng">nan</a>]</span> (Pe̍h-ōe-jī: <i><span lang="nan-Latn">Sin-kū-iok ê Sèng-keng</span></i>). 2000 copies of the Amoy Romanized Bible were confiscated by the Taiwan Garrison from the Bible Society of Taiwan in 1975. This edition was later transliterated into Han characters and published as <a href="/w/index.php?title=S%C3%A8ng-keng_T%C3%A2i-g%C3%AD_H%C3%A0n-j%C4%AB_P%C3%BAn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sèng-keng Tâi-gí Hàn-jī Pún (page does not exist)">Sèng-keng Tâi-gí Hàn-jī Pún</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8ng-keng_T%C3%A2i-g%C3%AD_H%C3%A0n-j%C4%AB_P%C3%BAn" class="extiw" title="nan:Sèng-keng Tâi-gí Hàn-jī Pún">nan</a>]</span> (<span lang="zh-Hant">聖經台語漢字本</span>) in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ang-phoe_Seng-keng_te-571-bin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Ang-phoe_Seng-keng_te-571-bin.jpg/220px-Ang-phoe_Seng-keng_te-571-bin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Ang-phoe_Seng-keng_te-571-bin.jpg/330px-Ang-phoe_Seng-keng_te-571-bin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Ang-phoe_Seng-keng_te-571-bin.jpg/440px-Ang-phoe_Seng-keng_te-571-bin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="958" /></a><figcaption>A page from the Red-Cover Bible</figcaption></figure> <p>The Ko–Tân (<a href="/wiki/Kerygma" title="Kerygma">Kerygma</a>) Colloquial Taiwanese Version of the New Testament (<i>Sin-iok</i>) in Pe̍h-ōe-jī, also known as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Red_Cover_Bible&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Red Cover Bible (page does not exist)">Red Cover Bible</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%82ng-pho%C3%AA_S%C3%A8ng-keng" class="extiw" title="nan:Âng-phoê Sèng-keng">nan</a>]</span> (<i><span lang="nan-Latn">Âng-phoê Sèng-keng</span></i>), was published in 1973 as an ecumenical effort between the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Taiwan" title="Presbyterian Church in Taiwan">Presbyterian Church in Taiwan</a> and the Roman Catholic mission <a href="/wiki/Maryknoll" title="Maryknoll">Maryknoll</a>. This translation used a more modern vocabulary (somewhat influenced by Mandarin), and reflected the central Taiwan dialect, as the Maryknoll mission was based near <a href="/wiki/Taichung" title="Taichung">Tâi-tiong</a>. It was soon confiscated by the Kuomintang government (which objected to the use of Latin orthography) in 1975. </p><p>A translation using the principle of <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_and_formal_equivalence" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic and formal equivalence">functional equivalence</a>, "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Today%27s_Taiwanese_Romanized_Version&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Today's Taiwanese Romanized Version (page does not exist)">Today's Taiwanese Romanized Version</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%C4%81n-t%C4%81i_T%C3%A2i-g%C3%BA_E%CC%8Dk-p%C3%BAn" class="extiw" title="nan:Hiān-tāi Tâi-gú E̍k-pún">nan</a>]</span>" (<span lang="zh-Hant">現代台語譯本</span>; <i><span lang="nan-Latn">Hiān-tāi Tâi-gú E̍k-pún</span></i>), containing only the New Testament, again in Pe̍h-ōe-jī, was published in 2008<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a collaboration between the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Taiwan" title="Presbyterian Church in Taiwan">Presbyterian Church in Taiwan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bible_Society_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Bible Society in Taiwan">Bible Society in Taiwan</a>; a parallel-text version with both Han-character and Pe̍h-ōe-jī orthographies was published in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A translation of the Old Testament following the same principle was completed and the whole Bible was published in 2021 as a parallel-text volume.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another translation using the principle of functional equivalence, "Common Taiwanese Bible" (<i><span lang="nan-Latn">Choân-bîn Tâi-gí Sèng-keng</span></i>), with versions of Pe̍h-ōe-jī, Han characters and Ruby version (both Han characters and Pe̍h-ōe-jī) was published in 2015, available in printed and online.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Translation<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">John</a> <a href="/wiki/John_3:16" title="John 3:16">3:16</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1933 Taiwanese Bible Romanized Character Edition (Thomas Barclay)<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>In-ūi Siōng-tè chiong to̍k-siⁿ ê Kiáⁿ siúⁿ-sù sè-kan, hō͘ kìⁿ-nā sìn I ê lâng bōe tîm-lûn, ōe tit-tio̍h éng-oa̍h; I thiàⁿ sè-kan kàu án-ni. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1973 Ko–Tân/Kerygma “Red Cover Bible” (Âng-phoê Sèng-keng) </td> <td>Siōng-chú chiah-ni̍h thiàⁿ sè-kan-lâng, só͘-í chiah chiong I ê Ko͘-kiáⁿ siúⁿ-sù in, thang hō͘ só͘ ū sìn I ê lâng m̄-bián bia̍t-bông, lâi tit-tio̍h éng-seng. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1996 Taiwanese Bible Han Character Edition<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>因為上帝將獨生的子賞賜世間，互見若信伊的人，𣍐沈淪，會得著永活，伊疼世間到按呢。 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2013 ≈ 2021 Today’s Taiwanese Romanized Version (Hiān-tāi Tâi-gú E̍k-pún) </td> <td>Siōng-tè liân I to̍k-it ê Kiáⁿ to sù hō͘ sè-kan, beh hō͘ ta̍k ê sìn I ê lâng bián bia̍t-bông, hoán-tńg tit-tio̍h éng-oán ê oa̍h-miā, I chiah-ni̍h thiàⁿ sè-kan! </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015 Common Taiwanese Bible" (Choân-bîn Tâi-gí Sèng-keng) </td> <td>Siōng-tè chiah-ni̍h thiàⁿ sè-kan, sīm-chì siúⁿ-sù to̍k-seⁿ Kiáⁿ, hō͘ só͘-ū sìn I ê lâng bē tîm-lûn, hoán-tńg ē tit tio̍h éng-oán ê oa̍h-miā. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_Hokkien&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banning_of_POJ.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Banning_of_POJ.gif/220px-Banning_of_POJ.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Banning_of_POJ.gif/330px-Banning_of_POJ.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Banning_of_POJ.gif/440px-Banning_of_POJ.gif 2x" data-file-width="1160" data-file-height="1392" /></a><figcaption>A decree (1955) banning the use of Pe̍h-ōe-jī, a Latin orthography for Taiwanese, in church.</figcaption></figure> <p>Until the 1980s, the use of Taiwanese Hokkien, along with all <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">varieties</a> other than <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Mandarin</a>, was discouraged by the Kuomintang through measures such as banning its use in schools and limiting the amount of Taiwanese broadcast on radio and television. These restrictions were lifted by the 1990s, and the Taiwanese became an emblem of <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_localization_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese localization movement">localization</a>. Mandarin remains the predominant language of education, but Taiwanese schools have a "mother tongue" language requirement which can be satisfied with students' choice of the mother tongue: Taiwanese, Hakka, or <a href="/wiki/Formosan_languages" title="Formosan languages">indigenous languages</a>. </p><p>Although the use of Taiwanese Hokkien over Mandarin was historically part of the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_independence_movement" title="Taiwan independence movement">Taiwan independence movement</a>, the linkage between politics and language is not as strong as it once was. Some fluency in Taiwanese Hokkien is desirable for political office in Taiwan for both independence and unificationist politicians. At the same time, even some supporters of Taiwan's independence have played down its connection with the Taiwanese in order to gain the support of the <a href="/wiki/Waishengren" title="Waishengren">Mainlanders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hakka_people" title="Hakka people">Hakka people</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/James_Soong" title="James Soong">James Soong</a> restricted the use of Taiwanese Hokkien and other local tongues in broadcasting while serving as Director of the <a href="/wiki/Government_Information_Office" title="Government Information Office">Government Information Office</a> earlier in his career, but later became one of the first politicians of Mainlander origin to use it in semi-formal occasions.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Synthesis_of_published_material" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="The material near this tag may be based upon an improper synthesis of sources. (August 2016)">improper synthesis?</span></a></i>]</sup> Since then, politicians opposed to Taiwanese independence have used it frequently in rallies, even when they are not native speakers. Conversely, politicians who have traditionally been identified with Taiwan's independence have used Mandarin on formal occasions and semi-formal occasions such as press conferences. An example of the latter is former President <a href="/wiki/Chen_Shui-bian" title="Chen Shui-bian">Chen Shui-bian</a>, who uses Mandarin in all official state speeches but uses mainly Taiwanese in political rallies and some informal state occasions such as New Year greetings. The current <a href="/wiki/President_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="President of Taiwan">President of Taiwan</a> and of the (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party" title="Democratic Progressive Party">DPP</a>), <a href="/wiki/Tsai_Ing-wen" title="Tsai Ing-wen">Tsai Ing-wen</a> has been criticized by her supporters for not using Taiwanese in speeches.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Former President <a href="/wiki/Ma_Ying-jeou" title="Ma Ying-jeou">Ma Ying-jeou</a> spoke in Taiwanese during his 2008 <a href="/wiki/Double_Ten_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Double Ten Day">Double Ten Day</a> speech when he was talking about the state of the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Taiwan" title="Economy of Taiwan">economy in Taiwan</a>. </p><p>In the early 21st century, there are few differences in language usage between the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_unification" title="Chinese unification">pro-unification</a> leaning <a href="/wiki/Pan-Blue_Coalition" title="Pan-Blue Coalition">Pan-Blue Coalition</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_independence_movement" title="Taiwan independence movement">independence</a> leaning <a href="/wiki/Pan-Green_Coalition" title="Pan-Green Coalition">Pan-Green Coalition</a>. Both tend to use Taiwanese at political rallies and sometimes in informal interviews, and both tend to use Mandarin at formal press conferences and official state functions. Both also tend to use more Mandarin in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Taiwan">Northern Taiwan</a> and more Taiwanese in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Taiwan">Southern Taiwan</a>. However, at official party gatherings (as opposed to both Mandarin-leaning state functions and Taiwanese-leaning party rallies), the DPP tends to use Taiwanese while KMT and <a href="/wiki/PFP_(Taiwan)" class="mw-redirect" title="PFP (Taiwan)">PFP</a> tend to use Mandarin. The <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Solidarity_Union" title="Taiwan Solidarity Union">Taiwan Solidarity Union</a>, which advocates a strong line on Taiwan independence, tends to use Taiwanese even in formal press conferences. In speaking, politicians will frequently <a href="/wiki/Code-switching" title="Code-switching">code switch</a>. In writing, almost everyone uses <a href="/wiki/Written_vernacular_Chinese" title="Written vernacular Chinese">vernacular Mandarin</a> which is further from Taiwanese, and the use of semi-alphabetic writing or even <a href="/wiki/Written_Hokkien#Chinese_characters" title="Written Hokkien">colloquial Taiwanese characters</a> is rare.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2002, the Taiwan Solidarity Union, a party with about 10% of the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Yuan" title="Legislative Yuan">Legislative Yuan</a> seats at the time, suggested making Taiwanese Hokkien a second official language.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This proposal encountered strong opposition not only from Mainlander groups but also from Hakka and aboriginal groups who felt that it would slight their home languages, as well as others including <a href="/wiki/Hoklo_people" title="Hoklo people">Hoklo</a> who objected to the proposal on logistical grounds and on the grounds that it would increase ethnic tensions. Because of these objections, support for this measure is lukewarm among moderate Taiwan independence supporters, and the proposal did not pass. </p><p>In 2003, there was a controversy when parts of the civil service examination for judges were written in characters used only in Taiwanese Hokkien.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After strong objections, these questions were not used in scoring. As with the official-language controversy, objections to the use of Taiwanese came not only from Mainlander groups but also Hoklo, Hakka, and aborigines. The <a href="/wiki/Control_Yuan" title="Control Yuan">Control Yuan</a> later created a rule that only allowed Standard Mandarin characters on civil service exams. According to public opinion surveys in 2008, more people supported making English a second official language than Taiwanese.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Taiwan" title="Languages of Taiwan">Languages of Taiwan</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mother_tongue_movement">Mother tongue movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_Hokkien&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Mother tongue movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_localization_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese localization movement">Taiwanization</a> developed in the 1990s into a '<a href="/wiki/Mother_tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother tongue">mother tongue</a> revival movement' aiming to save, preserve, and develop the local ethnic culture and language of Holo (Taiwanese), Hakka, and aborigines. The effort to <a href="/wiki/Language_revitalization" title="Language revitalization">save declining languages</a> has since allowed them to revive and flourish. In 1993, Taiwan became the first country in the world to implement the teaching of Taiwanese Hokkien in schools. By 2001, Taiwanese languages such as Taiwanese Hokkien, Hakka, and indigenous languages were taught in all Taiwanese schools.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (March 2016)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (March 2016)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Taiwanese_Hokkien#Dubious" title="Talk:Taiwanese Hokkien">discuss</a></i>]</sup> Since the 2000s, elementary school students are required to take a class in either Taiwanese, Hakka or aboriginal languages.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELin2002_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELin2002-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (March 2016)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Taiwanese_Hokkien#Dubious" title="Talk:Taiwanese Hokkien">discuss</a></i>]</sup> In junior high this is usually an available <a href="/wiki/Course_(education)#Elective_and_required_courses" title="Course (education)">elective</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taiwan also has its own <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_literature_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwan literature movement">literary circle</a> whereby Hokkien poets and writers compose poetry and literature in Taiwanese on a regular basis. </p><p>As a result of the mother tongue movement, Taiwan has emerged as a significant cultural hub for Hokkien in the world in the 21st century. It also plans to be the major export center for <a href="/wiki/Hokkien_culture" title="Hokkien culture">Hokkien culture</a> worldwide in the 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_Hokkien&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_language plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice skin-invert-image" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/50px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/75px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Translation_to_english_arrow.svg/100px-Translation_to_english_arrow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="font-size:100%; padding: 0px;"><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center; padding-right: 3em; font-weight: normal; text-align: left">You can help <b>expand this section with text translated from <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E8%A9%B1" class="extiw" title="zh:臺灣話">the corresponding article</a> in Chinese</b>.  <i><small>(August 2020)</small></i> <small>Click [show] for important translation instructions.</small></div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li>Machine translation, like <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://deepl.com">DeepL</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/">Google Translate</a>, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia.</li> <li>Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.</li> <li>You <b>must</b> provide <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Copying_within_Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia:Copying within Wikipedia">copyright attribution</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Help:Edit_summary" title="Help:Edit summary">edit summary</a> accompanying your translation by providing an <a href="/wiki/Help:Interlanguage_links" title="Help:Interlanguage links">interlanguage link</a> to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is <code>Content in this edit is translated from the existing Chinese Wikipedia article at [[:zh:臺灣話]]; see its history for attribution.</code></li> <li>You may also add the template <code>{{Translated|zh|臺灣話}}</code> to the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Talk:Taiwanese Hokkien">talk page</a>.</li> <li>For more guidance, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation" title="Wikipedia:Translation">Wikipedia:Translation</a>.</li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Rainicorn" class="mw-redirect" title="Lady Rainicorn">Lady Rainicorn</a> for <i><a href="/wiki/Adventure_Time" title="Adventure Time">Adventure Time</a></i> broadcast by <a href="/wiki/Cartoon_Network_(Taiwanese_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cartoon Network (Taiwanese TV channel)">Cartoon Network Taiwan</a> used Taiwanese Hokkien for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Hanfei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Hanfei (page does not exist)">Li Hanfei</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">李涵菲</span></span>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scholarship">Scholarship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_Hokkien&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Scholarship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Klöter's <i>Written Taiwanese</i> (cited below) has been described as "the most comprehensive English-language study of written Taiwanese".