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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Ancient Korea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Three Kingdoms of Korea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unified_dynasties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unified_dynasties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Unified dynasties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unified_dynasties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_occupation_and_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_occupation_and_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Japanese occupation and World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_occupation_and_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Modern history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Korean_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korean_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1 Korean War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korean_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Korean_War_(1960–1990)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Korean_War_(1960–1990)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.2 Post-Korean War (1960–1990) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Korean_War_(1960–1990)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.3 Contemporary history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Environment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-North_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 North Korea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China_and_Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China_and_Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 China and Russia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China_and_Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 Japan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.4 European Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.5 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States_contingent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_contingent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 United States contingent </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_contingent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Transportation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_pension_scheme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_pension_scheme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 National pension scheme </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_pension_scheme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Science and technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cyber_security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cyber_security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.1 Cyber security </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cyber_security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aerospace_engineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aerospace_engineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.2 Aerospace engineering </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aerospace_engineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Robotics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Robotics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.3 Robotics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Robotics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biotechnology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biotechnology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5.4 Biotechnology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biotechnology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entertainment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entertainment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Entertainment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entertainment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Holidays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Holidays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Holidays </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Holidays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">South Korea</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 272 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-272" aria-hidden="true" > 272 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kor%C3%A8a_Tunong" title="Korèa Tunong – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Korèa Tunong" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%80%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8D" title="КӀэрей Республикэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="КӀэрей Республикэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suid-Korea" title="Suid-Korea – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Suid-Korea" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCdkorea" title="Südkorea – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Südkorea" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%B0%E1%89%A1%E1%89%A5_%E1%8A%AE%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%AB" title="ደቡብ ኮርያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ደቡብ ኮርያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maad%C3%A2-Korea" title="Maadâ-Korea – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Maadâ-Korea" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="दक्षिण कोरिया – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="दक्षिण कोरिया" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%BEcorea" title="Suþcorea – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Suþcorea" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D3%99%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Аладатәи Кореиа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Аладатәи Кореиа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="كوريا الجنوبية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كوريا الجنوبية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corea_d%27o_Sud" title="Corea d'o Sud – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Corea d'o Sud" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cor%C3%A8a_du_Mi%C3%A9-jorn" title="Corèa du Mié-jorn – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Corèa du Mié-jorn" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="দক্ষিণ কোৰিয়া – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="দক্ষিণ কোৰিয়া" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corea_del_Sur" title="Corea del Sur – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Corea del Sur" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91emby_Kor%C3%A9a" title="Ñemby Koréa – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñemby Koréa" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C9%99nubi_Koreya" title="Cənubi Koreya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cənubi Koreya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87" title="جنوبی کوره – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جنوبی کوره" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9publik_Kor%C3%A9a" title="Républik Koréa – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Républik Koréa" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="দক্ষিণ কোরিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দক্ষিণ কোরিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%81i-h%C3%A2n_B%C3%AEn-kok" title="Tāi-hân Bîn-kok – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tāi-hân Bîn-kok" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Kidul" title="Korea Kidul – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Korea Kidul" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Корея Республикаһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Корея Республикаһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%91%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%8F" title="Паўднёвая Карэя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паўднёвая Карэя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%8F" title="Рэспубліка Карэя – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Рэспубліка Карэя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="दक्खिन कोरिया – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="दक्खिन कोरिया" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habagatan_na_Korea" title="Habagatan na Korea – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Habagatan na Korea" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saot_Koria" title="Saot Koria – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Saot Koria" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Южна Корея – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Южна Корея" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidkorea" title="Sidkorea – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Sidkorea" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A3%E0%BE%B7%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BC%8D" title="ལྷོ་ཀོ་རི་ཡ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ལྷོ་ཀོ་རི་ཡ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEna_Koreja" title="Južna Koreja – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Južna Koreja" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Korea" title="Republik Korea – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Republik Korea" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Урда Солонгос – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Урда Солонгос" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corea_del_Sud" title="Corea del Sud – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Corea del Sud" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habagatang_Korea" title="Habagatang Korea – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Habagatang Korea" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%C5%BEn%C3%AD_Korea" title="Jižní Korea – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jižní Korea" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corea_del_Sur" title="Corea del Sur – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Corea del Sur" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corea_del_Sur" title="Corea del Sur – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Corea del Sur" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="South Korea" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="South Korea" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corea_di_u_Sudu" title="Corea di u Sudu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Corea di u Sudu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Corea" title="De Corea – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="De Corea" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="South Korea" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydkorea" title="Sydkorea – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sydkorea" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="كوريا لجنوبية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كوريا لجنوبية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lulli-Korea" title="Lulli-Korea – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Lulli-Korea" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCdkorea" title="Südkorea – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Südkorea" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8B%DE%AC%DE%86%DE%AA%DE%82%DE%AA_%DE%86%DE%AE%DE%83%DE%AC%DE%87%DE%A7" title="ދެކުނު ކޮރެއާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ދެކުނު ކޮރެއާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sh%C3%A1di%CA%BC%C3%A1%C3%A1hj%C3%AD_Bin%C3%A1%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%A1daa%C5%82ts%CA%BC%C3%B3z%C3%AD_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bik%C3%A9yah_Y%C3%A1zh%C3%AD" title="Shádiʼááhjí Binááʼádaałtsʼózí Dineʼé Bikéyah Yázhí – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Shádiʼááhjí Binááʼádaałtsʼózí Dineʼé Bikéyah Yázhí" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3dpo%C5%82dnjowa_Koreja" title="Pódpołdnjowa Koreja – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Pódpołdnjowa Koreja" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="दक्षिण कोरिया – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="दक्षिण कोरिया" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A3%E0%BE%B7%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A1%E0%BC%8B" title="ལྷོ་ཀོ་རི་ཡ་ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ལྷོ་ཀོ་རི་ཡ་" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B5una-Korea" title="Lõuna-Korea – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lõuna-Korea" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9D%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%9A%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AD%CE%B1" title="Νότια Κορέα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Νότια Κορέα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Корея Республикась – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Корея Республикась" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corea_del_Sur" title="Corea del Sur – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Corea del Sur" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud-Koreio" title="Sud-Koreio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sud-Koreio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corea_del_Sul" title="Corea del Sul – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Corea del Sul" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hego_Korea" title="Hego Korea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hego Korea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anyiehe_Korea" title="Anyiehe Korea – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Anyiehe Korea" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="کره جنوبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کره جنوبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="South Korea" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%B0urkorea" title="Suðurkorea – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Suðurkorea" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cor%C3%A9e_du_Sud" title="Corée du Sud – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Corée du Sud" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAd-Kore%C3%A4" title="Súd-Koreä – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Súd-Koreä" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Ch%C3%B3ir%C3%A9_Theas" title="An Chóiré Theas – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Chóiré Theas" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Chorea_Yiass" title="Yn Chorea Yiass – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Chorea Yiass" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9C%C3%BClen_Koreya" title="Üülen Koreya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Üülen Koreya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coir%C3%A8a_a_Deas" title="Coirèa a Deas – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Coirèa a Deas" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corea_do_Sur" title="Corea do Sur – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Corea do Sur" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%87%D0%B5" title="Республика Силлойче – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Республика Силлойче" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%9F%93%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B" title="大韓民國 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="大韓民國" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="South Korea" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A6%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A3_%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%BE" title="દક્ષિણ કોરિયા – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="દક્ષિણ કોરિયા" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8D%83%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B8%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%B0" title="𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍂𐌰𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌹𐌰 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐍃𐌿𐌽𐌸𐍂𐌰𐌺𐌰𐌿𐍂𐌹𐌰" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="दक्षिण कोरिया – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="दक्षिण कोरिया" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai-h%C3%B2n_M%C3%ACn-koet" title="Thai-hòn Mìn-koet – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thai-hòn Mìn-koet" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%ED%95%9C%EB%AF%BC%EA%B5%AD" title="대한민국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대한민국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koriya_ta_Kudu" title="Koriya ta Kudu – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Koriya ta Kudu" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dlea_Hema" title="Kōlea Hema – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kōlea Hema" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D4%BF%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A1" title="Հարավային Կորեա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հարավային Կորեա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="दक्षिण कोरिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दक्षिण कोरिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEna_Koreja" title="Južna Koreja – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Južna Koreja" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEna_Koreja" title="Južna Koreja – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Južna Koreja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud-Korea" title="Sud-Korea – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Sud-Korea" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abagatan_a_Korea" title="Abagatan a Korea – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Abagatan a Korea" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="খা কোরিয়া – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="খা কোরিয়া" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Selatan" title="Korea Selatan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Korea Selatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corea_del_Sud" title="Corea del Sud – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Corea del Sud" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud-Korea" title="Sud-Korea – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Sud-Korea" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%91%AF%E1%95%86%E1%90%83_%E1%93%82%E1%92%8B%E1%90%8A%E1%93%82" title="ᑯᕆᐃ ᓂᒋᐊᓂ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᑯᕆᐃ ᓂᒋᐊᓂ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiluli%C3%B1iq_Kuriaq" title="Kiluliñiq Kuriaq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Kiluliñiq Kuriaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Хуссар Корей – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хуссар Корей" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Korea" title="Republic of Korea – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Republic of Korea" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%B0ur-K%C3%B3rea" title="Suður-Kórea – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Suður-Kórea" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corea_del_Sud" title="Corea del Sud – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Corea del Sud" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA" title="קוריאה הדרומית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קוריאה הדרומית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kor%C3%A9a_Kidul" title="Koréa Kidul – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Koréa Kidul" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kooree_Had%C9%9B_Ki%C5%8B" title="Kooree Hadɛ Kiŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Kooree Hadɛ Kiŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%A3_%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE" title="ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಕೊರಿಯಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಕೊರಿಯಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauling_Korea" title="Mauling Korea – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Mauling Korea" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Корея Республика – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Корея Республика" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%90" title="სამხრეთი კორეა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სამხრეთი კორეა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%86%D9%86%D9%88%D9%97%D8%A8%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%84%D8%B1%D9%90%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="جۆنوٗبی کۄرِیا – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="جۆنوٗبی کۄرِیا" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rep%C3%B9blika_K%C3%B2reji" title="Repùblika Kòreji – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Repùblika Kòreji" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Корея Республикасы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Корея Республикасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Dhyghow" title="Korea Dhyghow – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Korea Dhyghow" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreya_y%E2%80%99Amajyepfo" title="Koreya y’Amajyepfo – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Koreya y’Amajyepfo" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Kusini" title="Korea Kusini – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Korea Kusini" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Корея Республика – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Корея Республика" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangu_ya_Sudi" title="Hangu ya Sudi – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Hangu ya Sudi" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kore_disid" title="Kore disid – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kore disid" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kor%C3%A9_di_Sid" title="Koré di Sid – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Koré di Sid" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komara_Kor%C3%AAy%C3%AA" title="Komara Korêyê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Komara Korêyê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D1%88%D1%82%D2%AF%D0%BA_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Түштүк Корея – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Түштүк Корея" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corea_dl_Sud" title="Corea dl Sud – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Corea dl Sud" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_del_Sud" title="Korea del Sud – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Korea del Sud" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%BC%E0%BA%B5%E0%BB%83%E0%BA%95%E0%BB%89" title="ປະເທດເກົາຫຼີໃຕ້ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດເກົາຫຼີໃຕ້" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C4%ABnavydu_Koreja" title="Dīnavydu Koreja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Dīnavydu Koreja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Res_publica_Coreana" title="Res publica Coreana – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Res publica Coreana" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dienvidkoreja" title="Dienvidkoreja – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dienvidkoreja" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republik_Korea" title="Republik Korea – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Republik Korea" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Республика Корея – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Республика Корея" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet%C5%B3_Kor%C4%97ja" title="Pietų Korėja – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pietų Korėja" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Selatan" title="Korea Selatan – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Korea Selatan" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corea_do_Sud" title="Corea do Sud – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Corea do Sud" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuud-Korea" title="Zuud-Korea – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Zuud-Korea" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kor%C3%A9_ya_S%C3%BAdi" title="Koré ya Súdi – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Koré ya Súdi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corea_Sude" title="Corea Sude – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Corea Sude" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suvi-Korea" title="Suvi-Korea – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Suvi-Korea" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/snanu_zei_.xanguk" title="snanu zei .xanguk – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="snanu zei .xanguk" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curea_del_S%C3%BCd" title="Curea del Süd – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Curea del Süd" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9l-Korea" title="Dél-Korea – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dél-Korea" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kor%C3%A8a_Lao%27" title="Korèa Lao' – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Korèa Lao'" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="दक्षिण कोरिया – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="दक्षिण कोरिया" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Јужна Кореја – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јужна Кореја" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B4rea_Atsimo" title="Kôrea Atsimo – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Kôrea Atsimo" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A3_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="ദക്ഷിണ കൊറിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ദക്ഷിണ കൊറിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_t%27Isfel" title="Korea t'Isfel – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Korea t'Isfel" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Drea-ki-te-tonga" title="Kōrea-ki-te-tonga – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Kōrea-ki-te-tonga" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="दक्षिण कोरिया – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="दक्षिण कोरिया" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%97%E1%83%94_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%90" title="ობჟათე კორეა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ობჟათე კორეა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%87" title="كوريا الجنوبيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كوريا الجنوبيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%87" title="جنوبی کره – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جنوبی کره" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Selatan" title="Korea Selatan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Korea Selatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%88%EA%AF%A5_%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯈꯥ ꯀꯣꯔꯤꯌꯥ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯈꯥ ꯀꯣꯔꯤꯌꯥ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Salatan" title="Korea Salatan – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Korea Salatan" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A2i-h%C3%A0ng_M%C3%ACng-gu%C3%B3k" title="Dâi-hàng Mìng-guók – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dâi-hàng Mìng-guók" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coreia_de_l_Sul" title="Coreia de l Sul – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Coreia de l Sul" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%A8%D0%BC%D0%BD%D3%A9%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Өмнөд Солонгос – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Өмнөд Солонгос" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="တောင်ကိုရီးယားနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="တောင်ကိုရီးယားနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauca_Korea" title="Sauca Korea – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Sauca Korea" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuid-Korea" title="Zuid-Korea – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zuid-Korea" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuud-Korea" title="Zuud-Korea – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Zuud-Korea" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="दक्षिण कोरिया – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="दक्षिण कोरिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="दक्षिण कोरिया – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="दक्षिण कोरिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%9F%93%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD" title="大韓民国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="大韓民国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corea_d%22o_Sud" title="Corea d"o Sud – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Corea d"o Sud" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Къилба Корей – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Къилба Корей" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BC%C3%BCdkorea" title="Süüdkorea – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Süüdkorea" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8r-Korea" title="Sør-Korea – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sør-Korea" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8r-Korea" title="Sør-Korea – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sør-Korea" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cor%C3%A9e_du_Sud" title="Corée du Sud – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Corée du Sud" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sud_Korea" title="Sud Korea – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Sud Korea" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cor%C3%A8a_del_Sud" title="Corèa del Sud – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Corèa del Sud" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Кечывалвел Корей – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Кечывалвел Корей" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A3_%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%86" title="ଦକ୍ଷିଣ କୋରିଆ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଦକ୍ଷିଣ କୋରିଆ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kooriyaa_Kibbaa" title="Kooriyaa Kibbaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Kooriyaa Kibbaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreya_Respublikasi" title="Koreya Respublikasi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Koreya Respublikasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਦੱਖਣੀ ਕੋਰੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦੱਖਣੀ ਕੋਰੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="दक्षिण कोरिया – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="दक्षिण कोरिया" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea,_south" title="Korea, south – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Korea, south" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="جنوبی کوریا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جنوبی کوریا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA" title="ကိုးရီးယားခမ်းနဝ် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ကိုးရီးယားခမ်းနဝ်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sur_Korea" title="Sur Korea – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Sur Korea" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%8A_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="سویلي کوریا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سویلي کوریا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sout_Koria" title="Sout Koria – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Sout Koria" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%89%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%81%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%84%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%84" title="កូរ៉េខាងត្បូង – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="កូរ៉េខាងត្បូង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cor%C3%A9e_dech_Sud" title="Corée dech Sud – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Corée dech Sud" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cor%C3%A9a_d%C3%ABl_Sud" title="Coréa dël Sud – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Coréa dël Sud" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saut_Koria" title="Saut Koria – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Saut Koria" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BC%C3%BCdkorea" title="Süüdkorea – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Süüdkorea" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Po%C5%82udniowa" title="Korea Południowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Korea Południowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coreia_do_Sul" title="Coreia do Sul – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Coreia do Sul" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreya_Respublikas%C4%B1" title="Koreya Respublikası – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Koreya Respublikası" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreya_Cumhuriyeti" title="Koreya Cumhuriyeti – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Koreya Cumhuriyeti" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coreea_de_Sud" title="Coreea de Sud – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Coreea de Sud" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudutni_Koreya" title="Sudutni Koreya – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Sudutni Koreya" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corea_dal_Sid" title="Corea dal Sid – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Corea dal Sid" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayhan_Ripuwlika" title="Tayhan Ripuwlika – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Tayhan Ripuwlika" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Южна Корея – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Южна Корея" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Республика Корея – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Республика Корея" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%B9%D1%8D_%D3%A8%D1%80%D3%A9%D1%81%D0%BF%D2%AF%D2%AF%D0%B1%D2%AF%D0%BB%D2%AF%D0%BA%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8D" title="Кэриэйэ Өрөспүүбүлүкэтэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Кэриэйэ Өрөспүүбүлүкэтэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea,_south" title="Korea, south – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Korea, south" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolea_i_Saute" title="Kolea i Saute – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Kolea i Saute" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="दक्षिणकोरिया – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="दक्षिणकोरिया" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A7%E1%B1%AE_%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱠᱚᱧᱮ ᱠᱳᱨᱤᱭᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corea_de_su_Sud" title="Corea de su Sud – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Corea de su Sud" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sooth_Korea" title="Sooth Korea – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Sooth Korea" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyusing_dxgal_quri_tgtruma" title="Cyusing dxgal quri tgtruma – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Cyusing dxgal quri tgtruma" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreja_e_Jugut" title="Koreja e Jugut – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Koreja e Jugut" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corea_d%C3%BB_Sud" title="Corea dû Sud – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Corea dû Sud" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AF%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%94_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="දකුණු කොරියාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="දකුණු කොරියාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="South Korea" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%8F%DA%A9%DA%BB_%DA%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="ڏکڻ ڪوريا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڏکڻ ڪوريا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IKhoriya_leseNingizimu" title="IKhoriya leseNingizimu – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IKhoriya leseNingizimu" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B3rejsk%C3%A1_republika" title="Kórejská republika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kórejská republika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEna_Koreja" title="Južna Koreja – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Južna Koreja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%94%EA%99%97_%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%97%EA%99%97" title="Корєꙗ Димократїꙗ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Корєꙗ Димократїꙗ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C5%82ed%C5%84owo_Koryjo" title="Połedńowo Koryjo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Połedńowo Koryjo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koonfur_Kuuriya" title="Koonfur Kuuriya – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Koonfur Kuuriya" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1" title="کۆریای باشوور – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆریای باشوور" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bofuben-Korea" title="Bofuben-Korea – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Bofuben-Korea" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Јужна Кореја – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јужна Кореја" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEna_Koreja" title="Južna Koreja – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Južna Koreja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kor%C3%A9a_Kidul" title="Koréa Kidul – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Koréa Kidul" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_tasavalta" title="Korean tasavalta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Korean tasavalta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydkorea" title="Sydkorea – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sydkorea" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timog_Korea" title="Timog Korea – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Timog Korea" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="தென் கொரியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தென் கொரியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurya_n_iffus" title="Kurya n iffus – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Kurya n iffus" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurya_n_Wen%E1%BA%93ul" title="Kurya n Wenẓul – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Kurya n Wenẓul" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coree_d%27u_Sud" title="Coree d'u Sud – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Coree d'u Sud" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BA_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Көньяк Корея – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Көньяк Корея" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%81%B5%E1%81%A2%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%81%B8%E1%81%A2%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="မိူင်းၵၢဝ်းလီၸၢၼ်း – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းၵၢဝ်းလီၸၢၼ်း" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea,_south" title="Korea, south – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Korea, south" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A3_%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8A%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="దక్షిణ కొరియా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="దక్షిణ కొరియా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koreia_S%C3%BAl" title="Koreia Súl – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Koreia Súl" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89" title="ประเทศเกาหลีใต้ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศเกาหลีใต้" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%B0%E1%89%A1%E1%89%A5_%E1%8A%AE%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%AB" title="ደቡብ ኮርያ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ደቡብ ኮርያ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D1%83%D0%BC%D2%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Ҷумҳурии Корея – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷумҳурии Корея" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%8Dlea_Tonga" title="Kōlea Tonga – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Kōlea Tonga" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%A7%E1%8E%A6%E1%8E%BE%E1%8F%AE_%E1%8E%AA%E1%8E%B5%E1%8E%A0" title="ᏧᎦᎾᏮ ᎪᎵᎠ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏧᎦᎾᏮ ᎪᎵᎠ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCney_Kore" title="Güney Kore – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Güney Kore" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kore%C3%BDa_Respublikasy" title="Koreýa Respublikasy – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Koreýa Respublikasy" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_anaafo%C9%94" title="Korea anaafoɔ – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Korea anaafoɔ" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kworiya_A%CC%B1tak" title="Kworiya A̱tak – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Kworiya A̱tak" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%83_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Мурнуу Корея – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Мурнуу Корея" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Республика Корея – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Республика Корея" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%80%E1%A8%9A%E1%A8%91%E1%A8%99%E1%A8%95_%E1%A8%94%E1%A8%99%E1%A8%92%E1%A8%88%E1%A8%8A" title="ᨀᨚᨑᨙᨕ ᨔᨙᨒᨈᨊ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨀᨚᨑᨙᨕ ᨔᨙᨒᨈᨊ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Південна Корея – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Південна Корея" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="جنوبی کوریا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جنوبی کوریا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="كورىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="كورىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daihhanz_Minzgoz" title="Daihhanz Minzgoz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Daihhanz Minzgoz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corea_del_Sud" title="Corea del Sud – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Corea del Sud" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korejan_Tazovaldkund" title="Korejan Tazovaldkund – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Korejan Tazovaldkund" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A0n_Qu%E1%BB%91c" title="Hàn Quốc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hàn Quốc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sul%C3%BCda-Korey%C3%A4n" title="Sulüda-Koreyän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Sulüda-Koreyän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B5un%C3%B5-Korea" title="Lõunõ-Korea – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Lõunõ-Korea" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cor%C3%AAye_nonnrece" title="Corêye nonnrece – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Corêye nonnrece" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%9F%93%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B" title="大韓民國 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="大韓民國" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuud-Korea" title="Zuud-Korea – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Zuud-Korea" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salatan_nga_Korea" title="Salatan nga Korea – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Salatan nga Korea" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kore_gu_B%C3%ABj-saalum" title="Kore gu Bëj-saalum – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Kore gu Bëj-saalum" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%9F%A9%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD" title="大韩民国 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="大韩民国" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khoriya_Dzonga" title="Khoriya Dzonga – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Khoriya Dzonga" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%A2" title="דרום קארעע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דרום קארעע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B2r%C3%A9%C3%A0_G%C3%BA%C3%BAs%C3%B9" title="Kòréà Gúúsù – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Kòréà Gúúsù" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%9F%93%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B" title="大韓民國 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="大韓民國" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koryay_Veroci" title="Koryay Veroci – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Koryay Veroci" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuud-Korea" title="Zuud-Korea – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Zuud-Korea" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%97it%C5%AB_Kuoriej%C4%97" title="Pėitū Kuoriejė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Pėitū Kuoriejė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%9F%A9%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD" title="大韩民国 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="大韩民国" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Dangsina" title="Korea Dangsina – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Korea Dangsina" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kor%C3%A9a_Kidul" title="Koréa Kidul – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Koréa Kidul" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Selatan" title="Korea Selatan – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Korea Selatan" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Kabaatan" title="Korea Kabaatan – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Korea Kabaatan" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Selatan" title="Korea Selatan – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Korea Selatan" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-igl mw-list-item"><a href="https://igl.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea – Igala" lang="igl" hreflang="igl" data-title="South Korea" data-language-autonym="Igala" data-language-local-name="Igala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Hulu" title="Korea Hulu – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Korea Hulu" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a 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.geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=South_Korea&params=36_N_128_E_">36°N 128°E / 36°N 128°E / 36; 128</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in East Asia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Republic of Korea" redirects here. For the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, see <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>. For the 1919–1945 government in exile that used the same name, see <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea">Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Republic of Korea</div><div class="ib-country-names">대한민국 (<a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>) Daehanminguk (<a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">RR</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_South_Korea.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of South Korea"><img alt="Centered taegeuk on a white rectangle inclusive of four black trigrams" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/125px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/188px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/250px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_South_Korea" title="Flag of South Korea">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_South_Korea.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of South Korea"><img alt="Centered taegeuk on a hibiscus syriacus surrounded by five stylized petals and a ribbon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Emblem_of_South_Korea.svg/85px-Emblem_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Emblem_of_South_Korea.svg/128px-Emblem_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Emblem_of_South_Korea.svg/170px-Emblem_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="352" data-file-height="354" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_South_Korea" title="Emblem of South Korea"> Emblem</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: 애국가 <a href="/wiki/Aegukga" title="Aegukga">Aegukga</a> "The Patriotic Song"<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="58" data-mwtitle="National_anthem_of_South_Korea,_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.wav" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0d/National_anthem_of_South_Korea%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.wav/National_anthem_of_South_Korea%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.wav.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" 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src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_South_Korea%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.wav&lang=tr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tr" label="Türkçe ‪(tr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_South_Korea%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.wav&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_South_Korea%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.wav&lang=zh-hans&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans" label="中文（简体） ‪(zh-hans)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_South_Korea%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.wav&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_South_Korea%2C_performed_by_the_United_States_Navy_Band.wav&lang=zh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh" label="中文 ‪(zh)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_South_Korea" title="Seal of South Korea">National seal</a>: <a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_South_Korea.