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnow2004261_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESnow2004261-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_Hokkien&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Taiwan" title="Portal:Taiwan">Taiwan portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Globe_of_letters.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/28px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/42px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Globe_of_letters.svg/56px-Globe_of_letters.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Languages">Languages portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Taiwan" title="Languages of Taiwan">Languages of Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Min_Nan_Wikipedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Min Nan Wikipedia">Min Nan Wikipedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speak_Hokkien_Campaign" title="Speak Hokkien Campaign">Speak Hokkien Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_literature_movement" title="Taiwanese literature movement">Taiwanese literature movement</a></li> <li><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A2n-l%C3%A2m-g%C3%AD_G%C3%AD-gi%C3%A2n_L%C3%AAng-le%CC%8Dk_J%C4%ABn-ch%C3%A8ng" class="extiw" title="nan:Bân-lâm-gí Gí-giân Lêng-le̍k Jīn-chèng">Bân-lâm-gí Gí-giân Lêng-le̍k Jīn-chèng</a> (Taiwanese Hokkien Test) <span class="languageicon">(in Min Nan Chinese)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_Hokkien&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-minClassification-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-minClassification_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Min is believed to have split from Old Chinese, rather than Middle Chinese like other varieties of Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-glottoMin_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glottoMin-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">National language in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also statutory status in Taiwan as one of the languages for public transport announcements<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for the <a href="/wiki/Naturalization" title="Naturalization">naturalization</a> test.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-word1-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-word1_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Native Language</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Words_in_native_languages">Words in native languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_Hokkien&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Words in native languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-upper-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-word1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-word1_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese script</a>: <span class="nowrap"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant-TW">臺語</span></span></span></li><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hokkien</a>: <span title="Min Nan Chinese-language text"><i lang="nan-Latn-TW">Tâi-gí / Tâi-gú</i></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_Hokkien&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_Hokkien&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/24/language/nan">Taiwanese Hokkien</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (24th ed., 2021) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMei1970" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Mei_Tsu-lin" title="Mei Tsu-lin">Mei, Tsu-lin</a> (1970), "Tones and prosody in Middle Chinese and the origin of the rising tone", <i>Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies</i>, <b>30</b>: 86–110, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2718766">10.2307/2718766</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2718766">2718766</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Journal+of+Asiatic+Studies&rft.atitle=Tones+and+prosody+in+Middle+Chinese+and+the+origin+of+the+rising+tone&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=86-110&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2718766&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2718766%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mei&rft.aufirst=Tsu-lin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPulleyblank1984" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_G._Pulleyblank" title="Edwin G. Pulleyblank">Pulleyblank, Edwin G.</a> (1984), <i>Middle Chinese: A study in Historical Phonology</i>, Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, p. 3, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0192-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7748-0192-8"><bdi>978-0-7748-0192-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Middle+Chinese%3A+A+study+in+Historical+Phonology&rft.place=Vancouver&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=University+of+British+Columbia+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-7748-0192-8&rft.aulast=Pulleyblank&rft.aufirst=Edwin+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-glottoMin-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-glottoMin_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammarströmForkelHaspelmathBank2023" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harald_Hammarstr%C3%B6m" title="Harald Hammarström">Hammarström, Harald</a>; Forkel, Robert; <a href="/wiki/Martin_Haspelmath" title="Martin Haspelmath">Haspelmath, Martin</a>; Bank, Sebastian (10 July 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/minn1248">"Glottolog 4.8 - Min"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a>: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Evolutionary_Anthropology" title="Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology">Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.7398962">10.5281/zenodo.7398962</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231013171747/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/minn1248">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Glottolog&rft.atitle=Glottolog+4.8+-+Min&rft.date=2023-07-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5281%2Fzenodo.7398962&rft.aulast=Hammarstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft.au=Forkel%2C+Robert&rft.au=Haspelmath%2C+Martin&rft.au=Bank%2C+Sebastian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fglottolog.org%2Fresource%2Flanguoid%2Fid%2Fminn1248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://focustaiwan.tw/news/aedu/201812250018.aspx">"Draft national language development act clears legislative floor"</a>. <i>focustaiwan.tw</i>. 25 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=focustaiwan.tw&rft.atitle=Draft+national+language+development+act+clears+legislative+floor&rft.date=2018-12-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffocustaiwan.tw%2Fnews%2Faedu%2F201812250018.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tw.news.appledaily.com/politics/realtime/20181225/1489328/">"立院三讀《國家語言發展法》公廣集團可設台語電視台"</a>. <i>ltn.com.tw</i>. 25 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ltn.com.tw&rft.atitle=%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%A2%E4%B8%89%E8%AE%80%E3%80%8A%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E6%B3%95%E3%80%8B+%E5%85%AC%E5%BB%A3%E9%9B%86%E5%9C%98%E5%8F%AF%E8%A8%AD%E5%8F%B0%E8%AA%9E%E9%9B%BB%E8%A6%96%E5%8F%B0&rft.date=2018-12-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftw.news.appledaily.com%2Fpolitics%2Frealtime%2F20181225%2F1489328%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tw.news.yahoo.com/amphtml/%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E6%B3%95-%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%A2%E4%B8%89%E8%AE%80-%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%BE%97%E8%A8%AD%E5%8F%B0%E8%AA%9E%E5%B0%88%E5%B1%AC%E9%A0%BB%E9%81%93-062038323.html">"《國家語言發展法》立院三讀！政府得設台語專屬頻道"</a>. <i>ltn.com.tw</i>. 25 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ltn.com.tw&rft.atitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E6%B3%95%E3%80%8B%E7%AB%8B%E9%99%A2%E4%B8%89%E8%AE%80%EF%BC%81%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E5%BE%97%E8%A8%AD%E5%8F%B0%E8%AA%9E%E5%B0%88%E5%B1%AC%E9%A0%BB%E9%81%93&rft.date=2018-12-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftw.news.yahoo.com%2Famphtml%2F%25E5%259C%258B%25E5%25AE%25B6%25E8%25AA%259E%25E8%25A8%2580%25E7%2599%25BC%25E5%25B1%2595%25E6%25B3%2595-%25E7%25AB%258B%25E9%2599%25A2%25E4%25B8%2589%25E8%25AE%2580-%25E6%2594%25BF%25E5%25BA%259C%25E5%25BE%2597%25E8%25A8%25AD%25E5%258F%25B0%25E8%25AA%259E%25E5%25B0%2588%25E5%25B1%25AC%25E9%25A0%25BB%25E9%2581%2593-062038323.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E5%A4%A7%E7%9C%BE%E9%81%8B%E8%BC%B8%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7%E6%92%AD%E9%9F%B3%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%B9%B3%E7%AD%89%E4%BF%9D%E9%9A%9C%E6%B3%95" class="extiw" title="zh:s:大眾運輸工具播音語言平等保障法">大眾運輸工具播音語言平等保障法</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article 6 of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ris.gov.tw/zh_TW/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=2a89733e-e3e3-4f28-8f7b-84dff55777d5&groupId=10157">Standards for Identification of Basic Language Abilities and General Knowledge of the Rights and Duties of Naturalized Citizens</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170725175658/http://www.ris.gov.tw/zh_TW/c/document_library/get_file?uuid=2a89733e-e3e3-4f28-8f7b-84dff55777d5&groupId=10157">Archived</a> 25 July 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/request/2021-044">"Change Request Documentation: 2021-044"</a>. <i>SIL</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SIL&rft.atitle=Change+Request+Documentation%3A+2021-044&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiso639-3.sil.org%2Frequest%2F2021-044&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Table 6: Languages used at home for the resident nationals aged 6 years and over by gender and age, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebas1.ebas.gov.tw/phc2010/english/rehome.htm">2010 Population and Housing Census</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150222005446/http://ebas1.ebas.gov.tw/phc2010/english/rehome.htm">Archived</a> 22 February 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics (DGBAS), ROC (Taiwan).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-taigi-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-taigi_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://talk.ltn.com.tw/amp/article/paper/1309601">"Taigi與台語"</a>. <i>Liberty Times</i>. 10 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Liberty+Times&rft.atitle=Taigi%E8%88%87%E5%8F%B0%E8%AA%9E&rft.date=2019-08-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftalk.ltn.com.tw%2Famp%2Farticle%2Fpaper%2F1309601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2015" class="citation web cs1">Lee, Jack Tsen-Ta (28 April 2015) [2004]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mysmu.edu/faculty/jacklee/singlish_H.htm#Hokkien">"Hokkien"</a>. <i>A Dictionary of Singlish and Singapore English</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Dictionary+of+Singlish+and+Singapore+English&rft.atitle=Hokkien&rft.date=2015-04-28&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Jack+Tsen-Ta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mysmu.edu%2Ffaculty%2Fjacklee%2Fsinglish_H.htm%23Hokkien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-taiwansnapshot-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-taiwansnapshot_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taiwan.gov.tw/images/content/ts.JPG">"TAIWAN SNAPSHOT"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2020</span>. <q>Languages Mandarin (Chinese), Holo (Taiwanese), Hakka, Austronesian languages</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TAIWAN+SNAPSHOT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taiwan.gov.tw%2Fimages%2Fcontent%2Fts.JPG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050504081723/https://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=TW">"Taiwan"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=TW">the original</a> on 4 May 2005. <q>Principal languages</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Taiwan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fshow_country.asp%3Fname%3DTW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDreyer2003" class="citation book cs1">Dreyer, June Teufel (2003). "Taiwan's Evolving Identity". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160325100938/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/asia_rpt114.pdf"><i>The Evolution of a Taiwanese National Identity</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Asia Program Special Report. Vol. 114. Washington: Woodrow Wilson International Institute for Scholars. pp. 4–10. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/asia_rpt114.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Taiwan%27s+Evolving+Identity&rft.btitle=The+Evolution+of+a+Taiwanese+National+Identity&rft.place=Washington&rft.series=Asia+Program+Special+Report&rft.pages=4-10&rft.pub=Woodrow+Wilson+International+Institute+for+Scholars&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Dreyer&rft.aufirst=June+Teufel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wilsoncenter.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fasia_rpt114.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210919021444/https://raw.githubusercontent.com/KIRINPUTRA/reclassifying-ISO-639-3-nan/main/Reclassifying_ISO_639-3_%5Bnan%5D__An_Empirical_Approach_to_Mutual_Intelligibility_and_Ethnolinguistic_Distinctions.pdf">"Reclassifying ISO 639-3 [nan]: An Empirical Approach to Mutual Intelligibility and Ethnolinguistic Distinctions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://raw.githubusercontent.com/KIRINPUTRA/reclassifying-ISO-639-3-nan/main/Reclassifying_ISO_639-3_%5Bnan%5D__An_Empirical_Approach_to_Mutual_Intelligibility_and_Ethnolinguistic_Distinctions.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 19 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reclassifying+ISO+639-3+%5Bnan%5D%3A+An+Empirical+Approach+to+Mutual+Intelligibility+and+Ethnolinguistic+Distinctions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fraw.githubusercontent.com%2FKIRINPUTRA%2Freclassifying-ISO-639-3-nan%2Fmain%2FReclassifying_ISO_639-3_%255Bnan%255D__An_Empirical_Approach_to_Mutual_Intelligibility_and_Ethnolinguistic_Distinctions.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMei1970" class="citation journal cs1">Mei, Tsu-lin (1970). "Tones and Prosody in Middle Chinese and The Origin of The Rising Tone". <i>Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies</i>. <b>30</b>: 86–110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2718766">10.2307/2718766</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2718766">2718766</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Journal+of+Asiatic+Studies&rft.atitle=Tones+and+Prosody+in+Middle+Chinese+and+The+Origin+of+The+Rising+Tone&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=86-110&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2718766&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2718766%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Mei&rft.aufirst=Tsu-lin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman1991b" class="citation book cs1">Norman, Jerry (1991b). "The Mǐn dialects in historical perspective". In Wang, William S.-Y. (ed.). <i>Languages and Dialects of China</i>. <i>Journal of Chinese Linguistics</i> Monograph Series. Vol. 3. Chinese University Press. pp. 325–360. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23827042">23827042</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/600555701">600555701</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+M%C7%90n+dialects+in+historical+perspective&rft.btitle=Languages+and+Dialects+of+China&rft.series=%27%27Journal+of+Chinese+Linguistics%27%27+Monograph+Series&rft.pages=325-360&rft.pub=Chinese+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F600555701&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23827042%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Norman&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTing1983" class="citation journal cs1">Ting, Pang-Hsin (1983). "Derivation time of colloquial Min from Archaic Chinese". <i>Bulletin of the Institute of History and Philology</i>. <b>54</b> (4): 1–14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Institute+of+History+and+Philology&rft.atitle=Derivation+time+of+colloquial+Min+from+Archaic+Chinese&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1-14&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Ting&rft.aufirst=Pang-Hsin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaxterSagart2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_H._Baxter" title="William H. Baxter">Baxter, William H.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Laurent_Sagart" title="Laurent Sagart">Sagart, Laurent</a> (2014). <i>Old Chinese: A New Reconstruction</i>. Oxford University Press. pp. 33, 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-994537-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-994537-5"><bdi>978-0-19-994537-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Chinese%3A+A+New+Reconstruction&rft.pages=33%2C+79&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-19-994537-5&rft.aulast=Baxter&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rft.au=Sagart%2C+Laurent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEkki_H._J._Lu1997" class="citation web cs1">Ekki H. J. Lu (27 March 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041022000504/http://ws.twl.ncku.edu.tw/hak-chia/l/lou-ek-ki/kongpah-oat.htm">"ON AUSTRO-TAIC TERMS IN HOKLO"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ws.twl.ncku.edu.tw/hak-chia/l/lou-ek-ki/kongpah-oat.htm">the original</a> on 22 October 2004<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ON+AUSTRO-TAIC+TERMS+IN+HOKLO&rft.date=1997-03-27&rft.au=Ekki+H.+J.+Lu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fws.twl.ncku.edu.tw%2Fhak-chia%2Fl%2Flou-ek-ki%2Fkongpah-oat.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSakai2002" class="citation web cs1">Sakai, Toru (酒井亨) (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20081002014759/http://203.64.42.21/iug/ungian/poj/siausit/2002/2002pojgth/lunbun/a1-sakai.pdf">"探求 HÖ -LÓ 台語中間 Ê 非漢語語詞--羅馬字寫書寫法 Ê 正當性"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://203.64.42.21/iug/ungian/poj/siausit/2002/2002pojgth/lunbun/a1-sakai.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2 October 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%8E%A2%E6%B1%82+H%C3%96+-L%C3%93+%E5%8F%B0%E8%AA%9E%E4%B8%AD%E9%96%93+%C3%8A+%E9%9D%9E%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E8%AA%9E%E8%A9%9E--%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%AD%97%E5%AF%AB%E6%9B%B8%E5%AF%AB%E6%B3%95+%C3%8A+%E6%AD%A3%E7%95%B6%E6%80%A7&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Sakai&rft.aufirst=Toru+%28%E9%85%92%E4%BA%95%E4%BA%A8%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F203.64.42.21%2Fiug%2Fungian%2Fpoj%2Fsiausit%2F2002%2F2002pojgth%2Flunbun%2Fa1-sakai.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLí_Khîn-hoāⁿ2004" class="citation web cs1">Lí Khîn-hoāⁿ (15 September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040915015640/http://ws.twl.ncku.edu.tw/hak-chia/l/li-khin-hoann/phok-su/phok-su.htm">"李勤岸博士論文．LEXICAL CHANGE AND VARIATION IN TAIWANESELITERARY TEXTS．ACKNOWLEDGMENT"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ws.twl.ncku.edu.tw/hak-chia/l/li-khin-hoann/phok-su/phok-su.htm">the original</a> on 15 September 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%9D%8E%E5%8B%A4%E5%B2%B8%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB%E8%AB%96%E6%96%87%EF%BC%8ELEXICAL+CHANGE+AND+VARIATION+IN+TAIWANESELITERARY+TEXTS%EF%BC%8EACKNOWLEDGMENT&rft.date=2004-09-15&rft.au=L%C3%AD+Kh%C3%AEn-ho%C4%81%E2%81%BF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fws.twl.ncku.edu.tw%2Fhak-chia%2Fl%2Fli-khin-hoann%2Fphok-su%2Fphok-su.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://culture.edu.tw/history/smenu_photomenu.php?smenuid=641&subjectid=1264">教育部，歷史文化學習網，《重要貿易港口－泉州》</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725194653/http://culture.edu.tw/history/smenu_photomenu.php?smenuid=641&subjectid=1264">Archived</a> 25 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrade2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tonio_Andrade" title="Tonio Andrade">Andrade, Tonio</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/andrade02.html">"Chapter 2: A Scramble for Influence"</a>. <i>How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century</i>. Columbia University Press. §20-1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+2%3A+A+Scramble+for+Influence&rft.btitle=How+Taiwan+Became+Chinese%3A+Dutch%2C+Spanish%2C+and+Han+Colonization+in+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.pages=%C2%A720-1&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Andrade&rft.aufirst=Tonio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg-e.org%2Fandrade%2Fandrade02.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson190313-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson190313_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavidson1903">Davidson (1903)</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2005§26-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2005§26_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrade2005">Andrade (2005)</a>, §26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson1903561-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson1903561_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavidson1903">Davidson (1903)</a>, p. 561.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson1903591-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson1903591_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavidson1903">Davidson (1903)</a>, p. 591.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"especially in the cities of Koro (Aulang), Taiko (Taika), Giubato (Gumatau), Gosei (Goche), Tokatsukutsu (Thawkakut), and Rokko (Lokiang)." (modern-day <a href="/wiki/Houlong,_Miaoli" class="mw-redirect" title="Houlong, Miaoli">Houlong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dajia_District" title="Dajia District">Dajia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qingshui_District" title="Qingshui District">Qingshui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wuqi_District" title="Wuqi District">Wuqi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Longjing_District" title="Longjing District">Longjing</a>, and Lukang, respectively.) <a href="#CITEREFDavidson1903">Davidson (1903)</a>, p. 591</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAng1987-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAng1987_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAng1987_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAng1987">Ang (1987)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">泉州旅游信息网，<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fjqz.fj.vnet.cn/travel/talk/right.htm">泉州方言文化</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070301121345/http://fjqz.fj.vnet.cn/travel/talk/right.htm">Archived</a> 1 March 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIûⁿTiuⁿLu2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Iûⁿ, Ún-giân; Tiuⁿ, Ha̍k-khiam; Lu, Bichhin (1 March 2008). <bdi lang="zh">台語文運動訪談暨史料彙編</bdi> (in Chinese). Taipei: 國史館. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789860132946" title="Special:BookSources/9789860132946"><bdi>9789860132946</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/813921186">813921186</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%8F%B0%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%87%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95%E8%A8%AA%E8%AB%87%E6%9A%A8%E5%8F%B2%E6%96%99%E5%BD%99%E7%B7%A8&rft.place=Taipei&rft.pub=%E5%9C%8B%E5%8F%B2%E9%A4%A8&rft.date=2008-03-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F813921186&rft.isbn=9789860132946&rft.aulast=I%C3%BB%E2%81%BF&rft.aufirst=%C3%9An-gi%C3%A2n&rft.au=Tiu%E2%81%BF%2C+Ha%CC%8Dk-khiam&rft.au=Lu%2C+Bichhin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-housing_census-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-housing_census_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-housing_census_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-housing_census_39-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dgbas.gov.tw/public/data/dgbas04/bc6/census022(final).html">"census022(final).swf"</a>. <i>www.dgbas.gov.tw</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dgbas.gov.tw&rft.atitle=census022%28final%29.swf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dgbas.gov.tw%2Fpublic%2Fdata%2Fdgbas04%2Fbc6%2Fcensus022%28final%29.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlöter2005135-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlöter2005135_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlöter2005">Klöter (2005)</a>, p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAng1991" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Ang, Ui-jin (1991). <bdi lang="zh">臺灣方言之旅</bdi>. Taipei: 前衛出版社. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789579512312" title="Special:BookSources/9789579512312"><bdi>9789579512312</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80%E4%B9%8B%E6%97%85&rft.place=Taipei&rft.pub=%E5%89%8D%E8%A1%9B%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9789579512312&rft.aulast=Ang&rft.aufirst=Ui-jin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hwsh.tc.edu.tw/ischool/publish_page/106/?cid=4897">"Hui-Wen High School Taichung, Introduction to the Kominka period"</a>. <i>www.hwsh.tc.edu.tw</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hwsh.tc.edu.tw&rft.atitle=Hui-Wen+High+School+Taichung%2C+Introduction+to+the+Kominka+period&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hwsh.tc.edu.tw%2Fischool%2Fpublish_page%2F106%2F%3Fcid%3D4897&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLin1999" class="citation journal cs1">Lin, Alvin (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sino-platonic.org/complete/spp089_taiwanese.pdf">"Writing Taiwanese: The Development of Modern Written Taiwanese"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Sino-Platonic Papers</i> (89). <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/41879041">41879041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sino-Platonic+Papers&rft.atitle=Writing+Taiwanese%3A+The+Development+of+Modern+Written+Taiwanese&rft.issue=89&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41879041&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=Alvin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sino-platonic.org%2Fcomplete%2Fspp089_taiwanese.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandel2003" class="citation journal cs1">Sandel, Todd L. (2003). "Linguistic capital in Taiwan: The KMT's Mandarin language policy and its perceived impact on language practices of bilingual Mandarin and Tai-gi speakers". <i>Language in Society</i>. <b>32</b> (4). Cambridge University Press: 523–551. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0047404503324030">10.1017/S0047404503324030</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4169285">4169285</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145703339">145703339</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+in+Society&rft.atitle=Linguistic+capital+in+Taiwan%3A+The+KMT%27s+Mandarin+language+policy+and+its+perceived+impact+on+language+practices+of+bilingual+Mandarin+and+Tai-gi+speakers&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=523-551&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145703339%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4169285%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0047404503324030&rft.aulast=Sandel&rft.aufirst=Todd+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210402055541/https://www.moc.gov.tw/content_275.html">"中華民國文化部-國家語言發展法"</a>. <i>www.moc.gov.tw</i> (in Chinese). 10 October 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moc.gov.tw/content_275.html">the original</a> on 2 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 October</span> 2019</span>. <q>《國家語言發展法》並未以法律明列各固有族群之語言名稱，即是尊重各族群使用者慣常使用之命名權。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.moc.gov.tw&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E9%83%A8-%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E6%B3%95&rft.date=2008-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.moc.gov.tw%2Fcontent_275.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGambino2016" class="citation web cs1">Gambino, Christine P. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/content/dam/Census/library/working-papers/2018/demo/SEHSD-WP2018-31.pdf">"American Community Survey Redesign of Language-Spoken-at-Home Data"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>U.S. Census Bureau</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft.atitle=American+Community+Survey+Redesign+of+Language-Spoken-at-Home+Data&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Gambino&rft.aufirst=Christine+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2FCensus%2Flibrary%2Fworking-papers%2F2018%2Fdemo%2FSEHSD-WP2018-31.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF洪惟仁_[Ang_Ui-jin]1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ang_Ui-jin" title="Ang Ui-jin">洪惟仁 [Ang Ui-jin]</a> (1985). <i>台灣河佬話聲調研究</i> [<i>Taiwanese Hokkien Tone Research</i>]. <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>: 自立晚報 <a href="/wiki/Independence_Evening_Post" title="Independence Evening Post">Independence Evening Post</a>. p. 9. <q>(3) 柳母標爲 ⟨d⟩ 興董昭輝，藍淸漢同。這是實際審音的結果，台灣大多數地區柳母都讀塞音 [d]，低元音時可能會出現流音 [l]，可以視爲 ⟨d⟩ 的無定分音。若爲從俗可以標爲 ⟨l⟩，但因爲這個 [d] 和古音學有重大關係，標爲 ⟨d⟩ 容易解釋一些語源學現象。(4) [b], [d], [g] 的音值等於 [m], [n], [ŋ] 減去鼻音部分，歷史上也是 [m], [n], [ŋ] 變來，所以塞音緊度只有英語 [b], [d], [g] 的一半，致使 [d] 的音値變得十分接近 [l]。</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E6%B2%B3%E4%BD%AC%E8%A9%B1%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.place=Taipei&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=%E8%87%AA%E7%AB%8B%E6%99%9A%E5%A0%B1+Independence+Evening+Post&rft.date=1985&rft.au=%E6%B4%AA%E6%83%9F%E4%BB%81+%5BAng+Ui-jin%5D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas1899" class="citation book cs1">Douglas, Carstairs (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chineseenglishdict00doug/page/99/mode/1up?view=theater"><i>Chinese-English dictionary of the vernacular or spoken language of Amoy</i></a> (in English and Amoy Hokkien). 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New Series. <b>13</b>: 113.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia+Major&rft.atitle=The+Manila+Incunabula+and+Early+Hokkien+Studies%2C+Part+2&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=113&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Van+der+Loon&rft.aufirst=Piet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.ihp.sinica.edu.tw%2Ffile%2F1745sWSSKnQ.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Muv_Rx7OXg0">"Tâigí Phonics 3 - Single Vowels - YouTube"</a>. <i>YouTube</i>. 2 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=T%C3%A2ig%C3%AD+Phonics+3+-+Single+Vowels+-+YouTube&rft.date=2020-04-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DMuv_Rx7OXg0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWu20002691-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWu20002691_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWu2000">Wu (2000)</a>, p. 2691.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaiwanese2019" class="citation web cs1">Taiwanese, Bite-size (20 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bitesizetaiwanese.com/ep06-the-ninth-tone/">"Ep06: The Ninth Tone Bite-size Taiwanese"</a>. <i>Bite-size Taiwanese</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Bite-size+Taiwanese&rft.atitle=Ep06%3A+The+Ninth+Tone+Bite-size+Taiwanese&rft.date=2019-12-20&rft.aulast=Taiwanese&rft.aufirst=Bite-size&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbitesizetaiwanese.com%2Fep06-the-ninth-tone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P2yObzaDr4I&t=69s"><i>Tâigí Phonics 9 - Rethinking tones in stereo, and 9th tone</i></a> (Video). 29 July 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2024</span>. <q>...and we write it with this little symbol down here which is called a breve accent it's uh it's round at the bottom...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=T%C3%A2ig%C3%AD+Phonics+9+-+Rethinking+tones+in+stereo%2C+and+9th+tone&rft.date=2020-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DP2yObzaDr4I%26t%3D69s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF麻瓜先生2015" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script">麻瓜先生 (January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uegu.blogspot.com/2015/01/blog-post_16.html"><bdi lang="zh">台語好多聲</bdi></a> [The Many Tones of Taiwanese]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2019</span>. <q><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-TW">台語裡有個變調系統，細說分明需要時間，但最大的規則就是「最後一個字不要變！其他變變變！」</span></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%8F%B0%E8%AA%9E%E5%A5%BD%E5%A4%9A%E8%81%B2&rft.date=2015-01&rft.au=%E9%BA%BB%E7%93%9C%E5%85%88%E7%94%9F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuegu.blogspot.com%2F2015%2F01%2Fblog-post_16.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lin2015-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lin2015_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_T._Lin2015" class="citation book cs1">Philip T. Lin (31 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QlExBwAAQBAJ"><i>Taiwanese Grammar: A Concise Reference</i></a>. Greenhorn Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9963982-1-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9963982-1-3"><bdi>978-0-9963982-1-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taiwanese+Grammar%3A+A+Concise+Reference&rft.pub=Greenhorn+Media&rft.date=2015-01-31&rft.isbn=978-0-9963982-1-3&rft.au=Philip+T.+Lin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQlExBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aclweb.org/anthology/Y/Y05/Y05-1011.pdf">Iunn Un-gian. "A Study on Implementation of Southern-Min Taiwanese Tone Sandhi System." (2005).</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gAplvoyF_lA&t=206s">"Taiwanese - Pronunciation 5 - Tone Change Rules"</a>. 1 February 2016 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taiwanese+-+Pronunciation+5+-+Tone+Change+Rules&rft.date=2016-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DgAplvoyF_lA%26t%3D206s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070624085539/http://www.chinesestudies.hawaii.edu/community/faculty/cheng_robert.html">"Robert L. Cheng"</a>. Center for Chinese Studies, University of Hawaii. 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinesestudies.hawaii.edu/community/faculty/cheng_robert.html">the original</a> on 24 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robert+L.+Cheng&rft.pub=Center+for+Chinese+Studies%2C+University+of+Hawaii&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinesestudies.hawaii.edu%2Fcommunity%2Ffaculty%2Fcheng_robert.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://twblg.dict.edu.tw/holodict_new/index/fulu_wailaici.jsp"><bdi lang="zh">臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典-外來詞</bdi></a> [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan - Loanwords] (in Chinese). Ministry of Education, R.O.C. 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E9%96%A9%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E%E5%B8%B8%E7%94%A8%E8%A9%9E%E8%BE%AD%E5%85%B8-%E5%A4%96%E4%BE%86%E8%A9%9E&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Education%2C+R.O.C.&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftwblg.dict.edu.tw%2Fholodict_new%2Findex%2Ffulu_wailaici.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlöter200529-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlöter200529_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlöter2005">Klöter (2005)</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlöter200571-73-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlöter200571-73_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlöter2005">Klöter (2005)</a>, p. 71-73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nownews.com/2007/05/30/327-2104243.htm">教育部公布閩南語300字推薦用字　卡拉OK用字也被選用 (Ministry of Education in Taiwan announces 300 recommended Hokkien words, Karaoke words are also selected)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724212916/http://www.nownews.com/2007/05/30/327-2104243.htm">Archived</a> 24 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edu.tw/mandr/news.aspx?news_sn=707&pages=6">「臺灣閩南語推薦用字（第1批）」已公布於網站，歡迎各界使用 (Announcement of recommended words for Taiwanese Hokkien)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718144143/http://www.edu.tw/mandr/news.aspx?news_sn=707&pages=6">Archived</a> 18 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tè Khái-sū (1999) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Tpsurvey">Writing Latinized Taiwanese Languages with Unicode</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tlh.de-han.org/untong/2006/0929TaiLo.pdf">"臺灣閩南語羅馬字拼音方案 (Orthographic system for the Minnan language in Taiwan, 'Tâi-ôan Lô-má-jī')"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E9%96%A9%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%AD%97%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88+%28Orthographic+system+for+the+Minnan+language+in+Taiwan%2C+%27T%C3%A2i-%C3%B4an+L%C3%B4-m%C3%A1-j%C4%AB%27%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftlh.de-han.org%2Funtong%2F2006%2F0929TaiLo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://203.64.42.21/TG/khinhoaN/other/TLsoatthiap.pdf">教育部國語推行委員會: 關於閩南語拼音整合工作相關問題說帖 (National Languages Committee: On the integration of Minnan orthographies), 2006-10-16</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071128050052/http://203.64.42.21/TG/khinhoaN/other/TLsoatthiap.pdf">Archived</a> 28 November 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.evertype.com/standards/iso639/iana-lang-assignments.html">"Evertype"</a>. <i>www.evertype.