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Seal_of_South_Korea.svg/85px-Seal_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Seal_of_South_Korea.svg/128px-Seal_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Seal_of_South_Korea.svg/170px-Seal_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="820" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Republic_of_Korea_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Republic_of_Korea_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Republic_of_Korea_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Republic_of_Korea_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Republic_of_Korea_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Republic_of_Korea_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Republic_of_Korea_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Territory controlled</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Territory <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Five_Northern_Korean_Provinces" title="Committee for the Five Northern Korean Provinces">claimed but not controlled</a> (North Korea)</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=South_Korea&params=37_33_N_126_58_E_type:city">37°33′N 126°58′E / 37.550°N 126.967°E / 37.550; 126.967</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Administrative center</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sejong_City" title="Sejong City">Sejong City</a><a href="#cite_note-Sejong_City-1">[a]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=South_Korea&params=36.487002_N_127.282234_E_type:city_region:KR-50">36°29′13″N 127°16′56″E / 36.487002°N 127.282234°E / 36.487002; 127.282234</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_Korean_standard_language" title="South Korean standard language">Pyojuneo</a>) <a href="/wiki/Korean_Sign_Language" title="Korean Sign Language">Korean Sign Language</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Official_script" title="Official script">Official script</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2019)<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>95.1% <a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Korean</a></li> <li>4.9% <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_South_Korea#Ethnic_groups" title="Demographics of South Korea">other</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2015)<a href="#cite_note-Kim-Shon-Chosunilbo2016-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-ABC-CLIO-5">[4]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="white-space;">56.1% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_South_Korea" title="Irreligion in South Korea">no religion</a></li><li style="white-space;">27.6% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Korea" title="Christianity in Korea">Christianity</a><a href="#cite_note-Christian-6">[b]</a></li><li style="white-space;">15.5% <a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li><li style="white-space;">0.8% other</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_South_Korea" title="Demographics of South Korea">South Korean</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Korean</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Korea" title="Politics of South Korea">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Presidential_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential republic">presidential republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Korea" title="President of South Korea">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yoon_Suk_Yeol" title="Yoon Suk Yeol">Yoon Suk Yeol</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_South_Korea" title="Prime Minister of South Korea">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Han_Duck-soo" title="Han Duck-soo">Han Duck-soo</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_National_Assembly_of_South_Korea" title="Speaker of the National Assembly of South Korea">Speaker of the National Assembly</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Woo_Won-shik" title="Woo Won-shik">Woo Won-shik</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Korea" title="Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Korea">Chief Justice of the Supreme Court</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cho_Hee-dae" title="Cho Hee-dae">Cho Hee-dae</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Constitutional_Court_of_Korea" title="President of the Constitutional Court of Korea">President of the Constitutional Court</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lee_Jong-seok_(judge)" title="Lee Jong-seok (judge)">Lee Jongseok</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(South_Korea)" title="National Assembly (South Korea)">National Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korea" title="History of Korea">Establishment history</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Gojoseon" title="Gojoseon">Gojoseon</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">October 3, 2333 BCE (<a href="/wiki/Samguk_yusa" title="Samguk yusa">mythological</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea" title="Three Kingdoms of Korea">Three Kingdoms</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">57 BCE</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_States_period" title="Northern and Southern States period">Balhae and Silla Kingdoms</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">668</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a> dynasty </div></th><td class="infobox-data">July 25, 918</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a> dynasty </div></th><td class="infobox-data">August 13, 1392</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean Empire</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">October 12, 1897</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Japanese annexation</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">August 22, 1910</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Korean_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Korean Declaration of Independence">Independence from Japan declared</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">March 1, 1919</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea">Provisional Government</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">11 April 1919</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Liberation from Japanese occupation</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">August 15, 1945</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Military_Government_in_Korea" title="United States Army Military Government in Korea">US administration</a> of Korea south of the <a href="/wiki/38th_parallel_north" title="38th parallel north">38th parallel</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">September 8, 1945</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Korea" title="First Republic of Korea">ROK established</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">August 15, 1948</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Korea#Sixth_Republic_(1987–present)" title="History of South Korea">Current constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">February 25, 1988</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Korea" title="Geography of South Korea">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Excl. North Korea</div></th><td class="infobox-data">100,363<a href="#cite_note-7">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-South_Korea_country_profile-8">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-9">[7]</a> km2 (38,750 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">107th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">0.3</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_South_Korea" title="Demographics of South Korea">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2024 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 52,081,799<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">28th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">507/km2 (1,313.1/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">15th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $3.258 trillion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.KR-11">[9]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">14th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $62,960<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.KR-11">[9]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">28th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $1.869 trillion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.KR-11">[9]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">14th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $36,131<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.KR-11">[9]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">33rd</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2021)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 33.3<a href="#cite_note-auto-9">[7]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.929<a href="#cite_note-HDI-12">[10]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">very high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">19th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_won" title="South Korean won">Korean Republic won</a> (₩) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">KRW</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+9 (<a href="/wiki/Time_in_South_Korea" title="Time in South Korea">Korea Standard Time</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>yyyy년 m월 d일</li><li>yyyy. m. d. (<a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_South_Korea" title="Telephone numbers in South Korea">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_South_Korea" title="Telephone numbers in South Korea">+82</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:KR" title="ISO 3166-2:KR">KR</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/.kr" title=".kr">.kr</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/.kr" title=".kr">.한국</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> South Korea,<a href="#cite_note-13">[c]</a> officially the Republic of Korea (ROK),<a href="#cite_note-14">[d]</a> is a country in <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a>. It constitutes the southern half of the <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korean Peninsula</a> and borders <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Demilitarized_Zone" title="Korean Demilitarized Zone">Korean Demilitarized Zone</a>; though it also claims the land border with <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-15">[e]</a> The country's western border is formed by the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow Sea</a>, while its eastern border is defined by the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Japan" title="Sea of Japan">Sea of Japan</a>. South Korea claims to be the sole legitimate government of the entire peninsula and <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_South_Korea" title="List of islands of South Korea">adjacent islands</a>. It has <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_South_Korea" title="Demographics of South Korea">a population</a> of 51.96 million, of which half live in the <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Capital_Area" title="Seoul Capital Area">Seoul Capital Area</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities" title="List of largest cities">ninth most populous metropolitan area in the world</a>. Other major cities include <a href="/wiki/Busan" title="Busan">Busan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daegu" title="Daegu">Daegu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Incheon" title="Incheon">Incheon</a>. The Korean Peninsula was inhabited as early as the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Paleolithic" title="Lower Paleolithic">Lower Paleolithic</a> period. <a href="/wiki/Gojoseon" title="Gojoseon">Its first kingdom</a> was noted in Chinese records in the early 7th century BCE. After the unification of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea" title="Three Kingdoms of Korea">Three Kingdoms of Korea</a> into <a href="/wiki/Unified_Silla" title="Unified Silla">Silla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balhae" title="Balhae">Balhae</a> in the late 7th century, Korea was ruled by the <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a> dynasty (918–1392) and the <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a> dynasty (1392–1897). The succeeding <a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean Empire</a> (1897–1910) was <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1910" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910">annexed in 1910</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Japanese rule</a> ended following <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Japan's surrender</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, after which Korea was <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">divided into two zones</a>: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Civil_Administration" title="Soviet Civil Administration">a northern zone</a>, which was occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Military_Government_in_Korea" title="United States Army Military Government in Korea">a southern zone</a>, which was <a href="/wiki/Operation_Blacklist_Forty" title="Operation Blacklist Forty">occupied</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. After negotiations on <a href="/wiki/Korean_reunification" title="Korean reunification">reunification</a> failed, the southern zone became the Republic of Korea in August 1948, while the northern zone became the <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">communist</a> <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">Democratic People's Republic of Korea</a> the following month. In 1950, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Pokpung" title="Operation Pokpung">a North Korean invasion</a> began the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, which ended in 1953 after extensive fighting involving the <a href="/wiki/United_States_in_the_Korean_War" title="United States in the Korean War">American-led</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Command" title="United Nations Command">United Nations Command</a> and the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Volunteer_Army" title="People's Volunteer Army">People's Volunteer Army</a> from China with <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_the_Korean_War" title="Soviet Union in the Korean War">Soviet assistance</a>. The war <a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Korean_War" title="Aftermath of the Korean War">left 3 million Koreans dead and the economy in ruins</a>. The authoritarian <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Korea" title="First Republic of Korea">First Republic of Korea</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee">Syngman Rhee</a> was overthrown in the <a href="/wiki/April_Revolution" title="April Revolution">April Revolution</a> of 1960. However, the <a href="/wiki/Second_Republic_of_Korea" title="Second Republic of Korea">Second Republic</a> failed to control the revolutionary fervor. The <a href="/wiki/May_16_coup" title="May 16 coup">May 16 coup</a> of 1961 led by <a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park Chung Hee</a> put an end to the Second Republic, signaling the start of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Republic_of_Korea" title="Third Republic of Korea">Third Republic</a> in 1963. South Korea's devastated economy <a href="/wiki/Miracle_on_the_Han_River" title="Miracle on the Han River">began to soar</a> under Park's leadership, recording <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(real)_per_capita_growth_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by GDP (real) per capita growth rate">one of the fastest rises in average GDP per capita</a>. Despite lacking natural resources, the nation rapidly developed to become one of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Asian_Tigers" title="Four Asian Tigers">Four Asian Tigers</a> based on international trade and <a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">economic globalization</a>, integrating itself within the world economy with <a href="/wiki/Export-oriented_industrialization" title="Export-oriented industrialization">export-oriented industrialization</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Republic_of_Korea" title="Fourth Republic of Korea">Fourth Republic</a> was established after the <a href="/wiki/October_Restoration" title="October Restoration">October Restoration</a> of 1972, in which Park wielded absolute power. The <a href="/wiki/Yushin_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Yushin Constitution">Yushin Constitution</a> declared that the president could suspend <a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">basic human rights</a> and appoint a third of the parliament. Suppression of the opposition and human rights abuse by the government became more severe in this period. Even after <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Park_Chung_Hee" title="Assassination of Park Chung Hee">Park's assassination</a> in 1979, the authoritarian rule continued in the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Republic_of_Korea" title="Fifth Republic of Korea">Fifth Republic</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Chun_Doo-hwan" title="Chun Doo-hwan">Chun Doo-hwan</a>, which violently seized power by two coups and brutally suppressed the <a href="/wiki/Gwangju_Uprising" title="Gwangju Uprising">Gwangju Uprising</a>. The <a href="/wiki/June_Democratic_Struggle" title="June Democratic Struggle">June Democratic Struggle</a> of 1987 <a href="/wiki/1987_South_Korean_presidential_election" title="1987 South Korean presidential election">ended authoritarian rule</a>, forming the current Sixth Republic. The country is now considered among the <a href="/wiki/Democracy_indices" title="Democracy indices">most advanced democracies</a> in continental and East Asia. South Korea maintains a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential republic</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Korea" title="Constitution of South Korea">1987 constitution</a> with a unicameral legislature, the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly" title="National Assembly">National Assembly</a>. It is considered a <a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">regional power</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed country</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Korea" title="Economy of South Korea">its economy</a> ranked as the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">fourteenth-largest by nominal GDP</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">fourteenth-largest by PPP-adjusted GDP</a>. Its citizens enjoy one of the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_by_Internet_connection_speeds" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereign states by Internet connection speeds">fastest Internet connection speeds</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_high-speed_railway_lines" title="List of high-speed railway lines">densest high-speed railway networks</a>. The country is the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_exports" title="List of countries by exports">ninth-largest exporter</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_imports" title="List of countries by imports">ninth-largest importer</a>. <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Armed_Forces" title="Republic of Korea Armed Forces">Its armed forces</a> are ranked as one of the world's strongest militaries, with the world's second-largest standing army by <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_military_and_paramilitary_personnel" title="List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel">military and paramilitary personnel</a>. In the 21st century, South Korea has been renowned for its globally influential pop culture, particularly <a href="/wiki/K-pop" title="K-pop">in music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_drama" title="Korean drama">TV dramas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_South_Korea" title="Cinema of South Korea">cinema</a>, a phenomenon referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Wave" title="Korean Wave">Korean Wave</a>. It is a member of the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Development_Assistance_Committee" title="Development Assistance Committee">Development Assistance Committee</a>, the <a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific_Economic_Framework" title="Indo-Pacific Economic Framework">IPEF</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Club" title="Paris Club">Paris Club</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Korea" title="Names of Korea">Names of Korea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:History_of_Korea-476.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/History_of_Korea-476.PNG/170px-History_of_Korea-476.PNG" decoding="async" width="170" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/History_of_Korea-476.PNG/255px-History_of_Korea-476.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/History_of_Korea-476.PNG/340px-History_of_Korea-476.PNG 2x" data-file-width="970" data-file-height="1146" /></a><figcaption>The name Korea is derived from the shortened form of Goguryeo: Goryeo (Koryŏ)</figcaption></figure> The name Korea is an <a href="/wiki/Endonym_and_exonym" title="Endonym and exonym">exonym</a>, although it was derived from a historical kingdom name, <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization</a>) or Koryŏ (<a href="/wiki/McCune%E2%80%93Reischauer" title="McCune–Reischauer">McCune–Reischauer</a>). Goryeo was the shortened name officially adopted by <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a> in the 5th century<a href="#cite_note-16">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[13]</a> and the name of its 10th-century successor state Goryeo.<a href="#cite_note-Koryo1-19">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Koryo2-20">[15]</a> Visiting Arab and Persian merchants pronounced its name as "Korea".<a href="#cite_note-21">[16]</a> The modern name of Korea appears in the first Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Portolan_chart" title="Portolan chart">maps</a> of 1568 by João vaz Dourado as Conrai<a href="#cite_note-22">[17]</a> and later in the late 16th century and early 17th century as Corea (Korea) in the maps of Teixeira Albernaz of 1630.<a href="#cite_note-23">[18]</a> The Kingdom of Goryeo became first known to Westerners when <a href="/wiki/Afonso_de_Albuquerque" title="Afonso de Albuquerque">Afonso de Albuquerque</a> <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Malacca_(1511)" title="Capture of Malacca (1511)">conquered Malacca</a> in 1511 and described the peoples who traded with this part of the world known by the Portuguese as the Gores.<a href="#cite_note-24">[19]</a> Despite the coexistence of the spellings Corea and Korea in 19th-century publications, some Koreans believe that <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Imperial Japan</a>, around the time of the Japanese occupation, intentionally standardized the spelling of Korea, making Japan appear first alphabetically.<a href="#cite_note-UDN-25">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-LATimes0309-26">[21]</a> After Goryeo was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a> in 1392, Joseon became the official name for the entire territory, though it was not universally accepted. The new official name has its origin in the ancient kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Gojoseon" title="Gojoseon">Gojoseon</a> (2333 BCE). In 1897, the Joseon dynasty changed the country's official name from Joseon to Daehan Jeguk (<a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean Empire</a>). The name Daehan (Great Han) derives from <a href="/wiki/Samhan" title="Samhan">Samhan</a> (Three Han), referring to the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea" title="Three Kingdoms of Korea">Three Kingdoms of Korea</a>, not the ancient confederacies in the southern Korean Peninsula.<a href="#cite_note-27">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[23]</a> However, the name Joseon was still widely used by Koreans to refer to their country, though it was no longer the official name. Under <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Japanese rule</a>, the two names Han and Joseon coexisted. Following the <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">surrender of Japan</a>, in 1945, the "Republic of Korea" was adopted as the legal English name for the new country. However, it is not a direct translation of the Korean name.<a href="#cite_note-unloved-29">[24]</a> As a result, the Korean name "Daehan Minguk" is sometimes used by South Koreans as a <a href="/wiki/Metonymy" title="Metonymy">metonym</a> to refer to the Korean ethnicity (or "<a href="/wiki/Korean_ethnic_nationalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean ethnic nationalism">race</a>") as a whole, rather than just the South Korean state.<a href="#cite_note-thefreelibrary.com-30">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-unloved-29">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Korea" title="History of Korea">History of Korea</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Korea">Ancient Korea</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Front_view_of_Seokguram_from_front_chamber.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Front_view_of_Seokguram_from_front_chamber.jpg/200px-Front_view_of_Seokguram_from_front_chamber.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Front_view_of_Seokguram_from_front_chamber.jpg/300px-Front_view_of_Seokguram_from_front_chamber.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Front_view_of_Seokguram_from_front_chamber.jpg/400px-Front_view_of_Seokguram_from_front_chamber.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3804" data-file-height="2781" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Seokguram_Grotto" class="mw-redirect" title="Seokguram Grotto">Seokguram Grotto</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Silla" title="Silla">Silla</a> era, a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:History_of_Korea-Inter-country_Age-830_CE.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/History_of_Korea-Inter-country_Age-830_CE.gif/200px-History_of_Korea-Inter-country_Age-830_CE.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/History_of_Korea-Inter-country_Age-830_CE.gif/300px-History_of_Korea-Inter-country_Age-830_CE.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/History_of_Korea-Inter-country_Age-830_CE.gif/400px-History_of_Korea-Inter-country_Age-830_CE.gif 2x" data-file-width="1014" data-file-height="1198" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Balhae" title="Balhae">Balhae</a> (violet) and <a href="/wiki/Unified_Silla" title="Unified Silla">Silla</a> (blue), circa 830 CE</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean_book-Jikji-Selected_Teachings_of_Buddhist_Sages_and_Seon_Masters-1377.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Korean_book-Jikji-Selected_Teachings_of_Buddhist_Sages_and_Seon_Masters-1377.jpg/200px-Korean_book-Jikji-Selected_Teachings_of_Buddhist_Sages_and_Seon_Masters-1377.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Korean_book-Jikji-Selected_Teachings_of_Buddhist_Sages_and_Seon_Masters-1377.jpg/300px-Korean_book-Jikji-Selected_Teachings_of_Buddhist_Sages_and_Seon_Masters-1377.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Korean_book-Jikji-Selected_Teachings_of_Buddhist_Sages_and_Seon_Masters-1377.jpg/400px-Korean_book-Jikji-Selected_Teachings_of_Buddhist_Sages_and_Seon_Masters-1377.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="400" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The oldest surviving metal movable type book, the <a href="/wiki/Jikji" title="Jikji">Jikji</a>, was printed in 1377, and <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a> created the world's first metal-based movable type in 1234.<a href="#cite_note-print_c-31">[26]</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Korea-Haeinsa-Tripitaka_Koreana-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Korea-Haeinsa-Tripitaka_Koreana-01.jpg/200px-Korea-Haeinsa-Tripitaka_Koreana-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Korea-Haeinsa-Tripitaka_Koreana-01.jpg/300px-Korea-Haeinsa-Tripitaka_Koreana-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Korea-Haeinsa-Tripitaka_Koreana-01.jpg/400px-Korea-Haeinsa-Tripitaka_Koreana-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Tripitaka_Koreana" title="Tripitaka Koreana">Tripitaka Koreana</a> — the Buddhist canon (<a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a>) carved onto roughly 80,000 woodblocks and stored (and still remaining) at <a href="/wiki/Haeinsa" title="Haeinsa">Haeinsa</a>, also a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></div></div></div></div> The Korean Peninsula was inhabited as early as the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Paleolithic" title="Lower Paleolithic">Lower Paleolithic</a> period.<a href="#cite_note-32">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[28]</a> According to Korea's <a href="/wiki/Civil_religion" title="Civil religion">founding mythology</a>, the history of Korea begins with the founding of Joseon (also known as "<a href="/wiki/Gojoseon" title="Gojoseon">Gojoseon</a>", or "Old Joseon", to differentiate it with the 14th century dynasty) in 2333 BCE by the legendary <a href="/wiki/Dangun" title="Dangun">Dangun</a>.<a href="#cite_note-koreashistory-34">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-DangunGija-35">[30]</a> Gojoseon was noted in Chinese records in the early 7th century.<a href="#cite_note-36">[31]</a> Gojoseon expanded until it controlled the northern Korean Peninsula and parts of <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gija_Joseon" title="Gija Joseon">Gija Joseon</a> was purportedly founded in the 12th century BCE, but its existence and role have been controversial in the modern era.<a href="#cite_note-DangunGija-35">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[32]</a> In 108 BCE, the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> <a href="/wiki/Gojoseon%E2%80%93Han_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Gojoseon–Han War">defeated</a> <a href="/wiki/Wiman_Joseon" title="Wiman Joseon">Wiman Joseon</a> and installed <a href="/wiki/Four_Commanderies_of_Han" title="Four Commanderies of Han">four commanderies</a> in the northern Korean peninsula. Three of the commanderies fell or retreated westward within a few decades. As <a href="/wiki/Lelang_Commandery" title="Lelang Commandery">Lelang Commandery</a> was destroyed and rebuilt around this time, the place gradually moved toward Liaodong.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] Thus, its force was diminished and only served as a trade center until it was conquered by Goguryeo in 313.<a href="#cite_note-Gojoseon-38">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[35]</a> Beginning around 300 BC, the <a href="/wiki/Japonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Japonic">Japonic</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Yayoi_people" title="Yayoi people">Yayoi people</a> from the Korean Peninsula entered the Japanese islands and displaced or intermingled with the original <a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_people" title="Jōmon people">Jōmon</a> inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-41">[36]</a> The linguistic homeland of Proto-<a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Koreans</a> is located somewhere in southern <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Liao_River" title="Liao River">Liao River</a> area or the <a href="/wiki/Amur" title="Amur">Amur</a> River area. Proto-Koreans arrived in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula at around 300 BC, replacing and assimilating Japonic-speakers and likely causing the <a href="/wiki/Yayoi_period" title="Yayoi period">Yayoi</a> migration.<a href="#cite_note-42">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea">Three Kingdoms of Korea</h3></div> During the <a href="/wiki/Proto%E2%80%93Three_Kingdoms_period" title="Proto–Three Kingdoms period">Proto–Three Kingdoms period</a>, the states of <a href="/wiki/Buyeo" title="Buyeo">Buyeo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Okjeo" title="Okjeo">Okjeo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ye" title="Eastern Ye">Dongye</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samhan" title="Samhan">Samhan</a> occupied the whole Korean peninsula and southern Manchuria. From them, the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea" title="Three Kingdoms of Korea">Three Kingdoms of Korea</a> emerged: <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baekje" title="Baekje">Baekje</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Silla" title="Silla">Silla</a>. Goguryeo, the largest and most powerful among them, was a highly militaristic state<a href="#cite_note-43">[38]</a> and competed with various Chinese dynasties during its 700 years of history. Goguryeo experienced a golden age under <a href="/wiki/Gwanggaeto_the_Great" title="Gwanggaeto the Great">Gwanggaeto the Great</a> and his son <a href="/wiki/Jangsu_of_Goguryeo" title="Jangsu of Goguryeo">Jangsu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-44">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[42]</a> who both subdued Baekje and Silla during their respective reigns, achieving a brief unification of the Three Kingdoms and becoming the most dominant power on the Korean Peninsula.<a href="#cite_note-Jinwung-48">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[44]</a> In addition to contesting control of the Korean Peninsula, Goguryeo had many <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Goguryeo" title="Military history of Goguryeo">military conflicts</a> with various Chinese dynasties, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo%E2%80%93Sui_War" title="Goguryeo–Sui War">Goguryeo–Sui War</a>, in which Goguryeo defeated a huge force said to number over a million men.<a href="#cite_note-50">[45]</a> Baekje was a maritime power,<a href="#cite_note-51">[46]</a> sometimes called the "<a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> of East Asia".<a href="#cite_note-52">[47]</a> Its maritime ability was instrumental in the dissemination of <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Buddhism" title="East Asian Buddhism">Buddhism throughout East Asia</a> and spreading continental culture to Japan.<a href="#cite_note-53">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[49]</a> Baekje was once a great military power on the Korean Peninsula, especially during the time of <a href="/wiki/Geunchogo_of_Baekje" title="Geunchogo of Baekje">Geunchogo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-55">[50]</a> but was critically defeated by Gwanggaeto the Great and declined.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Silla was the smallest and weakest of the three, but used opportunistic pacts and alliances with the more powerful Korean kingdoms, and eventually <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang China</a>, to its advantage.<a href="#cite_note-56">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[52]</a> In 676, the unification of the Three Kingdoms by Silla led to the <a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_States_period" title="Northern and Southern States period">Northern and Southern States period</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/Balhae" title="Balhae">Balhae</a> controlled the northern parts of Goguryeo, and much of the Korean Peninsula was controlled by <a href="/wiki/Unified_Silla" title="Unified Silla">Later Silla</a>. Relationships between Korea and China remained relatively peaceful during this time. Balhae was founded by a <a href="/wiki/Go_of_Balhae" title="Go of Balhae">Goguryeo general</a> and formed as a successor state to Goguryeo. During its height, Balhae controlled most of Manchuria and parts of the Russian Far East and was called the "Prosperous Country in the East".<a href="#cite_note-58">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Late_Silla" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Silla">Late Silla</a> was a wealthy country,<a href="#cite_note-59">[54]</a> and its metropolitan capital of <a href="/wiki/Gyeongju" title="Gyeongju">Gyeongju</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[55]</a> grew to become the fourth largest city in the world.<a href="#cite_note-61">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[59]</a> It experienced a golden age of art and culture,<a href="#cite_note-65">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[63]</a> exemplified by monuments such as <a href="/wiki/Hwangnyongsa" title="Hwangnyongsa">Hwangnyongsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seokguram" title="Seokguram">Seokguram</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bell_of_King_Seongdeok" title="Bell of King Seongdeok">Emille Bell</a>. It also carried on the maritime legacy and prowess of Baekje, and during the 8th and 9th centuries dominated the seas of East Asia and the trade between China, Korea, and Japan, most notably during the time of <a href="/wiki/Jang_Bogo" title="Jang Bogo">Jang Bogo</a>. In addition, Silla people made overseas communities in China on the <a href="/wiki/Shandong_Peninsula" title="Shandong Peninsula">Shandong Peninsula</a> and the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze</a> River.<a href="#cite_note-69">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[67]</a> However, Silla was later weakened due to internal strife and the revival of successor states <a href="/wiki/Later_Baekje" title="Later Baekje">Baekje</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taebong" title="Taebong">Goguryeo</a>, which culminated into the <a href="/wiki/Later_Three_Kingdoms" title="Later Three Kingdoms">Later Three Kingdoms</a> period in the late 9th century. Buddhism flourished during this time. Many <a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korean Buddhists</a> gained great fame among Chinese Buddhist circles<a href="#cite_note-73">[68]</a> and greatly contributed to <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Chinese Buddhism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[69]</a> Examples of significant Korean Buddhists from this period include <a href="/wiki/Woncheuk" title="Woncheuk">Woncheuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wonhyo" title="Wonhyo">Wonhyo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uisang" title="Uisang">Uisang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Hwasang" title="Kim Hwasang">Musang</a>,<a href="#cite_note-75">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[73]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kim_Gyo-gak" title="Kim Gyo-gak">Kim Gyo-gak</a>. Kim was a Silla prince whose influence made <a href="/wiki/Mount_Jiuhua" title="Mount Jiuhua">Mount Jiuhua</a> one of the Four <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Mountains_of_China" title="Sacred Mountains of China">Sacred Mountains</a> of Chinese Buddhism.<a href="#cite_note-79">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unified_dynasties">Unified dynasties</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%EC%B0%BD%EB%8D%95%EA%B6%81_%EC%A0%84%EA%B2%BD_(2012).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/%EC%B0%BD%EB%8D%95%EA%B6%81_%EC%A0%84%EA%B2%BD_%282012%29.jpg/216px-%EC%B0%BD%EB%8D%95%EA%B6%81_%EC%A0%84%EA%B2%BD_%282012%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="216" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/%EC%B0%BD%EB%8D%95%EA%B6%81_%EC%A0%84%EA%B2%BD_%282012%29.jpg/324px-%EC%B0%BD%EB%8D%95%EA%B6%81_%EC%A0%84%EA%B2%BD_%282012%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/%EC%B0%BD%EB%8D%95%EA%B6%81_%EC%A0%84%EA%B2%BD_%282012%29.jpg/432px-%EC%B0%BD%EB%8D%95%EA%B6%81_%EC%A0%84%EA%B2%BD_%282012%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2283" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Changdeokgung" title="Changdeokgung">Changdeokgung</a>, pictured in 2014, one of the Five Grand Palaces of Seoul built during the Joseon Dynasty and a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hwaseong_Fortress_in_Suwon.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Hwaseong_Fortress_in_Suwon.jpeg/216px-Hwaseong_Fortress_in_Suwon.jpeg" decoding="async" width="216" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Hwaseong_Fortress_in_Suwon.jpeg/324px-Hwaseong_Fortress_in_Suwon.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Hwaseong_Fortress_in_Suwon.jpeg/432px-Hwaseong_Fortress_in_Suwon.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="359" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hwaseong_Fortress" title="Hwaseong Fortress">Hwaseong Fortress</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></figcaption></figure> In 936, the Later Three Kingdoms were united by <a href="/wiki/Taejo_of_Goryeo" title="Taejo of Goryeo">Wang Geon</a>, who established <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a> as the successor state of Goguryeo.<a href="#cite_note-Koryo1-19">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Koryo2-20">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Koryo3-80">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Koryo4-81">[76]</a> Balhae had fallen to the <a href="/wiki/Khitan_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Khitan Empire">Khitan Empire</a> in 926, and a decade later the <a href="/wiki/Dae_Gwang-hyeon" title="Dae Gwang-hyeon">last crown prince of Balhae</a> fled south to Goryeo, where he was warmly welcomed and included in the ruling family by Wang Geon, thus unifying the two successor nations of Goguryeo.<a href="#cite_note-82">[77]</a> Like Silla, Goryeo was a highly cultural state, and invented the metal movable type <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a>.<a href="#cite_note-print_c-31">[26]</a> After defeating the Khitan Empire, which was the most powerful empire of its time,<a href="#cite_note-83">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[79]</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Goryeo%E2%80%93Khitan_War" title="Goryeo–Khitan War">Goryeo–Khitan War</a>, Goryeo experienced a golden age that lasted a century, during which the <a href="/wiki/Tripitaka_Koreana" title="Tripitaka Koreana">Tripitaka Koreana</a> was completed and significant developments in printing and publishing occurred. This promoted education and the dispersion of knowledge on philosophy, literature, religion, and science. By 1100, there were 12 universities that produced notable scholars.<a href="#cite_note-85">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[81]</a> However, the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_of_Korea" title="Mongol invasions of Korea">Mongol invasions</a> in the 13th century greatly weakened the kingdom. Goryeo was never conquered by the Mongols, but exhausted after three decades of fighting, the Korean court sent its <a href="/wiki/Wonjong_of_Goryeo" title="Wonjong of Goryeo">crown prince</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan</a> capital to swear allegiance to <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a>, who accepted and married one of his daughters to the Korean crown prince.<a href="#cite_note-Mongols-87">[82]</a> Henceforth, Goryeo continued to rule Korea, though as a tributary ally to the Mongols for the next 86 years. During this period, the two nations became intertwined as all subsequent Korean kings married Mongol princesses,<a href="#cite_note-Mongols-87">[82]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Empress_Gi" title="Empress Gi">last empress</a> of the Yuan dynasty was a Korean princess. In the mid-14th century, Goryeo drove out the Mongols to regain its northern territories, briefly conquered <a href="/wiki/Liaoyang" title="Liaoyang">Liaoyang</a>, and defeated invasions by the <a href="/wiki/Red_Turbans_invasions_of_Goryeo" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Turbans invasions of Goryeo">Red Turbans</a>. However, in 1392, General <a href="/wiki/Taejo_of_Joseon" title="Taejo of Joseon">Yi Seong-gye</a>, who had been ordered to attack China, turned his army around and staged a coup. Yi Seong-gye declared the new name of Korea as "Joseon" in reference to Gojoseon, and moved the capital to Hanseong (one of the old names of <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>).<a href="#cite_note-88">[83]</a> The first 200 years of the <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a> dynasty were marked by peace and saw great advancements in science<a href="#cite_note-89">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[85]</a> and education,<a href="#cite_note-91">[86]</a> as well as the creation of <a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a> by <a href="/wiki/Sejong_the_Great" title="Sejong the Great">Sejong the Great</a> to promote literacy among the common people.<a href="#cite_note-Hangul-92">[87]</a> The prevailing ideology of the time was <a href="/wiki/Korean_Confucianism" title="Korean Confucianism">Neo-Confucianism</a>, which was epitomized by the <a href="/wiki/Seonbi" title="Seonbi">seonbi</a> class: nobles who passed up positions of wealth and power to lead lives of study and integrity. Between 1592 and 1598, Japan under <a href="/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi" title="Toyotomi Hideyoshi">Toyotomi Hideyoshi</a> launched <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasions_of_Korea_(1592%E2%80%931598)" title="Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598)">invasions of Korea</a>, but the advance was halted by Korean forces (most notably the <a href="/wiki/Joseon_Navy" title="Joseon Navy">Joseon Navy</a> led by Admiral <a href="/wiki/Yi_Sun-sin" title="Yi Sun-sin">Yi Sun-sin</a> and his renowned "<a href="/wiki/Turtle_ship" title="Turtle ship">turtle ship</a>") with assistance from <a href="/wiki/Righteous_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Righteous army">righteous army</a> militias formed by Korean civilians, and <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a> Chinese troops.<a href="#cite_note-Perez_2013_140–141-93">[88]</a> Through a series of successful battles of attrition, the Japanese forces were eventually forced to withdraw, and relations between all parties became normalized. However, the <a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchus</a> took advantage of Joseon's war-weakened state and <a href="/wiki/Manchu_invasion_of_Korea" title="Manchu invasion of Korea">invaded in 1627 and 1637</a> and then <a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Ming_to_Qing" title="Transition from Ming to Qing">went on to conquer</a> the destabilized Ming dynasty. After normalizing relations with the new <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>, Joseon experienced a nearly 200-year period of peace. Kings <a href="/wiki/Yeongjo_of_Joseon" title="Yeongjo of Joseon">Yeongjo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jeongjo_of_Joseon" title="Jeongjo of Joseon">Jeongjo</a> particularly led a new renaissance of the Joseon dynasty during the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-94">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[90]</a> In the 19th century, Joseon began experiencing economic difficulties and widespread uprisings, including the <a href="/wiki/Donghak_Peasant_Revolution" title="Donghak Peasant Revolution">Donghak Peasant Revolution</a>. The royal in-law families had gained control of the government, leading to mass corruption and weakening of the state.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In addition, the strict isolationism of the Joseon government that earned it "the <a href="/wiki/Hermit_kingdom" title="Hermit kingdom">hermit kingdom</a>" became increasing ineffective due to increasing encroachment from powers such as Japan, Russia, and the United States. This is exemplified by the <a href="/wiki/Joseon%E2%80%93United_States_Treaty_of_1882" title="Joseon–United States Treaty of 1882">Joseon–United States Treaty of 1882</a>, in which it was compelled to open its borders. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_occupation_and_World_War_II">Japanese occupation and World War II</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Korea under Japanese rule</a></div> In the late 19th century, Japan became a significant regional power after winning the <a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a> against Qing China and the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> against the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>. In 1897, King Gojong, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Korea" title="List of monarchs of Korea">last king of Korea</a>, proclaimed Joseon as the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean Empire</a>. However, Japan <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1905" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905">compelled Korea to become its protectorate</a> in 1905 and <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Treaty_of_1910" title="Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910">formally annexed it</a> in 1910. What followed was a period of forced assimilation, in which Korean language, culture, and history were suppressed.<a href="#cite_note-96">[91]</a> This led to the <a href="/wiki/March_First_Movement" title="March First Movement">March First Movement</a> protests in 1919 and the subsequent foundation of resistance groups in exile, primarily in China. Among the resistance groups was <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea">Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[92]</a> Towards the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the U.S. proposed dividing the Korean peninsula into two occupation zones: a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Military_Government_in_Korea" title="United States Army Military Government in Korea">U.S. zone</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Civil_Administration" title="Soviet Civil Administration">Soviet zone</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dean_Rusk" title="Dean Rusk">Dean Rusk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Bonesteel_III" title="Charles H. Bonesteel III">Charles H. Bonesteel III</a> suggested the <a href="/wiki/38th_parallel_north" title="38th parallel north">38th parallel</a> as the dividing line, as it placed Seoul under U.S. control. To the surprise of Rusk and Bonesteel, the Soviets accepted their proposal and agreed to divide Korea.<a href="#cite_note-98">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_history">Modern history</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Korea" title="History of South Korea">History of South Korea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:War_Memorial_of_Korea_main_building.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/War_Memorial_of_Korea_main_building.JPG/220px-War_Memorial_of_Korea_main_building.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/War_Memorial_of_Korea_main_building.JPG/330px-War_Memorial_of_Korea_main_building.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/War_Memorial_of_Korea_main_building.JPG/440px-War_Memorial_of_Korea_main_building.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3703" data-file-height="2479" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/War_Memorial_of_Korea" title="War Memorial of Korea">War Memorial of Korea</a>, built in remembrance of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> (1950–1953)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Korea%27s_GDP_(PPP)_growth_from_1911_to_2008.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/South_Korea%27s_GDP_%28PPP%29_growth_from_1911_to_2008.png/220px-South_Korea%27s_GDP_%28PPP%29_growth_from_1911_to_2008.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/South_Korea%27s_GDP_%28PPP%29_growth_from_1911_to_2008.png/330px-South_Korea%27s_GDP_%28PPP%29_growth_from_1911_to_2008.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/South_Korea%27s_GDP_%28PPP%29_growth_from_1911_to_2008.png/440px-South_Korea%27s_GDP_%28PPP%29_growth_from_1911_to_2008.png 2x" data-file-width="1508" data-file-height="929" /></a><figcaption>Between 1962 and 1994, the <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Korea" title="Economy of South Korea">South Korean economy</a> grew at an average of 10% annually, fueled by annual export growth of 20%,<a href="#cite_note-worldbank.org-99">[94]</a> in a period called the <a href="/wiki/Miracle_on_the_Han_River" title="Miracle on the Han River">Miracle on the Han River</a>.</figcaption></figure> Despite intentions to liberate a unified peninsula in the <a href="/wiki/1943_Cairo_Declaration" title="1943 Cairo Declaration">1943 Cairo Declaration</a>, escalating tensions between the Soviet Union and the United States led to the <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">division of Korea</a> into two political entities in 1948: North Korea and South Korea. In the South, the United States appointed and supported the former head of the Korean Provisional Government <a href="/wiki/Syngman_Rhee" title="Syngman Rhee">Syngman Rhee</a> as leader. Rhee won the first presidential elections of the newly declared Republic of Korea in May 1948. In the North, the Soviets backed a former anti-Japanese guerrilla and communist activist, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim Il Sung</a>, who was appointed premier of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea in September.<a href="#cite_note-100">[95]</a> In October, the Soviet Union declared Kim Il Sung's government as sovereign over both the north and south. The UN declared Rhee's government as "a lawful government having effective control and jurisdiction over that part of Korea where the UN Temporary Commission on Korea was able to observe and consult" and the government "based on elections which was observed by the Temporary Commission" in addition to a statement that "this is the only such government in Korea."<a href="#cite_note-UN195-101">[96]</a> Both leaders engaged in authoritarian repression of political opponents.