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.evertype.com&rft.atitle=Evertype&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.evertype.com%2Fstandards%2Fiso639%2Fiana-lang-assignments.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAng_Ui-jin2013" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ang_Ui-jin" title="Ang Ui-jin">Ang Ui-jin</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ling.sinica.edu.tw/Files/LL/Docments/Journals/14.2/LL14.2-04-Ang%20121227.pdf">"Táiwān de yǔzhǒng fēnbù yǔ fēnqū" <bdi lang="zh">台灣的語種分布與分區</bdi></a> [The Distribution and Regionalization of Varieties in Taiwan] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Language and Linguistics</i> (in Traditional Chinese). <b>14</b> (2). <a href="/wiki/Academia_Sinica" title="Academia Sinica">Academia Sinica</a>: 315–369.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Language+and+Linguistics&rft.atitle=T%C3%A1iw%C4%81n+de+y%C7%94zh%C7%92ng+f%C4%93nb%C3%B9+y%C7%94+f%C4%93nq%C5%AB+%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E7%9A%84%E8%AA%9E%E7%A8%AE%E5%88%86%E5%B8%83%E8%88%87%E5%88%86%E5%8D%80&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=315-369&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Ang+Ui-jin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ling.sinica.edu.tw%2FFiles%2FLL%2FDocments%2FJournals%2F14.2%2FLL14.2-04-Ang%2520121227.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span> Map 5, p. 355.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://twblg.dict.edu.tw/holodict_new/index/fulu_fangyan_level2.jsp?condition=cuankho"><bdi lang="zh">方言差"語音差異表</bdi></a> [Table of Pronunciation Differences]. <i>臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典</i> (in Chinese). Ministry of Education, R.O.C. 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E9%96%A9%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E%E5%B8%B8%E7%94%A8%E8%A9%9E%E8%BE%AD%E5%85%B8&rft.atitle=%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80%E5%B7%AE%22%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E5%B7%AE%E7%95%B0%E8%A1%A8&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftwblg.dict.edu.tw%2Fholodict_new%2Findex%2Ffulu_fangyan_level2.jsp%3Fcondition%3Dcuankho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://twblg.dict.edu.tw/holodict_new/index/fulu_fangyan_level2.jsp?condition=cuankho_p"><bdi lang="zh">方言差"詞彙差異表</bdi></a> [Table of Vocabulary Differences]. <i>臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典</i> (in Chinese). Ministry of Education, R.O.C. 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E9%96%A9%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E%E5%B8%B8%E7%94%A8%E8%A9%9E%E8%BE%AD%E5%85%B8&rft.atitle=%E6%96%B9%E8%A8%80%E5%B7%AE%22%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%99%E5%B7%AE%E7%95%B0%E8%A1%A8&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftwblg.dict.edu.tw%2Fholodict_new%2Findex%2Ffulu_fangyan_level2.jsp%3Fcondition%3Dcuankho_p&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged November 2024">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards1977" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jack_C._Richards" title="Jack C. Richards">Richards, Jack C.</a> (1 January 1977). "Variation in Singapore English". <i>Interlanguage Studies Bulletin</i>. <b>2</b> (2): 131–151. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43135170">43135170</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Interlanguage+Studies+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Variation+in+Singapore+English&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=131-151&rft.date=1977-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43135170%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Jack+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pages.ucsd.edu/~dkjordan/resources/PronouncingTaiwanese.html">"Jordan: Pronouncing Romanized Taiwanese Hokkien"</a>. <i>pages.ucsd.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pages.ucsd.edu&rft.atitle=Jordan%3A+Pronouncing+Romanized+Taiwanese+Hokkien&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpages.ucsd.edu%2F~dkjordan%2Fresources%2FPronouncingTaiwanese.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlöter20054-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlöter20054_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlöter2005">Klöter (2005)</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblesociety-tw.org/native.htm"><bdi lang="zh">本土聖經</bdi></a> (in Chinese)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%9F%E8%81%96%E7%B6%93&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblesociety-tw.org%2Fnative.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080120005258/http://www32.ocn.ne.jp/~sunliong/lunwen-12j.htm"><bdi lang="ja">書評『聖經－－台語漢字本』</bdi></a> (in Japanese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www32.ocn.ne.jp/~sunliong/lunwen-12j.htm">the original</a> on 20 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E6%9B%B8%E8%A9%95%E3%80%8E%E8%81%96%E7%B6%93%EF%BC%8D%EF%BC%8D%E5%8F%B0%E8%AA%9E%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97%E6%9C%AC%E3%80%8F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww32.ocn.ne.jp%2F~sunliong%2Flunwen-12j.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tailo.fhl.net/Godspeak/Godspeak26.html">"台語信望愛 - 4.1.4 《台語漢字本》"</a>. <i>tailo.fhl.net</i> (in Chinese (Taiwan)).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tailo.fhl.net&rft.atitle=%E5%8F%B0%E8%AA%9E%E4%BF%A1%E6%9C%9B%E6%84%9B+-+4.1.4+%E3%80%8A%E5%8F%B0%E8%AA%9E%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97%E6%9C%AC%E3%80%8B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftailo.fhl.net%2FGodspeak%2FGodspeak26.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peopo.org/chuniok/post/12934">"現代台語新約羅馬字聖經出版感謝e話"</a>. <i>www.peopo.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.peopo.org&rft.atitle=%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B0%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%B0%E7%B4%84%E7%BE%85%E9%A6%AC%E5%AD%97%E8%81%96%E7%B6%93+%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E6%84%9F%E8%AC%9De%E8%A9%B1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peopo.org%2Fchuniok%2Fpost%2F12934&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bstwn.org/bstwn/dm/10.pdf">"現代台語新約附詩箴2013漢羅版"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B0%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%B0%E7%B4%84%E9%99%84%E8%A9%A9%E7%AE%B42013%E6%BC%A2%E7%BE%85%E7%89%88&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbstwn.org%2Fbstwn%2Fdm%2F10.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblesociety-tw.org/translation/Taiwanese.htm">"台語聖經"</a>. <i>www.biblesociety-tw.org</i> (in Chinese (Taiwan)).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.biblesociety-tw.org&rft.atitle=%E5%8F%B0%E8%AA%9E%E8%81%96%E7%B6%93&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblesociety-tw.org%2Ftranslation%2FTaiwanese.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/bstwn/docs/taiwanesebible">"現代台語譯本漢羅版(路得記) by bstwn"</a>. <i>Issuu</i>. 3 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Issuu&rft.atitle=%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B0%E8%AA%9E%E8%AD%AF%E6%9C%AC+%E6%BC%A2%E7%BE%85%E7%89%88%28%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%97%E8%A8%98%29+by+bstwn&rft.date=2021-08-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fissuu.com%2Fbstwn%2Fdocs%2Ftaiwanesebible&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.fhl.net/new/read.php?chap=3&sb=%25E7%25B4%2584&sc=3&skey=&ssn=1&VERSION26=ttvcl2021&VERSION28=tte&VERSION30=apskcl&VERSION32=bklcl&VERSION37=sgebklcl&sub1=%E7%89%88%E6%9C%AC%E5%B0%8D%E7%85%A7&strongflag=1&TABFLAG=1&nodic=&TAIU=0&maps=&tmp=&chineses=%E7%B4%84&chap=3">"聖經閱讀"</a>. <i>bible.fhl.net</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bible.fhl.net&rft.atitle=%E8%81%96%E7%B6%93%E9%96%B1%E8%AE%80&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbible.fhl.net%2Fnew%2Fread.php%3Fchap%3D3%26sb%3D%2525E7%2525B4%252584%26sc%3D3%26skey%3D%26ssn%3D1%26VERSION26%3Dttvcl2021%26VERSION28%3Dtte%26VERSION30%3Dapskcl%26VERSION32%3Dbklcl%26VERSION37%3Dsgebklcl%26sub1%3D%25E7%2589%2588%25E6%259C%25AC%25E5%25B0%258D%25E7%2585%25A7%26strongflag%3D1%26TABFLAG%3D1%26nodic%3D%26TAIU%3D0%26maps%3D%26tmp%3D%26chineses%3D%25E7%25B4%2584%26chap%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200627235638/http://www.lingshyang.com/bible/instpage.php?r=&w=100%25&h=800&url=www.lingshyang.com%2Fbible%2Fbible_rome%2Fbible_5.php">"Taiwanese Bible Romanized Character Edition"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lingshyang.com/bible/instpage.php?r=&w=100%25&h=800&url=www.lingshyang.com%2Fbible%2Fbible_rome%2Fbible_5.php">the original</a> on 27 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taiwanese+Bible+Romanized+Character+Edition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lingshyang.com%2Fbible%2Finstpage.php%3Fr%3D%26w%3D100%2525%26h%3D800%26url%3Dwww.lingshyang.com%252Fbible%252Fbible_rome%252Fbible_5.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lingshyang.com/bible//instpage.php?r=&w=100%&h=800&url=www.lingshyang.com/bible/taiwan_Bible/hb5.php">"Taiwanese Bible Han Character Edition"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taiwanese+Bible+Han+Character+Edition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lingshyang.com%2Fbible%2F%2Finstpage.php%3Fr%3D%26w%3D100%25%26h%3D800%26url%3Dwww.lingshyang.com%2Fbible%2Ftaiwan_Bible%2Fhb5.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20210304195859/https://www.webcitation.org/5dPfuafUb?url=http://www.newtaiwan.com.tw/bulletinview.jsp%3Fbulletinid=80826"><bdi lang="zh">蔡英文不說台語高雄人涼了半截</bdi></a> [Tsai Ing-wen doesn't speak Taiwanese; The people in Kaohsiung feel half-disappointed] (in Chinese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newtaiwan.com.tw/bulletinview.jsp?bulletinid=80826">the original</a> on 4 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E8%94%A1%E8%8B%B1%E6%96%87%E4%B8%8D%E8%AA%AA%E5%8F%B0%E8%AA%9E+%E9%AB%98%E9%9B%84%E4%BA%BA%E6%B6%BC%E4%BA%86%E5%8D%8A%E6%88%AA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newtaiwan.com.tw%2Fbulletinview.jsp%3Fbulletinid%3D80826&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOta2005" class="citation thesis cs1">Ota, Katsuhiro J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/11520"><i>An investigation of written Taiwanese</i></a> (MA thesis). University of Hawaii at Manoa. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10125%2F11520">10125/11520</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=An+investigation+of+written+Taiwanese&rft.degree=MA&rft.inst=University+of+Hawaii+at+Manoa&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10125%2F11520&rft.aulast=Ota&rft.aufirst=Katsuhiro+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu%2Fhandle%2F10125%2F11520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMair" class="citation web cs1">Mair, Victor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pinyin.info/readings/mair/taiwanese.html">"Taiwanese, Mandarin, and Taiwan's language situation"</a>. <i>pinyin.info</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pinyin.info&rft.atitle=Taiwanese%2C+Mandarin%2C+and+Taiwan%27s+language+situation&rft.aulast=Mair&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpinyin.info%2Freadings%2Fmair%2Ftaiwanese.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLin2002" class="citation news cs1">Lin, Mei-chun (10 March 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2002/03/10/0000127068">"Hokkien should be given official status, says TSU"</a>. <i>Taipei Times</i>. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taipei+Times&rft.atitle=Hokkien+should+be+given+official+status%2C+says+TSU&rft.pages=1&rft.date=2002-03-10&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=Mei-chun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taipeitimes.com%2FNews%2Ffront%2Farchives%2F2002%2F03%2F10%2F0000127068&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKo_Shu-ling2004" class="citation news cs1">Ko Shu-ling (20 September 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2004/09/20/2003203606">"Control Yuan sets rules for future examinations"</a>. <i>Taipei Times</i>. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taipei+Times&rft.atitle=Control+Yuan+sets+rules+for+future+examinations&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2004-09-20&rft.au=Ko+Shu-ling&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taipeitimes.com%2FNews%2Ftaiwan%2Farchives%2F2004%2F09%2F20%2F2003203606&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGijsen,_JohanLiu_Yu-Chang2008" class="citation book cs1">Gijsen, Johan; Liu Yu-Chang (2008). "Chapter 8: The Quest for a New Civic and Linguistic Identity: Mandarin and English Encroachment upon the Taiwanese Language". In Abdullah, Faiz Sathi; Abdullah, Mardziah Hayati; Hoon, Tan Bee (eds.). <i>Critical Perspectives on Language and Discourse in the New World Order</i>. Newcastle: Cambridge Scholars. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781847183408" title="Special:BookSources/9781847183408"><bdi>9781847183408</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+8%3A+The+Quest+for+a+New+Civic+and+Linguistic+Identity%3A+Mandarin+and+English+Encroachment+upon+the+Taiwanese+Language&rft.btitle=Critical+Perspectives+on+Language+and+Discourse+in+the+New+World+Order&rft.place=Newcastle&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781847183408&rft.au=Gijsen%2C+Johan&rft.au=Liu+Yu-Chang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF許嘉文2005" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">許嘉文 (15 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhu.edu.tw/~society/e-j/45/45-16.htm"><bdi lang="zh">台灣鄉土教育發展史</bdi></a> [The education history of local Taiwanese languages] (in Chinese).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%8F%B0%E7%81%A3%E9%84%89%E5%9C%9F%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E7%99%BC%E5%B1%95%E5%8F%B2&rft.date=2005-03-15&rft.au=%E8%A8%B1%E5%98%89%E6%96%87&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nhu.edu.tw%2F~society%2Fe-j%2F45%2F45-16.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELin2002-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELin2002_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLin2002">Lin (2002)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ey.gov.tw/AnnoucePage2.aspx">"行政院全球資訊網"</a>. <i>www.ey.gov.tw</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ey.gov.tw&rft.atitle=%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF%E9%99%A2%E5%85%A8%E7%90%83%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E7%B6%B2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ey.gov.tw%2FAnnoucePage2.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npf.org.tw/11/4118">"馬英九 | 馬蕭文化政策 | 國家政策研究基金會 | 公共政策的理性思辯與對話平台！"</a>. <i>國家政策研究基金會</i> (in Chinese (Taiwan))<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E6%9C%83&rft.atitle=%E9%A6%AC%E8%8B%B1%E4%B9%9D+%7C+%E9%A6%AC%E8%95%AD%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96+%7C+%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E5%9F%BA%E9%87%91%E6%9C%83+%7C+%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96%E7%9A%84%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E6%80%9D%E8%BE%AF%E8%88%87%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1%E5%B9%B3%E5%8F%B0%EF%BC%81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npf.org.tw%2F11%2F4118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESnow2004261-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESnow2004261_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSnow2004">Snow (2004)</a>, p. 261.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cited_sources">Cited sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_Hokkien&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Cited sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAng1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ang_Ui-jin" title="Ang Ui-jin">Ang, Ui-jin</a> (1987). <bdi lang="zh">臺灣河佬語聲調研究</bdi> (in Traditional Chinese) (4 ed.). Taipei: 自立晚報. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789575960353" title="Special:BookSources/9789575960353"><bdi>9789575960353</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/813713530">813713530</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E6%B2%B3%E4%BD%AC%E8%AA%9E%E8%81%B2%E8%AA%BF%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&rft.place=Taipei&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=%E8%87%AA%E7%AB%8B%E6%99%9A%E5%A0%B1&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F813713530&rft.isbn=9789575960353&rft.aulast=Ang&rft.aufirst=Ui-jin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChiung2003" class="citation journal cs1">Chiung, Wi-vun Taiffalo (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120303035733/http://uibun.twl.ncku.edu.tw/chuliau/lunsoat/english/tchange/tonechange-v.pdf">"Tone Change in Taiwanese: Age and Geographic Factors"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>University of Pennsylvania Working Papers in Linguistics</i>. <b>8</b> (1). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://repository.upenn.edu/pwpl/vol8/iss1/5">the original</a> on 3 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Pennsylvania+Working+Papers+in+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Tone+Change+in+Taiwanese%3A+Age+and+Geographic+Factors&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Chiung&rft.aufirst=Wi-vun+Taiffalo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepository.upenn.edu%2Fpwpl%2Fvol8%2Fiss1%2F5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson1903" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_W._Davidson" title="James W. Davidson">Davidson, James W.</a> (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islandofformosap00davi"><i>The Island of Formosa, Past and Present : history, people, resources, and commercial prospects : tea, camphor, sugar, gold, coal, sulphur, economical plants, and other productions</i></a>. London and New York: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1887893">1887893</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL6931635M">6931635M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Island+of+Formosa%2C+Past+and+Present+%3A+history%2C+people%2C+resources%2C+and+commercial+prospects+%3A+tea%2C+camphor%2C+sugar%2C+gold%2C+coal%2C+sulphur%2C+economical+plants%2C+and+other+productions&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1903&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1887893&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL6931635M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislandofformosap00davi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlöter2005" class="citation book cs1">Klöter, Henning (2005). <i>Written Taiwanese</i>. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447050937" title="Special:BookSources/9783447050937"><bdi>9783447050937</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Written+Taiwanese&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pub=Harrassowitz&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9783447050937&rft.aulast=Kl%C3%B6ter&rft.aufirst=Henning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnow2004" class="citation book cs1">Snow, D. (2004). <i>Cantonese as Written Language: The Growth of a Written Chinese Vernacular</i>. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789622097094" title="Special:BookSources/9789622097094"><bdi>9789622097094</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cantonese+as+Written+Language%3A+The+Growth+of+a+Written+Chinese+Vernacular&rft.place=Hong+Kong&rft.pub=Hong+Kong+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9789622097094&rft.aulast=Snow&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTiuⁿ2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tiuⁿ, Jū-hông (2001). <bdi lang="zh">白話字基本論 : 臺語文對應&相關的議題淺說</bdi> [<i>Principles of Pe̍h-ōe-jī or the Taiwanese Orthography: an introduction to its sound-symbol correspondences and related issues</i>] (in Chinese). Taipei: Crane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/957-2053-07-8" title="Special:BookSources/957-2053-07-8"><bdi>957-2053-07-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E7%99%BD%E8%A9%B1%E5%AD%97%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E8%AB%96+%3A+%E8%87%BA%E8%AA%9E%E6%96%87%E5%B0%8D%E6%87%89%26%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C%E7%9A%84%E8%AD%B0%E9%A1%8C%E6%B7%BA%E8%AA%AA&rft.place=Taipei&rft.pub=Crane&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=957-2053-07-8&rft.aulast=Tiu%E2%81%BF&rft.aufirst=J%C5%AB-h%C3%B4ng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWu2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%B4%CD%98_Si%C3%BA-l%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="zh-min-nan:Ngô͘ Siú-lé">Wu, Soli</a> (2000). <bdi lang="zh">國臺對照活用辭典</bdi> [<i>Mandarin-Taiwanese Comparative Living Dictionary</i>] (in Chinese (Taiwan) and Minnan). Taipei: Yuan-Liou. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789573240884" title="Special:BookSources/9789573240884"><bdi>9789573240884</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45990089">45990089</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%9C%8B%E8%87%BA%E5%B0%8D%E7%85%A7%E6%B4%BB%E7%94%A8%E8%BE%AD%E5%85%B8&rft.place=Taipei&rft.pub=Yuan-Liou&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F45990089&rft.isbn=9789573240884&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Soli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_Hokkien&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books_and_other_material">Books and other material</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_Hokkien&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Books and other material"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>(As English language material on Taiwanese learning is limited, Japanese and German books are also listed here.) </p> <dl><dt>English textbooks & dictionaries</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF李勤岸2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">李勤岸 (2005). <bdi lang="zh">哈佛臺語101</bdi> [<i>Harvard Taiwanese 101</i>] (paperback & CD) (in English and Chinese). Translated by Yeh, Chieh-Ting; Lee, Marian. Tainan: 開朗. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789868160811" title="Special:BookSources/9789868160811"><bdi>9789868160811</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E8%87%BA%E8%AA%9E101&rft.place=Tainan&rft.pub=%E9%96%8B%E6%9C%97&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9789868160811&rft.au=%E6%9D%8E%E5%8B%A4%E5%B2%B8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Su-chu Wu, Bodman, Nicholas C.: Spoken Taiwanese with cassette(s), 1980/2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87950-461-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-87950-461-7">0-87950-461-7</a> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87950-460-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87950-460-9">0-87950-460-9</a> or <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87950-462-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-87950-462-5">0-87950-462-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1913" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Campbell_(missionary)" title="William Campbell (missionary)">Campbell, William</a> (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000072254844;view=1up;seq=28"><i>A Dictionary of the Amoy Vernacular, spoken throughout the prefectures of Chin-chiu, Chiang-chiu and Formosa</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Tainan" title="Tainan">Tainan</a>: Taiwan Church Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/867068660">867068660</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+the+Amoy+Vernacular%2C+spoken+throughout+the+prefectures+of+Chin-chiu%2C+Chiang-chiu+and+Formosa&rft.place=Tainan&rft.pub=Taiwan+Church+Press&rft.date=1913&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F867068660&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dpst.000072254844%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1923" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, William (1923) [1913]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015056044533;view=1up;seq=1"><i>A Dictionary of the Amoy Vernacular, spoken throughout the prefectures of Chin-chiu, Chiang-chiu and Formosa</i></a>. Preface by Thomas Barclay (2nd ed.). Yokohama: Fukuin Print. Co. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/43655590">43655590</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+the+Amoy+Vernacular%2C+spoken+throughout+the+prefectures+of+Chin-chiu%2C+Chiang-chiu+and+Formosa&rft.place=Yokohama&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Fukuin+Print.+Co.&rft.date=1923&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F43655590&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015056044533%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li>Iâu Chèng-to: Cheng-soán Pe̍h-ōe-jī (Concise Colloquial Writing). Tainan, Taiwan: Jîn-kong (an imprint of the Presbyterian Church in Taiwan). 1992.</li> <li>Tân, K. T: A Chinese-English Dictionary: Taiwan Dialect. Taipei: Southern Materials Center. 1978.</li> <li>Maryknoll Language Service Center: English-Amoy Dictionary. Taichung, Taiwan: Maryknoll Fathers. 1979.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Japanese publications</dt></dl> <ul><li>Higuchi, Yasushi (樋口靖 <i>Higuchi Yasushi</i>): 台湾語会話, 2000, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-497-20004-3" title="Special:BookSources/4-497-20004-3">4-497-20004-3</a> (Good and yet concise introduction to the Taiwanese language in Japanese; CD: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-497-20006-X" title="Special:BookSources/4-497-20006-X">4-497-20006-X</a>)</li> <li>Zhao, Yihua (趙怡華 <i>Zhào Yíhuá</i>): はじめての台湾語, 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-7569-0665-6" title="Special:BookSources/4-7569-0665-6">4-7569-0665-6</a> (Introduction to Taiwanese [and Mandarin]; in Japanese).</li> <li>Zheng, Zhenghao (鄭正浩 <i>Zhèng Zhènghào</i>): 台湾語基本単語2000, 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-87615-697-2" title="Special:BookSources/4-87615-697-2">4-87615-697-2</a> (Basic vocabulary in Taiwanese 2000; in Japanese).</li> <li>Zhao, Yihua (趙怡華 <i>Zhào Yíhuá</i>), Chen Fenghui (陳豐惠 <i>Chén Fēnghuì</i>), Kaori Takao (たかおかおり <i>Takao Kaori</i>), 2006, 絵でわかる台湾語会話. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-7569-0991-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-4-7569-0991-6">978-4-7569-0991-6</a> (Conversations in Taiwanese [and Mandarin] with illustrations; in Japanese).</li></ul> <dl><dt>Others</dt></dl> <ul><li>Katharina Sommer, Xie Shu-Kai: Taiwanisch Wort für Wort, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89416-348-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-89416-348-8">3-89416-348-8</a> (Taiwanese for travellers, in German. CD: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8317-6094-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-8317-6094-2">3-8317-6094-2</a>)</li></ul> <dl><dt>Articles and other resources</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLÎM2014" class="citation journal cs1">LÎM, Chùn-io̍k (2014). "The Common Taiwanese Bible: A Means of Seeking to Affirm the Selfhood and Integrity of Taiwanese and Their Language". <i>Journal of Taiwanese Vernacular</i>. <b>6</b> (2): 106–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.6621%2FJTV.2014.0602.05">10.6621/JTV.2014.0602.05</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Taiwanese+Vernacular&rft.atitle=The+Common+Taiwanese+Bible%3A+A+Means+of+Seeking+to+Affirm+the+Selfhood+and+Integrity+of+Taiwanese+and+Their+Language&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=106-9&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.6621%2FJTV.2014.0602.05&rft.aulast=L%C3%8EM&rft.aufirst=Ch%C3%B9n-io%CC%8Dk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTan-Tenn2001" class="citation web cs1">Tan-Tenn, Henry H. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050418075331/http://lomaji.com/poj/faq/ITASA_2001_Resources.pdf">"Taiwanese learning resources"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lomaji.com/poj/faq/ITASA_2001_Resources.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 18 April 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Taiwanese+learning+resources&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Tan-Tenn&rft.aufirst=Henry+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flomaji.com%2Fpoj%2Ffaq%2FITASA_2001_Resources.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_Hokkien&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><i><b><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="zh-min-nan:"> Minnan edition</a></b></i> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <dl><dt>On the language</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCannings" class="citation web cs1">Cannings, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tailingua.com/">"Introducing the Taiwanese Language"</a>. <i>Tailingua</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tailingua&rft.atitle=Introducing+the+Taiwanese+Language&rft.aulast=Cannings&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftailingua.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://johangijsen.blogspot.com/">Blog on the Taiwanese language and language education in Taiwan</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMair2003" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Victor_H._Mair" title="Victor H. Mair">Mair, Victor H.</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pinyin.info/readings/mair/taiwanese.html">"How to Forget Your Mother Tongue and Remember Your National Language"</a>. University of Pennsylvania<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+Forget+Your+Mother+Tongue+and+Remember+Your+National+Language&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Mair&rft.aufirst=Victor+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinyin.info%2Freadings%2Fmair%2Ftaiwanese.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Sino-Tibetan_Swadesh_lists" class="extiw" title="wikt:Appendix:Sino-Tibetan Swadesh lists">Sino-Tibetan Swadesh lists</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Dictionaries</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://twblg.dict.edu.tw/holodict_new/index.html"><bdi lang="zh">臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典</bdi></a> [<a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Frequently-Used_Taiwan_Minnan" title="Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan">Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan</a>] (in Chinese). Ministry of Education, R.O.C. 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E9%96%A9%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E%E5%B8%B8%E7%94%A8%E8%A9%9E%E8%BE%AD%E5%85%B8&rft.pub=Ministry+of+Education%2C+R.O.C.&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftwblg.dict.edu.tw%2Fholodict_new%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIûⁿ,_Ún-giân" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Iûⁿ, Ún-giân. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://210.240.194.97/iug/Ungian/soannteng/chil/Taihoa.asp"><bdi lang="zh">台語-華語線頂辭典</bdi></a> [Taiwanese-Mandarin Online Dictionary] (in Taiwanese Hokkien, Chinese, and English).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%8F%B0%E8%AA%9E-%E8%8F%AF%E8%AA%9E%E7%B7%9A%E9%A0%82%E8%BE%AD%E5%85%B8&rft.au=I%C3%BB%E2%81%BF%2C+%C3%9An-gi%C3%A2n&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F210.240.194.97%2Fiug%2FUngian%2Fsoannteng%2Fchil%2FTaihoa.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIûⁿ,_Ún-giân" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Iûⁿ, Ún-giân. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://210.240.194.97/TG/jitian/tgjt.asp"><bdi lang="zh">台語線頂字典</bdi></a> [Taiwanese Online Character Dictionary] (in Chinese).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E5%8F%B0%E8%AA%9E%E7%B7%9A%E9%A0%82%E5%AD%97%E5%85%B8&rft.au=I%C3%BB%E2%81%BF%2C+%C3%9An-gi%C3%A2n&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F210.240.194.97%2FTG%2Fjitian%2Ftgjt.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source-2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061008180132/http://nlg.csie.ntu.edu.tw/systems/TWLLMT/index.html"><bdi lang="zh">臺灣本土語言互譯及語音合成系統</bdi></a> [Taiwanese languages translation and speech synthesis system] (in Chinese, Taiwanese Hokkien, and Hakka Chinese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nlg.csie.ntu.edu.tw/systems/TWLLMT/index.html">the original</a> on 8 October 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%9F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E4%BA%92%E8%AD%AF%E5%8F%8A%E8%AA%9E%E9%9F%B3%E5%90%88%E6%88%90%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnlg.csie.ntu.edu.tw%2Fsystems%2FTWLLMT%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190327084043/http://taiwanesedictionary.org/">"Maryknoll Taiwanese-English Dictionary and English-Amoy Dictionary"</a>. <i>Maryknoll Language Service Center</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://taiwanesedictionary.org/">the original</a> on 27 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Maryknoll+Language+Service+Center&rft.atitle=Maryknoll+Taiwanese-English+Dictionary+and+English-Amoy+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftaiwanesedictionary.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Learning aids</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://taiwanesegrammar.wordpress.com/">Intermediate Taiwanese grammar (as a blog)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://taiwanesevocabulary.wordpress.com/">Taiwanese vocabulary: word of the day (blog)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edu.ocac.gov.tw/lang/taiwanese/">Taiwanese teaching material</a>: Nursery rhymes and songs in Han characters and romanization w/ recordings in MP3</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://travlang.com/languages/cgi-bin/langchoice.cgi?page=main&lang1=english&lang2=holooe">Travlang (language resources for travellers): Hō-ló-oē</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170518234153/http://travlang.com/languages/cgi-bin/langchoice.cgi?page=main&lang1=english&lang2=holooe">Archived</a> 18 May 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://speaktaiwanese.com/spoken-hokkien/"><i>Spoken Hokkien</i></a> - a beginner's e-textbook, with audio, for English-speaking learners of conversational Taiwanese.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070429232228/http://daiwanway.dynip.com/">"Daiwanway - Tutorial, dictionary, and stories in Taiwanese. Uses a unique romanization system, different from Pe̍h-ōe-jī. Includes sound files"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daiwanway.dynip.com/">the original</a> on 29 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Daiwanway+-+Tutorial%2C+dictionary%2C+and+stories+in+Taiwanese.+Uses+a+unique+romanization+system%2C+different+from+Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB.+Includes+sound+files&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdaiwanway.dynip.