<a href="#cite_note-102">[97]</a> South Korea requested military support from the United States but was denied,<a href="#cite_note-103">[98]</a> and North Korea's military was heavily reinforced by the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-104">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Korean_War">Korean War</h4></div> On June 25, 1950, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Pokpung" title="Operation Pokpung">North Korea invaded</a> South Korea, sparking the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>'s first major conflict, which continued until 1953. At the time, the Soviet Union had boycotted the UN, thus forfeiting <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_veto_power" title="United Nations Security Council veto power">their veto rights</a>. This allowed the UN to intervene in a civil war when it became apparent that the superior North Korean forces would unify the entire country. The Soviet Union and China backed North Korea, with the later participation of millions of <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Volunteer_Army" title="People's Volunteer Army">Chinese troops</a>. After an ebb and flow that saw both sides facing defeat with massive losses among Korean civilians in both the north and the south, the war eventually reached a stalemate. During the war, Rhee's party promoted the <a href="/wiki/Ilminism" title="Ilminism">One-People Principle</a>, an effort to build an obedient citizenry through ethnic homogeneity and authoritarian appeals to <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hwang93-106">[101]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Korean_Armistice_Agreement" title="Korean Armistice Agreement">1953 armistice</a>, never signed by South Korea, split the peninsula along the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Demilitarized_Zone" title="Korean Demilitarized Zone">demilitarized zone</a> near the original demarcation line. No peace treaty was ever signed, resulting in the two countries remaining technically at war. Approximately 3 million people died in the Korean War, with a higher proportional civilian death toll than <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, making it one of the deadliest conflicts of the Cold War era.<a href="#cite_note-Kim_p.45-107">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cumings_p._35-108">[103]</a> In addition, virtually all of Korea's major cities were destroyed by the war.<a href="#cite_note-Lewy_pp._450-453-109">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-Korean_War_(1960–1990)">Post-Korean War (1960–1990)</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Park_Chung-hee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Park_Chung-hee.jpg/220px-Park_Chung-hee.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Park_Chung-hee.jpg/330px-Park_Chung-hee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Park_Chung-hee.jpg/440px-Park_Chung-hee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="764" data-file-height="848" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park Chung Hee</a> played a pivotal role in rapidly developing South Korea's economy through <a href="/wiki/Export-oriented_industrialization" title="Export-oriented industrialization">export-oriented industrialization</a>.</figcaption></figure>In 1960, a student uprising (the "<a href="/wiki/April_Revolution" title="April Revolution">April Revolution</a>") led to the resignation of the autocratic President Syngman Rhee. This was followed by 13 months of political instability as South Korea was led by a weak and ineffectual government. This instability was broken by the <a href="/wiki/May_16_coup" title="May 16 coup">May 16, 1961, coup</a> led by General <a href="/wiki/Park_Chung_Hee" title="Park Chung Hee">Park Chung Hee</a>. As president, Park oversaw a period of rapid <a href="/wiki/Export-oriented_industrialization" title="Export-oriented industrialization">export-led economic growth</a> enforced by <a href="/wiki/Political_repression_in_South_Korea" title="Political repression in South Korea">political repression</a>. Under Park, South Korea <a href="/wiki/South_Korea_in_the_Vietnam_War" title="South Korea in the Vietnam War">took an active role</a> in the Vietnam War.<a href="#cite_note-110">[105]</a> Park was heavily criticized as a ruthless military dictator, who in 1972 extended his rule by creating a <a href="/wiki/Yusin_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Yusin Constitution">new constitution</a>, which gave the president sweeping (almost dictatorial) powers and permitted him to run for an unlimited number of six-year terms. The <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Korea" title="Economy of South Korea">Korean economy</a> developed significantly during Park's tenure. The government developed the <a href="/wiki/Expressways_in_South_Korea" title="Expressways in South Korea">nationwide expressway system</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Metropolitan_Subway" title="Seoul Metropolitan Subway">Seoul subway system</a>, and laid the foundation for economic development during his 17-year tenure, which ended with <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Park_Chung_Hee" title="Assassination of Park Chung Hee">his assassination</a> in 1979. The years after Park's assassination were marked again by political turmoil, as the previously suppressed opposition leaders all campaigned to run for president in the sudden political void. In 1979, General <a href="/wiki/Chun_Doo-hwan" title="Chun Doo-hwan">Chun Doo-hwan</a> led the <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_of_December_Twelfth" title="Coup d'état of December Twelfth">coup d'état of December Twelfth</a>. Following the coup d'état, Chun planned to rise to power through several measures. On May 17, Chun forced the Cabinet to expand martial law to the whole nation, which had previously not applied to <a href="/wiki/Jeju_Island" title="Jeju Island">Jeju Island</a>. The expanded martial law closed universities, banned political activities, and further curtailed the press. Chun's assumption of the presidency through the events of May 17 triggered nationwide protests demanding democracy; these protests were particularly focused, <a href="/wiki/Gwangju" title="Gwangju">Gwangju</a>, to which Chun sent special forces to violently suppress the <a href="/wiki/Gwangju_Uprising" title="Gwangju Uprising">Gwangju Democratization Movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-111">[106]</a> Chun subsequently created the National Defense Emergency Policy Committee and took the presidency according to his political plan. Chun and his government held South Korea under a despotic rule until 1987, when a <a href="/wiki/Seoul_National_University" title="Seoul National University">Seoul National University</a> student, <a href="/wiki/Park_Jong-chul" title="Park Jong-chul">Park Jong-chul</a>, was tortured to death.<a href="#cite_note-112">[107]</a> On June 10, the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Priests_Association_for_Justice" title="Catholic Priests Association for Justice">Catholic Priests Association for Justice</a> revealed the incident, igniting the <a href="/wiki/June_Democratic_Struggle" title="June Democratic Struggle">June Democratic Struggle</a> across the country. Eventually, Chun's party, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Justice_Party" title="Democratic Justice Party">Democratic Justice Party</a>, and its leader, <a href="/wiki/Roh_Tae-woo" title="Roh Tae-woo">Roh Tae-woo</a>, announced the <a href="/wiki/June_29_Declaration" title="June 29 Declaration">June 29 Declaration</a>, which included the direct election of the president. Roh went on to win the election by a narrow margin against the two main opposition leaders, <a href="/wiki/Kim_Dae-jung" title="Kim Dae-jung">Kim Dae-jung</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kim_Young-sam" title="Kim Young-sam">Kim Young-sam</a>. Seoul hosted the <a href="/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics" title="1988 Summer Olympics">Olympic Games in 1988</a>, widely regarded as successful and a significant boost for South Korea's global image and economy.<a href="#cite_note-113">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_702" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 702">South Korea was formally invited</a> to become a member of the United Nations in 1991. The transition of Korea from autocracy to modern democracy was marked in 1997 by the election of Kim Dae-jung, who was sworn in as the eighth president of South Korea on February 25, 1998. His election was significant given that he had in earlier years been a political prisoner sentenced to death (later commuted to exile). He won against the backdrop of the <a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a>, where he took <a href="/wiki/IMF" class="mw-redirect" title="IMF">IMF</a> advice to restructure the economy and the nation soon recovered its economic growth, albeit at a slower pace.<a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian-2009-114">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contemporary_history">Contemporary history</h4></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kim_Dae-jung_(2001).tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Kim_Dae-jung_%282001%29.tif/lossless-page1-164px-Kim_Dae-jung_%282001%29.tif.png" decoding="async" width="164" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Kim_Dae-jung_%282001%29.tif/lossless-page1-246px-Kim_Dae-jung_%282001%29.tif.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Kim_Dae-jung_%282001%29.tif/lossless-page1-328px-Kim_Dae-jung_%282001%29.tif.png 2x" data-file-width="820" data-file-height="1129" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Kim_Dae-jung" title="Kim Dae-jung">Kim Dae-jung</a>, the 2000 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> recipient for advancing democracy and human rights in South Korea and East Asia and for reconciliation with North Korea, was sometimes called the "<a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> of Asia".<a href="#cite_note-The_Guardian-2009-114">[109]</a></figcaption></figure> In June 2000, as part of President Kim Dae-jung's "<a href="/wiki/Sunshine_Policy" title="Sunshine Policy">Sunshine Policy</a>" of engagement, a <a href="/wiki/Inter-Korean_summit" class="mw-redirect" title="Inter-Korean summit">North–South summit</a> took place in <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a>, the capital of North Korea.<a href="#cite_note-115">[110]</a> Later that year, Kim received the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> "for his work for democracy and human rights in South Korea and in East Asia in general, and for peace and reconciliation with North Korea in particular".<a href="#cite_note-116">[111]</a> However, because of discontent among the population for fruitless approaches to the North under the previous administrations and, amid North Korean provocations, a conservative government was elected in 2007 led by President <a href="/wiki/Lee_Myung-bak" title="Lee Myung-bak">Lee Myung-bak</a>, former <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Seoul" title="Mayor of Seoul">mayor of Seoul</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[112]</a> Meanwhile, South Korea and Japan jointly co-hosted the <a href="/wiki/2002_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2002 FIFA World Cup">2002 FIFA World Cup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[113]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan–Korea relations">South Korean and Japanese relations</a> later <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_disputes" title="Japan–Korea disputes">soured</a> because of conflicting claims of sovereignty over the <a href="/wiki/Liancourt_Rocks_dispute" title="Liancourt Rocks dispute">Liancourt Rocks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[114]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2010_G-20_Seoul_summit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/2010_G-20_Seoul_summit.jpg/220px-2010_G-20_Seoul_summit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/2010_G-20_Seoul_summit.jpg/330px-2010_G-20_Seoul_summit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/2010_G-20_Seoul_summit.jpg/440px-2010_G-20_Seoul_summit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1394" /></a><figcaption>South Korea became the first non-<a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a> chair of the <a href="/wiki/G-20" class="mw-redirect" title="G-20">G-20</a> when it hosted the <a href="/wiki/2010_G-20_Seoul_summit" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 G-20 Seoul summit">2010 Seoul summit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[115]</a></figcaption></figure> In 2010, there was an <a href="/wiki/List_of_border_incidents_involving_North_and_South_Korea" title="List of border incidents involving North and South Korea">escalation in attacks</a> by North Korea. In March 2010 the South Korean warship <a href="/wiki/ROKS_Cheonan_sinking" title="ROKS Cheonan sinking">ROKS Cheonan was sunk</a> killing 46 South Korean sailors, allegedly by a North Korean submarine. In November 2010 <a href="/wiki/Yeonpyeongdo" title="Yeonpyeongdo">Yeonpyeongdo</a> <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Yeonpyeong" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardment of Yeonpyeong">was attacked</a> by a significant North Korean artillery barrage, with 4 people dying. The lack of a strong response to these attacks from both South Korea and the international community (the official UN report declined to explicitly name North Korea as the perpetrator for the Cheonan sinking) caused significant anger with the South Korean public.<a href="#cite_note-121">[116]</a> South Korea saw another milestone in 2012 with the first ever female President <a href="/wiki/Park_Geun-hye" title="Park Geun-hye">Park Geun-hye</a> <a href="/wiki/2012_South_Korean_presidential_election" title="2012 South Korean presidential election">elected</a> and assuming office. The daughter of former President Park Chung Hee, she carried on a conservative brand of politics.<a href="#cite_note-122">[117]</a> President Park Geun-hye's administration was formally accused of corruption, bribery, and influence-peddling for the involvement of close friend <a href="/wiki/Choi_Soon-sil" title="Choi Soon-sil">Choi Soon-sil</a> in state affairs. There followed a series of <a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932017_South_Korean_protests" title="2016–2017 South Korean protests">massive public demonstrations</a> from November 2016,<a href="#cite_note-123">[118]</a> and she was removed from office.<a href="#cite_note-124">[119]</a> After the fallout of Park's impeachment and dismissal, elections were held and <a href="/wiki/Moon_Jae-in" title="Moon Jae-in">Moon Jae-in</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(South_Korea,_2015)" title="Democratic Party (South Korea, 2015)">Democratic Party</a> won the presidency, assuming office on May 10, 2017.<a href="#cite_note-125">[120]</a> His tenure saw an improving political relationship with North Korea, some increasing divergence in the military alliance with the United States, and the successful hosting of <a href="/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics" title="2018 Winter Olympics">the Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[121]</a> In April 2018, Park Geun-hye was sentenced to 24 years in jail because of abuse of power and corruption.<a href="#cite_note-127">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_South_Korea" title="COVID-19 pandemic in South Korea">The COVID-19 pandemic</a> has affected the nation since 2020. That same year, South Korea recorded more deaths than births, resulting in a population decline for the first time on record.<a href="#cite_note-128">[123]</a> In March 2022, <a href="/wiki/Yoon_Suk_Yeol" title="Yoon Suk Yeol">Yoon Suk Yeol</a>, the candidate of conservative opposition <a href="/wiki/People_Power_Party_(South_Korea)" title="People Power Party (South Korea)">People Power Party</a>, won a close <a href="/wiki/2022_South_Korean_presidential_election" title="2022 South Korean presidential election">election</a> over the Democratic Party candidate by the narrowest margin ever. Yoon was sworn in on May 10, 2022.<a href="#cite_note-129">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Korea" title="Geography of South Korea">Geography of South Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_South_Korea" title="Geology of South Korea">Geology of South Korea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korea_(MODIS_2015-05-17).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Korea_%28MODIS_2015-05-17%29.jpg/220px-Korea_%28MODIS_2015-05-17%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Korea_%28MODIS_2015-05-17%29.jpg/330px-Korea_%28MODIS_2015-05-17%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Korea_%28MODIS_2015-05-17%29.jpg/440px-Korea_%28MODIS_2015-05-17%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3400" data-file-height="4600" /></a><figcaption>Korean peninsula satellite image.</figcaption></figure> South Korea occupies the southern portion of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Peninsula">Korean Peninsula</a>, which extends some 1,100 km (680 mi) from the Continental and East Asian mainland. This mountainous peninsula is flanked by the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow Sea</a> to the west and the <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Japan" title="Sea of Japan">Sea of Japan</a> to the east. Its southern tip lies on the <a href="/wiki/Korea_Strait" title="Korea Strait">Korea Strait</a> and the <a href="/wiki/East_China_Sea" title="East China Sea">East China Sea</a>. The country, including all its islands, lies between latitudes <a href="/wiki/33rd_parallel_north" title="33rd parallel north">33°</a> and <a href="/wiki/39th_parallel_north" title="39th parallel north">39°N</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/124th_meridian_east" title="124th meridian east">124°</a> and <a href="/wiki/130th_meridian_east" title="130th meridian east">130°E</a>. Its total area is 100,410 square kilometers (38,768.52 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-South_Korea_country_profile-8">[6]</a> South Korea can be divided into four general regions: an eastern region of high mountain ranges and narrow coastal plains; a western region of broad coastal plains, <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">river basins</a>, and rolling hills; a southwestern region of mountains and valleys; and a southeastern region dominated by the broad basin of the <a href="/wiki/Nakdong_River" title="Nakdong River">Nakdong River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-korea_geo-130">[125]</a> South Korea is home to three terrestrial ecoregions: <a href="/wiki/Central_Korean_deciduous_forests" title="Central Korean deciduous forests">Central Korean deciduous forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchurian_mixed_forests" title="Manchurian mixed forests">Manchurian mixed forests</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Korea_evergreen_forests" title="Southern Korea evergreen forests">Southern Korea evergreen forests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-131">[126]</a> South Korea's terrain is mostly mountainous, most of which is not <a href="/wiki/Arable_land" title="Arable land">arable</a>. <a href="/wiki/Upland_and_lowland" title="Upland and lowland">Lowlands</a>, located primarily in the west and southeast, make up only 30% of the total land area. South Korea has <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_South_Korea" title="List of national parks of South Korea">20 national parks</a> and popular nature places like the <a href="/wiki/Boseong" class="mw-redirect" title="Boseong">Boseong</a> Tea Fields, <a href="/wiki/Suncheon_Bay_Ecological_Park" title="Suncheon Bay Ecological Park">Suncheon Bay Ecological Park</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jirisan" title="Jirisan">Jirisan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[127]</a> About 3,000 islands, mostly small and uninhabited, lie off the western and southern coasts of South Korea. <a href="/wiki/Jeju_Province" title="Jeju Province">Jeju Province</a> is about 100 kilometers (62 miles) off the southern coast of South Korea. It is the country's largest island, with an area of 1,845 square kilometers (712 square miles). Jeju is also the site of South Korea's highest point: <a href="/wiki/Hallasan" title="Hallasan">Hallasan</a>, an extinct <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcano</a>, reaches 1,950 meters (6,400 feet) <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">above sea level</a>. The easternmost islands of South Korea include <a href="/wiki/Ulleungdo" title="Ulleungdo">Ulleungdo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liancourt_Rocks" title="Liancourt Rocks">Liancourt Rocks</a> (Dokdo/Takeshima), while <a href="/wiki/Marado" title="Marado">Marado</a> and <a href="/wiki/Socotra_Rock" title="Socotra Rock">Socotra Rock</a> are the southernmost islands of South Korea.<a href="#cite_note-korea_geo-130">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of South Korea">Climate of South Korea</a></div> <table class="infobox" style="width: 19.5em; float: right; clear: right; text-align: center; border: solid 1px silver" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><th>Seoul </th></tr> <tr><th style="font-size: 90%">Climate chart (<a href="/wiki/Template:Climate_chart/How_to_read_a_climate_chart" title="Template:Climate chart/How to read a climate chart">explanation</a>)</th></tr> <tr><td><table class="infobox" style="width: 100%; margin: 0; float: right; clear: right; text-align: center; border: none; font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">F</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">M</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">J</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">A</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">S</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">O</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">N</div></td> <td><div style="width:1.5em;text-align:center;">D</div></td> </tr> <tr> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.44em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">22</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:6.78em;height:1.54em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.32em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">2</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.28em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">−6</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.48em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">24</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:7.18em;height:1.64em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.82em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">4</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.68em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">−4</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.92em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">46</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.22em;height:1.82em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.04em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">10</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.72em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">1</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.54em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">77</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.46em;height:2.06em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.52em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">18</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.96em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">7</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.04em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">102</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.52em;height:2.04em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.56em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">23</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.02em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">13</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.66em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">133</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:11.56em;height:1.82em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.38em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">27</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.06em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">18</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:6.56em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">328</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:12.36em;height:1.4em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.76em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">29</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.86em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">22</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:6.96em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">348</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:12.42em;height:1.48em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.9em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">30</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.92em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">22</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.76em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">138</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:11.34em;height:1.78em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.12em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">26</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.84em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">17</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.98em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">49</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.96em;height:1.98em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.94em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">20</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.46em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">10</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.06em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">53</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.58em;height:1.72em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.3em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">12</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.08em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">3</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.5em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">25</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact;color-adjust: exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:7.32em;height:1.52em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.84em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">4</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.82em; left:-.4em;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:right">−3</div> </div></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em">█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em">█ Precipitation totals in mm</td></tr><tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em">Source: <a href="#cite_note-133">[128]</a></td></tr> </tbody></table></td></tr> <tr><td> <table class="infobox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 100%; margin: 0; float: right; clear: right; text-align: center; border: none; font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr><th colspan="12">Imperial conversion</th></tr> <tr><td>J</td><td>F</td><td>M</td><td>A</td><td>M</td><td>J</td><td>J</td><td>A</td><td>S</td><td>O</td><td>N</td><td>D</td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.44em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">0.9</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:6.78em;height:1.54em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.32em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">35</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.28em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">21</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.48em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">0.9</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:7.18em;height:1.64em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.82em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">39</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.68em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">25</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.92em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">1.8</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.22em;height:1.82em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.04em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">50</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:6.72em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">34</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.54em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">3</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.46em;height:2.06em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.52em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">64</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.96em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">45</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.04em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">4</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:10.52em;height:2.04em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:12.56em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">73</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.02em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">55</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.66em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">5.2</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:11.56em;height:1.82em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.38em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">80</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.06em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">64</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:6.56em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">13</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:12.36em;height:1.4em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.76em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">84</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.86em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">71</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:6.96em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">14</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:12.42em;height:1.48em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.9em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">85</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.92em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">72</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:2.76em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">5.4</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:11.34em;height:1.78em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:13.12em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">78</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:9.84em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">62</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.98em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">1.9</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:9.96em;height:1.98em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:11.94em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">67</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.46em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">50</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:1.06em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">2.1</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:8.58em;height:1.72em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:10.3em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">53</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:7.08em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">37</div> </div></td> <td><div style="width:1.6em;height:17em;position:relative;padding:0;margin:0"> <div style="height:0em;bottom:2em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #abc;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="background:#ace;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;bottom:2em;left:.2em;width:1.2em;height:0.5em;overflow:hidden"> </div> <div style="color:blue;position:absolute;bottom:.5em;left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">1</div> <div style="height:0em;bottom:8em;width:1.6em;position:absolute;left:0;border-bottom:dotted 1px #cba;padding:0;margin:0"> </div> <div style="overflow:hidden;background:#e44;-webkit-print-color-adjust:exact;color-adjust:exact;position:absolute;left:.4em;width:0.8em;bottom:7.32em;height:1.52em;"> </div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:8.84em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">40</div> <div style="color:red;position:absolute;bottom:5.82em; left:0;width:1.6em;height:1.5em;text-align:center">26</div> </div></td> </tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em">█ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F</td></tr> <tr><td colspan="12" style="padding: 2px; text-align: left; line-height: 1.5em">█ Precipitation totals in inches</td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> South Korea tends to have a <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental climate</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">humid subtropical climate</a>, and is affected by the <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_monsoon" title="East Asian monsoon">East Asian monsoon</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">precipitation</a> heavier in summer during a short rainy season called <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_rainy_season" title="East Asian rainy season">jangma</a>, which begins end of June and lasts through the end of July. In Seoul, the average January temperature range is −7 to 1 °C (19 to 34 °F), and the average August temperature range is 22 to 30 °C (72 to 86 °F). Winter temperatures are higher along the southern coast and considerably lower in the mountainous interior.<a href="#cite_note-134">[129]</a> Summer can be uncomfortably hot and humid, with temperatures exceeding 30 °C (86 °F) in most parts of the country. South Korea has four distinct seasons; spring, summer, autumn and winter. Spring usually lasts from late March to early May, summer from mid-May to early September, autumn from mid-September to early November, and winter from mid-November to mid-March. Rainfall is concentrated in the summer months of June through September. The southern coast is subject to late summer <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">typhoons</a> that bring strong winds, heavy rains and sometimes floods. The average annual precipitation varies from 1,370 millimeters (54 in) in Seoul to 1,470 millimeters (58 in) in Busan. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environment">Environment</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Environment_of_South_Korea" title="Environment of South Korea">Environment of South Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pollution_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Pollution in South Korea">Pollution in South Korea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_South_Korea" title="Climate change in South Korea">Climate change in South Korea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CheonggyecheonSeoul.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/CheonggyecheonSeoul.jpg/220px-CheonggyecheonSeoul.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/CheonggyecheonSeoul.jpg/330px-CheonggyecheonSeoul.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/CheonggyecheonSeoul.jpg/440px-CheonggyecheonSeoul.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="616" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cheonggyecheon" title="Cheonggyecheon">Cheonggyecheon</a> river is a modern public recreation space in <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Seoul" title="Downtown Seoul">downtown Seoul</a></figcaption></figure> During the first 20 years of South Korea's growth surge, little effort was made to preserve the environment.<a href="#cite_note-google.com-135">[130]</a> Unchecked industrialization and urban development have resulted in deforestation and the ongoing destruction of wetlands such as the Songdo Tidal Flat.<a href="#cite_note-136">[131]</a> However, there have been recent efforts to balance these problems, including a government run $84 billion five-year <a href="/wiki/Green_growth" title="Green growth">green growth</a> project that aims to boost energy efficiency and green technology.<a href="#cite_note-137">[132]</a> The green-based economic strategy is a comprehensive overhaul of South Korea's economy, utilizing nearly two percent of the national GDP. The greening initiative includes such efforts as a nationwide bike network, solar and wind energy, lowering oil dependent vehicles, backing daylight saving time and extensive usage of environmentally friendly technologies such as LEDs in electronics and lighting.<a href="#cite_note-South_Korea's_green_new_deal-138">[133]</a> The country—one of the world's most wired—plans to build a nationwide next-generation network that will be 10 times faster than broadband facilities, in order to reduce energy usage.<a href="#cite_note-South_Korea's_green_new_deal-138">[133]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Renewable_portfolio_standard" title="Renewable portfolio standard">renewable portfolio standard</a> program with <a href="/wiki/Renewable_Energy_Certificate_(United_States)" title="Renewable Energy Certificate (United States)">renewable energy certificates</a> runs from 2012 to 2022.<a href="#cite_note-139">[134]</a> Quota systems favor large, vertically integrated generators and multinational electric utilities, if only because certificates are generally denominated in units of one megawatt-hour. They are also more difficult to design and implement than a <a href="/wiki/Feed-in_tariff" title="Feed-in tariff">feed-in tariff</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wind-works.org-140">[135]</a> Around 350 residential <a href="/wiki/Micro_combined_heat_and_power" title="Micro combined heat and power">micro combined heat and power</a> units were installed in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-141">[136]</a> In 2017, South Korea was the world's seventh largest emitter of carbon emissions and the fifth largest emitter per capita. President Moon Jae-in pledged to reduce <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas emissions</a> to zero in 2050.<a href="#cite_note-142">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[138]</a> Seoul's <a href="/wiki/Tap_water" title="Tap water">tap water</a> recently became safe to drink, with city officials branding it "<a href="/wiki/Arisu" title="Arisu">Arisu</a>" in a bid to convince the public.<a href="#cite_note-144">[139]</a> Efforts have also been made with <a href="/wiki/Afforestation" title="Afforestation">afforestation</a> projects. Another multibillion-dollar project was the restoration of <a href="/wiki/Cheonggyecheon" title="Cheonggyecheon">Cheonggyecheon</a>, a stream running through <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Seoul" title="Downtown Seoul">downtown Seoul</a> that had earlier been paved over by a motorway.<a href="#cite_note-145">[140]</a> One major challenge is air quality, with acid rain, sulfur oxides, and annual yellow dust storms being particular problems.<a href="#cite_note-google.com-135">[130]</a> It is acknowledged that many of these difficulties are a result of South Korea's proximity to China, which is a major air polluter.<a href="#cite_note-google.com-135">[130]</a> South Korea had a 2019 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 6.02/10, ranking it 87th globally out of 172 countries.<a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-146">[141]</a> South Korea is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Protocol_on_Environmental_Protection_to_the_Antarctic_Treaty" title="Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty">Antarctic-Environmental Protocol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Biodiversity Treaty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_Protocol" title="Kyoto Protocol">Kyoto Protocol</a> (forming the Environmental Integrity Group (EIG), regarding <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Framework_Convention_on_Climate_Change" title="United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change">UNFCCC</a>,<a href="#cite_note-147">[142]</a> with Mexico and Switzerland), <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_to_Combat_Desertification" title="United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification">Desertification</a>, <a href="/wiki/CITES" title="CITES">Endangered Species</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Modification_Convention" title="Environmental Modification Convention">Environmental Modification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basel_Convention" title="Basel Convention">Hazardous Wastes</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_on_the_Law_of_the_Sea" title="United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea">Law of the Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Prevention_of_Marine_Pollution_by_Dumping_from_Ships_and_Aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Convention for the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping from Ships and Aircraft">Marine Dumping</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Nuclear-Test-Ban_Treaty" title="Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty">Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty</a> (not into force), <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Protocol" title="Montreal Protocol">Ozone Layer Protection</a>, <a href="/wiki/MARPOL_73/78" title="MARPOL 73/78">Ship Pollution</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Tropical_Timber_Agreement,_1983" class="mw-redirect" title="International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1983">Tropical Timber 83</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Tropical_Timber_Agreement,_1994" class="mw-redirect" title="International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1994">Tropical Timber 94</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Wetlands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/International_Convention_for_the_Regulation_of_Whaling" title="International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling">Whaling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-148">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_South_Korea" title="Government of South Korea">Government of South Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Korea" title="Politics of South Korea">Politics of South Korea</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:left; float:right; margin-right:9px; margin-left:2px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Korea_President_Yoon_Suk_Yeol_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/South_Korea_President_Yoon_Suk_Yeol_portrait.jpg/140px-South_Korea_President_Yoon_Suk_Yeol_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/South_Korea_President_Yoon_Suk_Yeol_portrait.jpg/210px-South_Korea_President_Yoon_Suk_Yeol_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/South_Korea_President_Yoon_Suk_Yeol_portrait.jpg/280px-South_Korea_President_Yoon_Suk_Yeol_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3070" data-file-height="3837" /></a> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/File:Han_Duck-soo_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Han_Duck-soo_2022.jpg/130px-Han_Duck-soo_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Han_Duck-soo_2022.jpg/195px-Han_Duck-soo_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Han_Duck-soo_2022.jpg/260px-Han_Duck-soo_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1170" data-file-height="1686" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Yoon_Suk_Yeol" title="Yoon Suk Yeol">Yoon Suk Yeol</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Korea" title="President of South Korea">President</a> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Han_Duck-soo" title="Han Duck-soo">Han Duck-soo</a> <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_South_Korea" title="Prime Minister of South Korea">Prime Minister</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> The South Korean government's structure is determined by the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Korea" title="Constitution of South Korea">Constitution of the Republic of Korea</a>. Like many democratic states,<a href="#cite_note-149">[144]</a> South Korea has a government divided into three branches: <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judicial</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislative</a>. The executive and legislative branches operate primarily at the national level, although various ministries in the executive branch also carry out local functions. The <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_South_Korea" title="Judiciary of South Korea">judicial branch</a> operates at both the national and local levels. Local governments are semi-autonomous and contain executive and legislative bodies of their own. South Korea is a constitutional democracy. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Republic_of_Korea_capitol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Republic_of_Korea_capitol.jpg/220px-Republic_of_Korea_capitol.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Republic_of_Korea_capitol.jpg/330px-Republic_of_Korea_capitol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Republic_of_Korea_capitol.jpg/440px-Republic_of_Korea_capitol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of South Korea">National Assembly of South Korea</a></figcaption></figure> The constitution has been revised several times since its first promulgation in 1948 at independence. However, it has retained many broad characteristics and with the exception of the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Second_Republic_of_Korea" title="Second Republic of Korea">Second Republic of Korea</a>, the country has always had a presidential system with an independent chief executive.<a href="#cite_note-150">[145]</a> Under its current constitution the state is sometimes referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Republic_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth Republic of South Korea">Sixth Republic of Korea</a>. The first direct <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_South_Korea" title="Elections in South Korea">election</a> was also held in 1948. Although South Korea experienced a series of military dictatorships from the 1960s until the 1980s, it has since developed into a successful <a href="/wiki/Liberal_democracy" title="Liberal democracy">liberal democracy</a>. Today, the <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">CIA World Factbook</a> describes South Korea's democracy as a "fully functioning modern democracy",<a href="#cite_note-ciawfb-151">[146]</a> while <a href="/wiki/The_Economist_Democracy_Index" title="The Economist Democracy Index">The Economist Democracy Index</a> classifies it as a "full democracy", ranking at 24th out of 167 countries in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-Economist-2023-152">[147]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/V-Dem_Democracy_indices" class="mw-redirect" title="V-Dem Democracy indices">V-Dem Democracy indices</a> South Korea is 2023 the 3rd most <a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_Asia" title="Democracy in Asia">electoral democratic country in Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-vdem_dataset-153">[148]</a> South Korea is ranked 33rd on the <a href="/wiki/Corruption_Perceptions_Index" title="Corruption Perceptions Index">Corruption Perceptions Index</a> (6th in the <a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Pacific" title="Asia–Pacific">Asia–Pacific</a> region), with a score of 63 out of 100.<a href="#cite_note-ti_2022-154">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_South_Korea" title="Administrative divisions of South Korea">Administrative divisions of South Korea</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_South_Korea" title="Provinces of South Korea">Provinces of South Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special_cities_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Special cities of South Korea">Special cities of South Korea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Korea" title="Provinces of Korea">Provinces of Korea</a></div> The major administrative divisions in South Korea are eleven provinces,<a href="#cite_note-155">[f]</a> three special self-governing provinces, six metropolitan cities (self-governing cities that are not part of any province), one special metropolitan city and one special self-governing city. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Map</th> <th>Name (city/ province)</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">Population</a>c </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="28"><div role="img" class="floatright noresize" style="width: 500px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Provinces_of_Korea_%28ROK_point_of_view%29%2BInter-Korean_border.svg/500px-Provinces_of_Korea_%28ROK_point_of_view%29%2BInter-Korean_border.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="811" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Provinces_of_Korea_%28ROK_point_of_view%29%2BInter-Korean_border.svg/750px-Provinces_of_Korea_%28ROK_point_of_view%29%2BInter-Korean_border.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Provinces_of_Korea_%28ROK_point_of_view%29%2BInter-Korean_border.svg/1000px-Provinces_of_Korea_%28ROK_point_of_view%29%2BInter-Korean_border.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="830" /> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:234px; top:412px"><a href="/wiki/Gangwon_Province_(South_Korea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangwon Province (South Korea)">Gangwon</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:166px; top:448px"><a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:110px; top:452px"><a href="/wiki/Incheon" title="Incheon">Incheon</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:162px; top:424px"><a href="/wiki/Gyeonggi_Province" title="Gyeonggi Province">Gyeonggi</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:110px; top:516px"><a href="/wiki/South_Chungcheong_Province" title="South Chungcheong Province">S. Chungcheong</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:190px; top:488px"><a href="/wiki/North_Chungcheong_Province" title="North Chungcheong Province">N. Chungcheong</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:190px; top:520px"><a href="/wiki/Sejong_City" title="Sejong City">Sejong</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:186px; top:548px"><a href="/wiki/Daejeon" title="Daejeon">Daejeon</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:250px; top:544px"><a href="/wiki/North_Gyeongsang_Province" title="North Gyeongsang Province">N. Gyeongsang</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:146px; top:600px"><a href="/wiki/Jeonbuk_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeonbuk State">Jeonbuk</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:278px; top:584px"><a href="/wiki/Daegu" title="Daegu">Daegu</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:314px; top:608px"><a href="/wiki/Ulsan" title="Ulsan">Ulsan</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:306px; top:640px"><a href="/wiki/Busan" title="Busan">Busan</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:214px; top:612px"><a href="/wiki/South_Gyeongsang_Province" title="South Gyeongsang Province">S. Gyeongsang</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:146px; top:636px"><a href="/wiki/Gwangju" title="Gwangju">Gwangju</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:154px; top:656px"><a href="/wiki/South_Jeolla_Province" title="South Jeolla Province">S. Jeolla</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:138px; top:784px"><a href="/wiki/Jeju_Province" title="Jeju Province">Jeju</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:290px; top:108px"><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Five_Northern_Korean_Provinces#North_Hamgyeong" title="Committee for the Five Northern Korean Provinces">N. Hamgyeong</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:214px; top:188px"><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Five_Northern_Korean_Provinces#South_Hamgyeong" title="Committee for the Five Northern Korean Provinces">S. Hamgyeong</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:78px; top:220px"><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Five_Northern_Korean_Provinces#North_Pyeongan" title="Committee for the Five Northern Korean Provinces">N. Pyeongan</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:86px; top:304px"><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Five_Northern_Korean_Provinces#South_Pyeongan" title="Committee for the Five Northern Korean Provinces">S. Pyeongan</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:78px; top:376px"><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Five_Northern_Korean_Provinces#Hwanghae" title="Committee for the Five Northern Korean Provinces">Hwanghae</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:66px; top:36px"><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:442px; top:20px"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:410px; top:772px"><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></div><div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:30px; top:548px"><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow Sea</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:238px; top:692px"><a href="/wiki/Korea_Strait" title="Korea Strait">Korea Strait (Busan Strait)</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:334px; top:704px"><a href="/wiki/Korea_Strait" title="Korea Strait">Korea Strait (Tsushima Strait)</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:386px; top:508px"><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Japan" title="Sea of Japan">Sea of Japan</a> <a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Japan_naming_dispute" title="Sea of Japan naming dispute">(East Sea)</a></div> </div> </td> <th colspan="6">Special metropolitan city (Teukbyeol-si)a </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a></td> <td>서울특별시</td> <td>서울特別市b</td> <td>9,830,452 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6">Metropolitan city (Gwangyeok-si)a </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Busan" title="Busan">Busan</a></td> <td>부산광역시</td> <td>釜山廣域市</td> <td>3,460,707 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Daegu" title="Daegu">Daegu</a></td> <td>대구광역시</td> <td>大邱廣域市</td> <td>2,471,136 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Incheon" title="Incheon">Incheon</a></td> <td>인천광역시</td> <td>仁川廣域市</td> <td>2,952,476 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gwangju" title="Gwangju">Gwangju</a></td> <td>광주광역시</td> <td>光州廣域市</td> <td>1,460,972 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Daejeon" title="Daejeon">Daejeon</a></td> <td>대전광역시</td> <td>大田廣域市</td> <td>1,496,123 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ulsan" title="Ulsan">Ulsan</a></td> <td>울산광역시</td> <td>蔚山廣域市</td> <td>1,161,303 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6">Special self-governing city (Teukbyeol-jachi-si)a </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sejong_City" title="Sejong City">Sejong</a></td> <td>세종특별자치시</td> <td>世宗特別自治市</td> <td>295,041 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6">Province (Do)a </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gyeonggi_Province" title="Gyeonggi Province">Gyeonggi</a></td> <td>경기도</td> <td>京畿道</td> <td>12,941,604 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Chungcheong_Province" title="North Chungcheong Province">North Chungcheong</a></td> <td>충청북도</td> <td>忠淸北道</td> <td>1,595,164 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Chungcheong_Province" title="South Chungcheong Province">South Chungcheong</a></td> <td>충청남도</td> <td>忠淸南道</td> <td>2,120,666 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Jeolla_Province" title="South Jeolla Province">South Jeolla</a></td> <td>전라남도</td> <td>全羅南道</td> <td>1,890,412 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Gyeongsang_Province" title="North Gyeongsang Province">North Gyeongsang</a></td> <td>경상북도</td> <td>慶尙北道</td> <td>2,682,897 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Gyeongsang_Province" title="South Gyeongsang Province">South Gyeongsang</a></td> <td>경상남도</td> <td>慶尙南道</td> <td>3,377,126 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6">Special self-governing province (Teukbyeol-jachi-do)a </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jeju_Province" title="Jeju Province">Jeju</a></td> <td>제주특별자치도</td> <td>濟州特別自治道</td> <td>661,511 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gangwon_Province,_South_Korea" title="Gangwon Province, South Korea">Gangwon</a></td> <td>강원특별자치도</td> <td>江原特別自治道</td> <td>1,545,452 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Jeolla_Province" title="North Jeolla Province">North Jeolla</a></td> <td>전북특별자치도</td> <td>全北特別自治道</td> <td>1,847,089 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6">Claimed Province but not controlled (North Korea) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Hamgyeong_Province_(Republic_of_Korea)" class="mw-redirect" title="North Hamgyeong Province (Republic of Korea)">North Hamgyeong</a> </td> <td>함경북도</td> <td>咸鏡北道</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Hamgyeong_Province_(Republic_of_Korea)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Hamgyeong Province (Republic of Korea)">South Hamgyeong</a></td> <td>함경남도</td> <td>咸鏡南道</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Pyeongan_Province_(Republic_of_Korea)" class="mw-redirect" title="North Pyeongan Province (Republic of Korea)">North Pyeongan</a></td> <td>평안북도</td> <td>平安北道</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/South_Pyeongan_Province_(Republic_of_Korea)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Pyeongan Province (Republic of Korea)">South Pyeongan</a> </td> <td>평안남도</td> <td>平安南道</td> <td>— </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hwanghae_Province_(Republic_of_Korea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hwanghae Province (Republic of Korea)">Hwanghae</a></td> <td>황해도</td> <td>黃海道</td> <td>— </td></tr></tbody></table> a <a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanisation_of_Korean" class="mw-redirect" title="Revised Romanisation of Korean">Revised Romanisation</a>; b See <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Seoul" title="Names of Seoul">Names of Seoul</a>; c May As of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Korea&action=edit">[update]</a>.;<a href="#cite_note-156">[150]</a> d <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Five_Northern_Korean_Provinces" title="Committee for the Five Northern Korean Provinces">Areas that belong to the territory under the Constitution of the Republic of Korea but have not been recovered.</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Korea" title="Foreign relations of South Korea">Foreign relations of South Korea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ban_Ki-moon_February_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ban_Ki-moon_February_2016.jpg/170px-Ban_Ki-moon_February_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ban_Ki-moon_February_2016.jpg/255px-Ban_Ki-moon_February_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Ban_Ki-moon_February_2016.jpg/340px-Ban_Ki-moon_February_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="1520" /></a><figcaption>Former <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">Secretary-General of the United Nations</a> (2007–2016), <a href="/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon" title="Ban Ki-moon">Ban Ki-moon</a></figcaption></figure> South Koreas has been a member of the United Nations since 1991, when it became a member state at the same time as North Korea. On January 1, 2007, former South Korean Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Ban_Ki-moon" title="Ban Ki-moon">Ban Ki-moon</a> served as <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">UN Secretary-General</a> from 2007 to 2016. South Korea has developed links with the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Association of Southeast Asian Nations</a> as both a member of ASEAN Plus three, a body of observers, and the <a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Summit" title="East Asia Summit">East Asia Summit</a> (EAS). In November 2009, South Korea joined the OECD <a href="/wiki/Development_Assistance_Committee" title="Development Assistance Committee">Development Assistance Committee</a>, marking the first time a former aid recipient country joined the group as a donor member. South Korea hosted the G-20 Summit in Seoul in November 2010, a year that saw South Korea and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> conclude a <a href="/wiki/European_Union%E2%80%93South_Korea_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="European Union–South Korea Free Trade Agreement">free trade agreement</a> (FTA) to reduce trade barriers. South Korea went on to sign a <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93South_Korea_Free_Trade_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada–South Korea Free Trade Agreement">Free Trade Agreement with Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93Korea_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Australia–Korea Free Trade Agreement">Australia</a> in 2014, and another with <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_free-trade_agreements" class="mw-redirect" title="New Zealand free-trade agreements">New Zealand</a> in 2015. South Korea and Britain have agreed to extend a period of low or zero tariffs on bilateral trade of products with parts from the European Union in October 2023.<a href="#cite_note-157">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North_Korea">North Korea</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="North Korea–South Korea relations">North Korea–South Korea relations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panmunjeom_DMZ.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Panmunjeom_DMZ.png/220px-Panmunjeom_DMZ.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Panmunjeom_DMZ.png/330px-Panmunjeom_DMZ.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Panmunjeom_DMZ.png/440px-Panmunjeom_DMZ.png 2x" data-file-width="3467" data-file-height="2054" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Joint_Security_Area" title="Joint Security Area">Joint Security Area</a></figcaption></figure> Both North and South Korea claim complete sovereignty over the entire peninsula and outlying islands.<a href="#cite_note-158">[152]</a> Despite mutual animosity, reconciliation efforts have continued since the initial separation between North and South Korea. Political figures such as <a href="/wiki/Kim_Ku" title="Kim Ku">Kim Ku</a> worked to reconcile the two governments even after the Korean War.<a href="#cite_note-159">[153]</a> With longstanding animosity following the Korean War from 1950 to 1953, North Korea and South Korea signed an agreement to pursue peace.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters-2007-160">[154]</a> On October 4, 2007, <a href="/wiki/Roh_Moo-Hyun" class="mw-redirect" title="Roh Moo-Hyun">Roh Moo-Hyun</a> and North Korean leader <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Il" title="Kim Jong Il">Kim Jong Il</a> signed an eight-point agreement on issues of permanent peace, high-level talks, economic cooperation, renewal of train services, highway and air travel, and a joint Olympic cheering squad.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters-2007-160">[154]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2018_inter-Korean_summit_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/2018_inter-Korean_summit_01.jpg/220px-2018_inter-Korean_summit_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/2018_inter-Korean_summit_01.jpg/330px-2018_inter-Korean_summit_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/2018_inter-Korean_summit_01.jpg/440px-2018_inter-Korean_summit_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1415" data-file-height="943" /></a><figcaption>North Korean leader <a href="/wiki/Kim_Jong_Un" title="Kim Jong Un">Kim Jong Un</a> and South Korean President <a href="/wiki/Moon_Jae-in" title="Moon Jae-in">Moon Jae-in</a> shake hands inside the <a href="/wiki/Inter-Korean_Peace_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Inter-Korean Peace House">Peace House</a>.</figcaption></figure> Despite the Sunshine Policy and efforts at reconciliation, the progress was complicated by <a href="/wiki/List_of_North_Korean_missile_tests" title="List of North Korean missile tests">North Korean missile tests</a> in <a href="/wiki/1993_North_Korean_missile_test" title="1993 North Korean missile test">1993</a>, <a href="/wiki/1998_North_Korean_missile_test" class="mw-redirect" title="1998 North Korean missile test">1998</a>, <a href="/wiki/2006_North_Korean_nuclear_test" title="2006 North Korean nuclear test">2006</a>, <a href="/wiki/2009_North_Korean_nuclear_test" title="2009 North Korean nuclear test">2009</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2013_North_Korean_missile_tests" title="2013 North Korean missile tests">2013</a>. By early 2009, relationships between North and South Korea were very tense; North Korea had been reported to have deployed missiles,<a href="#cite_note-161">[155]</a> ended its former agreements with South Korea,<a href="#cite_note-162">[156]</a> and threatened South Korea and the United States not to interfere with a satellite launch it had planned.<a href="#cite_note-163">[157]</a> North and South Korea are still technically at war (having never signed a peace treaty after the Korean War) and share the world's most heavily fortified border.<a href="#cite_note-border-164">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China_and_Russia">China and Russia</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="China–South Korea relations">China–South Korea relations</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations" title="South Korea–Taiwan relations">South Korea–Taiwan relations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="Russia–South Korea relations">Russia–South Korea relations</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_and_Moon_Jae-in_(2017-09-06)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Vladimir_Putin_and_Moon_Jae-in_%282017-09-06%29_01.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Moon_Jae-in_%282017-09-06%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Vladimir_Putin_and_Moon_Jae-in_%282017-09-06%29_01.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Moon_Jae-in_%282017-09-06%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Vladimir_Putin_and_Moon_Jae-in_%282017-09-06%29_01.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_and_Moon_Jae-in_%282017-09-06%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1880" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>South Korean president <a href="/wiki/Moon_Jae-in" title="Moon Jae-in">Moon Jae-in</a> meets with Russian president <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>, 6 September 2017.</figcaption></figure> Historically, Korea had close relations with the dynasties in China, and some Korean kingdoms were members of the <a href="/wiki/Tributary_system_of_China" title="Tributary system of China">Imperial Chinese tributary system</a>. The Korean kingdoms also ruled over some Chinese kingdoms including the Khitan people and the Manchurians before the Qing dynasty and received tributes from them.<a href="#cite_note-165">[159]</a> In modern times, before the formation of South Korea, Korean independence fighters worked with Chinese soldiers during the Japanese occupation. However, after World War II, the People's Republic of China embraced <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoism</a> while South Korea sought close relations with the United States. The PRC assisted North Korea with manpower and supplies during the Korean War, and in its aftermath the diplomatic relationship between South Korea and the PRC almost completely ceased. Relations thawed gradually, and South Korea and the PRC re-established formal diplomatic relations on August 24, 1992. The two countries sought to improve bilateral relations and lifted the forty-year-old trade embargo,<a href="#cite_note-Asia_Times-2004-166">[160]</a> and South Korean–Chinese relations have improved steadily since 1992.<a href="#cite_note-Asia_Times-2004-166">[160]</a> The Republic of Korea broke off official relations with the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Republic of China (Taiwan)</a> upon gaining official relations with the People's Republic of China, which does not recognize <a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan#Position_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China_(PRC)" title="Political status of Taiwan">Taiwan's sovereignty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[161]</a> China has become South Korea's largest trading partner by far, sending 26% of South Korean exports in 2016 worth $124 billion, as well as an additional $32 billion worth of exports to <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MIT-2018-168">[162]</a> South Korea is also China's fourth largest trading partner, with $93 billion of Chinese imports in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-169">[163]</a> Following the Korean War, the Soviet Union's relation with North Korea resulted in little contact until the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>. Since the 1990s, there has been greater trade and cooperation between the two nations. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan">Japan</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="Japan–South Korea relations">Japan–South Korea relations</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Japan%E2%80%93Korea_relations" title="History of Japan–Korea relations">History of Japan–Korea relations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93Korea_disputes" title="Japan–Korea disputes">Japan–Korea disputes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liancourt_walleye_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Liancourt_walleye_view.jpg/220px-Liancourt_walleye_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Liancourt_walleye_view.jpg/330px-Liancourt_walleye_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Liancourt_walleye_view.jpg/440px-Liancourt_walleye_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Liancourt_Rocks" title="Liancourt Rocks">Liancourt Rocks</a> have become an issue known as the <a href="/wiki/Liancourt_Rocks_dispute" title="Liancourt Rocks dispute">Liancourt Rocks dispute</a>.</figcaption></figure> Korea and Japan have had difficult relations since ancient times but also significant cultural exchange, with Korea acting as the gateway between East Asia and Japan. Contemporary perceptions of Japan are still largely defined by <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Japan's 35-year colonization of Korea</a> in the 20th century, which is <a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_Korea" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in Korea">generally regarded in South Korea as having been very negative</a>. There were no formal diplomatic ties between South Korea and Japan directly after independence at the end of World War II in 1945. South Korea and Japan eventually signed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_Basic_Relations_between_Japan_and_the_Republic_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea">Treaty on Basic Relations between Japan and the Republic of Korea</a> in 1965 to establish diplomatic ties. Japan is today South Korea's third largest trading partner, with 12% ($46 billion) of exports in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-MIT-2018-168">[162]</a> Longstanding issues such as <a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a> against Korean civilians, the <a href="/wiki/Historical_revisionism_(negationism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical revisionism (negationism)">negationist</a> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_history_textbook_controversies" title="Japanese history textbook controversies">re-writing of Japanese textbooks</a> relating Japanese atrocities during World War II, the territorial disputes over the <a href="/wiki/Liancourt_Rocks" title="Liancourt Rocks">Liancourt Rocks</a>, known in South Korea as "Dokdo" and in Japan as "Takeshima",<a href="#cite_note-170">[164]</a> and visits by Japanese politicians to the <a href="/wiki/Yasukuni_Shrine" title="Yasukuni Shrine">Yasukuni Shrine</a>, honoring Japanese people (civilians and military) killed during the war continue to trouble Korean-Japanese relations. The Liancourt Rocks were the first Korean territories to be forcibly colonized by Japan in 1905. Although it was again returned to Korea along with the rest of its territory in 1951 with the signing of the Treaty of San Francisco, Japan does not recant on its claims that the Liancourt Rocks are Japanese territory.<a href="#cite_note-171">[165]</a> In 2009, in response to Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Junichiro_Koizumi" title="Junichiro Koizumi">Junichiro Koizumi</a>'s visits to the Yasukuni Shrine, President Roh Moo-hyun suspended all summit talks between South Korea and Japan in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-172">[166]</a> A summit between the nations' leaders was eventually held on February 9, 2018, during the Korean held Winter Olympics.<a href="#cite_note-173">[167]</a> South Korea asked the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a> (IOC) to ban the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Rising_Sun_Flag" title="Rising Sun Flag">Rising Sun Flag</a> from the <a href="/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics" title="2020 Summer Olympics">2020 Summer Olympics</a> in Tokyo,<a href="#cite_note-174">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[169]</a> and the IOC said in a statement "sports stadiums should be free of any political demonstration. When concerns arise at games time we look at them on a case-by-case basis."<a href="#cite_note-176">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="European_Union">European Union</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/South_Korea%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="South Korea–European Union relations">South Korea–European Union relations</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU) and South Korea are important trading partners, having negotiated a <a href="/wiki/Free_trade_agreement" title="Free trade agreement">free trade agreement</a> for many years since South Korea was designated as a priority FTA partner in 2006. The free trade agreement was approved in September 2010, and took effect on July 1, 2011.<a href="#cite_note-177">[171]</a> South Korea is the EU's tenth largest trade partner, and the EU has become South Korea's fourth largest export destination. EU trade with South Korea exceeded €90 billion in 2015 and has enjoyed an annual average growth rate of 9.8% between 2003 and 2013.<a href="#cite_note-EU-178">[172]</a> The EU has been the single largest foreign investor in South Korea since 1962, and accounted for almost 45% of all FDI inflows into Korea in 2006. Nevertheless, EU companies have significant problems accessing and operating in the South Korean market because of stringent standards and testing requirements for products and services often creating barriers to trade. Both in its regular bilateral contacts with South Korea and through its FTA with Korea, the EU is seeking to improve the current geopolitical situation.<a href="#cite_note-EU-178">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/South_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="South Korea–United States relations">South Korea–United States relations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Biden_met_with_President_of_South_Korea_Yoon_at_the_Presidential_Office_in_Yongsan_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/President_Biden_met_with_President_of_South_Korea_Yoon_at_the_Presidential_Office_in_Yongsan_2022.jpg/220px-President_Biden_met_with_President_of_South_Korea_Yoon_at_the_Presidential_Office_in_Yongsan_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/President_Biden_met_with_President_of_South_Korea_Yoon_at_the_Presidential_Office_in_Yongsan_2022.jpg/330px-President_Biden_met_with_President_of_South_Korea_Yoon_at_the_Presidential_Office_in_Yongsan_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/President_Biden_met_with_President_of_South_Korea_Yoon_at_the_Presidential_Office_in_Yongsan_2022.jpg/440px-President_Biden_met_with_President_of_South_Korea_Yoon_at_the_Presidential_Office_in_Yongsan_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Yoon_Suk_Yeol" title="Yoon Suk Yeol">Yoon Suk Yeol</a> meets with <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">U.S. President</a> <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> in Seoul.</figcaption></figure> A close relationship with the United States began directly after World War II, when the United States temporarily administered Korea for three years (mainly in the South, with the Soviet Union engaged in North Korea). Upon the onset of the Korean War in 1950, U.S. forces were sent to defend against an invasion from North Korea of the South and subsequently fought <a href="/wiki/United_States_in_the_Korean_War" title="United States in the Korean War">as the largest contributor of UN troops</a>. The United States participation was critical for preventing the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pusan_Perimeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Pusan Perimeter">near defeat of the Republic of Korea</a> by northern forces, as well as fighting back for the territory gains that define the South Korean nation today. Following the Armistice, South Korea and the U.S. agreed to a "Mutual Defense Treaty", under which an attack on either party in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Indo-Pacific_Command" title="United States Indo-Pacific Command">Pacific area</a> would summon a response from both.<a href="#cite_note-179">[173]</a> In 1967, South Korea obliged the mutual defense treaty by sending a large combat troop contingent to support the United States in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. The two nations have strong economic, diplomatic, and military ties, although they have at times disagreed with regard to policies towards North Korea and with regard to some of South Korea's industrial activities that involve usage of rocket or nuclear technology. There had also been strong anti-American sentiment during certain periods, which has largely moderated in the modern day.<a href="#cite_note-180">[174]</a> The two nations also share a close economic relationship, with the U.S. being South Korea's second largest trading partner, receiving $66 billion in exports in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-MIT-2018-168">[162]</a> In 2007, a free trade agreement known as the <a href="/wiki/South_Korea_%E2%80%93_United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement" class="mw-redirect" title="South Korea – United States Free Trade Agreement">Republic of Korea-United States Free Trade Agreement</a> was signed between South Korea and the United States, but its formal implementation was repeatedly delayed, pending approval by the legislative bodies of the two countries. On October 12, 2011, the U.S. Congress passed the long-stalled trade agreement with South Korea.<a href="#cite_note-181">[175]</a> It went into effect on March 15, 2012.<a href="#cite_note-182">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Armed_Forces" title="Republic of Korea Armed Forces">Republic of Korea Armed Forces</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ROKS_Sejong_the_Great_(DDG_991)_broadside_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/ROKS_Sejong_the_Great_%28DDG_991%29_broadside_view.jpg/220px-ROKS_Sejong_the_Great_%28DDG_991%29_broadside_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/ROKS_Sejong_the_Great_%28DDG_991%29_broadside_view.jpg/330px-ROKS_Sejong_the_Great_%28DDG_991%29_broadside_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/ROKS_Sejong_the_Great_%28DDG_991%29_broadside_view.jpg/440px-ROKS_Sejong_the_Great_%28DDG_991%29_broadside_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1933" data-file-height="845" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Navy" title="Republic of Korea Navy">ROKN</a> Sejong the Great, a <a href="/wiki/Sejong_the_Great-class_destroyer" title="Sejong the Great-class destroyer">Sejong the Great</a>-class <a href="/wiki/Guided-missile_destroyer" title="Guided-missile destroyer">guided-missile destroyer</a> built by <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Heavy_Industries" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyundai Heavy Industries">Hyundai Heavy Industries</a></figcaption></figure> Unresolved tension with North Korea has prompted South Korea to allocate 2.6% of its GDP and 13.2% of all government spending to its military (government share of GDP: 14.967%), while maintaining compulsory conscription for men.<a href="#cite_note-183">[177]</a> Consequently, the ROK Armed Forces is one of the largest and most powerful standing armed forces in the world with a reported personnel strength of 3,600,000 in 2022 (500,000 active and 3,100,000 reserve).<a href="#cite_note-184">[178]</a> The South Korean military consists of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Army" title="Republic of Korea Army">Army</a> (ROKA), the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Navy" title="Republic of Korea Navy">Navy</a> (ROKN), the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Air_Force" title="Republic of Korea Air Force">Air Force</a> (ROKAF), and the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Marine_Corps" title="Republic of Korea Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a> (ROKMC), and reserve forces. Many of these forces are concentrated near the Korean Demilitarized Zone. All South Korean males are constitutionally required to serve in the military, typically 18 months.<a href="#cite_note-185">[179]</a> In addition <a href="/wiki/Korean_Augmentation_to_the_United_States_Army" title="Korean Augmentation to the United States Army">Korean Augmentation to the United States Army</a> is a branch of the Republic of Korea Army that consists of Korean enlisted personnel who are augmented to the Eighth United States Army. In 2010, South Korea spent <a href="/wiki/South_Korean_won" title="South Korean won">₩</a>1.68 trillion in a cost-sharing agreement with the U.S. to provide budgetary support to the U.S. forces in Korea, on top of the ₩29.6 trillion budget for its own military. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K2_black_panther3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/K2_black_panther3.jpg/220px-K2_black_panther3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/K2_black_panther3.jpg/330px-K2_black_panther3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/K2_black_panther3.jpg/440px-K2_black_panther3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1295" /></a><figcaption>The South Korean-developed <a href="/wiki/K2_Black_Panther" title="K2 Black Panther">K2 Black Panther</a>, built by <a href="/wiki/Hyundai_Rotem" title="Hyundai Rotem">Hyundai Rotem</a></figcaption></figure> From time to time, South Korea has sent its troops overseas to assist American forces. It has participated in most major conflicts that the United States has been involved in the past 50 years. South Korea dispatched 325,517 troops to fight in the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, with a peak strength of 50,000.<a href="#cite_note-186">[180]</a> In 2004, South Korea sent 3,300 troops of the <a href="/wiki/Zaytun_Division" title="Zaytun Division">Zaytun Division</a> to help rebuilding in northern <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, and was the third largest contributor in the <a href="/wiki/Multi-National_Force_%E2%80%93_Iraq" title="Multi-National Force – Iraq">coalition forces</a> after the U.S. and Britain.<a href="#cite_note-187">[181]</a> Beginning in 2001, South Korea had deployed 24,000 troops in the Middle East region to support the <a href="/wiki/War_on_terror" title="War on terror">war on terror</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%ED%95%B4%EA%B5%B0_%EB%8F%85%EB%8F%84%ED%95%A8_(7438321572).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/%ED%95%B4%EA%B5%B0_%EB%8F%85%EB%8F%84%ED%95%A8_%287438321572%29.jpg/220px-%ED%95%B4%EA%B5%B0_%EB%8F%85%EB%8F%84%ED%95%A8_%287438321572%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/%ED%95%B4%EA%B5%B0_%EB%8F%85%EB%8F%84%ED%95%A8_%287438321572%29.jpg/330px-%ED%95%B4%EA%B5%B0_%EB%8F%85%EB%8F%84%ED%95%A8_%287438321572%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/%ED%95%B4%EA%B5%B0_%EB%8F%85%EB%8F%84%ED%95%A8_%287438321572%29.jpg/440px-%ED%95%B4%EA%B5%B0_%EB%8F%85%EB%8F%84%ED%95%A8_%287438321572%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2953" data-file-height="1777" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/ROKS_Dokdo" title="ROKS Dokdo">ROKS Dokdo</a>, the lead ship of the <a href="/wiki/Dokdo-class_amphibious_assault_ship" title="Dokdo-class amphibious assault ship">Dokdo-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_assault_ship" title="Amphibious assault ship">amphibious assault ship</a>, built by <a href="/wiki/Hanjin_Heavy_Industries" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanjin Heavy Industries">Hanjin Heavy Industries</a></figcaption></figure> The right to <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objection" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscientious objection">conscientious objection</a> was not recognized in South Korea until recently. Over 400 men were typically imprisoned at any given time for refusing military service for political or religious reasons in the years before right to conscientious objection was established.<a href="#cite_note-188">[182]</a> On June 28, 2018, the South Korean Constitutional Court ruled the Military Service Act unconstitutional and ordered the government to accommodate civilian forms of military service for conscientious objectors.<a href="#cite_note-189">[183]</a> On November 1, 2018, the South Korean Supreme Court legalized conscientious objection as a basis for rejecting compulsory military service.<a href="#cite_note-190">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States_contingent">United States contingent</h4></div> The United States has stationed a substantial contingent of troops to defend South Korea. There are approximately 28,500 U.S. military personnel stationed in South Korea,<a href="#cite_note-191">[185]</a> most of them serving one year unaccompanied tours. The U.S. troops, which are primarily ground and air units, are assigned to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Forces_Korea" title="United States Forces Korea">United States Forces Korea</a> and mainly assigned to the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_United_States_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighth United States Army">Eighth Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seventh_Air_Force" title="Seventh Air Force">Seventh Air Force</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Forces_Korea" title="United States Naval Forces Korea">Naval Forces Korea</a>. They are stationed in installations at <a href="/wiki/Osan" title="Osan">Osan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kunsan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kunsan">Kunsan</a>, Yongsan, <a href="/wiki/Dongducheon" title="Dongducheon">Dongducheon</a>, Sungbuk, <a href="/wiki/Camp_Humphreys" title="Camp Humphreys">Camp Humphreys</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Daegu" title="Daegu">Daegu</a>, as well as at <a href="/wiki/Camp_Bonifas" title="Camp Bonifas">Camp Bonifas</a> in the DMZ <a href="/wiki/Joint_Security_Area" title="Joint Security Area">Joint Security Area</a>. A fully functioning <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Command" title="United Nations Command">UN Command</a> is at the top of the <a href="/wiki/Chain_of_command" class="mw-redirect" title="Chain of command">chain of command</a> of all forces in South Korea, including the U.S. forces and the entire South Korean military – if a sudden escalation of war between North and South Korea were to occur the United States would assume control of the South Korean armed forces in all military and paramilitary moves. There has been long-term agreement between the United States and South Korea that South Korea should eventually assume the lead for its own defense. This transition to a South Korean command has been slow and often postponed, although it is currently scheduled to occur in the 2020s.<a href="#cite_note-192">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Korea" title="Economy of South Korea">Economy of South Korea</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_companies_of_South_Korea" title="List of largest companies of South Korea">List of largest companies of South Korea</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:BOK_main_office3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/BOK_main_office3.jpg/200px-BOK_main_office3.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/BOK_main_office3.jpg/300px-BOK_main_office3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/BOK_main_office3.jpg/400px-BOK_main_office3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="402" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Korea" title="Bank of Korea">Bank of Korea</a>, the central bank of South Korea and issuer of the <a href="/wiki/South_Korean_won" title="South Korean won">South Korean won</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Samsung_headquarters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Samsung_headquarters.jpg/200px-Samsung_headquarters.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Samsung_headquarters.jpg/300px-Samsung_headquarters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Samsung_headquarters.jpg/400px-Samsung_headquarters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3594" data-file-height="2848" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Samsung headquarters in <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Town" title="Samsung Town">Samsung Town</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Seocho_District" title="Seocho District">Seocho District</a>, Seoul</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Lotte_World_morning_view_8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Lotte_World_morning_view_8.jpg/200px-Lotte_World_morning_view_8.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Lotte_World_morning_view_8.jpg/300px-Lotte_World_morning_view_8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Lotte_World_morning_view_8.jpg/400px-Lotte_World_morning_view_8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4100" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Lotte_World_Tower" title="Lotte World Tower">Lotte World Tower</a> in <a href="/wiki/Songpa_District" title="Songpa District">Songpa District</a>, Seoul, is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_South_Korea" title="List of tallest buildings in South Korea">tallest building in South Korea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings" title="List of tallest buildings">6th tallest in the world</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> South Korea's <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed economy</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[189]</a> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">13th largest GDP</a> at nominal and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">14th largest GDP</a> by purchasing power parity in the world,<a href="#cite_note-International_Monetary_Fund-2023-196">[190]</a> identifying it as one of the <a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a> major economies. It is a <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed country</a> with a <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_high-income_economy" title="World Bank high-income economy">high-income economy</a> and is the most industrialized member country of the OECD. South Korean brands such as <a href="/wiki/LG_Electronics" title="LG Electronics">LG Electronics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a> are internationally famous and garnered South Korea's reputation for its quality electronics and other manufactured goods.<a href="#cite_note-197">[191]</a> South Korea became a member of the OECD in 1996.<a href="#cite_note-198">[192]</a> Its massive investment in education has taken the country from mass illiteracy to a major international technological powerhouse. The country's national economy benefits from a highly skilled workforce and is among the most educated countries in the world with one of the highest percentages of its citizens holding a tertiary education degree.<a href="#cite_note-OECD-199">[193]</a> South Korea's economy was one of the world's fastest-growing from the early 1960s to the late 1990s, and was still one of the fastest-growing developed countries in the 2000s, along with Hong Kong, Singapore and Taiwan, the other three <a href="/wiki/Four_Asian_Tigers" title="Four Asian Tigers">Asian Tigers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-200">[194]</a> It recorded the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(real)_per_capita_growth_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by GDP (real) per capita growth rate">fastest rise in average GDP per capita</a> in the world between 1980 and 1990.<a href="#cite_note-201">[195]</a> South Koreans refer to this growth as the <a href="/wiki/Miracle_on_the_Han_River" title="Miracle on the Han River">Miracle on the Han River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-202">[196]</a> The South Korean economy is heavily dependent on international trade, and in 2014, South Korea was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_exports" title="List of countries by exports">fifth-largest exporter</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_imports" title="List of countries by imports">seventh-largest importer</a> in the world. In addition, the country has one of the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_foreign-exchange_reserves" title="List of countries by foreign-exchange reserves">largest foreign-exchange reserves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-203">[197]</a> Despite the economy's high growth potential and apparent structural stability, the country suffers damage to its credit rating in the stock market because of the belligerence of North Korea in times of deep military crises, which has an adverse effect on its financial markets.<a href="#cite_note-kcredit-204">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[199]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> compliments the resilience of the economy against various economic crises, citing low state debt and high fiscal reserves that can quickly be mobilized to address financial emergencies.<a href="#cite_note-206">[200]</a> Although it was severely harmed by the <a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a>, the country managed a rapid recovery and subsequently tripled its GDP.<a href="#cite_note-207">[201]</a> Furthermore, South Korea was one of the few developed countries that was able to avoid a recession during the <a href="/wiki/2007%E2%80%932008_financial_crisis" title="2007–2008 financial crisis">global financial crisis</a> of 2007–08.<a href="#cite_note-208">[202]</a> Its economic growth rate reached 6.2% in 2010 (the fastest growth for eight years after significant growth by 7.2% in 2002),<a href="#cite_note-209">[203]</a> a sharp recovery from economic growth rates of 2.3% in 2008 and 0.2% in 2009 during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>. The unemployment rate also remained low in 2009 at 3.6%.<a href="#cite_note-210">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_South_Korea" title="Transport in South Korea">Transport in South Korea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Incheon_Airport_Maglev_1-04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Incheon_Airport_Maglev_1-04.jpg/220px-Incheon_Airport_Maglev_1-04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Incheon_Airport_Maglev_1-04.jpg/330px-Incheon_Airport_Maglev_1-04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Incheon_Airport_Maglev_1-04.jpg/440px-Incheon_Airport_Maglev_1-04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3380" data-file-height="2172" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Incheon_International_Airport" title="Incheon International Airport">Incheon International Airport</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Incheon_Airport_Maglev" title="Incheon Airport Maglev">Maglev</a> station</figcaption></figure> South Korea has a technologically advanced transport network consisting of high-speed railways, highways, bus routes, ferry services, and air routes that crisscross the country. <a href="/wiki/Korea_Expressway_Corporation" title="Korea Expressway Corporation">Korea Expressway Corporation</a> operates the toll highways and service amenities en route. <a href="/wiki/Korail" title="Korail">Korail</a> provides train services to all major South Korean cities. Two rail lines, <a href="/wiki/Gyeongui_Line" title="Gyeongui Line">Gyeongui</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donghae_Bukbu_Line" title="Donghae Bukbu Line">Donghae Bukbu Line</a>, to North Korea are being reconnected. The Korean <a href="/wiki/High-speed_rail" title="High-speed rail">high-speed rail</a> system, <a href="/wiki/Korea_Train_Express" title="Korea Train Express">KTX</a>, provides high-speed service along <a href="/wiki/Gyeongbu_Line" title="Gyeongbu Line">Gyeongbu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Honam_Line" title="Honam Line">Honam Line</a>. Major cities have urban rapid transit systems.<a href="#cite_note-211">[205]</a> Express bus terminals are available in most cities.<a href="#cite_note-212">[206]</a> The main gateway and largest airport is <a href="/wiki/Incheon_International_Airport" title="Incheon International Airport">Incheon International Airport</a>, serving 58 million passengers in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-213">[207]</a> Other international airports include <a href="/wiki/Gimpo_International_Airport" title="Gimpo International Airport">Gimpo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gimhae_International_Airport" title="Gimhae International Airport">Busan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jeju_International_Airport" title="Jeju International Airport">Jeju</a>. There are also many airports that were built as part of the infrastructure boom but are barely used.<a href="#cite_note-214">[208]</a> There are also many <a href="/wiki/Heliports" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliports">heliports</a>.<a href="#cite_note-215">[209]</a> The national carrier <a href="/wiki/Korean_Air" title="Korean Air">Korean Air</a> served over 26 million passengers, including almost 19 million international passengers in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-216">[210]</a> A second carrier, <a href="/wiki/Asiana_Airlines" title="Asiana Airlines">Asiana Airlines</a> also serves domestic and international traffic. Combined, South Korean airlines serve 297 international routes.<a href="#cite_note-217">[211]</a> Smaller airlines, such as <a href="/wiki/Jeju_Air" title="Jeju Air">Jeju Air</a>, provide domestic service with lower fares.<a href="#cite_note-218">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_South_Korea" title="Energy in South Korea">Energy in South Korea</a></div> South Korea is the world's fifth-largest <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_South_Korea" title="Nuclear power in South Korea">nuclear power producer</a> and the third-largest in Asia as of 2010<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Korea&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-koreanuke-219">[213]</a> Supplying 45% of its electricity production, nuclear research is very active with investigation into a variety of advanced reactors, including a small modular reactor, a liquid-metal fast/<a href="/wiki/Nuclear_transmutation#Artificial_transmutation_of_nuclear_waste" title="Nuclear transmutation">transmutation</a> reactor and a high-temperature <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> generation design. Fuel production and waste handling technologies have also been developed locally. It is also a member of the <a href="/wiki/ITER" title="ITER">ITER</a> project.<a href="#cite_note-220">[214]</a> South Korea is an emerging exporter of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactors" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear reactors">nuclear reactors</a>, having concluded agreements with the United Arab Emirates to build and maintain four advanced nuclear reactors,<a href="#cite_note-221">[215]</a> with <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> for a research nuclear reactor,<a href="#cite_note-222">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[217]</a> and with Argentina for construction and repair of heavy-water nuclear reactors.<a href="#cite_note-224">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-argentinanuke-225">[219]</a> As of 2010<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Korea&action=edit">[update]</a>, South Korea and Turkey are in negotiations regarding construction of two nuclear reactors.<a href="#cite_note-226">[220]</a> South Korea is also preparing to bid on construction of a light-water nuclear reactor for Argentina.<a href="#cite_note-argentinanuke-225">[219]</a> South Korea is not allowed to <a href="/wiki/Enriched_uranium" title="Enriched uranium">enrich uranium</a> or develop traditional uranium enrichment technology on its own, because of U.S. political pressure,<a href="#cite_note-227">[221]</a> unlike most major nuclear powers such as Japan, Germany, and France, competitors in the international nuclear market. This impediment to South Korea's indigenous nuclear industrial undertaking has sparked occasional diplomatic rows between the two allies. While successful in exporting its electricity-generating nuclear technology and nuclear reactors, it cannot capitalize on the <a href="/wiki/Uranium_market" title="Uranium market">market for nuclear enrichment facilities and refineries</a>, preventing it from further expanding its export niche. South Korea has sought unique technologies such as <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reprocessing#Pyroprocessing" title="Nuclear reprocessing">pyroprocessing</a> to circumvent these obstacles and seek a more advantageous competition.<a href="#cite_note-228">[222]</a> The U.S. has recently been wary of the burgeoning nuclear program, which South Korea insists will be for civilian use only.<a href="#cite_note-koreanuke-219">[213]</a> South Korea is the 2nd highest ranked Continental Asian country in the World Economic Forum's <a href="/wiki/Networked_Readiness_Index" title="Networked Readiness Index">Networked Readiness Index</a> after Singapore—an indicator for determining the development level of a country's information and communication technologies. South Korea ranks 9th worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-229">[223]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_South_Korea" title="Tourism in South Korea">Tourism in South Korea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haeundae_Beach_May_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Haeundae_Beach_May_2024.jpg/220px-Haeundae_Beach_May_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Haeundae_Beach_May_2024.jpg/330px-Haeundae_Beach_May_2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Haeundae_Beach_May_2024.jpg/440px-Haeundae_Beach_May_2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4082" data-file-height="2599" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Haeundae_Beach" title="Haeundae Beach">Haeundae Beach</a> in <a href="/wiki/Busan" title="Busan">Busan</a></figcaption></figure> In 2019, more than 17 million foreign tourists visited South Korea.