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+Hokkien" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dmoz.org/World/Taiwanese/">Open Directory (dmoz): World: Taiwanese</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sino-Tibetan_branches" title="Template:Sino-Tibetan branches"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sino-Tibetan_branches" title="Template talk:Sino-Tibetan branches"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sino-Tibetan_branches" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sino-Tibetan branches"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sino-Tibetan_branches" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a> branches</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sikkim" title="Sikkim">Sikkim</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/West_Himalayish_languages" title="West Himalayish languages">West Himalayish</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tamangic_languages" title="Tamangic languages">Tamangic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newaric_languages" title="Newaric languages">Newaric</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Newar_language" title="Newar language">Newar</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baram%E2%80%93Thangmi_languages" title="Baram–Thangmi languages">Baram–Thangmi</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kiranti_languages" title="Kiranti languages">Kiranti</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhimalish_languages" title="Dhimalish languages">Dhimalish</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhimal_language" title="Dhimal language">Dhimal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toto_language" title="Toto language">Toto</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lhokpu_language" title="Lhokpu language">Lhokpu</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_language" title="Lepcha language">Lepcha</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Greater_Magaric" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Magaric_languages" title="Greater Magaric languages">Greater Magaric</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magaric_languages" title="Magaric languages">Magaric</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Magar_language" title="Magar language">Magar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kham_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kham language">Kham</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chepangic_languages" title="Chepangic languages">Chepangic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chepang_language" title="Chepang language">Chepang</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhujel_language" title="Bhujel language">Bhujel</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raji%E2%80%93Raute_languages" title="Raji–Raute languages">Raji–Raute</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dura_language" title="Dura language">Dura</a></i>–<i><a href="/wiki/Tandrange_language" title="Tandrange language">Tandrange</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Map of Sino-Tibetan languages"><img alt="Map of Sino-Tibetan languages" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png/200px-Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png/300px-Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png/400px-Sino-Tibetan_Languages_Map.png 2x" data-file-width="2115" data-file-height="2792" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bodish_languages" title="Bodish languages">Bodish</a></b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Tibetic_languages" title="Tibetic languages">Tibetic</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Bodish_languages" title="East Bodish languages">East Bodish</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tshangla_language" title="Tshangla language">Tshangla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Basum_language" title="Basum language">Basum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nam_language" title="Nam language">Nam</a></i>?</li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gongduk_language" title="Gongduk language">Gongduk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCOle_language" title="ʼOle language">ʼOle</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tani_languages" title="Tani languages">Tani</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamdo_languages" title="Chamdo languages">Chamdo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> and Indo-<br />Burmese border</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Karbi_language" title="Karbi language">Karbi</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kuki-Chin_languages" title="Kuki-Chin languages">Kuki-Chin</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mruic_languages" title="Mruic languages">Mruic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mru_language" title="Mru language">Mru</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anu-Hkongso_language" title="Anu-Hkongso language">Hkongso</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pyu_language_(Sino-Tibetan)" title="Pyu language (Sino-Tibetan)">Pyu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taman_language_(Myanmar)" title="Taman language (Myanmar)">Taman</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">"<a href="/wiki/Naga_languages" title="Naga languages">Naga</a>"</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ao_languages" title="Ao languages">Ao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angami%E2%80%93Pochuri_languages" title="Angami–Pochuri languages">Angami–Pochuri</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meitei_language" title="Meitei language">Meitei</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangkhulic_languages" title="Tangkhulic languages">Tangkhulic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zemeic_languages" title="Zemeic languages">Zeme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sal_languages" title="Sal languages">Sal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boro%E2%80%93Garo_languages" title="Boro–Garo languages">Boro–Garo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konyak_languages" title="Konyak languages">Konyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingpho%E2%80%93Luish_languages" title="Jingpho–Luish languages">Jingpho–Luish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bai_language" title="Bai language">Bai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tujia_language" title="Tujia language">Tujia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nungish_languages" title="Nungish languages">Nungish</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Karenic_languages" title="Karenic languages">Karenic</a></b></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gong_language" title="Gong language">Gong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kathu_language" title="Kathu language">Kathu</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai%E2%80%93Long_languages" title="Cai–Long languages">Cai–Long</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Caijia_language" title="Caijia language">Caijia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Longjia_language" title="Longjia language">Longjia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Luren_language" title="Luren language">Luren</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Burmo-Qiangic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burmo-Qiangic_languages" title="Burmo-Qiangic languages">Burmo-Qiangic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Qiangic_languages" title="Qiangic languages">Qiangic</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gyalrongic_languages" title="Gyalrongic languages">Gyalrongic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersuic_languages" title="Ersuic languages">Ersuic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naic_languages" title="Naic languages">Naic</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lolo-Burmese_languages" title="Lolo-Burmese languages">Lolo-Burmese</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mondzish_languages" title="Mondzish languages">Mondzish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmish_languages" title="Burmish languages">Burmish</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Loloish_languages" title="Loloish languages">Loloish</a></b></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Language_isolates_and_independent_language_families_in_Arunachal" class="mw-redirect" title="Language isolates and independent language families in Arunachal">Dubious</a> (possible<br /><a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">isolates</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Language_isolates_and_independent_language_families_in_Arunachal" class="mw-redirect" title="Language isolates and independent language families in Arunachal">Arunachal</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hrusish_languages" title="Hrusish languages">Hrusish</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hruso_language" title="Hruso language">Hruso</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mijiic_languages" title="Mijiic languages">Mijiic</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kho-Bwa_languages" title="Kho-Bwa languages">Kho-Bwa</a></b> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Puroik_language" title="Puroik language">Puroik</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miju_languages" title="Miju languages">Miju–Meyor</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Songlin_language" title="Songlin language">Songlin</a></i></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Greater_Siangic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Siangic_languages" title="Greater Siangic languages">Greater Siangic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siangic_languages" title="Siangic languages">Siangic</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Koro_language_(India)" title="Koro language (India)">Koro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Milang_language" title="Milang language">Milang</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digaro_languages" title="Digaro languages">Idu–Taraon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed groupings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Central Tibeto-Burman languages">Central Tibeto-Burman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuki-Chin%E2%80%93Naga_languages" title="Kuki-Chin–Naga languages">Kuki-Chin–Naga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macro-Bai_languages" title="Macro-Bai languages">Macro-Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahakiranti_languages" title="Mahakiranti languages">Mahakiranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rung_languages" title="Rung languages">Rung</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Kanauri_languages" title="Tibeto-Kanauri languages">Tibeto-Kanauri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proto-language" title="Proto-language">Proto-languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sino-Tibetan_language" title="Proto-Sino-Tibetan language">Proto-Sino-Tibetan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Tibeto-Burman_language" title="Proto-Tibeto-Burman language">Proto-Tibeto-Burman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Loloish_language" title="Proto-Loloish language">Proto-Loloish</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Karenic_language" title="Proto-Karenic language">Proto-Karenic</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Min" title="Proto-Min">Proto-Min</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proto-Hakka" title="Proto-Hakka">Proto-Hakka</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>Italics</i> indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Taiwan" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Taiwan" title="Template:Languages of Taiwan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Taiwan" title="Template talk:Languages of Taiwan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Taiwan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Taiwan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Taiwan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Taiwan" title="Languages of Taiwan">Languages of Taiwan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Formosan" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Formosan_languages" title="Formosan languages">Formosan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atayalic_languages" title="Atayalic languages">Atayalic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atayal_language" title="Atayal language">Atayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seediq_language" title="Seediq language">Seediq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Truku_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Truku language">Truku</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rukaic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rukai_language" title="Rukai language">Rukai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Formosan_languages" title="Northern Formosan languages">Northern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babuza_language" title="Babuza language">Babuza</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Favorlang_language" title="Favorlang language">Favorlang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taokas_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Taokas language">Taokas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papora-Hoanya_language" title="Papora-Hoanya language">Papora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papora-Hoanya_language" title="Papora-Hoanya language">Hoanya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Papora-Hoanya_language" title="Papora-Hoanya language">Arikun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papora-Hoanya_language" title="Papora-Hoanya language">Lloa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazeh_language" title="Pazeh language">Pazeh</a> <ul><li>Kaxabu</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulon_language" title="Kulon language">Kulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saisiyat_language" title="Saisiyat language">Saisiyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thao_language" title="Thao language">Thao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Formosan_languages" title="East Formosan languages">East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amis_language" title="Amis language">Amis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavalan_language" title="Kavalan language">Kavalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketagalan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketagalan language">Ketagalan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basay_language" title="Basay language">Basay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luilang_language" title="Luilang language">Luilang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makatao_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Makatao language">Makatao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qauqaut_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Qauqaut language">Qauqaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakizaya_language" title="Sakizaya language">Sakizaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraya_language" title="Siraya language">Siraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taivoan_language" title="Taivoan language">Taivoan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunun_language" title="Bunun language">Bunun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paiwan_language" title="Paiwan language">Paiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puyuma_language" title="Puyuma language">Puyuma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsouic_languages" title="Tsouic languages">Tsouic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanakanavu_language" title="Kanakanavu language">Kanakanavu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saaroa_language" title="Saaroa language">Saaroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsou_language" title="Tsou language">Tsou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Batanic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Batanic_languages" title="Batanic languages">Batanic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yami_language" title="Yami language">Yami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sino-Tibetan_languages" title="Sino-Tibetan languages">Sino-Tibetan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sinitic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Taiwanese Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junjiahua" title="Junjiahua">Junhua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Taiwanese Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhounese" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuzhounese">Fuzhounese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matsu_dialect" title="Matsu dialect">Matsu dialect</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pu-Xian_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu-Xian Min">Pu-Xian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Putian_dialect" title="Putian dialect">Putian dialect</a> (Wuqiu dialect)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hakka" title="Taiwanese Hakka">Taiwanese Hakka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixian_dialect" title="Sixian dialect">Sixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hailu_dialect" title="Hailu dialect">Hailu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dabu_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dabu dialect (page does not exist)">Dabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoping_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Raoping dialect">Raoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao%27an_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhao'an dialect">Zhao'an</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Sign_Language_family" title="Japanese Sign Language family">Japonic Sign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Sign_Language" title="Taiwan Sign Language">Taiwan Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Auxiliary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Braille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shanghainese" title="Shanghainese">Shanghainese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian language">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_language" title="Vietnamese language">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yilan_Creole_Japanese" title="Yilan Creole Japanese">Yilan Creole Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Min_Chinese" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Min_Chinese" title="Template:Min Chinese"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Min_Chinese" title="Template talk:Min Chinese"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Min_Chinese" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Min Chinese"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Min_Chinese" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min Chinese</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Languages</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Houguan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuqing_dialect" title="Fuqing dialect">Fuqing dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changle_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Changle dialect">Changle dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_dialect" title="Gutian dialect">Gutian dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsu_dialect" title="Matsu dialect">Matsu dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Funing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiapu_dialect" title="Xiapu dialect">Xiapu dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu%27an_dialect" title="Fu'an dialect">Fu'an dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningde_dialect" title="Ningde dialect">Ningde dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manjiang_dialect" title="Manjiang dialect">Manjiang dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_Min" title="Zhongshan Min">Zhongshan Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longdu_dialect" title="Longdu dialect">Longdu dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanlang_dialect" title="Nanlang dialect">Nanlang dialect</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Min_Languages.