<a href="#cite_note-230">[224]</a> South Korean tourism is driven by many factors, including the prominence of Korean pop culture such as <a href="/wiki/K-pop" title="K-pop">South Korean pop music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korean_drama" title="Korean drama">television dramas</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Wave" title="Korean Wave">Korean Wave</a> or Hallyu, has gained popularity throughout East Asia. The Hyundai Research Institute reported that the Korean Wave has a direct influence on encouraging direct foreign investment back into the country through demand for products, and the tourism industry.<a href="#cite_note-Korea_Times-231">[225]</a> Among East Asian countries, China was the most receptive, investing $1.4 billion in South Korea, with much of the investment within its service sector, a sevenfold increase from 2001. According to an analysis by economist Han Sang-Wan, a 1% increase in the exports of Korean cultural content pushes consumer goods exports up 0.083%, while a 1% increase in Korean pop content exports to a country produces a 0.019% bump in tourism.<a href="#cite_note-Korea_Times-231">[225]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_pension_scheme">National pension scheme</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Pension_policy_in_South_Korea" title="Pension policy in South Korea">South Korean pension system</a> was created to provide benefits to persons reaching old age, families and persons stricken with death of their primary breadwinner, and for the purposes of stabilizing the nation's <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Korea_Labor_Institute_1998-232">[226]</a> The structure is primarily based on taxation and is income-related.<a href="#cite_note-233">[227]</a> The system is divided into four categories distributing benefits to participants through national, military personnel, governmental, and private school teacher pension schemes.<a href="#cite_note-234">[228]</a> The national pension scheme is the primary welfare system providing allowances to the majority of persons. Eligibility for the national pension scheme is not dependent on income but on age and residence, where those between the ages of 18 and 59 are covered.<a href="#cite_note-National_Pension_Service-235">[229]</a> Anyone under 18 is a dependent of someone who is covered or under a special exclusion where they are allowed to alternative provisions.<a href="#cite_note-SSA.GOV-236">[230]</a> The national pension scheme is divided into four categories of insured persons – the workplace-based insured, the individually insured, the voluntarily insured, and the voluntarily and continuously insured. An old-age pension scheme covers individuals age 60 or older for the rest of their life as long as they have satisfied the minimum of 20 years of national pension coverage beforehand.<a href="#cite_note-SSA.GOV-236">[230]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_science_and_technology_in_Korea" title="History of science and technology in Korea">History of science and technology in Korea</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Korean_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Korean inventions and discoveries">List of Korean inventions and discoveries</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LG%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90,_%EA%B9%9C%EB%B9%A1%EC%9E%84_%EC%97%86%EB%8A%94_55%EC%9D%B8%EC%B9%98_3D_OLED_TV_%EA%B3%B5%EA%B0%9C(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/LG%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%2C_%EA%B9%9C%EB%B9%A1%EC%9E%84_%EC%97%86%EB%8A%94_55%EC%9D%B8%EC%B9%98_3D_OLED_TV_%EA%B3%B5%EA%B0%9C%282%29.jpg/220px-LG%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%2C_%EA%B9%9C%EB%B9%A1%EC%9E%84_%EC%97%86%EB%8A%94_55%EC%9D%B8%EC%B9%98_3D_OLED_TV_%EA%B3%B5%EA%B0%9C%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/LG%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%2C_%EA%B9%9C%EB%B9%A1%EC%9E%84_%EC%97%86%EB%8A%94_55%EC%9D%B8%EC%B9%98_3D_OLED_TV_%EA%B3%B5%EA%B0%9C%282%29.jpg/330px-LG%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%2C_%EA%B9%9C%EB%B9%A1%EC%9E%84_%EC%97%86%EB%8A%94_55%EC%9D%B8%EC%B9%98_3D_OLED_TV_%EA%B3%B5%EA%B0%9C%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/LG%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%2C_%EA%B9%9C%EB%B9%A1%EC%9E%84_%EC%97%86%EB%8A%94_55%EC%9D%B8%EC%B9%98_3D_OLED_TV_%EA%B3%B5%EA%B0%9C%282%29.jpg/440px-LG%EC%A0%84%EC%9E%90%2C_%EA%B9%9C%EB%B9%A1%EC%9E%84_%EC%97%86%EB%8A%94_55%EC%9D%B8%EC%B9%98_3D_OLED_TV_%EA%B3%B5%EA%B0%9C%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1041" /></a><figcaption>A 3D <a href="/wiki/OLED" title="OLED">OLED</a> TV made by Korean <a href="/wiki/LG_Display" title="LG Display">LG Display</a>, the world's largest <a href="/wiki/LCD" class="mw-redirect" title="LCD">LCD</a> and <a href="/wiki/OLED" title="OLED">OLED</a> maker</figcaption></figure> Scientific and technological development in South Korea at first did not occur largely because of more pressing matters such as the <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">division of Korea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> that occurred right after its independence. It was not until the 1960s under the dictatorship of Park Chung Hee when South Korea's economy rapidly grew from industrialization and the <a href="/wiki/Chaebol" title="Chaebol">chaebol</a> corporations such as <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a>, <a href="/wiki/LG_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="LG Corporation">LG</a>, and <a href="/wiki/SK_Group" title="SK Group">SK</a>. Ever since the industrialization of South Korea's economy, South Korea has placed its focus on technology-based corporations, which has been supported by infrastructure developments by the government. South Korea leads the OECD in graduates in science and engineering.<a href="#cite_note-Business_Insider-237">[231]</a> From 2014 to 2019, the country ranked first among the most innovative countries in the <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_Innovation_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomberg Innovation Index">Bloomberg Innovation Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-238">[232]</a> It was ranked 6th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-239">[233]</a> Republic of Korea South Korea today is known as a launchpad of a mature mobile market that allows developers to reap benefits of a market where very few technology constraints exist. There is a growing trend of inventions of new types of media or apps, utilizing the 4G and 5G internet infrastructure in South Korea. South Korea has the infrastructures to meet a high density of population and culture; this, along with high revenues, allows South Korean-only tech startups to reach valuations of $1 billion and above, a peak usually reserved for startups growing in several countries.<a href="#cite_note-Tesla-240">[234]</a> Total spending for research and development grew from about 3.9% of <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">gross domestic product</a> (GDP) in 2013 to more than 4.9% in 2022 and was thus the second-highest in the world, only behind Israel which spent 5.9%. In 2023 the government announced a spending cut by about 11% for 2024 and the intention to shift resources to new initiatives, such as efforts to build rockets, pursue biomedical research, and develop US-style biotech innovation.<a href="#cite_note-241">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cyber_security">Cyber security</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_South_Korea" title="Internet censorship in South Korea">Internet censorship in South Korea</a></div> Following <a href="/wiki/2013_South_Korea_cyberattack" title="2013 South Korea cyberattack">cyberattacks</a> in the first half of 2013, whereby government, news-media, television station, and bank websites were compromised, the national government committed to the training of 5,000 new cybersecurity experts by 2017. The South Korean government <a href="/wiki/Bureau_121" title="Bureau 121">blamed North Korea</a> for these attacks, as well as incidents that occurred in 2009, 2011 and 2012, but Pyongyang denies the accusations.<a href="#cite_note-Jun-242">[236]</a> South Korea's government maintains a broad-ranging approach toward the regulation of specific online content and imposes a substantial level of <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_South_Korea" title="Censorship in South Korea">censorship</a> on election-related discourse and on many websites that the government deems subversive or socially harmful.<a href="#cite_note-243">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[238]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aerospace_engineering">Aerospace engineering</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Korea_Aerospace_Research_Institute" title="Korea Aerospace Research Institute">Korea Aerospace Research Institute</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KSLV-II_Nuri_Launch_2021-10-21.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/KSLV-II_Nuri_Launch_2021-10-21.jpg/170px-KSLV-II_Nuri_Launch_2021-10-21.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/KSLV-II_Nuri_Launch_2021-10-21.jpg/255px-KSLV-II_Nuri_Launch_2021-10-21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/KSLV-II_Nuri_Launch_2021-10-21.jpg/340px-KSLV-II_Nuri_Launch_2021-10-21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1441" data-file-height="2462" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nuri_(rocket)" title="Nuri (rocket)">KSLV-II Nuri</a> during liftoff</figcaption></figure> South Korea has sent up 10 satellites since 1992, all using foreign rockets and overseas launch pads, notably <a href="/wiki/Arirang-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Arirang-1">Arirang-1</a> in 1999, and <a href="/wiki/Arirang-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Arirang-2">Arirang-2</a> in 2006 as part of its space partnership with Russia.<a href="#cite_note-245">[239]</a> Arirang-1 was lost in space in 2008, after nine years in service.<a href="#cite_note-246">[240]</a> In April 2008, <a href="/wiki/Yi_So-yeon" title="Yi So-yeon">Yi So-yeon</a> became the first Korean to fly in space, aboard the Russian <a href="/wiki/Soyuz_TMA-12" title="Soyuz TMA-12">Soyuz TMA-12</a>.<a href="#cite_note-247">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[242]</a> In June 2009, the first <a href="/wiki/Spaceport" title="Spaceport">spaceport</a> of South Korea, <a href="/wiki/Naro_Space_Center" title="Naro Space Center">Naro Space Center</a>, was completed at <a href="/wiki/Goheung" class="mw-redirect" title="Goheung">Goheung</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Jeolla_Province" title="South Jeolla Province">South Jeolla Province</a>.<a href="#cite_note-249">[243]</a> The launch of <a href="/wiki/Naro-1" title="Naro-1">Naro-1</a> in January 2013 was a success, after two previous failed attempts.<a href="#cite_note-250">[244]</a> Efforts to build an indigenous space launch vehicle have been marred by persistent political pressure from the United States, who had for many decades hindered South Korea's indigenous rocket and missile development programs<a href="#cite_note-251">[245]</a> in fear of their possible connection to clandestine military ballistic missile programs, which Korea many times insisted did not violate the research and development guidelines stipulated by US-Korea agreements on restriction of rocket technology research and development.<a href="#cite_note-252">[246]</a> South Korea has sought the assistance of foreign countries such as Russia through <a href="/wiki/MTCR" class="mw-redirect" title="MTCR">MTCR</a> commitments to supplement its restricted domestic rocket technology. The two failed KSLV-I <a href="/wiki/Launch_vehicle" title="Launch vehicle">launch vehicles</a> were based on the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Rocket_Module" title="Universal Rocket Module">Universal Rocket Module</a>, the first stage of the Russian <a href="/wiki/Angara_rocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Angara rocket">Angara rocket</a>, combined with a solid-fueled second stage built by South Korea. On October 21, 2021, the <a href="/wiki/KSLV-2" class="mw-redirect" title="KSLV-2">KSLV-2</a> Nuri was successfully launched, and South Korea became a country with its own space projectile technology.<a href="#cite_note-253">[247]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Robotics">Robotics</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/South_Korean_robotics" title="South Korean robotics">South Korean robotics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Einstein-Hubo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Einstein-Hubo.jpg/170px-Einstein-Hubo.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Einstein-Hubo.jpg/255px-Einstein-Hubo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Einstein-Hubo.jpg/340px-Einstein-Hubo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1116" data-file-height="1751" /></a><figcaption>Albert HUBO, developed by <a href="/wiki/KAIST" title="KAIST">KAIST</a>, can make expressive gestures with its five separate fingers.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Robotics" title="Robotics">Robotics</a> has been included in the list of main national research and development projects since 2003.<a href="#cite_note-254">[248]</a> In 2009, the government announced plans to build robot-themed parks in Incheon and Masan with a mix of public and private funding.<a href="#cite_note-255">[249]</a> In 2005, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (<a href="/wiki/KAIST" title="KAIST">KAIST</a>) developed the world's second walking <a href="/wiki/Humanoid_robot" title="Humanoid robot">humanoid robot</a>, <a href="/wiki/HUBO" title="HUBO">HUBO</a>. A team in the Korea Institute of Industrial Technology developed the first Korean <a href="/wiki/Android_(robot)" title="Android (robot)">android</a>, <a href="/wiki/EveR-1" class="mw-redirect" title="EveR-1">EveR-1</a> in May 2006.<a href="#cite_note-256">[250]</a> EveR-1 has been succeeded by more complex models with improved movement and vision.<a href="#cite_note-257">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[252]</a> Plans of creating English-teaching robot assistants to compensate for the shortage of teachers were announced in February 2010, with the robots being deployed to most preschools and kindergartens by 2013.<a href="#cite_note-259">[253]</a> Robotics are also incorporated in the entertainment sector; the Korean Robot Game Festival has been held every year since 2004 to promote science and robot technology.<a href="#cite_note-260">[254]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Biotechnology">Biotechnology</h4></div> Since the 1980s, the government has invested in the development of a domestic <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology" title="Biotechnology">biotechnology</a> industry.<a href="#cite_note-261">[255]</a> The medical sector accounts for a large part of the production, including production of <a href="/wiki/Hepatitis_A_vaccine" title="Hepatitis A vaccine">hepatitis vaccines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotics</a>. Research and development in <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cloning" title="Cloning">cloning</a> has received increasing attention, with the first successful cloning of a dog, <a href="/wiki/Snuppy" title="Snuppy">Snuppy</a> in 2005, and the cloning of two females of an endangered species of <a href="/wiki/Gray_wolves" class="mw-redirect" title="Gray wolves">gray wolves</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Seoul_National_University" title="Seoul National University">Seoul National University</a> in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-262">[256]</a> The rapid growth of the industry has resulted in significant voids in regulation of ethics, as was highlighted by the <a href="/wiki/Hwang_Woo-Suk#Controversies" class="mw-redirect" title="Hwang Woo-Suk">scientific misconduct</a> case involving <a href="/wiki/Hwang_Woo-Suk" class="mw-redirect" title="Hwang Woo-Suk">Hwang Woo-Suk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-263">[257]</a> Since late 2020, SK Bioscience Inc. (a division of <a href="/wiki/SK_Group" title="SK Group">SK Group</a>) has been producing a major proportion of the <a href="/wiki/Oxford%E2%80%93AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine">Vaxzevria</a> vaccine (also known as COVID-19 Vaccine AstraZeneca), under license from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> and <a href="/wiki/AstraZeneca" title="AstraZeneca">AstraZeneca</a>, for worldwide distribution through the <a href="/wiki/COVAX" title="COVAX">COVAX</a> facility under the <a href="/wiki/WHO" class="mw-redirect" title="WHO">WHO</a> hospice. A recent agreement with <a href="/wiki/Novavax" title="Novavax">Novavax</a> expands its production for a second vaccine to 40 million doses in 2022, with a $450 million investment in domestic and overseas facilities.<a href="#cite_note-264">[258]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_South_Korea" title="Demographics of South Korea">Demographics of South Korea</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Koreans</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_South_Korea" title="List of cities in South Korea">List of cities in South Korea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Population_density_of_South_Korea_provinces.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Population_density_of_South_Korea_provinces.png/220px-Population_density_of_South_Korea_provinces.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Population_density_of_South_Korea_provinces.png/330px-Population_density_of_South_Korea_provinces.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Population_density_of_South_Korea_provinces.png/440px-Population_density_of_South_Korea_provinces.png 2x" data-file-width="3700" data-file-height="3597" /></a><figcaption>Population density of South Korea provinces</figcaption></figure> South Korea had an estimated population of roughly 51.7 million in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-Kostat2016-265">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-KOSIS2015-266">[260]</a> Despite its population more than doubling since 1960,<a href="#cite_note-chosun1-267">[261]</a> South Korea's birth rate became the world's lowest in 2009,<a href="#cite_note-268">[262]</a> at an annual rate of approximately 9 births per 1000 people.<a href="#cite_note-269">[263]</a> Fertility saw some modest increase afterwards,<a href="#cite_note-270">[264]</a> but dropped to a new global low in 2017,<a href="#cite_note-271">[265]</a> with fewer than 30,000 births per month for the first time since records began,<a href="#cite_note-272">[266]</a> and less than 1 child per woman in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-273">[267]</a> Consequently, in 2020, the country recorded more deaths than births, resulting in the first population decrease since modern records began.<a href="#cite_note-274">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[269]</a> By 2021, the fertility rate stood at just 0.81 children per woman,<a href="#cite_note-276">[270]</a> well below the replacement rate of 2.1, and fell further to 0.78 in 2022 and 0.72 in 2023—the lowest in the world. Consequently, South Korea has the steepest decline in working age population among <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD nations</a>,<a href="#cite_note-277">[271]</a> with the proportion of people aged 65 years and over slated to reach over 20% by 2025 and close to 45% by 2050.<a href="#cite_note-278">[272]</a> South Korea is noted for its population density, which was an estimated 514.6 per square kilometre (1,333/sq mi) in 2022,<a href="#cite_note-Kostat2016-265">[259]</a> more than 10 times the global average. Most South Koreans live in urban areas following rapid migration from the countryside during the country's rapid economic expansion in the 1970s through the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-279">[273]</a> About half the population (24.5 million) is concentrated in the <a href="/wiki/Seoul_National_Capital_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Seoul National Capital Area">Seoul National Capital Area</a>, making it the world's second largest metropolitan area; other major cities include <a href="/wiki/Busan" title="Busan">Busan</a> (3.5 million), <a href="/wiki/Incheon" title="Incheon">Incheon</a> (3.0 million), <a href="/wiki/Daegu" title="Daegu">Daegu</a> (2.5 million), <a href="/wiki/Daejeon" title="Daejeon">Daejeon</a> (1.4 million), <a href="/wiki/Gwangju" title="Gwangju">Gwangju</a> (1.4 million) and <a href="/wiki/Ulsan" title="Ulsan">Ulsan</a> (1.1 million).<a href="#cite_note-280">[274]</a><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korea_Chuseok_31logo_(8046078268).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Korea_Chuseok_31logo_%288046078268%29.jpg/220px-Korea_Chuseok_31logo_%288046078268%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Korea_Chuseok_31logo_%288046078268%29.jpg/330px-Korea_Chuseok_31logo_%288046078268%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Korea_Chuseok_31logo_%288046078268%29.jpg/440px-Korea_Chuseok_31logo_%288046078268%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2303" data-file-height="2531" /></a><figcaption>Koreans in <a href="/wiki/Hanbok" title="Hanbok">traditional dress</a>.</figcaption></figure> The population has been shaped by international migration. After World War II and the division of the Korean Peninsula, about four million people from North Korea crossed the border to South Korea. This trend of net entry reversed over the next 40 years because of emigration, especially to North America through the United States and Canada. South Korea's total population in 1955 was 21.5 million,<a href="#cite_note-281">[275]</a> which would more than double to 50 million by 2010.<a href="#cite_note-chosun1-267">[261]</a> South Korea is considered one of the most ethnically homogeneous societies in the world, with ethnic Koreans representing approximately 96% of total population. Precise numbers are difficult to estimate since statistics do not record ethnicity, given that many <a href="/wiki/Korean_diaspora" title="Korean diaspora">immigrants are ethnically Korean</a> themselves, and some South Korean citizens are not ethnically Korean.<a href="#cite_note-Korean_Statistical_Information_Service-282">[276]</a> The percentage of foreign nationals has been growing rapidly since late 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-283">[277]</a> As of 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Korea&action=edit">[update]</a>, South Korea had 1,413,758 foreign residents, 2.75% of the population;<a href="#cite_note-Korean_Statistical_Information_Service-282">[276]</a> however, many of them are ethnic Koreans with a foreign citizenship. For example, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Korea" title="Chinese people in Korea">migrants from China (PRC)</a> make up 56.5% of foreign nationals, but approximately 70% of the Chinese citizens in Korea are <a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_China" title="Koreans in China">Joseonjok</a> (조선족), PRC citizens of Korean ethnicity.<a href="#cite_note-ChosunIlbo20090806-284">[278]</a> In addition, about 43,000 English teachers from <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking countries</a> reside temporarily in Korea.<a href="#cite_note-285">[279]</a> South Korea has one of the highest rates of growth of foreign born population, with about 30,000 foreign born residents obtaining South Korean citizenship every year since 2010. Large numbers of ethnic Koreans live overseas, sometimes in Korean ethnic neighborhoods also known as <a href="/wiki/Koreatown" title="Koreatown">Koreatowns</a>. The four largest diaspora populations can be found in <a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_China" title="Koreans in China">China</a> (2.3 million), the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Americans" title="Korean Americans">United States</a> (1.8 million), <a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Japan" title="Koreans in Japan">Japan</a> (0.85 million), and <a href="/wiki/Korean_Canadians" title="Korean Canadians">Canada</a> (0.25 million). Corresponding to its socioeconomic development, South Korea has experienced a dramatic increase in <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a>, from 79.10 years in 2008<a href="#cite_note-286">[280]</a> (which was <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of countries by life expectancy">34th in the world</a>),<a href="#cite_note-287">[281]</a> to 83.53 years in 2024—the fifth highest of any country or territory. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left;height:2.6em;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Largest_cities_of_South_Korea" title="Template:Largest cities of South Korea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_cities_of_South_Korea" title="Template talk:Largest cities of South Korea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_cities_of_South_Korea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest cities of South Korea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in South Korea <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_South_Korea_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in South Korea by population">2015 Population and Housing Census</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[282]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_South_Korea_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in South Korea by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_South_Korea" title="List of cities in South Korea">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_South_Korea" title="Provinces of South Korea">Province</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_South_Korea_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in South Korea by population">Pop.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_South_Korea_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in South Korea by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_South_Korea" title="List of cities in South Korea">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_South_Korea" title="Provinces of South Korea">Province</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_South_Korea_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in South Korea by population">Pop.</a></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Seoul_Sports_Complex.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seoul"><img alt="Seoul" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Seoul_Sports_Complex.jpg/120px-Seoul_Sports_Complex.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Seoul_Sports_Complex.jpg/180px-Seoul_Sports_Complex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Seoul_Sports_Complex.jpg/240px-Seoul_Sports_Complex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1087" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a> <a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Busan_from_Busan_Tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Busan"><img alt="Busan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/View_of_Busan_from_Busan_Tower.jpg/120px-View_of_Busan_from_Busan_Tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/View_of_Busan_from_Busan_Tower.jpg/180px-View_of_Busan_from_Busan_Tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/View_of_Busan_from_Busan_Tower.jpg/240px-View_of_Busan_from_Busan_Tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3612" data-file-height="2408" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Busan" title="Busan">Busan</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">9,904,312</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Yongin" title="Yongin">Yongin</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gyeonggi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyeonggi">Gyeonggi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">971,327 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Incheon_Grand_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Incheon"><img alt="Incheon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Incheon_Grand_Bridge.jpg/120px-Incheon_Grand_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Incheon_Grand_Bridge.jpg/180px-Incheon_Grand_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Incheon_Grand_Bridge.jpg/240px-Incheon_Grand_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4041" data-file-height="2684" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Incheon" title="Incheon">Incheon</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Daegu_from_Migliore.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Daegu"><img alt="Daegu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Daegu_from_Migliore.jpg/120px-Daegu_from_Migliore.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Daegu_from_Migliore.jpg/180px-Daegu_from_Migliore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Daegu_from_Migliore.jpg/240px-Daegu_from_Migliore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Daegu" title="Daegu">Daegu</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Busan" title="Busan">Busan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Busan" title="Busan">Busan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,448,737</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Seongnam" title="Seongnam">Seongnam</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gyeonggi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyeonggi">Gyeonggi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">948,757 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Incheon" title="Incheon">Incheon</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Incheon" title="Incheon">Incheon</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,890,451</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bucheon" title="Bucheon">Bucheon</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gyeonggi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyeonggi">Gyeonggi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">843,794 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Daegu" title="Daegu">Daegu</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Daegu" title="Daegu">Daegu</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,446,052</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cheongju" title="Cheongju">Cheongju</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/North_Chungcheong" class="mw-redirect" title="North Chungcheong">North Chungcheong</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">833,276 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Daejeon" title="Daejeon">Daejeon</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Daejeon" title="Daejeon">Daejeon</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,538,394</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ansan" title="Ansan">Ansan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gyeonggi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyeonggi">Gyeonggi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">747,035 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gwangju" title="Gwangju">Gwangju</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gwangju" title="Gwangju">Gwangju</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,502,881</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jeonju" title="Jeonju">Jeonju</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/North_Jeolla" class="mw-redirect" title="North Jeolla">North Jeolla</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">658,172 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Suwon" title="Suwon">Suwon</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gyeonggi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyeonggi">Gyeonggi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,194,313</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cheonan" title="Cheonan">Cheonan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/South_Chungcheong" class="mw-redirect" title="South Chungcheong">South Chungcheong</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">629,062 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ulsan" title="Ulsan">Ulsan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ulsan" title="Ulsan">Ulsan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,166,615</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Namyangju" title="Namyangju">Namyangju</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gyeonggi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyeonggi">Gyeonggi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">629,061 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Changwon" title="Changwon">Changwon</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/South_Gyeongsang" class="mw-redirect" title="South Gyeongsang">South Gyeongsang</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,059,241</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hwaseong,_Gyeonggi" title="Hwaseong, Gyeonggi">Hwaseong</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gyeonggi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyeonggi">Gyeonggi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">608,725 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Goyang" title="Goyang">Goyang</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gyeonggi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyeonggi">Gyeonggi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">990,073</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Anyang,_Gyeonggi" title="Anyang, Gyeonggi">Anyang</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gyeonggi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyeonggi">Gyeonggi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">585,177 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korean_dialects" title="Korean dialects">Korean dialects</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koreandialects.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Koreandialects.png/200px-Koreandialects.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Koreandialects.png/300px-Koreandialects.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Koreandialects.png/400px-Koreandialects.png 2x" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption>Dialects of the Korean language</figcaption></figure> Korean is the official language of South Korea and is classified by most linguists as a <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">language isolate</a>. It incorporates a significant number of <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loan words</a> from Chinese. Korean uses an indigenous writing system called <a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a>, created in 1446 by <a href="/wiki/Sejong_the_Great" title="Sejong the Great">King Sejong</a>, to provide a convenient alternative to the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese" title="Classical Chinese">Classical Chinese</a> <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a> characters that were difficult to learn and did not fit the Korean language well. South Korea still uses some Chinese Hanja characters in limited areas, such as print media and legal documentation. The Korean language in South Korea has a <a href="/wiki/South_Korean_standard_language" title="South Korean standard language">standard dialect</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Gyeonggi_dialect" title="Gyeonggi dialect">Seoul dialect</a>, with an additional four dialects (<a href="/wiki/Chungcheong_dialect" title="Chungcheong dialect">Chungcheong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gangwon_dialect" title="Gangwon dialect">Gangwon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gyeongsang_dialect" title="Gyeongsang dialect">Gyeongsang</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jeolla_dialect" title="Jeolla dialect">Jeolla</a>) and one language (<a href="/wiki/Jeju_language" title="Jeju language">Jeju</a>) in use around the country. Almost all South Korean students today learn <a href="/wiki/English_language_education_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="English language education in South Korea">English</a> throughout their education.<a href="#cite_note-289">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-290">[284]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Korea" title="Religion in South Korea">Religion in South Korea</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:Black; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1987.7609902728px; border-left-color:DarkOrchid"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkOrchid"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DarkOrchid"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 164.34184888722px; border-left-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 5.0307859188983px; border-left-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:DodgerBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:37.39592057378px 92.744515333466px 0 0; border-top-color:DarkRed"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:DarkRed"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Religion in South Korea (2015 census)<a href="#cite_note-2015_Census-291">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-ABC-CLIO-5">[4]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Irreligious (56.1%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> (19.7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korean Buddhism</a> (15.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> (7.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Other (0.8%)</div> </div> </div></div> According to the results of the census of 2015, more than half of the South Korean population (56.1%) declared themselves not affiliated with any <a href="/wiki/Organized_religion" title="Organized religion">religious organizations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2015_Census-291">[285]</a> In a 2012 survey, 52% declared themselves "religious", 31% said they were "not religious" and 15% identified themselves as "convinced <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheists</a>".<a href="#cite_note-292">[286]</a> Of the people who are affiliated with a religious organization, most are <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Buddhists</a>. According to the 2015 census, 27.6% of the population were Christians (19.7% identified themselves as Protestants, 7.9% as Roman Catholics) and 15.5% were Buddhists.<a href="#cite_note-2015_Census-291">[285]</a> Other religions include <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Islam in South Korea">Islam</a> (130,000 Muslims, mostly migrant workers from Pakistan and Bangladesh but including some 35,000 Korean Muslims<a href="#cite_note-293">[287]</a>), the homegrown sect of <a href="/wiki/Won_Buddhism" title="Won Buddhism">Won Buddhism</a>, and a variety of indigenous religions, including <a href="/wiki/Cheondoism" title="Cheondoism">Cheondoism</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianizing</a> religion), <a href="/wiki/Jeungsanism" title="Jeungsanism">Jeungsanism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daejongism" title="Daejongism">Daejongism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daesun_Jinrihoe" title="Daesun Jinrihoe">Daesun Jinrihoe</a>, and others. <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">Freedom of religion</a> is guaranteed by the constitution, and there is no <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-294">[288]</a> Overall, between the 2005 and 2015 censuses, there has been a slight decline of Christianity (down from 29% to 27.6%), a sharp decline of Buddhism (down from 22.8% to 15.5%), and a rise of the unaffiliated population (from 47.2% to 56.9%).<a href="#cite_note-2015_Census-291">[285]</a> Christianity is South Korea's largest organized religion, accounting for more than half of all South Korean adherents of religious organizations. There are approximately 13.5 million Christians in South Korea today; about two thirds of them belonging to Protestant churches, and the rest to the Catholic Church.<a href="#cite_note-2015_Census-291">[285]</a> The number of Protestants had been stagnant throughout the 1990s and the 2000s but increased to a peak level throughout the 2010s. Roman Catholics increased significantly between the 1980s and the 2000s but declined throughout the 2010s.<a href="#cite_note-2015_Census-291">[285]</a> Christianity, unlike in other East Asian countries, found fertile ground in Korea in the 18th century, and by the end of the 18th century it persuaded a large part of the population, as the declining monarchy supported it and opened the country to widespread <a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">proselytism</a> as part of a project of Westernization. The weakness of Korean <a href="/wiki/Korean_shamanism" title="Korean shamanism">Sindo</a>, which—unlike Japanese <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_folk_religion" title="Chinese folk religion">China's religious system</a>—never developed into a national religion of high status,<a href="#cite_note-295">[289]</a> combined with the impoverished state of <a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korean Buddhism</a>, (after 500 years of suppression at the hands of the Joseon state, by the 20th century it was virtually extinct) left a free hand to Christian churches. Christianity's similarity to native religious narratives has been studied as another factor that contributed to its success in the peninsula.<a href="#cite_note-296">[290]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Japanese colonization</a> of the first half of the 20th century further strengthened the identification of Christianity with <a href="/wiki/Korean_nationalism" title="Korean nationalism">Korean nationalism</a>, as the Japanese coopted native Korean Sindo into the Nipponic <a href="/wiki/Shinto_in_Korea" title="Shinto in Korea">Imperial Shinto</a> that they tried to establish in the peninsula.<a href="#cite_note-Korean_Social_Sciences_Journal-297">[291]</a> Widespread Christianization of the Koreans took place during State Shinto,<a href="#cite_note-Korean_Social_Sciences_Journal-297">[291]</a> after its abolition, and then in the independent South Korea as the newly established military government supported Christianity and <a href="/wiki/Anti-shamanism_movement_in_Korea" title="Anti-shamanism movement in Korea">tried to utterly oust</a> native Sindo. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KOCIS_Korea_YeonDeungHoe_20130511_05_(8733836165).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/KOCIS_Korea_YeonDeungHoe_20130511_05_%288733836165%29.jpg/220px-KOCIS_Korea_YeonDeungHoe_20130511_05_%288733836165%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/KOCIS_Korea_YeonDeungHoe_20130511_05_%288733836165%29.jpg/330px-KOCIS_Korea_YeonDeungHoe_20130511_05_%288733836165%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/KOCIS_Korea_YeonDeungHoe_20130511_05_%288733836165%29.jpg/440px-KOCIS_Korea_YeonDeungHoe_20130511_05_%288733836165%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4925" data-file-height="2829" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Buddha's Birthday</a> celebration in Seoul</figcaption></figure> Among Christian denominations, <a href="/wiki/Presbyterianism_in_South_Korea" title="Presbyterianism in South Korea">Presbyterianism</a> is the largest. About nine million people belong to one of the hundred different Presbyterian churches; the biggest ones are the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea_(HapDong)" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian Church in Korea (HapDong)">HapDong Presbyterian Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_Korea_(TongHap)" title="Presbyterian Church of Korea (TongHap)">TongHap Presbyterian Church</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kosin_Presbyterian_Church_in_Korea" title="Kosin Presbyterian Church in Korea">Koshin Presbyterian Church</a>. South Korea is also the second-largest missionary-sending nation, after the United States.<a href="#cite_note-298">[292]</a> Buddhism was introduced to Korea in the 4th century.<a href="#cite_note-299">[293]</a> It soon became a dominant religion in the southeastern kingdom of Silla, the region that hitherto hosts the strongest concentration of Buddhists in South Korea. In the other states of the Three Kingdoms Period, Goguryeo and Baekje, it was made the state religion respectively in 372 and 528. It remained the state religion in Later Silla and Goryeo. It was later suppressed throughout much of the subsequent history under the unified kingdom of Joseon, which officially adopted a strict <a href="/wiki/Korean_Confucianism" title="Korean Confucianism">Korean Confucianism</a>. Today, South Korea has about 7 million Buddhists,<a href="#cite_note-2015_Census-291">[285]</a> most of them affiliated to the <a href="/wiki/Jogye_Order" title="Jogye Order">Jogye Order</a>. Most of the <a href="/wiki/National_Treasure_(South_Korea)" title="National Treasure (South Korea)">National Treasures of South Korea</a> are Buddhist artifacts. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_South_Korea" title="Education in South Korea">Education in South Korea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SeoulNatlUnivMainGateAtNight.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/SeoulNatlUnivMainGateAtNight.jpg/220px-SeoulNatlUnivMainGateAtNight.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/SeoulNatlUnivMainGateAtNight.jpg/330px-SeoulNatlUnivMainGateAtNight.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/SeoulNatlUnivMainGateAtNight.jpg/440px-SeoulNatlUnivMainGateAtNight.jpg 2x" data-file-width="945" data-file-height="573" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Seoul_National_University" title="Seoul National University">Seoul National University</a> is considered to be the most prestigious university in South Korea.</figcaption></figure> A centralized administration in South Korea oversees the process for the education of children from kindergarten to the third and final year of high school. The school year is divided into two semesters, the first of which begins at the beginning of March and ends in mid-July, the second of which begins in late August and ends in mid-February. The country adopted a new educational program to increase the number of their foreign students through 2010. According to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education,_Science_and_Technology_(South_Korea)" title="Ministry of Education, Science and Technology (South Korea)">Ministry of Education, Science and Technology</a>, the number of scholarships for foreign students in South Korea would have (under the program) doubled by that time, and the number of foreign students would have reached 100,000.<a href="#cite_note-300">[294]</a> South Korea is one of the top-performing <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development</a> (OECD) countries in reading literacy, mathematics and sciences with the average student scoring 519, compared with the OECD average of 492, placing it ninth in the world. The country has one of the world's highest-educated labor forces among OECD countries.<a href="#cite_note-301">[295]</a><a href="#cite_note-302">[296]</a> The country is well known for its highly feverish outlook on education, where its national obsession with education has been called "education fever".<a href="#cite_note-303">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-304">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[299]</a> This obsession with education has catapulted the resource-poor nation consistently atop the global education rankings. In 2014, South Korea ranked second worldwide (after Singapore) in the national rankings of students' math and science scores by the OECD.<a href="#cite_note-306">[300]</a> Higher education is a serious issue in South Korean society, where it is viewed as one of the fundamental cornerstones of South Korean life. Education is regarded with a high priority for South Korean families, as success in education is often a source of honor and pride for families and within South Korean society at large, and is seen as a fundamental necessity to channel one's <a href="/wiki/Social_mobility" title="Social mobility">social mobility</a> to ultimately improve one's socioeconomic position in South Korean society.<a href="#cite_note-307">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-308">[302]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KAIST_fountains_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/KAIST_fountains_view.jpg/220px-KAIST_fountains_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/KAIST_fountains_view.jpg/330px-KAIST_fountains_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/KAIST_fountains_view.jpg/440px-KAIST_fountains_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/KAIST" title="KAIST">KAIST</a> main campus in <a href="/wiki/Daejeon" title="Daejeon">Daejeon</a> </figcaption></figure> In 2015, the country spent 5.1% of its GDP on all levels of education—roughly 0.8 percentage points above the OECD average of 4.3%.<a href="#cite_note-309">[303]</a> A strong investment in education, a militant drive to achieve academic success, as well as the passion for scholarly excellence has helped the resource-poor country rapidly grow its economy over the past 60 years from a war-torn land to a prosperous, developed country.<a href="#cite_note-ICEF-310">[304]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_South_Korea" title="Health in South Korea">Health in South Korea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Life_expectancy_in_North_Korea_and_South_Korea.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Life_expectancy_in_North_Korea_and_South_Korea.svg/220px-Life_expectancy_in_North_Korea_and_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Life_expectancy_in_North_Korea_and_South_Korea.svg/330px-Life_expectancy_in_North_Korea_and_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Life_expectancy_in_North_Korea_and_South_Korea.svg/440px-Life_expectancy_in_North_Korea_and_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Development of life expectancy in North Korea and South Korea</figcaption></figure> South Korea has a <a href="/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">universal health care</a> system.<a href="#cite_note-311">[305]</a> According to the Health Care Index ranking, it has the world's best healthcare system as of 2021.<a href="#cite_note-312">[306]</a> South Korean hospitals have advanced medical equipment and facilities readily available, ranking 4th for <a href="/wiki/MRI" class="mw-redirect" title="MRI">MRI</a> units per capita and 6th for <a href="/wiki/CT_scanner" class="mw-redirect" title="CT scanner">CT scanners</a> per capita in the OECD.<a href="#cite_note-313">[307]</a> It also had the OECD's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_hospital_beds" title="List of countries by hospital beds">second largest number of hospital beds per 1000 people</a> at 9.56 beds. <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">Life expectancy</a> has been rising rapidly and South Korea <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of countries by life expectancy">ranked 6th in the world for life expectancy</a> at 83.5 years in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-314">[308]</a> It also has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_life_expectancy" title="List of countries by life expectancy">third highest health adjusted life expectancy</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-315">[309]</a> <a href="/wiki/Suicide_in_South_Korea" title="Suicide in South Korea">Suicide in South Korea</a> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_suicide_rate" title="List of countries by suicide rate">12th highest in the world</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>, as well as the highest suicide rate in the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>.<a href="#cite_note-316">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-317">[311]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_South_Korea" title="Culture of South Korea">Culture of South Korea</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Korea" title="Culture of Korea">Culture of Korea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kayagumplayer2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Kayagumplayer2.jpg/220px-Kayagumplayer2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Kayagumplayer2.jpg/330px-Kayagumplayer2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Kayagumplayer2.jpg/440px-Kayagumplayer2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="703" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption>A musician playing a <a href="/wiki/Gayageum" title="Gayageum">gayageum</a></figcaption></figure> South Korea shares its traditional culture with North Korea, but the two Koreas have developed distinct contemporary forms of culture since the peninsula was divided in 1945. Historically, while the culture has been <a href="/wiki/Chinese_influence_on_Korean_culture" title="Chinese influence on Korean culture">heavily influenced by that of neighboring China</a>, it has nevertheless independently managed to develop a unique cultural identity in its own right that is distinct from that of its larger neighbor on the East Asian mainland.<a href="#cite_note-318">[312]</a> Its rich and vibrant culture left <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">21 UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritages of Humanity</a>,<a href="#cite_note-319">[313]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage#Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_by_country" title="Intangible cultural heritage">fourth largest in the world</a>,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] along with <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_South_Korea" title="List of World Heritage Sites in South Korea">15 World Heritage Sites</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture,_Sports_and_Tourism" title="Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism">Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism</a> actively encourages the traditional arts, as well as modern forms, through funding and education programs.<a href="#cite_note-320">[314]</a> According to the 2023 edition of the <a href="/wiki/Press_Freedom_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Press Freedom Index">Press Freedom Index</a>, South Korea has the second highest level of press freedom in Continental and East Asia, behind Taiwan.<a href="#cite_note-321">[315]</a> Industrialization and urbanization have brought many changes to the way modern Koreans live. Changing economic circumstances and lifestyles have led to a concentration of population in major cities, especially the capital Seoul, with multi-generational households separating into <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">nuclear family</a> living arrangements. A 2014 Euromonitor study found that South Koreans drink the most alcohol on a weekly basis compared to the rest of the world. South Koreans drink 13.7 shots of liquor per week on average and, of the 44 other countries analyzed, Russia, the Philippines, and Thailand follow.<a href="#cite_note-322">[316]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Korean_art" title="Korean art">Korean art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%EC%B2%AD%ED%99%94%EB%B0%B1%EC%9E%90%EC%A7%84%EC%82%AC%EC%B1%84%EB%B3%B5%EC%88%AD%EC%95%84%EC%97%B0%EC%A0%81.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/%EC%B2%AD%ED%99%94%EB%B0%B1%EC%9E%90%EC%A7%84%EC%82%AC%EC%B1%84%EB%B3%B5%EC%88%AD%EC%95%84%EC%97%B0%EC%A0%81.jpg/170px-%EC%B2%AD%ED%99%94%EB%B0%B1%EC%9E%90%EC%A7%84%EC%82%AC%EC%B1%84%EB%B3%B5%EC%88%AD%EC%95%84%EC%97%B0%EC%A0%81.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/%EC%B2%AD%ED%99%94%EB%B0%B1%EC%9E%90%EC%A7%84%EC%82%AC%EC%B1%84%EB%B3%B5%EC%88%AD%EC%95%84%EC%97%B0%EC%A0%81.jpg/255px-%EC%B2%AD%ED%99%94%EB%B0%B1%EC%9E%90%EC%A7%84%EC%82%AC%EC%B1%84%EB%B3%B5%EC%88%AD%EC%95%84%EC%97%B0%EC%A0%81.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/%EC%B2%AD%ED%99%94%EB%B0%B1%EC%9E%90%EC%A7%84%EC%82%AC%EC%B1%84%EB%B3%B5%EC%88%AD%EC%95%84%EC%97%B0%EC%A0%81.jpg/340px-%EC%B2%AD%ED%99%94%EB%B0%B1%EC%9E%90%EC%A7%84%EC%82%AC%EC%B1%84%EB%B3%B5%EC%88%AD%EC%95%84%EC%97%B0%EC%A0%81.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1366" data-file-height="1359" /></a><figcaption>A blue and white porcelain peach-shaped water dropper from the Joseon dynasty in the 18th century</figcaption></figure> Korean art has been highly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korean_Confucianism" title="Korean Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, which can be seen in the many traditional paintings, sculptures, ceramics and the performing arts.<a href="#cite_note-323">[317]</a> <a href="/wiki/Korean_pottery_and_porcelain" title="Korean pottery and porcelain">Korean pottery and porcelain</a>, such as Joseon's <a href="/wiki/Joseon_white_porcelain" title="Joseon white porcelain">baekja</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buncheong" title="Buncheong">buncheong</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Celadon" title="Celadon">celadon</a> are well known throughout the world.<a href="#cite_note-324">[318]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Korean_tea_ceremony" title="Korean tea ceremony">Korean tea ceremony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pansori" title="Pansori">pansori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talchum" title="Talchum">talchum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Buchaechum" title="Buchaechum">buchaechum</a> are also notable Korean performing arts. Post-war modern Korean art started to flourish in the 1960s and 1970s, when South Korean artists took interest in geometrical shapes and intangible subjects. Establishing a harmony between <a href="/wiki/Man_and_nature" class="mw-redirect" title="Man and nature">man and nature</a> was also a favorite of this time. Because of social instability, social issues appeared as main subjects in the 1980s. Art was influenced by various international events and exhibits in Korea, which brought more diversity.<a href="#cite_note-325">[319]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Park,_Seoul" title="Olympic Park, Seoul">Olympic Sculpture Garden</a> in 1988, the transposition of the 1993 edition of the <a href="/wiki/Whitney_Biennial" title="Whitney Biennial">Whitney Biennial</a> to Seoul,<a href="#cite_note-326">[320]</a> the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Gwangju_Biennale" title="Gwangju Biennale">Gwangju Biennale</a><a href="#cite_note-327">[321]</a> and the Korean Pavilion at the <a href="/wiki/Venice_Biennale" title="Venice Biennale">Venice Biennale</a> in 1995<a href="#cite_note-328">[322]</a> were notable events. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_South_Korea" title="Architecture of South Korea">Architecture of South Korea</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Korean_architecture" title="Korean architecture">Korean architecture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sungnyemun_Gate,_front,_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Sungnyemun_Gate%2C_front%2C_2013.jpg/220px-Sungnyemun_Gate%2C_front%2C_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Sungnyemun_Gate%2C_front%2C_2013.jpg/330px-Sungnyemun_Gate%2C_front%2C_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Sungnyemun_Gate%2C_front%2C_2013.jpg/440px-Sungnyemun_Gate%2C_front%2C_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3604" data-file-height="2530" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Namdaemun" title="Namdaemun">Namdaemun</a></figcaption></figure> Because of South Korea's tumultuous history, construction and destruction has been repeated endlessly, resulting in an interesting melange of architectural styles and designs.<a href="#cite_note-329">[323]</a> Traditional Korean architecture is characterized by its harmony with nature. Ancient architects adopted the <a href="/wiki/Bracket_(architecture)" title="Bracket (architecture)">bracket system</a> characterized by <a href="/wiki/Thatching" title="Thatching">thatched roofs</a> and heated floors called <a href="/wiki/Ondol" title="Ondol">ondol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-330">[324]</a> People of the upper classes built bigger houses with elegantly curved tiled roofs and lifting eaves. Traditional architecture can be seen in the palaces and temples, preserved old houses called <a href="/wiki/Hanok" title="Hanok">hanok</a>,<a href="#cite_note-331">[325]</a> and special sites like <a href="/wiki/Hahoe_Folk_Village" title="Hahoe Folk Village">Hahoe Folk Village</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yangdong_Folk_Village" title="Yangdong Folk Village">Yangdong Folk Village</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korean_Folk_Village" title="Korean Folk Village">Korean Folk Village</a>. Traditional architecture may also be seen at several of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_South_Korea" title="List of World Heritage Sites in South Korea">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-332">[326]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lotus_Flower_Bridge_and_Seven_Treasure_Bridge_at_Bulguksa_in_Gyeongju,_Korea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Lotus_Flower_Bridge_and_Seven_Treasure_Bridge_at_Bulguksa_in_Gyeongju%2C_Korea.jpg/220px-Lotus_Flower_Bridge_and_Seven_Treasure_Bridge_at_Bulguksa_in_Gyeongju%2C_Korea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Lotus_Flower_Bridge_and_Seven_Treasure_Bridge_at_Bulguksa_in_Gyeongju%2C_Korea.jpg/330px-Lotus_Flower_Bridge_and_Seven_Treasure_Bridge_at_Bulguksa_in_Gyeongju%2C_Korea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Lotus_Flower_Bridge_and_Seven_Treasure_Bridge_at_Bulguksa_in_Gyeongju%2C_Korea.jpg/440px-Lotus_Flower_Bridge_and_Seven_Treasure_Bridge_at_Bulguksa_in_Gyeongju%2C_Korea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2148" data-file-height="1652" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bulguksa" title="Bulguksa">Bulguksa</a>, a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></figcaption></figure> Western architecture was first introduced at the end of the 19th century. Churches, offices for foreign legislation, schools and university buildings were built in new styles. With the annexation by Japan in 1910 the colonial regime intervened in Korea's architectural heritage, and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_architecture" title="Japanese architecture">Japanese-style</a> modern architecture was imposed. Anti-Japanese sentiment and the Korean War led to the destruction of most buildings constructed during that time.<a href="#cite_note-333">[327]</a> Modern Korean architecture entered a new phase of development during the post-Korean War reconstruction, incorporating modern architectural trends and styles. Stimulated by the economic growth in the 1970s and 1980s, active redevelopment saw new horizons in architectural design. In the aftermath of the 1988 Seoul Olympics, South Korea has witnessed a wide variation of styles in its architectural landscape with the opening up of the market to foreign architects.<a href="#cite_note-334">[328]</a> Contemporary architectural efforts have attempted to balance the traditional philosophy of "harmony with nature" and the fast-paced urbanization that the country has been going through in recent years.<a href="#cite_note-335">[329]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entertainment">Entertainment</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_South_Korea" title="Cinema of South Korea">Cinema of South Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_drama" title="Korean drama">Korean drama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean wave">Korean wave</a>, <a href="/wiki/K-pop" title="K-pop">K-pop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_South_Korea" title="Mass media in South Korea">Mass media in South Korea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manhwa" title="Manhwa">manhwa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Joe_Biden_and_BTS_in_the_Oval_Office_of_the_White_House,_May_31,_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/President_Joe_Biden_and_BTS_in_the_Oval_Office_of_the_White_House%2C_May_31%2C_2022.jpg/220px-President_Joe_Biden_and_BTS_in_the_Oval_Office_of_the_White_House%2C_May_31%2C_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/President_Joe_Biden_and_BTS_in_the_Oval_Office_of_the_White_House%2C_May_31%2C_2022.jpg/330px-President_Joe_Biden_and_BTS_in_the_Oval_Office_of_the_White_House%2C_May_31%2C_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/President_Joe_Biden_and_BTS_in_the_Oval_Office_of_the_White_House%2C_May_31%2C_2022.jpg/440px-President_Joe_Biden_and_BTS_in_the_Oval_Office_of_the_White_House%2C_May_31%2C_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>K-pop group <a href="/wiki/BTS" title="BTS">BTS</a> has emerged as one of the country's most successful Korean boy bands since their rise to international prominence during the latter half of the 2010s.</figcaption></figure> In addition to domestic consumption, South Korea has a thriving entertainment industry where various facets of South Korean entertainment, including television dramas, films, and popular music, have garnered international popularity and generated significant export revenues for the nation's economy. The cultural phenomenon known as <a href="/wiki/Korean_Wave" title="Korean Wave">Hallyu</a> or the "Korean Wave", has swept many countries across Continental and East Asia making South Korea a major soft power as an exporter of popular culture and entertainment, rivaling Western nations such as the United States and the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-Kwave-336">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-337">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-338">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-339">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-340">[334]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blackpink_Coachella_2023_02_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Blackpink_Coachella_2023_02_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Blackpink_Coachella_2023_02_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Blackpink_Coachella_2023_02_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Blackpink_Coachella_2023_02_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Blackpink_Coachella_2023_02_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Blackpink_Coachella_2023_02_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3277" data-file-height="1850" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Blackpink" title="Blackpink">Blackpink</a> has been one of the most popular K-pop girl groups in the world since the late 2010s.</figcaption></figure> Until the 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Trot_(music)" title="Trot (music)">trot</a> and traditional <a href="/wiki/Traditional_music_of_Korea" title="Traditional music of Korea">folk-based</a> ballads dominated the South Korean popular music scene. The emergence of the pop group <a href="/wiki/Seo_Taiji_and_Boys" title="Seo Taiji and Boys">Seo Taiji and Boys</a> in 1992 marked a turning point for South Korean popular music, also known as <a href="/wiki/K-pop" title="K-pop">K-pop</a>. Since the 1990s, the genre of K-pop has continuously engaged in a process of ongoing reinvention and modernization by assimilating various elements of popular musical genres and trends from across the world such as <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">Western popular music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">experimental</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">gospel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latin_music_(genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin music (genre)">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B" title="Contemporary R&B">rhythm and blues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic dance">electronic dance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">reggae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_folk_music" title="Contemporary folk music">folk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock</a> on top of its uniquely <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Korean_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional Korean music">traditional Korean music</a> roots.<a href="#cite_note-341">[335]</a> Though Western-style pop, hip hop, rhythm and blues, rock, folk, electronic dance oriented acts have become dominant in the contemporary South Korean popular music scene, trot still continues to be appreciated and enjoyed by older South Koreans. <a href="/wiki/Korean_idol" title="Korean idol">K-pop idols</a> are well known across Continental Asia, have found fame in the Western World, and have generated millions of dollars in export revenue beyond the confines of the traditional <a href="/wiki/Music_industry_of_East_Asia#Ranking" title="Music industry of East Asia">East Asian music market</a>. Many K-pop acts have also established themselves by securing a strong global following using online social media platforms such as <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. K-pop first began to make its mark outside of Continental and East Asia following the unexpected success of singer <a href="/wiki/Psy" title="Psy">Psy</a>'s international music sensation, "<a href="/wiki/Gangnam_Style" title="Gangnam Style">Gangnam Style</a>", which topped global music charts in 2012. Since the success of the film <a href="/wiki/Shiri_(film)" title="Shiri (film)">Shiri</a> in 1999, the <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Korea" title="Cinema of Korea">Korean film</a> industry has grown substantially, garnering recognition both nation-wide and across the globe. Domestic films have a dominant share of the South Korean film market, partly because of the existence of government <a href="/wiki/Screen_quotas" class="mw-redirect" title="Screen quotas">screen quotas</a> requiring cinemas to show Korean films for at least 73 days of the year.<a href="#cite_note-342">[336]</a> 2019's <a href="/wiki/Parasite_(2019_film)" title="Parasite (2019 film)">Parasite</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Bong_Joon-ho" title="Bong Joon-ho">Bong Joon-ho</a>, became the <a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_films_in_South_Korea" title="List of highest-grossing films in South Korea">highest-grossing film in South Korea</a> as well as the first non-English language film to win Best Picture at the United States-based <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Awards</a> <a href="/wiki/92nd_Academy_Awards" title="92nd Academy Awards">that year</a> amongst <a href="/wiki/List_of_accolades_received_by_Parasite" title="List of accolades received by Parasite">numerous other accolades</a>. <a href="/wiki/Television_in_South_Korea" title="Television in South Korea">South Korean television shows</a> have become popular outside of Korea. Television dramas, known as <a href="/wiki/Korean_drama" title="Korean drama">K-dramas</a>, have begun to find fame internationally. Many dramas tend to have a romantic focus. Historical dramas are also famous.<a href="#cite_note-343">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-344">[338]</a> The 2021 survival drama <a href="/wiki/Squid_Game" title="Squid Game">Squid Game</a>, created by <a href="/wiki/Hwang_Dong-hyuk" title="Hwang Dong-hyuk">Hwang Dong-hyuk</a>, received critical acclaim and widespread international attention upon its release, becoming <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a>'s most-watched series at launch and garnering a viewership of more than 142 million households during its first four weeks from launch.<a href="#cite_note-345">[339]</a><a href="#cite_note-346">[340]</a><a href="#cite_note-347">[341]</a><a href="#cite_note-348">[342]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Holidays">Holidays</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_South_Korea" title="Public holidays in South Korea">Public holidays in South Korea</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Korean_New_Year" title="Korean New Year">Korean New Year</a>, or "Seollal", is celebrated on the first day of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_calendar" title="Korean calendar">Korean calendar</a>. Korean Independence Day falls on March 1 and commemorates the <a href="/wiki/March_First_Movement" title="March First Movement">March First Movement</a> of 1919. <a href="/wiki/Memorial_Day_(South_Korea)" title="Memorial Day (South Korea)">Memorial Day</a> is celebrated on June 6, and its purpose is to honor the men and women who died in South Korea's independence movement. <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Day_(South_Korea)" title="Constitution Day (South Korea)">Constitution Day</a> is on July 17, and it celebrates the promulgation of <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Korea" title="Constitution of South Korea">Constitution of the Republic of Korea</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Day_of_Korea" title="National Liberation Day of Korea">Liberation Day</a>, on August 15, celebrates Korea's liberation from the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> in 1945. Every 15th day of the 8th lunar month, Koreans celebrate the <a href="/wiki/Chuseok" title="Chuseok">Midautumn Festival</a>, in which Koreans visit their ancestral hometowns and eat a variety of traditional Korean foods. On October 1, Armed Forces Day is celebrated, honoring the military forces of South Korea. October 3 is <a href="/wiki/Gaecheonjeol" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaecheonjeol">National Foundation Day</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hangul_Day" title="Hangul Day">Hangul Day</a> on October 9 commemorates the invention of <a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">hangul</a>, the native alphabet of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean language</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Korean_cuisine" title="Korean cuisine">Korean cuisine</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Korean_cuisine" title="South Korean cuisine">South Korean cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dolsot-bibimbap.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Dolsot-bibimbap.jpg/220px-Dolsot-bibimbap.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Dolsot-bibimbap.jpg/330px-Dolsot-bibimbap.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Dolsot-bibimbap.jpg/440px-Dolsot-bibimbap.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6748" data-file-height="4503" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bibimbap" title="Bibimbap">Bibimbap</a></figcaption></figure> Korean cuisine, hanguk yori, or hansik, has evolved through centuries of social and political change. Ingredients and dishes vary by province. There are many significant regional dishes that have proliferated in different variations across the country in the present day. The <a href="/wiki/Korean_royal_court_cuisine" title="Korean royal court cuisine">Korean royal court cuisine</a> once brought all of the unique regional specialties together for the royal family. Meals consumed both by the royal family and ordinary citizens have been regulated by a unique culture of etiquette. Korean cuisine is largely based on <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noodle" title="Noodle">noodles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tofu" title="Tofu">tofu</a>, vegetables, fish and meats. Traditional meals are noted for the number of side dishes, <a href="/wiki/Banchan" title="Banchan">banchan</a>, which accompany steam-cooked short-grain rice. Every meal is accompanied by numerous banchan. <a href="/wiki/Kimchi" title="Kimchi">Kimchi</a>, a fermented, usually spicy vegetable dish is commonly served at every meal and is one of the best known dishes. Korean cuisine usually involves heavy seasoning with <a href="/wiki/Sesame_oil" title="Sesame oil">sesame oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doenjang" title="Doenjang">doenjang</a> (a type of <a href="/wiki/Fermented_bean_paste" title="Fermented bean paste">fermented soybean paste</a>), <a href="/wiki/Soy_sauce" title="Soy sauce">soy sauce</a>, salt, garlic, ginger, and <a href="/wiki/Gochujang" title="Gochujang">gochujang</a> (a hot pepper paste). Other well-known dishes are <a href="/wiki/Bulgogi" title="Bulgogi">bulgogi</a>, grilled marinated beef; <a href="/wiki/Gimbap" title="Gimbap">gimbap</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Tteokbokki" title="Tteokbokki">tteokbokki</a>, a spicy snack consisting of rice cake seasoned with gochujang or a spicy chili paste. Soups are also a common part of a meal and are served as part of the main course rather than at the beginning or the end of the meal. Soups known as <a href="/wiki/Guk" title="Guk">guk</a> are often made with meats, shellfish and vegetables. Similar to guk, tang has less water and is more often served in restaurants. Another type is <a href="/wiki/Jjigae" title="Jjigae">jjigae</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Stew" title="Stew">stew</a> that is typically heavily seasoned with chili pepper and served boiling hot. Popular <a href="/wiki/Korean_alcoholic_drinks" title="Korean alcoholic drinks">Korean alcoholic drinks</a> include <a href="/wiki/Soju" title="Soju">Soju</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makgeolli" title="Makgeolli">Makgeolli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bokbunja_ju" class="mw-redirect" title="Bokbunja ju">Bokbunja ju</a>. Korea is unique among East Asian countries in its use of metal <a href="/wiki/Chopsticks" title="Chopsticks">chopsticks</a>. Metal chopsticks have been discovered in Goguryeo archaeological sites.<a href="#cite_note-349">[343]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_South_Korea" title="Sport in South Korea">Sport in South Korea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_from_COEX_Tower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/View_from_COEX_Tower.jpg/220px-View_from_COEX_Tower.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/View_from_COEX_Tower.jpg/330px-View_from_COEX_Tower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/View_from_COEX_Tower.jpg/440px-View_from_COEX_Tower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3290" data-file-height="1854" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Seoul_Sports_Complex" title="Seoul Sports Complex">Seoul Sports Complex</a>, Korea's largest integrated sports center</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Martial_arts" title="Martial arts">martial art</a> <a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">taekwondo</a> originated in Korea. In the 1950s and 1960s, modern rules were standardized, with taekwondo becoming an official <a href="/wiki/Olympic_Games" title="Olympic Games">Olympic sport</a> in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-350">[344]</a> Other Korean martial arts include <a href="/wiki/Taekkyeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Taekkyeon">Taekkyon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hapkido" title="Hapkido">hapkido</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tang_Soo_Do" title="Tang Soo Do">Tang Soo Do</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuk_Sool_Won" title="Kuk Sool Won">Kuk Sool Won</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kumdo" title="Kumdo">kumdo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subak" title="Subak">subak</a>.<a href="#cite_note-351">[345]</a> <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">Football</a> has traditionally been regarded as the most popular sport in Korea, with <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a> as the second.<a href="#cite_note-352">[346]</a> Recent polling indicates that a majority, 41% of South Korean sports fans continue to self-identify as football fans, with baseball ranked 2nd at 25% of respondents. However, the polling did not indicate the extent to which respondents follow both sports.<a href="#cite_note-353">[347]</a> The <a href="/wiki/South_Korea_national_football_team" title="South Korea national football team">national football team</a> became the first team in the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Football_Confederation" title="Asian Football Confederation">Asian Football Confederation</a> to reach the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cup</a> semi-finals in the <a href="/wiki/2002_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2002 FIFA World Cup">2002 FIFA World Cup</a>, jointly hosted by South Korea and Japan. The <a href="/wiki/Korea_Republic_national_football_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Korea Republic national football team">Korea Republic national team</a> (as it is known) has qualified for every World Cup since <a href="/wiki/1986_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1986 FIFA World Cup">Mexico 1986</a>, and has broken out of the group stage in 2002, in <a href="/wiki/2010_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2010 FIFA World Cup">2010</a>, when it was defeated by eventual semi-finalist <a href="/wiki/Uruguay_national_football_team" title="Uruguay national football team">Uruguay</a> in the Round of 16, and in <a href="/wiki/2022_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2022 FIFA World Cup">2022</a>. At the <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">2012 Summer Olympics</a>, South Korea won the bronze medal for football. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Busan_Sajik_Stadium_20080706.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Busan_Sajik_Stadium_20080706.JPG/220px-Busan_Sajik_Stadium_20080706.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Busan_Sajik_Stadium_20080706.JPG/330px-Busan_Sajik_Stadium_20080706.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Busan_Sajik_Stadium_20080706.JPG/440px-Busan_Sajik_Stadium_20080706.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sajik_Baseball_Stadium" title="Sajik Baseball Stadium">Sajik Baseball Stadium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Busan" title="Busan">Busan</a>. Baseball is one of the most popular sports in South Korea.</figcaption></figure> Baseball was first introduced to Korea in 1905.<a href="#cite_note-354">[348]</a><a href="#cite_note-355">[349]</a><a href="#cite_note-356">[350]</a> Recent years have been characterized by increasing attendance and ticket prices for professional baseball games.<a href="#cite_note-357">[351]</a><a href="#cite_note-358">[352]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Korea_Professional_Baseball" class="mw-redirect" title="Korea Professional Baseball">Korea Professional Baseball</a> league, a 10-team circuit, was established in 1982. The <a href="/wiki/South_Korea_national_baseball_team" title="South Korea national baseball team">South Korea national team</a> finished third in the <a href="/wiki/2006_World_Baseball_Classic" title="2006 World Baseball Classic">2006 World Baseball Classic</a> and second in the <a href="/wiki/2009_World_Baseball_Classic" title="2009 World Baseball Classic">2009 tournament</a>. The team's 2009 final game against Japan was widely watched in Korea, with a large screen at <a href="/wiki/Gwanghwamun" title="Gwanghwamun">Gwanghwamun</a> crossing in Seoul broadcasting the game live.<a href="#cite_note-359">[353]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics" title="2008 Summer Olympics">2008 Summer Olympics</a>, South Korea won the gold medal in baseball.<a href="#cite_note-360">[354]</a> Also in 1982, at the Baseball Worldcup, Korea won the gold medal. At the <a href="/wiki/2010_Asian_Games" title="2010 Asian Games">2010 Asian Games</a>, the Korean National Baseball team won the gold medal. Several Korean players have gone on to play in <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a>. <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a> is a popular sport in the country as well. South Korea has traditionally had one of the top basketball teams in Asia and one of the continent's strongest basketball divisions. Seoul hosted the <a href="/wiki/1967_ABC_Championship" title="1967 ABC Championship">1967</a> and <a href="/wiki/1995_ABC_Championship" title="1995 ABC Championship">1995 Asian Basketball Championship</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Korea_national_basketball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Korea national basketball team">Korea national basketball team</a> has won a record number of 23 medals at the event to date.<a href="#cite_note-361">[355]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korea_Taekwondo_Hanmadang_70.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Korea_Taekwondo_Hanmadang_70.jpg/220px-Korea_Taekwondo_Hanmadang_70.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Korea_Taekwondo_Hanmadang_70.jpg/330px-Korea_Taekwondo_Hanmadang_70.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Korea_Taekwondo_Hanmadang_70.jpg/440px-Korea_Taekwondo_Hanmadang_70.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2860" data-file-height="2115" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a>, a Korean martial art and Olympic sport</figcaption></figure> South Korea hosted the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Games" title="Asian Games">Asian Games</a> in 1986 (Seoul), 2002 (Busan), and 2014 (Incheon). It also hosted the Winter <a href="/wiki/Universiade" class="mw-redirect" title="Universiade">Universiade</a> in 1997, the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Winter_Games" title="Asian Winter Games">Asian Winter Games</a> in 1999, and the Summer Universiade in 2003 and 2015. In 1988, South Korea hosted the <a href="/wiki/1988_Summer_Olympics" title="1988 Summer Olympics">Summer Olympics in Seoul</a>, coming fourth with 12 gold medals, 10 silver medals, and 11 bronze medals. South Korea regularly performs well in <a href="/wiki/Archery" title="Archery">archery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shooting" title="Shooting">shooting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Table_tennis" title="Table tennis">table tennis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Badminton" title="Badminton">badminton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Short_track_speed_skating" class="mw-redirect" title="Short track speed skating">short track speed skating</a>, <a href="/wiki/Handball" title="Handball">handball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Field_hockey" title="Field hockey">field hockey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling" title="Freestyle wrestling">freestyle wrestling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_wrestling" title="Greco-Roman wrestling">Greco-Roman wrestling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">judo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">taekwondo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speed_skating" title="Speed skating">speed skating</a>, <a href="/wiki/Figure_skating" title="Figure skating">figure skating</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting" title="Olympic weightlifting">weightlifting</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Olympic_Museum" title="Seoul Olympic Museum">Seoul Olympic Museum</a> is dedicated to the 1988 Summer Olympics. <a href="/wiki/Pyeongchang_County" title="Pyeongchang County">Pyeongchang</a> hosted the <a href="/wiki/2018_Winter_Olympics" title="2018 Winter Olympics">2018 Winter Olympics</a>. South Korea has won more medals in the <a href="/wiki/Winter_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Winter Olympics">Winter Olympics</a> than any other Asian country, with a total of 45 (23 gold, 14 silver, and 8 bronze). At the <a href="/wiki/2010_Winter_Olympics" title="2010 Winter Olympics">2010 Winter Olympics</a>, South Korea ranked fifth in the overall medal rankings. South Korea is especially strong in <a href="/wiki/Short_track_speed_skating" class="mw-redirect" title="Short track speed skating">short track speed skating</a>. <a href="/wiki/Speed_skating" title="Speed skating">Speed skating</a> and <a href="/wiki/Figure_skating" title="Figure skating">figure skating</a> are also popular, and <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a> is an emerging sport, with <a href="/wiki/Anyang_Halla" class="mw-redirect" title="Anyang Halla">Anyang Halla</a> winning their first ever <a href="/wiki/Asia_League_Ice_Hockey" title="Asia League Ice Hockey">Asia League Ice Hockey</a> title in March 2010.<a href="#cite_note-362">[356]</a> Seoul hosted a professional <a href="/wiki/Triathlon" title="Triathlon">triathlon</a> race, which is part of the <a href="/wiki/International_Triathlon_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="International Triathlon Union">International Triathlon Union</a> (ITU) World Championship Series in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-363">[357]</a> In 2011, the South Korean city of Daegu hosted the <a href="/wiki/2011_World_Championships_in_Athletics" title="2011 World Championships in Athletics">2011 IAAF World Championships in Athletics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-364">[358]</a> In 2010, South Korea hosted its first <a href="/wiki/Formula_One" title="Formula One">Formula One</a> race at the <a href="/wiki/Korea_International_Circuit" title="Korea International Circuit">Korea International Circuit</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yeongam" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeongam">Yeongam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-365">[359]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Korean_Grand_Prix" title="Korean Grand Prix">Korean Grand Prix</a> was held from 2010 to 2013.<a href="#cite_note-366">[360]</a> Domestic <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">horse racing</a> events are followed by South Koreans and <a href="/wiki/LetsRun_Park_Seoul" title="LetsRun Park Seoul">Seoul Race Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gwacheon" title="Gwacheon">Gwacheon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gyeonggi_Province" title="Gyeonggi Province">Gyeonggi Province</a> is located closest to Seoul out of the country's three tracks.<a href="#cite_note-367">[361]</a> Competitive <a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">video gaming</a>, also called <a href="/wiki/Esports" title="Esports">esports</a>, has become more popular in South Korea in recent years, particularly among young people.<a href="#cite_note-368">[362]</a> The two most popular games are <a href="/wiki/League_of_Legends" title="League of Legends">League of Legends</a> and <a href="/wiki/StarCraft" title="StarCraft">StarCraft</a>. The gaming scene is managed by the <a href="/wiki/Korean_e-Sports_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean e-Sports Association">Korean e-Sports Association</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/32px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/48px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/64px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:South_Korea" title="Portal:South Korea">South Korea portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_South_Korea" title="Outline of South Korea">Outline of South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_South_Korea" title="State Council of South Korea">State Council of South Korea</a> ("cabinet" of South Korea)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Sejong_City-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Sejong_City_1-0">^</a> De facto administrative capital since 2012 </li> <li id="cite_note-Christian-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Christian_6-0">^</a> 19.7% are <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> and 7.9% are <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_South_Korea" title="Catholic Church in South Korea">Catholic</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> South Koreans use the name Hanguk (한국, 韓國) when referring to South Korea or Korea as a whole. The literal translation of South Korea, Namhan (남한, 南韓), is rarely used. North Koreans use Namjosŏn (남조선, 南朝鮮) when referring to South Korea, derived from the North Korean name for Korea, Chosŏn (조선, 朝鮮). </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: 대한민국; <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>: 大韓民國; <a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">RR</a>: Daehanminguk; <abbr title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> "Great <a href="/wiki/Samhan" title="Samhan">Han</a> Republic" or "Great Korean Republic" </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> South Korea's border with North Korea is a disputed border as both countries claim the entirety of the Korean Peninsula. </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> The Republic of Korea (ROK) claims five of its provinces that are controlled by the <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">Democratic People's Republic of Korea</a> (DPRK), which it does not control along with the two portions of its northern provinces controlled by the DPRK. These are overseen by the <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Five_Northern_Korean_Provinces" title="Committee for the Five Northern Korean Provinces">Committee for the Five Northern Korean Provinces</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.go.kr/%EB%B2%95%EB%A0%B9/%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4%EB%B2%95/(13978,20160203)"><bdi lang="ko">[시행 2016.8.4.] [법률 제13978호, 2016.2.3., 제정]</bdi></a> [Enforcement 2016.8.4. Law No. 13978, enacted on 3 February 2016] (in Korean). 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160311124649/http://www.law.go.kr/%EB%B2%95%EB%A0%B9/%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%88%98%ED%99%94%EC%96%B8%EC%96%B4%EB%B2%95/(13978,20160203)">Archived</a> from the original on March 11, 2016. Retrieved July 26, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%5B%EC%8B%9C%ED%96%89+2016.8.4.%5D+%5B%EB%B2%95%EB%A5%A0+%EC%A0%9C13978%ED%98%B8%2C+2016.2.3.%2C+%EC%A0%9C%EC%A0%95%5D&rft.date=2016&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.go.kr%2F%25EB%25B2%2595%25EB%25A0%25B9%2F%25ED%2595%259C%25EA%25B5%25AD%25EC%2588%2598%25ED%2599%2594%25EC%2596%25B8%25EC%2596%25B4%25EB%25B2%2595%2F%2813978%2C20160203%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2020/07/742_283632.html">"Foreign population in Korea tops 2.5 million"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Korea_Times" title="The Korea Times">The Korea Times</a>. February 24, 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200716152028/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2020/07/742_283632.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 16, 2020. Retrieved June 3, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Korea+Times&rft.atitle=Foreign+population+in+Korea+tops+2.5+million&rft.date=2020-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreatimes.co.kr%2Fwww%2Fnation%2F2020%2F07%2F742_283632.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kim-Shon-Chosunilbo2016-4"><a href="#cite_ref-Kim-Shon-Chosunilbo2016_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKimShon2016" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script">Kim, Han-soo; Shon, Jin-seok (December 20, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2016/12/20/2016122000155.html"><bdi lang="ko">신자 수, 개신교 1위… "종교 없다" 56%</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Chosun_Ilbo" title="The Chosun Ilbo">The Chosun Ilbo</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221111024834/http://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2016/12/20/2016122000155.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 11, 2022. Retrieved July 2, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Chosun+Ilbo&rft.atitle=%EC%8B%A0%EC%9E%90+%EC%88%98%2C+%EA%B0%9C%EC%8B%A0%EA%B5%90+1%EC%9C%84%E2%80%A6+%22%EC%A2%85%EA%B5%90+%EC%97%86%EB%8B%A4%22+56%25&rft.date=2016-12-20&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Han-soo&rft.au=Shon%2C+Jin-seok&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.chosun.com%2Fsite%2Fdata%2Fhtml_dir%2F2016%2F12%2F20%2F2016122000155.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ABC-CLIO-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ABC-CLIO_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ABC-CLIO_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuinn2019" class="citation book cs1">Quinn, Joseph Peter (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vt-vDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA365">"South Korea"</a>. In Demy, Timothy J.; Shaw, Jeffrey M. (eds.). Religion and Contemporary Politics: A Global Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. p. 365. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3933-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-3933-7"><bdi>978-1-4408-3933-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240412162632/https://books.google.com/books?id=vt-vDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA365">Archived</a> from the original on April 12, 2024. 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Retrieved February 24, 2023 – via CIA.gov.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Korea&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft.date=2023-02-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fkorea-south%2F%23geography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-South_Korea_country_profile-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-South_Korea_country_profile_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-South_Korea_country_profile_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-15289563">"South Korea country profile"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. October 17, 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240127202409/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-15289563">Archived</a> from the original on January 27, 2024. Retrieved October 17, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=South+Korea+country+profile&rft.date=2023-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-pacific-15289563&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.oecd.org/inequality/income-inequality.htm">Inequality – Income inequality – OECD Data</a>. <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">OECD</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220701171540/https://data.oecd.org/inequality/income-inequality.htm">Archived</a> from the original on July 1, 2022. Retrieved July 17, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inequality+%E2%80%93+Income+inequality+%E2%80%93+OECD+Data&rft.pub=OECD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.oecd.org%2Finequality%2Fincome-inequality.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/korea-south">"Korea South"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a> (2024 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. Retrieved September 24, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Korea+South&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fkorea-south&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/about/archives/download/factbook-2022.zip">(Archived 2022 edition.)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMFWEO.KR-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.KR_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.KR_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.KR_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.KR_11-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=542,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024 Edition. 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Retrieved October 22, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.imf.org&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+October+2024+Edition.+%28South+Korea%29&rft.date=2024-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2024%2FOctober%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D542%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D2022%26ey%3D2029%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HDI-12"><a href="#cite_ref-HDI_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">"Human Development Report 2023/2024"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. March 13, 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 13, 2024. Retrieved March 13, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2023%2F2024&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2023-24reporten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertsWestad2013" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, John Morris; Westad, Odd Arne (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A2cfZkU5aQgC&q=koguryo+powerful+empire">The History of the World</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 443. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-993676-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-993676-2"><bdi>978-0-19-993676-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114234403/https://books.google.com/books?id=A2cfZkU5aQgC&q=koguryo+powerful+empire">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved July 15, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+World&rft.pages=443&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-993676-2&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=John+Morris&rft.au=Westad%2C+Odd+Arne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA2cfZkU5aQgC%26q%3Dkoguryo%2Bpowerful%2Bempire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardner2007" class="citation book cs1">Gardner, Hall (November 27, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417203941/https://books.google.com/books?id=acvGAAAAQBAJ&q=great+powers">Averting Global War: Regional Challenges, Overextension, and Options for American Strategy</a>. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 158–159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-60873-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-60873-3"><bdi>978-0-230-60873-3</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=acvGAAAAQBAJ&q=great+powers">the original</a> on April 17, 2021. Retrieved July 15, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Averting+Global+War%3A+Regional+Challenges%2C+Overextension%2C+and+Options+for+American+Strategy&rft.pages=158-159&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2007-11-27&rft.isbn=978-0-230-60873-3&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Hall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DacvGAAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dgreat%2Bpowers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaet1994" class="citation book cs1">Laet, Sigfried J. de (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PvlthkbFU1UC&pg=PA1133">History of Humanity: From the seventh to the sixteenth century</a>. UNESCO. p. 1133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-102813-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-102813-7"><bdi>978-92-3-102813-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114234404/https://books.google.com/books?id=PvlthkbFU1UC&pg=PA1133">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved November 8, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Humanity%3A+From+the+seventh+to+the+sixteenth+century&rft.pages=1133&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-92-3-102813-7&rft.aulast=Laet&rft.aufirst=Sigfried+J.+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPvlthkbFU1UC%26pg%3DPA1133&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koryo1-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Koryo1_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koryo1_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossabi1983" class="citation book cs1">Rossabi, Morris (May 20, 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sNpD5UKmkswC&q=%22As+the+self-proclaimed+successor+to+Koguryo+and+the+protector+of+Parhae+refugees%2C+many+of+them+of+Koguryo+origin%2C+Koryo+considered+the+northern+territories+in+Manchuria+its+rightful+legacy.%22">China Among Equals: The Middle Kingdom and Its Neighbors, 10th–14th Centuries</a>. University of California Press. p. 323. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04562-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04562-0"><bdi>978-0-520-04562-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114234928/https://books.google.com/books?id=sNpD5UKmkswC&q=%22As+the+self-proclaimed+successor+to+Koguryo+and+the+protector+of+Parhae+refugees%2C+many+of+them+of+Koguryo+origin%2C+Koryo+considered+the+northern+territories+in+Manchuria+its+rightful+legacy.%22">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved November 8, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+Among+Equals%3A+The+Middle+Kingdom+and+Its+Neighbors%2C+10th%E2%80%9314th+Centuries&rft.pages=323&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1983-05-20&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04562-0&rft.aulast=Rossabi&rft.aufirst=Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsNpD5UKmkswC%26q%3D%2522As%2Bthe%2Bself-proclaimed%2Bsuccessor%2Bto%2BKoguryo%2Band%2Bthe%2Bprotector%2Bof%2BParhae%2Brefugees%252C%2Bmany%2Bof%2Bthem%2Bof%2BKoguryo%2Borigin%252C%2BKoryo%2Bconsidered%2Bthe%2Bnorthern%2Bterritories%2Bin%2BManchuria%2Bits%2Brightful%2Blegacy.