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="A map showing the geographical distribution of the primary varieties of Min Chinese."><img alt="A map showing the geographical distribution of the primary varieties of Min Chinese." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Min_Languages.svg/150px-Min_Languages.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Min_Languages.svg/225px-Min_Languages.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Min_Languages.svg/300px-Min_Languages.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Teochew_Min" title="Teochew Min">Teochew Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swatow_dialect" title="Swatow dialect">Swatow dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amoy_dialect" title="Amoy dialect">Amoy dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quanzhou_dialects" title="Quanzhou dialects">Quanzhou dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hui%27an_dialect" title="Hui'an dialect">Hui'an dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongchun_dialect" title="Yongchun dialect">Yongchun dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou_dialects" title="Zhangzhou dialects">Zhangzhou dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chawan_dialect" title="Chawan dialect">Chawan dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longyan_dialect" title="Longyan dialect">Longyan dialect</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Taiwanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banana_colloquial_speech" title="Banana colloquial speech">Banana colloquial speech</a></li></ul></li> <li>Northern <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Malacca Straits">Malacca Straits</a> Hokkien <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Hokkien" title="Penang Hokkien">Penang Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medan_Hokkien" title="Medan Hokkien">Medan Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantan_Peranakan_Hokkien" title="Kelantan Peranakan Hokkien">Kelantan Peranakan Hokkien</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Hokkien" title="Philippine Hokkien">Philippine Hokkien</a></li> <li>Southern <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Malacca Straits">Malacca Straits</a> Hokkien <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Peninsular_Malaysian_Hokkien" title="Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien">Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Hokkien" title="Singaporean Hokkien">Singaporean Hokkien</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Datian_Min" title="Datian Min">Datian Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Houlu_dialect" title="Houlu dialect">Houlu dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haklau_Min" title="Haklau Min">Haklau Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhenan_Min" title="Zhenan Min">Zhenan Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_Min" title="Zhongshan Min">Zhongshan Min</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanxiang_dialect" title="Sanxiang dialect">Sanxiang dialect</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pu%E2%80%93Xian_Min" title="Pu–Xian Min">Pu–Xian Min</a><br />(Hinghwa)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Putian_dialect" title="Putian dialect">Putian dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xianyou_dialect" title="Xianyou dialect">Xianyou dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Min" title="Northern Min">Northern Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jian%27ou_dialect" title="Jian'ou dialect">Jian'ou dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianyang_dialect" title="Jianyang dialect">Jianyang dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shao%E2%80%93Jiang_Min" title="Shao–Jiang Min">Shao–Jiang Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaowu_dialect" title="Shaowu dialect">Shaowu dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangle_dialect" title="Jiangle dialect">Jiangle dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Min" title="Central Min">Central Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanming_dialect" title="Sanming dialect">Sanming dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaxian_dialect" title="Shaxian dialect">Shaxian dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong%27an_dialect" title="Yong'an dialect">Yong'an dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Leizhou_Min" title="Leizhou Min">Leizhou Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhanjiang_dialect" title="Zhanjiang dialect">Zhanjiang dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haikou_dialect" title="Haikou dialect">Haikou dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wenchang_dialect" title="Wenchang dialect">Wenchang dialect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Writing_system" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logographic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_Romanization" title="Teochew Romanization">Pe̍h-ūe-jī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Hainan Romanized">Hainan Romanized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foochow_Romanized" class="mw-redirect" title="Foochow Romanized">Foochow Romanized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinghwa_Romanized" title="Hinghwa Romanized">Hinghwa Romanized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kienning_Colloquial_Romanized" title="Kienning Colloquial Romanized">Kienning Colloquial Romanized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Romanization_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Romanization System">Taiwanese Romanization System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Language_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet">Taiwanese Language Phonetic Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daighi_tongiong_pingim" class="mw-redirect" title="Daighi tongiong pingim">Daighi tongiong pingim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bb%C3%A1nl%C3%A1m_p%C3%ACngy%C4%ABm" title="Bbánlám pìngyīm">Bbánlám pìngyīm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng%27im" title="Peng'im">Peng'im</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_Transliteration_Scheme" title="Fuzhou Transliteration Scheme">Fuzhou Transliteration Scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese_Transliteration_Scheme" title="Hainanese Transliteration Scheme">Hainanese Transliteration Scheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mixed</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A0n-l%C3%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="Hàn-lô">Hàn-lô</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Research" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Research</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proto-languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Min_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Min language">Proto-Min</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rime dictionaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qi_Lin_Bayin" title="Qi Lin Bayin">Qi Lin Bayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianzhou_Ba_Yin" title="Jianzhou Ba Yin">Jianzhou Ba Yin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chinese_language" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_language" title="Template:Chinese language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_language" title="Template talk:Chinese language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chinese_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese language</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic languages</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">Major groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Mandarin" title="Northeastern Mandarin">Northeastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changchun_dialect" title="Changchun dialect">Changchun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harbin_dialect" title="Harbin dialect">Harbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenyang_Mandarin" title="Shenyang Mandarin">Shenyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taz_dialect" title="Taz dialect">Taz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Mandarin_(division_of_Mandarin)" title="Beijing Mandarin (division of Mandarin)">Beijing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_dialect" title="Beijing dialect">Beijing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jilu_Mandarin" title="Jilu Mandarin">Jilu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin_dialect" title="Tianjin dialect">Tianjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinan_dialect" title="Jinan dialect">Jinan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jiaoliao_Mandarin" title="Jiaoliao Mandarin">Jiaoliao</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalian_dialect" title="Dalian dialect">Dalian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingdao_dialect" title="Qingdao dialect">Qingdao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weihai_dialect" title="Weihai dialect">Weihai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Plains_Mandarin" title="Central Plains Mandarin">Central Plains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dongping_dialect" title="Dongping dialect">Dongping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangou_language" title="Gangou language">Gangou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanzhong_dialect" title="Guanzhong dialect">Guanzhong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xi%27an_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Xi'an dialect">Xi'an</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luoyang_dialect" title="Luoyang dialect">Luoyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuzhou_dialect" title="Xuzhou dialect">Xuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_language" title="Dungan language">Dungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Mandarin" title="Xinjiang Mandarin">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Mandarin" title="Southwestern Mandarin">Southwestern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_dialects" title="Sichuanese dialects">Sichuanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chengdu-Chongqing_dialect" title="Chengdu-Chongqing dialect">Chengdu–Chongqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minjiang_dialect" title="Minjiang dialect">Minjiang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leshan_dialect" title="Leshan dialect">Leshan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Renshou%E2%80%93Fushun_Mandarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Renshou–Fushun Mandarin (page does not exist)">Renshou–Fushun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zigong_dialect" title="Zigong dialect">Zigong</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunming_dialect" title="Kunming dialect">Kunming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanping_dialect" title="Nanping dialect">Nanping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhan_dialect" title="Wuhan dialect">Wuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gui%E2%80%93Liu_Mandarin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gui–Liu Mandarin (page does not exist)">Gui–Liu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wuming_Mandarin" title="Wuming Mandarin">Wuming</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Yangtze_Mandarin" title="Lower Yangtze Mandarin">Jianghuai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_dialect" title="Nanjing dialect">Nanjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantong_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Nantong dialect">Nantong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanping_dialect" title="Nanping dialect">Nanping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lanyin_Mandarin" title="Lanyin Mandarin">Lanyin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lanzhou_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lanzhou dialect (page does not exist)">Lanzhou dialect</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%B0%E5%B7%9E%E8%AF%9D" class="extiw" title="zh:兰州话">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urumqi_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urumqi dialect (page does not exist)">Urumqi dialect</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E9%B2%81%E6%9C%A8%E9%BD%90%E8%AF%9D" class="extiw" title="zh:乌鲁木齐话">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_Mandarin" title="Xinjiang Mandarin">Xinjiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Junjiahua" title="Junjiahua">Junjiahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinjiang_Mandarin" title="Qinjiang Mandarin">Qinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyami language">Gyami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jin_Chinese" title="Jin Chinese">Jin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhangjiakou%E2%80%93Hohhot_dialect" title="Zhangjiakou–Hohhot dialect">Zhangjiakou–Hohhot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhi-Yan_dialect" title="Zhi-Yan dialect">Zhi–Yan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wu_Chinese" title="Wu Chinese">Wu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taihu_Wu" title="Taihu Wu">Taihu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shanghainese" title="Shanghainese">Shanghai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suzhou_dialect" title="Suzhou dialect">Suzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxi_dialect" title="Wuxi dialect">Wuxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changzhou_dialect" title="Changzhou dialect">Changzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangzhou_dialect" title="Hangzhou dialect">Hangzhou</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaoxing_dialect" title="Shaoxing dialect">Shaoxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ningbo_dialect" title="Ningbo dialect">Ningbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinxiang_dialect" title="Jinxiang dialect">Jinxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangyin_dialect" title="Jiangyin dialect">Jiangyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadi_dialect" title="Shadi dialect">Shadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taizhou_Wu" title="Taizhou Wu">Taizhou Wu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taizhou_dialect" title="Taizhou dialect">Taizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai_dialect" title="Tiantai dialect">Tiantai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Oujiang</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wenzhounese" title="Wenzhounese">Wenzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rui%27an_dialect" title="Rui'an dialect">Rui'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wencheng_dialect" title="Wencheng dialect">Wencheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wuzhou_Wu" title="Wuzhou Wu">Wuzhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jinhua_dialect" title="Jinhua dialect">Jinhua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chu%E2%80%93Qu_Wu" title="Chu–Qu Wu">Chu–Qu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quzhou_dialect" title="Quzhou dialect">Quzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangshan_dialect" title="Jiangshan dialect">Jiangshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingtian_dialect" title="Qingtian dialect">Qingtian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Xuanzhou_Wu_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuanzhou Wu dialects">Xuanzhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xuancheng_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Xuancheng dialect">Xuancheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Huizhou_Chinese" title="Huizhou Chinese">Hui</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ji-She&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ji-She (page does not exist)">Ji-She</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%A9%E6%AD%99%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:绩歙片">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xiu-Yi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xiu-Yi (page does not exist)">Xiu-Yi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%91%E9%BB%9F%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:休黟片">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qi-De&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qi-De (page does not exist)">Qi-De</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%81%E5%A9%BA%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:祁婺片">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yanzhou_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yanzhou dialect (page does not exist)">Yanzhou</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%8C%E5%8D%A0%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:旌占片">zh</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jing-Zhan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jing-Zhan (page does not exist)">Jing-Zhan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%A5%E5%B7%9E%E7%89%87" class="extiw" title="zh:严州片">zh</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gan_Chinese" title="Gan Chinese">Gan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang%E2%80%93Du_Gan" title="Chang–Du Gan">Chang–Du</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanchang_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Nanchang dialect">Nanchang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi%E2%80%93Liu_Gan" title="Yi–Liu Gan">Yi–Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ying%E2%80%93Yi_Gan" title="Ying–Yi Gan">Ying–Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da%E2%80%93Tong_Gan" title="Da–Tong Gan">Da–Tong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Chinese" title="Xiang Chinese">Xiang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Xiang" title="New Xiang">Changyi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changsha_dialect" title="Changsha dialect">Changsha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Xiang" title="Old Xiang">Loushao</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuangfeng_dialect" title="Shuangfeng dialect">Shuangfeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangxiang_dialect" title="Xiangxiang dialect">Xiangxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wugang_dialect" title="Wugang dialect">Wugang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji%E2%80%93Xu_Xiang" title="Ji–Xu Xiang">Ji–Xu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong%E2%80%93Quan_Xiang" title="Yong–Quan Xiang">Yong–Quan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qiyang_dialect" title="Qiyang