%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koryo2-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Koryo2_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Koryo2_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYi1984" class="citation book cs1">Yi, Ki-baek (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g2mdVwXpMzwC&pg=PA103">A New History of Korea</a>. Harvard University Press. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-61576-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-61576-2"><bdi>978-0-674-61576-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114234927/https://books.google.com/books?id=g2mdVwXpMzwC&pg=PA103">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved November 8, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+Korea&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-674-61576-2&rft.aulast=Yi&rft.aufirst=Ki-baek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg2mdVwXpMzwC%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYunn1996" class="citation cs2">Yunn, Seung-Yong (1996), "Muslims earlier contact with Korea", Religious culture of Korea, Hollym International, p. 99</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Muslims+earlier+contact+with+Korea&rft.btitle=Religious+culture+of+Korea&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Hollym+International&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Yunn&rft.aufirst=Seung-Yong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDourado" class="citation web cs1">Dourado, Fernão. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitarq.arquivos.pt/details?id=4162624">"Atlas de Fernão Vaz Dourado"</a>. Arquivo nacional da Torre do Tombo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200621104001/http://digitarq.arquivos.pt/details?id=4162624">Archived</a> from the original on June 21, 2020. Retrieved August 13, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arquivo+nacional+da+Torre+do+Tombo&rft.atitle=Atlas+de+Fern%C3%A3o+Vaz+Dourado&rft.aulast=Dourado&rft.aufirst=Fern%C3%A3o&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitarq.arquivos.pt%2Fdetails%3Fid%3D4162624&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tdx.cat/bitstream/handle/10803/4951/fmpnro4de4.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y">"1369MAPAS E ICONOGRAFIA DOS SÉCS. XVI E XVII"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210206024701/https://www.tdx.cat/bitstream/handle/10803/4951/fmpnro4de4.pdf?sequence=4&isAllowed=y">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on February 6, 2021. Retrieved August 13, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1369MAPAS+E+ICONOGRAFIA+DOS+S%C3%89CS.+XVI+E+XVII&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tdx.cat%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10803%2F4951%2Ffmpnro4de4.pdf%3Fsequence%3D4%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFpato" class="citation web cs1">pato, Raymundo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pt.scribd.com/doc/123188359/Cartas-de-Afonso-de-Albuquerque-vol-1">"Cartas de Afonso de Albuquerque, vol. 1"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210417213142/https://pt.scribd.com/doc/123188359/Cartas-de-Afonso-de-Albuquerque-vol-1">Archived</a> from the original on April 17, 2021. 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July 5, 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141006101951/http://city.udn.com/54543/2933925">Archived</a> from the original on October 6, 2014. Retrieved March 28, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Korea%E5%8E%9F%E5%90%8DCorea%3F+%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%94%B9%E7%9A%84%E5%90%8D&rft.date=2008-07-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcity.udn.com%2F54543%2F2933925&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LATimes0309-26"><a href="#cite_ref-LATimes0309_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbara_Demick2003" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Demick" title="Barbara Demick">Barbara Demick</a> (September 15, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-sep-15-fg-corea15-story.html">"A 'C' Change in Spelling Sought for the Koreas"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160411062040/http://articles.latimes.com/2003/sep/15/world/fg-corea15">Archived</a> from the original on April 11, 2016. 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Retrieved July 2, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%5B%EC%9D%B4%EA%B8%B0%ED%99%98%EC%9D%98+%ED%9D%94%EC%A0%81%EC%9D%98+%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC%5D%EA%B5%AD%ED%98%B8%EB%85%BC%EC%9F%81%EC%9D%98+%EC%A0%84%EB%A7%90%E2%80%A6%EB%8C%80%ED%95%9C%EB%AF%BC%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%B4%EB%83%90+%EA%B3%A0%EB%A0%A4%EA%B3%B5%ED%99%94%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%B4%EB%83%90&rft.pub=Kyunghyang+Shinmun&rft.date=2017-08-30&rft.au=%EC%9D%B4%EA%B8%B0%ED%99%98&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.khan.co.kr%2Fkh_news%2Fkhan_art_view.html%3Fartid%3D201708300913001%26code%3D960100%26www&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF이덕일" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">이덕일. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2008/08/14/2008081401512.html"><bdi lang="ko">[이덕일 사랑] 대~한민국</bdi></a>. <bdi lang="ko">조선닷컴</bdi> (in Korean). <a href="/wiki/The_Chosun_Ilbo" title="The Chosun Ilbo">The Chosun Ilbo</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200218134345/http://news.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2008/08/14/2008081401512.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 18, 2020. Retrieved July 2, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%5B%EC%9D%B4%EB%8D%95%EC%9D%BC+%EC%82%AC%EB%9E%91%5D+%EB%8C%80~%ED%95%9C%EB%AF%BC%EA%B5%AD&rft.pub=The+Chosun+Ilbo&rft.au=%EC%9D%B4%EB%8D%95%EC%9D%BC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.chosun.com%2Fsite%2Fdata%2Fhtml_dir%2F2008%2F08%2F14%2F2008081401512.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-unloved-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-unloved_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-unloved_29-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyers2016" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Reynolds_Myers" title="Brian Reynolds Myers">Myers, Brian Reynolds</a> (December 28, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180313210134/http://sthelepress.com/index.php/2016/12/28/still-the-unloved-republic/">"Still the Unloved Republic"</a>. Sthele Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sthelepress.com/index.php/2016/12/28/still-the-unloved-republic/">the original</a> on March 13, 2018. Retrieved June 10, 2019. <q>Taehan minguk. In English it is translated as Republic of Korea or South Korea, names which to us foreigners denote the state as a political entity distinct from its northern neighbor. To most people here, however, Taehan minguk conveys that sense only when used in contrastive proximity with the word Pukhan (North Korea). Ask South Koreans when the Taehan minguk was established; more will answer '5000 years ago' than 'in 1948,' because to them it is simply the full name for Hanguk, Korea, the homeland. That's all it meant to most people who shouted those four syllables so proudly during the World Cup in 2002.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sthele+Press&rft.atitle=Still+the+Unloved+Republic&rft.date=2016-12-28&rft.aulast=Myers&rft.aufirst=Brian+Reynolds&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsthelepress.com%2Findex.php%2F2016%2F12%2F28%2Fstill-the-unloved-republic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-thefreelibrary.com-30"><a href="#cite_ref-thefreelibrary.com_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyers2018" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Reynolds_Myers" title="Brian Reynolds Myers">Myers, Brian Reynolds</a> (May 20, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20180520092751/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/North+Korea's+state-loyalty+advantage.-a0274114570">"North Korea's state-loyalty advantage"</a>. Free Online Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefreelibrary.com/North+Korea%27s+state-loyalty+advantage.-a0274114570">the original</a> on May 20, 2018. Retrieved May 26, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Free+Online+Library&rft.atitle=North+Korea%27s+state-loyalty+advantage.&rft.date=2018-05-20&rft.aulast=Myers&rft.aufirst=Brian+Reynolds&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefreelibrary.com%2FNorth%2BKorea%2527s%2Bstate-loyalty%2Badvantage.-a0274114570&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-print_c-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-print_c_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-print_c_31-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/07/eak.html">"Korea, 1000–1400 A.D. | Chronology | Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History"</a>. The Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818174906/http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/ht/07/eak.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 18, 2016. Retrieved August 19, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Korea%2C+1000%E2%80%931400+A.D.+%7C+Chronology+%7C+Heilbrunn+Timeline+of+Art+History&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fht%2F07%2Feak.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rom.on.ca/news/releases/public.php?mediakey=sg1yebpnv8">"Ancient civilizations"</a> (Press release). Canada: Royal Ontario Museum. December 12, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100108064155/http://www.rom.on.ca/news/releases/public.php?mediakey=sg1yebpnv8">Archived</a> from the original on January 8, 2010. Retrieved April 25, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancient+civilizations&rft.place=Canada&rft.pub=Royal+Ontario+Museum&rft.date=2005-12-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rom.on.ca%2Fnews%2Freleases%2Fpublic.php%3Fmediakey%3Dsg1yebpnv8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080302014245/http://www.opm.go.kr/warp/webapp/content/view?meta_id=english&id=35">"Prehistoric Korea"</a>. About Korea. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.opm.go.kr/warp/webapp/content/view?meta_id=english&id=35">the original</a> on March 2, 2008. Retrieved July 12, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=About+Korea&rft.atitle=Prehistoric+Korea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.opm.go.kr%2Fwarp%2Fwebapp%2Fcontent%2Fview%3Fmeta_id%3Denglish%26id%3D35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988">, Office of the Prime Minister. </li> <li id="cite_note-koreashistory-34"><a href="#cite_ref-koreashistory_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100128065300/http://www.asianinfo.org/asianinfo/korea/history.htm">"Korea's History"</a>. Asian Shravan. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asianinfo.org/asianinfo/korea/history.htm">the original</a> on January 28, 2010. Retrieved February 17, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Korea%27s+History&rft.pub=Asian+Shravan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asianinfo.org%2Fasianinfo%2Fkorea%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DangunGija-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DangunGija_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DangunGija_35-1">b</a> *<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeth2010" class="citation book cs1">Seth, Michael J. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WJtMGXyGlUEC&pg=PA443">A History of Korea: From Antiquity to the Present</a>. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 443. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6717-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-6717-7"><bdi>978-0-7425-6717-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230124005645/https://books.google.com/books?id=WJtMGXyGlUEC&pg=PA443">Archived</a> from the original on January 24, 2023. Retrieved January 1, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Korea%3A+From+Antiquity+to+the+Present&rft.pages=443&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-6717-7&rft.aulast=Seth&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWJtMGXyGlUEC%26pg%3DPA443&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> <dl><dd>"An extreme manifestation of nationalism and the family cult was the revival of interest in Tangun, the mythical founder of the first Korean state... Most textbooks and professional historians, however, treat him as a myth."</dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStark2008" class="citation book cs1">Stark, Miriam T. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z4_bT2SJ-HUC&pg=PA49">Archaeology of Asia</a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5303-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-5303-4"><bdi>978-1-4051-5303-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230124005645/https://books.google.com/books?id=z4_bT2SJ-HUC&pg=PA49">Archived</a> from the original on January 24, 2023. Retrieved January 1, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+of+Asia&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-5303-4&rft.aulast=Stark&rft.aufirst=Miriam+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz4_bT2SJ-HUC%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dd>"Although Kija may have truly existed as a historical figure, Tangun is more problematical."</dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmid2013" class="citation book cs1">Schmid, Andre (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lVgaAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA269">Korea Between Empires</a>. Columbia University Press. p. 270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50630-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50630-4"><bdi>978-0-231-50630-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230124005645/https://books.google.com/books?id=lVgaAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA269">Archived</a> from the original on January 24, 2023. Retrieved January 1, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea+Between+Empires&rft.pages=270&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-231-50630-4&rft.aulast=Schmid&rft.aufirst=Andre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlVgaAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dd>"Most [Korean historians] treat the [Tangun] myth as a later creation."</dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson2009" class="citation book cs1">Peterson, Mark (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ByIo1D9RY40C&pg=PA5">Brief History of Korea</a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2738-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2738-5"><bdi>978-1-4381-2738-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230124005701/https://books.google.com/books?id=ByIo1D9RY40C&pg=PA5">Archived</a> from the original on January 24, 2023. Retrieved January 1, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brief+History+of+Korea&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-2738-5&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DByIo1D9RY40C%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dd>"The Tangun myth became more popular with groups that wanted Korea to be independent; the Kija myth was more useful to those who wanted to show that Korea had a strong affinity to China."</dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHulbert2014" class="citation book cs1">Hulbert, H. B. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WdusAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA73">The History of Korea</a>. Routledge. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-84941-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-84941-4"><bdi>978-1-317-84941-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230124005646/https://books.google.com/books?id=WdusAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA73">Archived</a> from the original on January 24, 2023. Retrieved January 1, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Korea&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-84941-4&rft.aulast=Hulbert&rft.aufirst=H.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWdusAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <dl><dd>"If a choice is to be made between them, one is faced with the fact that the Tangun, with his supernatural origin, is more clearly a mythological figure than Kija."</dd></dl> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersonMargulies2009" class="citation book cs1">Peterson, Mark; Margulies, Phillip (2009). A Brief History of Korea. Infobase Publishing. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2738-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2738-5"><bdi>978-1-4381-2738-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Korea&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-2738-5&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.au=Margulies%2C+Phillip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHwang2010" class="citation book cs1">Hwang, Kyung-moon (2010). A History of Korea, An Episodic Narrative. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-36453-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-36453-0"><bdi>978-0-230-36453-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Korea%2C+An+Episodic+Narrative&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-230-36453-0&rft.aulast=Hwang&rft.aufirst=Kyung-moon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gojoseon-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Gojoseon_38-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/Korea.html">Early Korea</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150625032709/http://www.shsu.edu/~his_ncp/Korea.html">Archived</a> June 25, 2015, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Shsu.edu. Retrieved April 17, 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-script"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?cid=46620&docId=532555&categoryId=46620"><bdi lang="ko">낙랑군</bdi></a>. terms.naver.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200523054820/https://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?cid=46620&docId=532555&categoryId=46620">Archived</a> from the original on May 23, 2020. Retrieved July 15, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=terms.naver.com&rft.atitle=%EB%82%99%EB%9E%91%EA%B5%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fterms.naver.com%2Fentry.nhn%3Fcid%3D46620%26docId%3D532555%26categoryId%3D46620&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF이2011" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">이, 문영 (July 15, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tR0FAQAAQBAJ&q=%EB%82%99%EB%9E%91%EA%B5%B0+%EC%B1%85&pg=PA52"><bdi lang="ko">이야기보따리 삼국시대: 역사친구 004</bdi></a>. Sowadang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-89-93820-14-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-89-93820-14-0"><bdi>978-89-93820-14-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328145154/https://books.google.com/books?id=tR0FAQAAQBAJ&q=%EB%82%99%EB%9E%91%EA%B5%B0+%EC%B1%85&pg=PA52">Archived</a> from the original on March 28, 2024. Retrieved March 28, 2024 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%EC%9D%B4%EC%95%BC%EA%B8%B0%EB%B3%B4%EB%94%B0%EB%A6%AC+%EC%82%BC%EA%B5%AD%EC%8B%9C%EB%8C%80%3A+%EC%97%AD%EC%82%AC%EC%B9%9C%EA%B5%AC+004&rft.pub=Sowadang&rft.date=2011-07-15&rft.isbn=978-89-93820-14-0&rft.aulast=%EC%9D%B4&rft.aufirst=%EB%AC%B8%EC%98%81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtR0FAQAAQBAJ%26q%3D%25EB%2582%2599%25EB%259E%2591%25EA%25B5%25B0%2B%25EC%25B1%2585%26pg%3DPA52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVovin2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Vovin" title="Alexander Vovin">Vovin, Alexander</a> (2017). "Origins of the Japanese Language". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199384655.013.277">10.1093/acrefore/9780199384655.013.277</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938465-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938465-5"><bdi>978-0-19-938465-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Origins+of+the+Japanese+Language&rft.btitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Linguistics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199384655.013.277&rft.isbn=978-0-19-938465-5&rft.aulast=Vovin&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanhunen2010" class="citation journal cs1">Janhunen, Juha (2010). "RReconstructing the Language Map of Prehistorical Northeast Asia". Studia Orientalia (108). <q>... there are strong indications that the neighbouring Baekje state (in the southwest) was predominantly Japonic-speaking until it was linguistically Koreanized.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Orientalia&rft.atitle=RReconstructing+the+Language+Map+of+Prehistorical+Northeast+Asia&rft.issue=108&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Janhunen&rft.aufirst=Juha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYi1984" class="citation book cs1">Yi, Ki-baek (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g2mdVwXpMzwC&pg=PA23">A New History of Korea</a>. Harvard University Press. pp. 23–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-61576-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-61576-2"><bdi>978-0-674-61576-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved November 21, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+Korea&rft.pages=23-24&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-674-61576-2&rft.aulast=Yi&rft.aufirst=Ki-baek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg2mdVwXpMzwC%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYiPakYun2005" class="citation book cs1">Yi, Hyŏn-hŭi; Pak, Sŏng-su; Yun, Nae-hyŏn (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KO8MAQAAMAAJ">New history of Korea</a>. Jimoondang. p. 201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-89-88095-85-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-89-88095-85-0"><bdi>978-89-88095-85-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114234407/https://books.google.com/books?id=KO8MAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved August 26, 2016. <q>He launched a military expedition to expand his territory, opening the golden age of Goguryeo.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+history+of+Korea&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=Jimoondang&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-89-88095-85-0&rft.aulast=Yi&rft.aufirst=Hy%C5%8Fn-h%C5%ADi&rft.au=Pak%2C+S%C5%8Fng-su&rft.au=Yun%2C+Nae-hy%C5%8Fn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKO8MAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall1988" class="citation book cs1">Hall, John Whitney (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A3_6lp8IOK8C&q=%22The+reign+of+King+Kwanggaet%27o+is+thought+of+as+Koguryo%27s+golden+age+of+political+might+and+Buddhist+splendor.%22">The Cambridge History of Japan</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 362. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22352-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-22352-2"><bdi>978-0-521-22352-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114234405/https://books.google.com/books?id=A3_6lp8IOK8C&q=%22The+reign+of+King+Kwanggaet%27o+is+thought+of+as+Koguryo%27s+golden+age+of+political+might+and+Buddhist+splendor.%22">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved July 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Japan&rft.pages=362&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-521-22352-2&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=John+Whitney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA3_6lp8IOK8C%26q%3D%2522The%2Breign%2Bof%2BKing%2BKwanggaet%2527o%2Bis%2Bthought%2Bof%2Bas%2BKoguryo%2527s%2Bgolden%2Bage%2Bof%2Bpolitical%2Bmight%2Band%2BBuddhist%2Bsplendor.%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmbree1988" class="citation book cs1">Embree, Ainslie Thomas (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LtwpAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Nevertheless%2C+the+reigns+of+Kwanggaet%27o+and+his+successor+Changsu+%28413-491%29+constituted+the+golden+age+of+Koguryo.%22">Encyclopedia of Asian history</a>. Scribner. p. 324. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-18899-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-18899-7"><bdi>978-0-684-18899-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328145304/https://books.google.com/books?id=LtwpAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Nevertheless%2C+the+reigns+of+Kwanggaet%27o+and+his+successor+Changsu+%28413-491%29+constituted+the+golden+age+of+Koguryo.%22">Archived</a> from the original on March 28, 2024. Retrieved July 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Asian+history&rft.pages=324&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-684-18899-7&rft.aulast=Embree&rft.aufirst=Ainslie+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLtwpAQAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Nevertheless%252C%2Bthe%2Breigns%2Bof%2BKwanggaet%2527o%2Band%2Bhis%2Bsuccessor%2BChangsu%2B%2528413-491%2529%2Bconstituted%2Bthe%2Bgolden%2Bage%2Bof%2BKoguryo.%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2000" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Warren I. (December 20, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Okjd2rDwb8IC&q=%22Koguryo%27s+Golden+Age%22">East Asia at the Center: Four Thousand Years of Engagement with the World</a>. Columbia University Press. p. 50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50251-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50251-1"><bdi>978-0-231-50251-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161204041023/https://books.google.com/books?id=Okjd2rDwb8IC&q=%22Koguryo%27s+Golden+Age%22">Archived</a> from the original on December 4, 2016. Retrieved July 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Asia+at+the+Center%3A+Four+Thousand+Years+of+Engagement+with+the+World&rft.pages=50&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2000-12-20&rft.isbn=978-0-231-50251-1&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Warren+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOkjd2rDwb8IC%26q%3D%2522Koguryo%2527s%2BGolden%2BAge%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jinwung-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Jinwung_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2012" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Jinwung (November 5, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QFPsi3IK8gcC&pg=PA35">A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict</a>. Indiana University Press. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00078-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00078-1"><bdi>978-0-253-00078-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114234408/https://books.google.com/books?id=QFPsi3IK8gcC&pg=PA35">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved October 11, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Korea%3A+From+%22Land+of+the+Morning+Calm%22+to+States+in+Conflict&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2012-11-05&rft.isbn=978-0-253-00078-1&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Jinwung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQFPsi3IK8gcC%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160828051916/http://world.kbs.co.kr/english/archive/program/program_dynasty.htm?no=10039827">"Kings and Queens of Korea"</a>. <a href="/wiki/KBS_World" title="KBS World">KBS World</a> Radio. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://world.kbs.co.kr/english/archive/program/program_dynasty.htm?no=10039827">the original</a> on August 28, 2016. Retrieved August 26, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kings+and+Queens+of+Korea&rft.pub=KBS+World+Radio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworld.kbs.co.kr%2Fenglish%2Farchive%2Fprogram%2Fprogram_dynasty.htm%3Fno%3D10039827&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> *<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2011" class="citation book cs1">White, Matthew (November 7, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0-fQHlaIpR4C&pg=PA78">Atrocities: The 100 Deadliest Episodes in Human History</a>. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-08192-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-08192-3"><bdi>978-0-393-08192-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114234918/https://books.google.com/books?id=0-fQHlaIpR4C&pg=PA78">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved November 8, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atrocities%3A+The+100+Deadliest+Episodes+in+Human+History&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2011-11-07&rft.isbn=978-0-393-08192-3&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0-fQHlaIpR4C%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant2011" class="citation book cs1">Grant, Reg G. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s4njwZGrZg4C&pg=PA104">1001 Battles That Changed the Course of World History</a>. Universe Pub. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7893-2233-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7893-2233-3"><bdi>978-0-7893-2233-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230124005647/https://books.google.com/books?id=s4njwZGrZg4C&pg=PA104">Archived</a> from the original on January 24, 2023. Retrieved November 8, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1001+Battles+That+Changed+the+Course+of+World+History&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Universe+Pub.&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7893-2233-3&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Reg+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds4njwZGrZg4C%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBedeski2007" class="citation book cs1">Bedeski, Robert (March 12, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iNl9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA90">Human Security and the Chinese State: Historical Transformations and the Modern Quest for Sovereignty</a>. Routledge. p. 90. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-12597-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-12597-5"><bdi>978-1-134-12597-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114234920/https://books.google.com/books?id=iNl9AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA90">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved November 8, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Human+Security+and+the+Chinese+State%3A+Historical+Transformations+and+the+Modern+Quest+for+Sovereignty&rft.pages=90&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2007-03-12&rft.isbn=978-1-134-12597-5&rft.aulast=Bedeski&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiNl9AgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYi1984" class="citation book cs1">Yi, Ki-baek (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g2mdVwXpMzwC&pg=PA47">A New History of Korea</a>. Harvard University Press. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-61576-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-61576-2"><bdi>978-0-674-61576-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114234931/https://books.google.com/books?id=g2mdVwXpMzwC&pg=PA47">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved July 29, 2016. <q>Koguryŏ was the first to open hostilities, with a bold assault across the Liao River against Liao-hsi, in 598. The Sui emperor, Wen Ti, launched a retaliatory attack on Koguryŏ but met with reverses and turned back in mid-course. Yang Ti, the next Sui emperor, proceeded in 612 to mount an invasion of unprecedented magnitude, marshalling a huge force said to number over a million men. And when his armies failed to take Liao-tung Fortress (modern Liao-yang), the anchor of Koguryŏ's first line of defense, he had a nearly a third of his forces, some 300,000 strong, break off the battle there and strike directly at the Koguryŏ capital of P'yŏngyang. But the Sui army was lured into a trap by the famed Koguryŏ commander Ŭlchi Mundŏk, and suffered a calamitous defeat at the Salsu (Ch'ŏngch'ŏn) River. It is said that only 2,700 of the 300,000 Sui soldiers who had crossed the Yalu survived to find their way back, and the Sui emperor now lifted the siege of Liao-tung Fortress and withdrew his forces to China proper. Yang Ti continued to send his armies against Koguryŏ but again without success, and before long his war-weakened empire crumbled.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+Korea&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-674-61576-2&rft.aulast=Yi&rft.aufirst=Ki-baek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg2mdVwXpMzwC%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNahm2005" class="citation book cs1">Nahm, Andrew C. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/panoramaof5000ye0000nahm/page/18">A Panorama of 5000 Years: Korean History</a> (Second revised ed.). Seoul: Hollym International Corporation. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/panoramaof5000ye0000nahm/page/18">18</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-930878-68-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-930878-68-9"><bdi>978-0-930878-68-9</bdi></a>. <q>China, which had been split into many states since the early 3rd century, was reunified by the Sui dynasty at the end of the 6th century. Soon after that, Sui China mobilized a large number of troops and launched war against Koguryŏ. However, the people of Koguryŏ were united and they were able to repel the Chinese aggressors. In 612, Sui troops invaded Korea again, but Koguryŏ forces fought bravely and destroyed Sui troops everywhere. General Ŭlchi Mundŏk of Koguryŏ completely wiped out some 300,000 Sui troops which came across the Yalu River in the battles near the Salsu River (now Ch'ŏngch'ŏn River) with his ingenious military tactics. Only 2,700 Sui troops were able to flee from Korea. The Sui dynasty, which wasted so much energy and manpower in aggressive wars against Koguryŏ, fell in 618.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Panorama+of+5000+Years%3A+Korean+History&rft.place=Seoul&rft.pages=18&rft.edition=Second+revised&rft.pub=Hollym+International+Corporation&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-930878-68-9&rft.aulast=Nahm&rft.aufirst=Andrew+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpanoramaof5000ye0000nahm%2Fpage%2F18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbreyWalthallPalais2006" class="citation book cs1">Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne; Palais, James B. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0entAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Paekche+was+probably+the+most+important+maritime+nation+in+the+late+fourth+century%22">East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History</a>. Houghton Mifflin. p. 123. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-618-13384-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-618-13384-0"><bdi>978-0-618-13384-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328145155/https://books.google.com/books?id=0entAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Paekche+was+probably+the+most+important+maritime+nation+in+the+late+fourth+century%22">Archived</a> from the original on March 28, 2024. Retrieved September 12, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Asia%3A+A+Cultural%2C+Social%2C+and+Political+History&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-618-13384-0&rft.aulast=Ebrey&rft.aufirst=Patricia+Buckley&rft.au=Walthall%2C+Anne&rft.au=Palais%2C+James+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0entAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Paekche%2Bwas%2Bprobably%2Bthe%2Bmost%2Bimportant%2Bmaritime%2Bnation%2Bin%2Bthe%2Blate%2Bfourth%2Bcentury%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitagawa2013" class="citation book cs1">Kitagawa, Joseph (September 5, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9fyzAAAAQBAJ&q=%22the+Phoenicia+of+medieval+East+Asia%22">The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture</a>. Routledge. p. 348. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-87590-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-87590-8"><bdi>978-1-136-87590-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 21, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religious+Traditions+of+Asia%3A+Religion%2C+History%2C+and+Culture&rft.pages=348&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-09-05&rft.isbn=978-1-136-87590-8&rft.aulast=Kitagawa&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9fyzAAAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522the%2BPhoenicia%2Bof%2Bmedieval%2BEast%2BAsia%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKitagawa2013" class="citation book cs1">Kitagawa, Joseph (September 5, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9fyzAAAAQBAJ&q=%22Of+vital+importance+for+the+dissemination+of+Buddhism+throughout+East+Asia%2C+however%2C+was+Paekche%27s+nautical+skill%2C+which+made+the+kingdom+the+Phoenicia+of+medieval+East+Asia.%22">The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture</a>. Routledge. p. 348. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-87590-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-87590-8"><bdi>978-1-136-87590-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161203192409/https://books.google.com/books?id=9fyzAAAAQBAJ&q=%22Of+vital+importance+for+the+dissemination+of+Buddhism+throughout+East+Asia%2C+however%2C+was+Paekche%27s+nautical+skill%2C+which+made+the+kingdom+the+Phoenicia+of+medieval+East+Asia.%22">Archived</a> from the original on December 3, 2016. Retrieved July 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Religious+Traditions+of+Asia%3A+Religion%2C+History%2C+and+Culture&rft.pages=348&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-09-05&rft.isbn=978-1-136-87590-8&rft.aulast=Kitagawa&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9fyzAAAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522Of%2Bvital%2Bimportance%2Bfor%2Bthe%2Bdissemination%2Bof%2BBuddhism%2Bthroughout%2BEast%2BAsia%252C%2Bhowever%252C%2Bwas%2BPaekche%2527s%2Bnautical%2Bskill%252C%2Bwhich%2Bmade%2Bthe%2Bkingdom%2Bthe%2BPhoenicia%2Bof%2Bmedieval%2BEast%2BAsia.%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbreyWalthallPalais2013" class="citation book cs1">Ebrey, Patricia Buckley; Walthall, Anne; Palais, James B. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CWE8AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA104">East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History, Volume I: To 1800</a>. Cengage Learning. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-111-80815-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-111-80815-0"><bdi>978-1-111-80815-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230124005701/https://books.google.com/books?id=CWE8AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA104">Archived</a> from the original on January 24, 2023. Retrieved September 12, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Asia%3A+A+Cultural%2C+Social%2C+and+Political+History%2C+Volume+I%3A+To+1800&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-111-80815-0&rft.aulast=Ebrey&rft.aufirst=Patricia+Buckley&rft.au=Walthall%2C+Anne&rft.au=Palais%2C+James+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCWE8AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o-WlUd3cjh0C&pg=PT29">A Brief History of Korea</a>. Ewha Womans University Press. January 1, 2005. pp. 29–30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-89-7300-619-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-89-7300-619-9"><bdi>978-89-7300-619-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved November 21, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Korea&rft.pages=29-30&rft.pub=Ewha+Womans+University+Press&rft.date=2005-01-01&rft.isbn=978-89-7300-619-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do-WlUd3cjh0C%26pg%3DPT29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2012" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Jinwung (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s2EVi-MpnUsC&pg=PA44">A History of Korea: From "Land of the Morning Calm" to States in Conflict</a>. Indiana University Press. pp. 44–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00024-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00024-8"><bdi>978-0-253-00024-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230124005648/https://books.google.com/books?id=s2EVi-MpnUsC&pg=PA44">Archived</a> from the original on January 24, 2023. Retrieved September 12, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Korea%3A+From+%22Land+of+the+Morning+Calm%22+to+States+in+Conflict&rft.pages=44-45&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-253-00024-8&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Jinwung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds2EVi-MpnUsC%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2015" class="citation book cs1">Wells, Kenneth M. (July 3, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6zoLCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA18">Korea: Outline of a Civilisation</a>. Brill. pp. 18–19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-30005-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-30005-7"><bdi>978-90-04-30005-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230124005648/https://books.google.com/books?id=6zoLCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA18">Archived</a> from the original on January 24, 2023. Retrieved September 12, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea%3A+Outline+of+a+Civilisation&rft.pages=18-19&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015-07-03&rft.isbn=978-90-04-30005-7&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6zoLCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA18&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInjaeMillerJinhoonHyun-Hae2014" class="citation book cs1">Injae, Lee; Miller, Owen; Jinhoon, Park; Hyun-Hae, Yi (December 15, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=46OTBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA64">Korean History in Maps</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 64–65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-09846-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-09846-6"><bdi>978-1-107-09846-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230124005648/https://books.google.com/books?id=46OTBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA64">Archived</a> from the original on January 24, 2023. Retrieved February 24, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korean+History+in+Maps&rft.pages=64-65&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014-12-15&rft.isbn=978-1-107-09846-6&rft.aulast=Injae&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft.au=Miller%2C+Owen&rft.au=Jinhoon%2C+Park&rft.au=Hyun-Hae%2C+Yi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D46OTBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacGregor2011" class="citation book cs1">MacGregor, Neil (October 6, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=r3mUtaSxCncC&pg=PT408">A History of the World in 100 Objects</a>. Penguin UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-196683-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-196683-0"><bdi>978-0-14-196683-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved September 30, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+World+in+100+Objects&rft.pub=Penguin+UK&rft.date=2011-10-06&rft.isbn=978-0-14-196683-0&rft.aulast=MacGregor&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dr3mUtaSxCncC%26pg%3DPT408&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChŏngSmith1998" class="citation book cs1">Chŏng, Yang-mo; Smith, Judith G. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DnaiYKYmQegC&pg=PA230">Arts of Korea</a>. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87099-850-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87099-850-8"><bdi>978-0-87099-850-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved September 30, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arts+of+Korea&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-87099-850-8&rft.aulast=Ch%C5%8Fng&rft.aufirst=Yang-mo&rft.au=Smith%2C+Judith+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDnaiYKYmQegC%26pg%3DPA230&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational1989" class="citation book cs1">International, Rotary (April 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HjIEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA28">The Rotarian</a>. Rotary International. p. 28. Retrieved September 30, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rotarian&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Rotary+International&rft.date=1989-04&rft.aulast=International&rft.aufirst=Rotary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHjIEAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2013" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Alan (January 17, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bur02Vwn9jgC&pg=PT20">After Pusan</a>. Faber & Faber. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-29935-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-29935-5"><bdi>978-0-571-29935-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved September 30, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+Pusan&rft.pub=Faber+%26+Faber&rft.date=2013-01-17&rft.isbn=978-0-571-29935-5&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbur02Vwn9jgC%26pg%3DPT20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason" class="citation web cs1">Mason, David A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161003092928/http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Column/view?articleId=109953">"Gyeongju, Korea's treasure house"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Korean_Culture_and_Information_Service" title="Korean Culture and Information Service">Korean Culture and Information Service</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/Column/view?articleId=109953">the original</a> on October 3, 2016. Retrieved September 30, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gyeongju%2C+Korea%27s+treasure+house&rft.pub=Korean+Culture+and+Information+Service&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.korea.net%2FNewsFocus%2FColumn%2Fview%3FarticleId%3D109953&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams1990" class="citation book cs1">Adams, Edward Ben (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=riLrAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Kyongju+City+became+one+of+the+most+influential+centers+of+Asia+and+fourth+largest+city+in+the+ancient+world+during+this+period%22">Koreaʾs pottery heritage</a>. Seoul International Pub. House. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788985113069" title="Special:BookSources/9788985113069"><bdi>9788985113069</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328145304/https://books.google.com/books?id=riLrAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Kyongju+City+became+one+of+the+most+influential+centers+of+Asia+and+fourth+largest+city+in+the+ancient+world+during+this+period%22">Archived</a> from the original on March 28, 2024. Retrieved September 30, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea%CA%BEs+pottery+heritage&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=Seoul+International+Pub.+House&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9788985113069&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Edward+Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DriLrAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Kyongju%2BCity%2Bbecame%2Bone%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bmost%2Binfluential%2Bcenters%2Bof%2BAsia%2Band%2Bfourth%2Blargest%2Bcity%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bancient%2Bworld%2Bduring%2Bthis%2Bperiod%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuBois2004" class="citation book cs1">DuBois, Jill (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/koreadubo00dubo">Korea</a>. Marshall Cavendish. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/koreadubo00dubo/page/22">22</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-1786-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-1786-6"><bdi>978-0-7614-1786-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 29, 2016. <q>golden age of art and culture.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-1786-6&rft.aulast=DuBois&rft.aufirst=Jill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkoreadubo00dubo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandel2003" class="citation book cs1">Randel, Don Michael (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=02rFSecPhEsC&q=%22golden+age+of+artistic+and+cultural+achievement%22">The Harvard Dictionary of Music</a>. Harvard University Press. p. 273. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01163-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-01163-2"><bdi>978-0-674-01163-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Harvard+Dictionary+of+Music&rft.pages=273&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-674-01163-2&rft.aulast=Randel&rft.aufirst=Don+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D02rFSecPhEsC%26q%3D%2522golden%2Bage%2Bof%2Bartistic%2Band%2Bcultural%2Bachievement%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopfner2013" class="citation book cs1">Hopfner, Jonathan (September 10, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MhwXBQAAQBAJ&q=%22cultural+and+political+golden+age%22">Moon Living Abroad in South Korea</a>. Avalon Travel. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61238-632-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61238-632-4"><bdi>978-1-61238-632-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Moon+Living+Abroad+in+South+Korea&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Avalon+Travel&rft.date=2013-09-10&rft.isbn=978-1-61238-632-4&rft.aulast=Hopfner&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMhwXBQAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522cultural%2Band%2Bpolitical%2Bgolden%2Bage%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2005" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Djun Kil (January 30, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ci_iGuAAqmsC&pg=PA47">The History of Korea</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-03853-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-03853-2"><bdi>978-0-313-03853-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved September 30, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Korea&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005-01-30&rft.isbn=978-0-313-03853-2&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Djun+Kil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dci_iGuAAqmsC%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGernet1996" class="citation book cs1">Gernet, Jacques (May 31, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofchinese00gern">A History of Chinese Civilization</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofchinese00gern/page/291">291</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-49781-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-49781-7"><bdi>978-0-521-49781-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 21, 2016. <q>Korea held a dominant position in the north-eastern seas.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Chinese+Civilization&rft.pages=291&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996-05-31&rft.isbn=978-0-521-49781-7&rft.aulast=Gernet&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofchinese00gern&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReischauer1955" class="citation book cs1">Reischauer, Edwin Oldfather (May 1, 1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HXqEAAAACAAJ">Ennins Travels in Tang China</a>. John Wiley & Sons Canada, Limited. pp. 276–283. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-07053-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-07053-5"><bdi>978-0-471-07053-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328145156/https://books.google.com/books?id=HXqEAAAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on March 28, 2024. Retrieved July 21, 2016. <q>From what Ennin tells us, it seems that commerce between East China, Korea and Japan was, for the most part, in the hands of men from Silla. Here in the relatively dangerous waters on the eastern fringes of the world, they performed the same functions as did the traders of the placid Mediterranean on the western fringes. This is a historical fact of considerable significance but one which has received virtually no attention in the standard historical compilations of that period or in the modern books based on these sources. ... While there were limits to the influence of the Koreans along the eastern coast of China, there can be no doubt of their dominance over the waters off these shores. ... The days of Korean maritime dominance in the Far East actually were numbered, but in Ennin's time the men of Silla were still the masters of the seas in their part of the world.