dialect">Qiyang</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Min_Chinese" title="Min Chinese">Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Min" title="Eastern Min">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houguan_language_group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Houguan language group (page does not exist)">Houguan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_dialect" title="Fuzhou dialect">Fuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuqing_dialect" title="Fuqing dialect">Fuqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changle_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Changle dialect">Changle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutian_dialect" title="Gutian dialect">Gutian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsu_dialect" title="Matsu dialect">Matsu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fu%E2%80%93Ning_language_group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fu–Ning language group (page does not exist)">Fu–Ning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ningde_dialect" title="Ningde dialect">Ningde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fu%27an_dialect" title="Fu'an dialect">Fu'an</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manjiang_dialect" title="Manjiang dialect">Manjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_Min" title="Zhongshan Min">Zhongshan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longdu_dialect" title="Longdu dialect">Longdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanlang_dialect" title="Nanlang dialect">Nanlang</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quanzhou_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Quanzhou dialect">Quanzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhangzhou dialect">Zhangzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoy_dialect" title="Amoy dialect">Amoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chawan_dialect" title="Chawan dialect">Chawan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Hokkien" title="Philippine Hokkien">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medan_Hokkien" title="Medan Hokkien">Pedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Hokkien" title="Penang Hokkien">Penang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Hokkien" title="Singaporean Hokkien">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Peninsular_Malaysian_Hokkien" title="Southern Peninsular Malaysian Hokkien">Malaysian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Teochew_Min" title="Teochew Min">Teochew</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swatow_dialect" title="Swatow dialect">Swatow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haklau_Min" title="Haklau Min">Haklau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zhongshan_Min" title="Zhongshan Min">Zhongshan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanxiang_dialect" title="Sanxiang dialect">Sanxiang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhenan_Min" title="Zhenan Min">Zhenan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longyan_Min" class="mw-redirect" title="Longyan Min">Longyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Min" title="Northern Min">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jian%27ou_dialect" title="Jian'ou dialect">Jian'ou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jianyang_dialect" title="Jianyang dialect">Jianyang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Min" title="Central Min">Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E2%80%93Xian_Min" title="Pu–Xian Min">Pu–Xian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shao%E2%80%93Jiang_Min" title="Shao–Jiang Min">Shao–Jiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leizhou_Min" title="Leizhou Min">Leizhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhanjiang_dialect" title="Zhanjiang dialect">Zhanjiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wenchang_dialect" title="Wenchang dialect">Wenchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haikou_dialect" title="Haikou dialect">Haikou</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Banqiao_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Banqiao dialect (page does not exist)">Banqiao</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meixian_dialect" title="Meixian dialect">Meixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuhua_dialect" title="Wuhua dialect">Wuhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huizhou_dialect" title="Huizhou dialect">Huizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tingzhou_dialect" title="Tingzhou dialect">Tingzhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Changting_dialect" title="Changting dialect">Changting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hakka" title="Taiwanese Hakka">Taiwanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixian_dialect" title="Sixian dialect">Sixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hailu_dialect" title="Hailu dialect">Hailu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoping_Hakka" title="Raoping Hakka">Raoping</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yue_Chinese" title="Yue Chinese">Yue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yuehai_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuehai dialects">Yuehai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Guangzhou</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Cantonese" title="Hong Kong Cantonese">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Cantonese" title="Malaysian Cantonese">Malaysia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiguan_dialect" title="Xiguan dialect">Xiguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiujiang_dialect" title="Jiujiang dialect">Jiujiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiqi_dialect" title="Shiqi dialect">Shiqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weitou_dialect" title="Weitou dialect">Weitou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapeng_dialect" title="Dapeng dialect">Dapeng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Siyi_Yue" title="Siyi Yue">Siyi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taishanese" title="Taishanese">Taishan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xinhui_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xinhui dialect (page does not exist)">Xinhui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gao%E2%80%93Yang_Yue" title="Gao–Yang Yue">Gao–Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goulou_Yue" title="Goulou Yue">Goulou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu%E2%80%93Hua_Yue" title="Wu–Hua Yue">Wu–Hua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong%E2%80%93Xun_Yue" title="Yong–Xun Yue">Yong–Xun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo%E2%80%93Guang_Yue" title="Luo–Guang Yue">Luo–Guang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin%E2%80%93Lian_Yue" title="Qin–Lian Yue">Qin–Lian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pinghua" title="Pinghua">Pinghua</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinghua#Dialects" title="Pinghua">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tongdao_Pinghua" title="Tongdao Pinghua">Tongdao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younian_dialect" title="Younian dialect">Younian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinghua#Dialects" title="Pinghua">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yongjiang_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yongjiang dialect (page does not exist)">Yongjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Guandao_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Guandao dialect (page does not exist)">Guandao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rongjiang_dialect&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rongjiang dialect (page does not exist)">Rongjiang</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%">Unclassified</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shaozhou_Tuhua" title="Shaozhou Tuhua">Shaozhou Tuhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiangnan_Tuhua" title="Xiangnan Tuhua">Xiangnan Tuhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badong_Yao_language" title="Badong Yao language">Badong Yao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danzhou_dialect" title="Danzhou dialect">Danzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mai_Chinese" title="Mai Chinese">Mai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/She_Chinese" title="She Chinese">Shehua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waxiang_Chinese" title="Waxiang Chinese">Waxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeheni_language" title="Yeheni language">Yeheni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huizhou_dialect" title="Huizhou dialect">Huizhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_language" title="Bai language">Bai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cai%E2%80%93Long_languages" title="Cai–Long languages">Cai-Long</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caijia_language" title="Caijia language">Caijia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longjia_language" title="Longjia language">Longjia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luren_language" title="Luren language">Luren</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuanqing_people#Language" title="Chuanqing people">Laobeizi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg/350px-Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="785" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg/525px-Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg/700px-Map_of_sinitic_languages-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="920" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_national_standards_of_Chinese" title="Comparison of national standards of Chinese">Standard<br />forms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_Standard_Chinese" title="Sichuanese Standard Chinese">Sichuanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippine Mandarin">Philippine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Mandarin" title="Malaysian Mandarin">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Mandarin" title="Singaporean Mandarin">Singaporean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Singaporean_Mandarin" title="Standard Singaporean Mandarin">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singdarin" title="Singdarin">Singdarin</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakka">Hakka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%">Phonology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Chinese_phonology" title="Historical Chinese phonology">Historical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese_phonology" title="Old Chinese phonology">Old</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_National_Pronunciation" title="Old National Pronunciation">Old National</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_phonology" title="Cantonese phonology">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokkien_phonology" title="Hokkien phonology">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Wu_phonology" title="Northern Wu phonology">Northern Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese_phonology" title="Standard Chinese phonology">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_and_colloquial_readings_of_Chinese_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Literary and colloquial readings of Chinese characters">Literary and colloquial readings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_grammar" title="Chinese grammar">Grammar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_numerals" title="Chinese numerals">Numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_classifier" title="Chinese classifier">Classifiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_honorifics" title="Chinese honorifics">Honorifics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_grammar" title="Cantonese grammar">Cantonese grammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese_grammar" title="Classical Chinese grammar">Classical grammar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%">Idioms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chengyu" title="Chengyu">Chengyu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xiehouyu" title="Xiehouyu">Xiehouyu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_input_methods_for_computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese input methods for computers">Input</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biaoxingma_method" title="Biaoxingma method">Biaoxingma</a></li> <li>Boshiamy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cangjie_input_method" title="Cangjie input method">Cangjie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Cangjie" title="Simplified Cangjie">Simplified</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CKC_Chinese_Input_System" title="CKC Chinese Input System">CKC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayi_method" title="Dayi method">Dayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinyin method">Pinyin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Google_Pinyin" title="Google Pinyin">Google</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Pinyin_IME" title="Microsoft Pinyin IME">Microsoft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogou_Pinyin" title="Sogou Pinyin">Sogou</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stroke_count_method" title="Stroke count method">Stroke count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wubi_method" title="Wubi method">Wubi (Wang Ma)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengma_method" title="Zhengma method">ZhengMa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Chinese_language" title="History of the Chinese language">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Chinese" title="Old Chinese">Old Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Han_Chinese" title="Eastern Han Chinese">Eastern Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Chinese" title="Middle Chinese">Middle Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Mandarin" title="Old Mandarin">Old Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_(late_imperial_lingua_franca)" title="Mandarin (late imperial lingua franca)">Middle Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Min" title="Proto-Min">Proto-Min</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Hakka" title="Proto-Hakka">Proto-Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%E2%80%93Shu_Chinese" title="Ba–Shu Chinese">Ba–Shu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gan_Chinese" title="History of Gan Chinese">Gan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%">Literary<br /> forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Official" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Official</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese" title="Classical Chinese">Classical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adoption_of_Chinese_literary_culture" title="Adoption of Chinese literary culture">Adoption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanbun" title="Kanbun">in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_Chinese_in_Vietnam" title="Literary Chinese in Vietnam">in Vietnam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Written_vernacular_Chinese" title="Written vernacular Chinese">Vernacular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Written_Cantonese" title="Written Cantonese">Written Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_alphabets" title="Dungan alphabets">Written Dungan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Written_Hokkien" title="Written Hokkien">Written Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sichuanese_characters" title="Sichuanese characters">Written Sichuanese</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #e0e0b0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Written_Chinese" title="Written Chinese">Scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Logographic" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Logographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Logographic">Logographic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Script_styles" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Script_styles" class="mw-redirect" title="Script styles">Script styles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_script" title="Clerical script">Clerical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-cursive_script" title="Semi-cursive script">Semi-cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_script_(East_Asia)" title="Cursive script (East Asia)">Cursive</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Simplified characters">Simplified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_characters" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional characters">Traditional</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_punctuation" title="Chinese punctuation">Punctuation</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#f0eaea;;width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Phonetic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillization_of_Chinese" title="Cyrillization of Chinese">Cyrillization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_language#Writing_system" title="Dungan language">Dungan Cyrillic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Chinese" title="Romanization of Chinese">Romanization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Phonetic_Symbols_II" title="Mandarin Phonetic Symbols II">MPS II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_postal_romanization" title="Chinese postal romanization">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongyong_Pinyin" title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EFEO_Chinese_transcription" title="EFEO Chinese transcription">EFEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lessing-Othmer" title="Lessing-Othmer">Lessing-Othmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Mandarin" title="Yale romanization of Mandarin">Yale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Bopomofo" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantonese Bopomofo">Cantonese Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Phonetic_Symbols" title="Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols">Taiwanese Phonetic Symbols</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_kana" title="Taiwanese kana">Taiwanese kana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hangul" title="Taiwanese Hangul">Taiwanese Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao%27erjing" title="Xiao'erjing">Xiao'erjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: #e0e0b0;"><div><span 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