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ennins+Travels+in+Tang+China&rft.pages=276-283&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons+Canada%2C+Limited&rft.date=1955-05-01&rft.isbn=978-0-471-07053-5&rft.aulast=Reischauer&rft.aufirst=Edwin+Oldfather&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHXqEAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2014" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Djun Kil (May 30, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IgxvBAAAQBAJ&q=%22Greater+Silla+dominated+the+Yellow+Sea%2C+the+East+China+Sea%2C+and+the+South+%28Korea%29+Sea+with+trade+between+Tang+China+and+Nara-Heian+Japan.%22">The History of Korea, 2nd Edition</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-582-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-582-4"><bdi>978-1-61069-582-4</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 21, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Korea%2C+2nd+Edition&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014-05-30&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-582-4&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Djun+Kil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIgxvBAAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522Greater%2BSilla%2Bdominated%2Bthe%2BYellow%2BSea%252C%2Bthe%2BEast%2BChina%2BSea%252C%2Band%2Bthe%2BSouth%2B%2528Korea%2529%2BSea%2Bwith%2Btrade%2Bbetween%2BTang%2BChina%2Band%2BNara-Heian%2BJapan.%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeth2006" class="citation book cs1">Seth, Michael J. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qe4PoOd89XIC&q=%22Koreans+dominated+the+commerce+of+Northeast+Asia+in+the+eighth+and+ninth+centuries%22">A Concise History of Korea: From the Neolithic Period Through the Nineteenth Century</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-4005-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-4005-7"><bdi>978-0-7425-4005-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 21, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Korea%3A+From+the+Neolithic+Period+Through+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-4005-7&rft.aulast=Seth&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQe4PoOd89XIC%26q%3D%2522Koreans%2Bdominated%2Bthe%2Bcommerce%2Bof%2BNortheast%2BAsia%2Bin%2Bthe%2Beighth%2Band%2Bninth%2Bcenturies%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunGreen2006" class="citation book cs1">Mun, Chanju; Green, Ronald S. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=au1oD1kKv94C&q=%22Korean+Buddhist+monks+such+as+Woncheuk%2C+Wonhyo+and+Uisang+enjoyed+a+very+high+fame+among+Chinese+Buddhists%22">Buddhist Exploration of Peace and Justice</a>. Blue Pine Books. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9777553-0-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9777553-0-1"><bdi>978-0-9777553-0-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Exploration+of+Peace+and+Justice&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Blue+Pine+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-9777553-0-1&rft.aulast=Mun&rft.aufirst=Chanju&rft.au=Green%2C+Ronald+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dau1oD1kKv94C%26q%3D%2522Korean%2BBuddhist%2Bmonks%2Bsuch%2Bas%2BWoncheuk%252C%2BWonhyo%2Band%2BUisang%2Benjoyed%2Ba%2Bvery%2Bhigh%2Bfame%2Bamong%2BChinese%2BBuddhists%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntireBurns2010" class="citation book cs1">McIntire, Suzanne; Burns, William E. (June 25, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L-6ghsWDMTAC&q=%22Korean+thinkers+made+reciprocal+contributions+to+Chinese+Buddhism%22">Speeches in World History</a>. Infobase Publishing. p. 87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2680-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2680-7"><bdi>978-1-4381-2680-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Speeches+in+World+History&rft.pages=87&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2010-06-25&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-2680-7&rft.aulast=McIntire&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rft.au=Burns%2C+William+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL-6ghsWDMTAC%26q%3D%2522Korean%2Bthinkers%2Bmade%2Breciprocal%2Bcontributions%2Bto%2BChinese%2BBuddhism%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuswellLopez2013" class="citation book cs1">Buswell, Robert E. Jr.; Lopez, Donald S. Jr. (November 24, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DXN2AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA187">The Princeton Dictionary of Buddhism</a>. Princeton University Press. p. 187. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4805-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-4805-8"><bdi>978-1-4008-4805-8</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Princeton+Dictionary+of+Buddhism&rft.pages=187&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2013-11-24&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-4805-8&rft.aulast=Buswell&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.+Jr.&rft.au=Lopez%2C+Donald+S.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDXN2AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA187&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoceski2007" class="citation book cs1">Poceski, Mario (April 13, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5fwRXrVPh-cC&pg=PA24">Ordinary Mind as the Way: The Hongzhou School and the Growth of Chan Buddhism</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-804320-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-804320-1"><bdi>978-0-19-804320-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ordinary+Mind+as+the+Way%3A+The+Hongzhou+School+and+the+Growth+of+Chan+Buddhism&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2007-04-13&rft.isbn=978-0-19-804320-1&rft.aulast=Poceski&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5fwRXrVPh-cC%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWuChia2015" class="citation book cs1">Wu, Jiang; Chia, Lucille (December 15, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IX7ICgAAQBAJ&pg=PA155">Spreading Buddha's Word in East Asia: The Formation and Transformation of the Chinese Buddhist Canon</a>. Columbia University Press. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-54019-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-54019-3"><bdi>978-0-231-54019-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spreading+Buddha%27s+Word+in+East+Asia%3A+The+Formation+and+Transformation+of+the+Chinese+Buddhist+Canon&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2015-12-15&rft.isbn=978-0-231-54019-3&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=Jiang&rft.au=Chia%2C+Lucille&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIX7ICgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2004" class="citation book cs1">Wright, Dale S. (March 25, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JfHQCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT124">The Zen Canon: Understanding the Classic Texts</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-988218-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-988218-2"><bdi>978-0-19-988218-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Zen+Canon%3A+Understanding+the+Classic+Texts&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-03-25&rft.isbn=978-0-19-988218-2&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Dale+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJfHQCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> *<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSu-il2016" class="citation book cs1">Su-il, Jeong (July 18, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UgOwDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT668">The Silk Road Encyclopedia</a>. Seoul Selection. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62412-076-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62412-076-3"><bdi>978-1-62412-076-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Silk+Road+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Seoul+Selection&rft.date=2016-07-18&rft.isbn=978-1-62412-076-3&rft.aulast=Su-il&rft.aufirst=Jeong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUgOwDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT668&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNikaido2015" class="citation book cs1">Nikaido, Yoshihiro (October 28, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TozUCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA137">Asian Folk Religion and Cultural Interaction</a>. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8470-0485-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8470-0485-1"><bdi>978-3-8470-0485-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asian+Folk+Religion+and+Cultural+Interaction&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=2015-10-28&rft.isbn=978-3-8470-0485-1&rft.aulast=Nikaido&rft.aufirst=Yoshihiro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTozUCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeffmanLewisAtiyah2003" class="citation book cs1">Leffman, David; Lewis, Simon; Atiyah, Jeremy (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dA_QbQiZkB4C&pg=PA519">China</a>. Rough Guides. p. 519. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84353-019-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84353-019-0"><bdi>978-1-84353-019-0</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China&rft.pages=519&rft.pub=Rough+Guides&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-84353-019-0&rft.aulast=Leffman&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Simon&rft.au=Atiyah%2C+Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdA_QbQiZkB4C%26pg%3DPA519&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeffman2014" class="citation book cs1">Leffman, David (June 2, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FjqJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PT509">The Rough Guide to China</a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-241-01037-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-241-01037-2"><bdi>978-0-241-01037-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rough+Guide+to+China&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2014-06-02&rft.isbn=978-0-241-01037-2&rft.aulast=Leffman&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFjqJAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT509&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSu-il2016" class="citation book cs1">Su-il, Jeong (July 18, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UgOwDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT668">The Silk Road Encyclopedia</a>. Seoul Selection. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62412-076-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62412-076-3"><bdi>978-1-62412-076-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 29, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Silk+Road+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Seoul+Selection&rft.date=2016-07-18&rft.isbn=978-1-62412-076-3&rft.aulast=Su-il&rft.aufirst=Jeong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUgOwDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT668&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koryo3-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Koryo3_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2005" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Djun Kil (January 30, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ci_iGuAAqmsC&pg=PA57">The History of Korea</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-03853-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-03853-2"><bdi>978-0-313-03853-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114234927/https://books.google.com/books?id=ci_iGuAAqmsC&pg=PA57">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved November 8, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Korea&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005-01-30&rft.isbn=978-0-313-03853-2&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Djun+Kil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dci_iGuAAqmsC%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Koryo4-81"><a href="#cite_ref-Koryo4_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrayson2013" class="citation book cs1">Grayson, James H. (November 5, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LU78AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA79">Korea – A Religious History</a>. Routledge. p. 79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-86925-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-86925-9"><bdi>978-1-136-86925-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230114234958/https://books.google.com/books?id=LU78AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA79">Archived</a> from the original on January 14, 2023. Retrieved November 8, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea+%E2%80%93+A+Religious+History&rft.pages=79&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-11-05&rft.isbn=978-1-136-86925-9&rft.aulast=Grayson&rft.aufirst=James+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLU78AQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1984" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Ki-Baik (1984). A New History of Korea. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-61576-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-61576-2"><bdi>978-0-674-61576-2</bdi></a>. <q>When Parhae perished at the hands of the Khitan around this same time, much of its ruling class, who were of Koguryŏ descent, fled to Koryŏ. Wang Kŏn warmly welcomed them and generously gave them land. Along with bestowing the name Wang Kye ("Successor of the Royal Wang") on the Parhae crown prince, Tae Kwang-hyŏn, Wang Kŏn entered his name in the royal household register, thus clearly conveying the idea that they belonged to the same lineage, and also had rituals performed in honor of his progenitor. Thus Koryŏ achieved a true national unification that embraced not only the Later Three Kingdoms but even survivors of Koguryŏ lineage from the Parhae kingdom.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+Korea&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-674-61576-2&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Ki-Baik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullietCrossleyHeadrickHirsch2014" class="citation book cs1">Bulliet, Richard; Crossley, Pamela; Headrick, Daniel; Hirsch, Steven; Johnson, Lyman (January 1, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E9sbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA264">The Earth and Its Peoples, Brief: A Global History</a>. Cengage Learning. p. 264. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-285-44551-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-285-44551-9"><bdi>978-1-285-44551-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230124010152/https://books.google.com/books?id=E9sbCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA264">Archived</a> from the original on January 24, 2023. Retrieved September 12, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Earth+and+Its+Peoples%2C+Brief%3A+A+Global+History&rft.pages=264&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2014-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-285-44551-9&rft.aulast=Bulliet&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Crossley%2C+Pamela&rft.au=Headrick%2C+Daniel&rft.au=Hirsch%2C+Steven&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Lyman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE9sbCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2000" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Warren I. (December 20, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Okjd2rDwb8IC&pg=PA107">East Asia at the Center: Four Thousand Years of Engagement with the World</a>. Columbia University Press. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50251-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50251-1"><bdi>978-0-231-50251-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230124010157/https://books.google.com/books?id=Okjd2rDwb8IC&pg=PA107">Archived</a> from the original on January 24, 2023. Retrieved September 12, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Asia+at+the+Center%3A+Four+Thousand+Years+of+Engagement+with+the+World&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2000-12-20&rft.isbn=978-0-231-50251-1&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Warren+I.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOkjd2rDwb8IC%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1997" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Kenneth B. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XrZQs-6KswMC&pg=PA61">Korea and East Asia: The Story of a Phoenix</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-95823-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-95823-7"><bdi>978-0-275-95823-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230124010152/https://books.google.com/books?id=XrZQs-6KswMC&pg=PA61">Archived</a> from the original on January 24, 2023. Retrieved July 28, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea+and+East+Asia%3A+The+Story+of+a+Phoenix&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-275-95823-7&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXrZQs-6KswMC%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowman2000" class="citation book cs1">Bowman, John (September 5, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/columbiachronolo00john">Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture</a>. Columbia University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/columbiachronolo00john/page/202">202</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50004-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-50004-3"><bdi>978-0-231-50004-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved August 1, 2016. <q>The Mongolian-Khitan invasions of the late tenth century challenge the stability of the Koryo government, but a period of prosperity follows the defeat of the Khitan in 1018..</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Columbia+Chronologies+of+Asian+History+and+Culture&rft.pages=202&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2000-09-05&rft.isbn=978-0-231-50004-3&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcolumbiachronolo00john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mongols-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mongols_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mongols_87-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1997" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Kenneth B. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XrZQs-6KswMC&pg=PA72">Korea and East Asia: The Story of a Phoenix</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-95823-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-95823-7"><bdi>978-0-275-95823-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230124010152/https://books.google.com/books?id=XrZQs-6KswMC&pg=PA72">Archived</a> from the original on January 24, 2023. 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Harvard University Press. p. 165. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-61576-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-61576-2"><bdi>978-0-674-61576-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230124010157/https://books.google.com/books?id=g2mdVwXpMzwC&q=%22Yi+Song-gye+named+his+dynasty+Choson%22">Archived</a> from the original on January 24, 2023. Retrieved November 19, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+History+of+Korea&rft.pages=165&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-674-61576-2&rft.aulast=Yi&rft.aufirst=Ki-baek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg2mdVwXpMzwC%26q%3D%2522Yi%2BSong-gye%2Bnamed%2Bhis%2Bdynasty%2BChoson%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelin2013" class="citation book cs1">Selin, Helaine (November 11, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GzjpCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA505">Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 505–506. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-017-1416-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-017-1416-7"><bdi>978-94-017-1416-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230124010157/https://books.google.com/books?id=GzjpCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA505">Archived</a> from the original on January 24, 2023. Retrieved July 27, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+History+of+Science%2C+Technology%2C+and+Medicine+in+Non-Western+Cultures&rft.pages=505-506&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2013-11-11&rft.isbn=978-94-017-1416-7&rft.aulast=Selin&rft.aufirst=Helaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGzjpCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA505&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaralambousHorne2007" class="citation book cs1">Haralambous, Yannis; Horne, P. Scott (November 28, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qrElYgVLDwYC&pg=PA155">Fonts & Encodings</a>. O'Reilly Media, Inc. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-596-10242-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-596-10242-5"><bdi>978-0-596-10242-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230124010158/https://books.google.com/books?id=qrElYgVLDwYC&pg=PA155">Archived</a> from the original on January 24, 2023. Retrieved November 8, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fonts+%26+Encodings&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2007-11-28&rft.isbn=978-0-596-10242-5&rft.aulast=Haralambous&rft.aufirst=Yannis&rft.au=Horne%2C+P.+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqrElYgVLDwYC%26pg%3DPA155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1997" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Kenneth B. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XrZQs-6KswMC&pg=PA86">Korea and East Asia: The Story of a Phoenix</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-95823-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-95823-7"><bdi>978-0-275-95823-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230124010158/https://books.google.com/books?id=XrZQs-6KswMC&pg=PA86">Archived</a> from the original on January 24, 2023. 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Elsevier. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4832-9754-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4832-9754-5"><bdi>978-1-4832-9754-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115045316/https://books.google.com/books?id=VCqLBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA54">Archived</a> from the original on January 15, 2023. 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Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. pp. 140–141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-741-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-741-3"><bdi>978-1-59884-741-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328145412/https://books.google.com/books?id=RHXG0JV9zEkC">Archived</a> from the original on March 28, 2024. Retrieved June 19, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan+At+War%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.place=Santa+Barbara%2C+CA&rft.pages=140-141&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-741-3&rft.aulast=Perez&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRHXG0JV9zEkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988">"Yi's successes gave Korea complete control of the sea lanes around the peninsula, and the Korean navy was able to intercept most of the supplies and communications between Japan and Korea" </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF신형식2005" class="citation book cs1">신형식 (January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o-WlUd3cjh0C&pg=PT98">A Brief History of Korea</a>. Ewha Womans University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-89-7300-619-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-89-7300-619-9"><bdi>978-89-7300-619-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230124010158/https://books.google.com/books?id=o-WlUd3cjh0C&pg=PT98">Archived</a> from the original on January 24, 2023. Retrieved November 8, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Korea&rft.pub=Ewha+Womans+University+Press&rft.date=2005-01&rft.isbn=978-89-7300-619-9&rft.au=%EC%8B%A0%ED%98%95%EC%8B%9D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do-WlUd3cjh0C%26pg%3DPT98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeirne2016" class="citation book cs1">Beirne, Paul (April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8OPeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT38">Su-un and His World of Symbols: The Founder of Korea's First Indigenous Religion</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-04749-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-04749-0"><bdi>978-1-317-04749-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230124010159/https://books.google.com/books?id=8OPeCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT38">Archived</a> from the original on January 24, 2023. 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National Geographic. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/130805-korean-war-dmz-armistice-38-parallel-geography">the original</a> on February 25, 2021. Retrieved May 15, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Geographic%2C+Korea%2C+and+the+38th+Parallel&rft.pub=National+Geographic&rft.date=2013-08-05&rft.aulast=Fry&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2F130805-korean-war-dmz-armistice-38-parallel-geography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-worldbank.org-99"><a href="#cite_ref-worldbank.org_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140502130240/http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/korea/overview">"Republic of Korea"</a>. worldbank.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/korea/overview">the original</a> on May 2, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=worldbank.org&rft.atitle=Republic+of+Korea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbank.org%2Fen%2Fcountry%2Fkorea%2Foverview&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Malkasian, Carter (2001). The Korean War 1950–1953. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-364-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-364-4"><bdi>978-1-57958-364-4</bdi></a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-UN195-101"><a href="#cite_ref-UN195_101-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/043/66/IMG/NR004366.pdf?OpenElement">"195 (III) The problem of the independence of Korea"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131023061108/http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/043/66/IMG/NR004366.pdf?OpenElement">Archived</a> October 23, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, December 12, 1948, Resolutions Adopted by the General Assembly During its Third Session, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Regarding Syngman Rhee (South Korea):<div><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2005" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Gil-sang (2005). Korea through the Ages. Seongnam: Center for Information on Korean Culture, the Academy of Korean Studies. pp. 166–181.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea+through+the+Ages&rft.place=Seongnam&rft.pages=166-181&rft.pub=Center+for+Information+on+Korean+Culture%2C+the+Academy+of+Korean+Studies&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Gil-sang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeeParkYoon2005" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Hyun-hee; Park, Sung-soo; Yoon, Nae-hyun (2005). New History of Korea. Paju: Jimoondang. pp. 584–590.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+History+of+Korea&rft.place=Paju&rft.pages=584-590&rft.pub=Jimoondang&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Hyun-hee&rft.au=Park%2C+Sung-soo&rft.au=Yoon%2C+Nae-hyun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div>Regarding Kim Il-sung (North Korea):<div><ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuzo2002" class="citation book cs1">Buzo, Adrian (2002). The Making of Modern Korea. London: Routledge. pp. 71–91. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23749-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-23749-9"><bdi>978-0-415-23749-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Modern+Korea&rft.place=London&rft.pages=71-91&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-23749-9&rft.aulast=Buzo&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"></li></ul></div> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppleman1998" class="citation book cs1">Appleman, Roy E. (1998) [1961]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140207235336/http://www.history.army.mil/books/korea/20-2-1/toc.htm">South to the Naktong, North to the Yalu</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a>. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0160019180" title="Special:BookSources/978-0160019180"><bdi>978-0160019180</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/korea/20-2-1/toc.htm">the original</a> on February 7, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+to+the+Naktong%2C+North+to+the+Yalu&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0160019180&rft.aulast=Appleman&rft.aufirst=Roy+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fbooks%2Fkorea%2F20-2-1%2Ftoc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillett2007" class="citation book cs1">Millett, Allan R. (2007). The Korean War: The Essential Bibliography. The Essential Bibliography Series. Dulles, VA: Potomac Books Inc. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1574889765" title="Special:BookSources/978-1574889765"><bdi>978-1574889765</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Korean+War%3A+The+Essential+Bibliography&rft.place=Dulles%2C+VA&rft.series=The+Essential+Bibliography+Series&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Potomac+Books+Inc.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1574889765&rft.aulast=Millett&rft.aufirst=Allan+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuecker2004" class="citation book cs1">Stuecker, William (2004). Korean War: World History. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 102–103.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korean+War%3A+World+History&rft.pages=102-103&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Stuecker&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hwang93-106"><a href="#cite_ref-Hwang93_106-0">^</a> Su-kyoung Hwang, <a href="/wiki/Korea%27s_Grievous_War" title="Korea's Grievous War">Korea's Grievous War</a>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2016; pg. 90–95. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kim_p.45-107"><a href="#cite_ref-Kim_p.45_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2014" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Samuel S. (2014). "The Evolving Asian System". International Relations of Asia. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-2641-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-2641-8"><bdi>978-1-4422-2641-8</bdi></a>. <q>With three of the four major Cold War fault lines—divided Germany, divided Korea, divided China, and divided Vietnam—East Asia acquired the dubious distinction of having engendered the largest number of armed conflicts resulting in higher fatalities between 1945 and 1994 than any other region or sub-region. Even in Asia, while Central and South Asia produced a regional total of 2.8 million in human fatalities, East Asia's regional total is 10.4 million including the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> (1 million), the Korean War (3 million), the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> (2 million), and the <a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a> <a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide" title="Cambodian genocide">genocide</a> in Cambodia (1 to 2 million).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Evolving+Asian+System&rft.btitle=International+Relations+of+Asia&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-2641-8&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Samuel+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cumings_p._35-108"><a href="#cite_ref-Cumings_p._35_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCumings2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Cumings" title="Bruce Cumings">Cumings, Bruce</a> (2011). The Korean War: A History. <a href="/wiki/Modern_Library" title="Modern Library">Modern Library</a>. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-7896-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8129-7896-4"><bdi>978-0-8129-7896-4</bdi></a>. <q>Various encyclopedias state that the countries involved in the three-year conflict suffered a total of more than 4 million casualties, of which at least 2 million were civilians—a higher percentage than in World War II or Vietnam. A total of 36,940 Americans lost their lives in the Korean theater; of these, 33,665 were killed in action, while 3,275 died there of nonhostile causes. Some 92,134 Americans were wounded in action, and decades later, 8,176 were still reported as missing. South Korea sustained 1,312,836 casualties, including 415,004 dead. Casualties among other UN allies totaled 16,532, including 3,094 dead. Estimated North Korean casualties numbered 2 million, including about one million civilians and 520,000 soldiers. An estimated 900,000 Chinese soldiers lost their lives in combat.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Korean+War%3A+A+History&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Modern+Library&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8129-7896-4&rft.aulast=Cumings&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewy_pp._450-453-109"><a href="#cite_ref-Lewy_pp._450-453_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewy1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Guenter_Lewy" title="Guenter Lewy">Lewy, Guenter</a> (1980). <a href="/wiki/America_in_Vietnam" title="America in Vietnam">America in Vietnam</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americainvietnam00lewy/page/450">450</a>–453. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-987423-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-987423-1"><bdi>978-0-19-987423-1</bdi></a>. <q>The total number of Korean civilians who died in the fighting, which left almost every major city in North and South Korea in ruins, has been estimated at between 2 and 3 million. This adds up to almost 1 million military deaths and a possible 2.5 million civilians who were killed or died as a result of this extremely destructive conflict.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=America+in+Vietnam&rft.pages=450-453&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-19-987423-1&rft.aulast=Lewy&rft.aufirst=Guenter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGriffiths2018" class="citation news cs1">Griffiths, James (February 23, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/23/asia/south-korea-vietnam-massacre-intl/index.html">"The 'forgotten' My Lai: South Korea's Vietnam War massacres"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612151022/https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/23/asia/south-korea-vietnam-massacre-intl/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved March 28, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=The+%27forgotten%27+My+Lai%3A+South+Korea%27s+Vietnam+War+massacres&rft.date=2018-02-23&rft.aulast=Griffiths&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2018%2F02%2F23%2Fasia%2Fsouth-korea-vietnam-massacre-intl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/752055.stm">Flashback: The Kwangju massacre</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110907135824/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/752055.stm">Archived</a> September 7, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, May 17, 2000. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_national/184219.html">"20 years later, father still seeks truth in son's death"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173203/http://english.hani.co.kr/arti/english_edition/e_national/184219.html">Archived</a> March 3, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Hankyoreh, January 15, 2007. Retrieved July 15, 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2008/10/229_12790.html">"Two Decedes After Seoul Olympics"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Korea_Times" title="The Korea Times">The Korea Times</a>. October 30, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181025132245/http://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/nation/2008/10/229_12790.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 25, 2018. Retrieved March 12, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Korea+Times&rft.atitle=Two+Decedes+After+Seoul+Olympics&rft.date=2007-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreatimes.co.kr%2Fwww%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2008%2F10%2F229_12790.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Guardian-2009-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Guardian-2009_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Guardian-2009_114-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/aug/18/obituary-kim-dae-jung">"Kim Dae-jung"</a>. The Guardian. August 18, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181010123345/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/aug/18/obituary-kim-dae-jung">Archived</a> from the original on October 10, 2018. Retrieved March 12, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Kim+Dae-jung&rft.date=2009-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2009%2Faug%2F18%2Fobituary-kim-dae-jung&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/jun/13/northkorea1">"North and South Korean leaders meet"</a>. the Guardian. Associated Press. June 13, 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180214015818/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2000/jun/13/northkorea1">Archived</a> from the original on February 14, 2018. Retrieved October 31, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=North+and+South+Korean+leaders+meet&rft.date=2000-06-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2000%2Fjun%2F13%2Fnorthkorea1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2000/index.html">"The Nobel Peace Prize 2000"</a>. The Nobel Foundation. 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120203175049/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2000/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 3, 2012. Retrieved February 17, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Peace+Prize+2000&rft.pub=The+Nobel+Foundation&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fpeace%2Flaureates%2F2000%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/south-koreas-new-president-sworn-in/a-5213894">"South Korea's New President Sworn In – DW – 02/25/2008"</a>. dw.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221031125726/https://www.dw.com/en/south-koreas-new-president-sworn-in/a-5213894">Archived</a> from the original on October 31, 2022. Retrieved October 31, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=dw.com&rft.atitle=South+Korea%27s+New+President+Sworn+In+%E2%80%93+DW+%E2%80%93+02%2F25%2F2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fsouth-koreas-new-president-sworn-in%2Fa-5213894&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goal.com/en/news/fifa-world-cup-2002-south-korea-history-semifinal/blt7b0eedc7838c3dc9">"FIFA World Cup: When South Korea created history in 2002 | Goal.com"</a>. www.goal.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221101084318/https://www.goal.com/en/news/fifa-world-cup-2002-south-korea-history-semifinal/blt7b0eedc7838c3dc9">Archived</a> from the original on November 1, 2022. Retrieved November 1, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.goal.com&rft.atitle=FIFA+World+Cup%3A+When+South+Korea+created+history+in+2002+%7C+Goal.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goal.com%2Fen%2Fnews%2Ffifa-world-cup-2002-south-korea-history-semifinal%2Fblt7b0eedc7838c3dc9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/aug/18/japan-south-korea-disputed-islands">"Rocky relations between Japan and South Korea over disputed islands"</a>. the Guardian. August 18, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230316055633/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/aug/18/japan-south-korea-disputed-islands">Archived</a> from the original on March 16, 2023. Retrieved November 1, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Rocky+relations+between+Japan+and+South+Korea+over+disputed+islands&rft.date=2010-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2010%2Faug%2F18%2Fjapan-south-korea-disputed-islands&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Oliver, Christian. "Seoul: S Korea looks forward to its own party", Financial Times (UK). June 25, 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.asiafoundation.org/resources/pdfs/201104SnyderandByun.pdf">Cheonan and Yeonpyeong. The Northeast Asian Response to North Korea's Provocations</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Asia_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Foundation">Asia Foundation</a>. May 1, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180314174320/https://www.asiafoundation.org/resources/pdfs/201104SnyderandByun.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on March 14, 2018. Retrieved March 13, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cheonan+and+Yeonpyeong.+The+Northeast+Asian+Response+to+North+Korea%27s+Provocations&rft.pub=Asia+Foundation&rft.date=2011-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.asiafoundation.org%2Fresources%2Fpdfs%2F201104SnyderandByun.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-21570512">"Park Geun-hye sworn in as South Korea president"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. February 25, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221031121124/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-21570512">Archived</a> from the original on October 31, 2022. Retrieved October 31, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Park+Geun-hye+sworn+in+as+South+Korea+president&rft.date=2013-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-21570512&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangan2016" class="citation news cs1">Langan, Peter (November 28, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asiatimes.com/article/long-will-south-koreas-protests-remain-peaceful/">"How long will Seoul protests remain peaceful?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Asia_Times" title="Asia Times">Asia Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240328145415/https://asiatimes.com/2016/11/long-will-south-koreas-protests-remain-peaceful/">Archived</a> from the original on March 28, 2024. Retrieved December 2, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=How+long+will+Seoul+protests+remain+peaceful%3F&rft.date=2016-11-28&rft.aulast=Langan&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasiatimes.com%2Farticle%2Flong-will-south-koreas-protests-remain-peaceful%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-south-korea-park-impeach-2017-story.html">"South Korea's president is removed from office as court upholds her impeachment"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. March 10, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170309190803/http://www.latimes.com/world/asia/la-fg-south-korea-park-impeach-2017-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 9, 2017. Retrieved March 10, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=South+Korea%27s+president+is+removed+from+office+as+court+upholds+her+impeachment&rft.date=2017-03-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flatimes.com%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fla-fg-south-korea-park-impeach-2017-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/new-south-korean-president-moon-sworn-in-and-willing-to-visit-north-korea/a-38779018">"New Korean president willing to work with North – DW – 05/10/2017"</a>. dw.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221031121333/https://www.dw.com/en/new-south-korean-president-moon-sworn-in-and-willing-to-visit-north-korea/a-38779018">Archived</a> from the original on October 31, 2022. Retrieved October 31, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=dw.com&rft.atitle=New+Korean+president+willing+to+work+with+North+%E2%80%93+DW+%E2%80%93+05%2F10%2F2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fnew-south-korean-president-moon-sworn-in-and-willing-to-visit-north-korea%2Fa-38779018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2018/02/11/south-koreas-moon-may-be-on-brink-of-legacy-defining-moment/110314864/">"South Korea's Moon may be on brink of legacy-defining moment"</a>. USA Today. February 11, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180613051923/https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/olympics/2018/02/11/south-koreas-moon-may-be-on-brink-of-legacy-defining-moment/110314864/">Archived</a> from the original on June 13, 2018. Retrieved March 28, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=South+Korea%27s+Moon+may+be+on+brink+of+legacy-defining+moment&rft.date=2018-02-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Fsports%2Folympics%2F2018%2F02%2F11%2Fsouth-koreas-moon-may-be-on-brink-of-legacy-defining-moment%2F110314864%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-43666134">"Park Geun-hye: South Korea's ex-leader jailed for 24 years for corruption"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>. April 6, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201101144853/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-43666134">Archived</a> from the original on November 1, 2020. Retrieved October 31, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Park+Geun-hye%3A+South+Korea%27s+ex-leader+jailed+for+24+years+for+corruption&rft.date=2018-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-43666134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGladstone2021" class="citation web cs1">Gladstone, Rick (January 4, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/04/world/asia/south-korea-population.html">"As Birthrate Falls, South Korea's Population Declines, Posing Threat to Economy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210104222029/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/04/world/asia/south-korea-population.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 4, 2021. 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BioScience. 67 (6): 534–545. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix014">10.1093/biosci/bix014</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0006-3568">0006-3568</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5451287">5451287</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28608869">28608869</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BioScience&rft.atitle=An+Ecoregion-Based+Approach+to+Protecting+Half+the+Terrestrial+Realm&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=534-545&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5451287%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0006-3568&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28608869&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbiosci%2Fbix014&rft.aulast=Dinerstein&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft.au=Olson%2C+David&rft.au=Joshi%2C+Anup&rft.au=Vynne%2C+Carly&rft.au=Burgess%2C+Neil+D.&rft.au=Wikramanayake%2C+Eric&rft.au=Hahn%2C+Nathan&rft.au=Palminteri%2C+Suzanne&rft.au=Hedao%2C+Prashant&rft.au=Noss%2C+Reed&rft.au=Hansen%2C+Matt&rft.au=Locke%2C+Harvey&rft.au=Ellis%2C+Erle+C&rft.au=Jones%2C+Benjamin&rft.au=Barber%2C+Charles+Victor&rft.au=Hayes%2C+Randy&rft.au=Kormos%2C+Cyril&rft.au=Martin%2C+Vance&rft.au=Crist%2C+Eileen&rft.au=Sechrest%2C+Wes&rft.au=Price%2C+Lori&rft.au=Baillie%2C+Jonathan+E.+M.&rft.au=Weeden%2C+Don&rft.au=Suckling%2C+Kier%C3%A1n&rft.au=Davis%2C+Crystal&rft.au=Sizer%2C+Nigel&rft.au=Moore%2C+Rebecca&rft.au=Thau%2C+David&rft.au=Birch%2C+Tanya&rft.au=Potapov%2C+Peter&rft.au=Turubanova%2C+Svetlana&rft.au=Tyukavina%2C+Alexandra&rft.au=de+Souza%2C+Nadia&rft.au=Pintea%2C+Lilian&rft.au=Brito%2C+Jos%C3%A9+C.&rft.au=Llewellyn%2C+Othman+A.&rft.au=Miller%2C+Anthony+G.&rft.au=Patzelt%2C+Annette&rft.au=Ghazanfar%2C+Shahina+A.&rft.au=Timberlake%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Kl%C3%B6ser%2C+Heinz&rft.au=Shennan-Farp%C3%B3n%2C+Yara&rft.au=Kindt%2C+Roeland&rft.au=Lilles%C3%B8%2C+Jens-Peter+Barnekow&rft.au=van+Breugel%2C+Paulo&rft.au=Graudal%2C+Lars&rft.au=Voge%2C+Maianna&rft.au=Al-Shammari%2C+Khalaf+F.&rft.au=Saleem%2C+Muhammad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5451287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.knps.or.kr/">"Korea National Park Service official site"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100702123827/http://english.knps.or.kr/">Archived</a> from the original on July 2, 2010. 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Retrieved March 17, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=South+Korea+Must+Offer+Alternatives+to+Military+Draft%2C+Court+Rules&rft.date=2018-06-28&rft.aulast=Choe&rft.aufirst=Sang-Hun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F06%2F28%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fsouth-korea-military-service-conscientious-objectors.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKwonGriffiths2018" class="citation web cs1">Kwon, Jake; Griffiths, James (November 1, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181107095357/https://edition.cnn.com/2018/11/01/asia/south-korea-conscientious-objectors-intl/index.html">"South Korea's top court legalizes conscientious objection after decades-long fight"</a>. 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Retrieved March 28, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yonhap+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Allies%27+future+command+to+be+led+by+S.+Korean+general%3A+minister&rft.date=2018-02-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.yonhapnews.co.kr%2Fnews%2F2018%2F02%2F22%2F0200000000AEN20180222009000315.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/south-korea">South Korea: Introduction >> globalEDGE: Your source for Global Business Knowledge</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180605194018/https://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/south-korea/">Archived</a> June 5, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Globaledge.msu.edu. 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Business Insider. December 4, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161027055849/http://www.businessinsider.com/most-technological-countries-lag-behind-in-science-2015-12/#7-estonia-26-has-one-of-the-highest-percentages-of-female-stem-graduates-at-41-in-2012-4">Archived</a> from the original on October 27, 2016. 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Retrieved March 28, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=These+Are+the+World%27s+Most+Innovative+Countries&rft.date=2019-05-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2019-01-22%2Fgermany-nearly-catches-korea-as-innovation-champ-u-s-rebounds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/">Global Innovation Index 2024: Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship</a>. 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Retrieved April 11, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mission+and+Goal&rft.pub=Korea+Cultural+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kcaf.or.kr%2Fehome3%2Fmission.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rsf.org/en/index?year=2023">"Index 2023 – Global score"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Reporters_Without_Borders" title="Reporters Without Borders">Reporters Without Borders</a>. Retrieved May 3, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reporters+Without+Borders&rft.atitle=Index+2023+%E2%80%93+Global+score&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frsf.org%2Fen%2Findex%3Fyear%3D2023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberto_A._FerdmanRitchie_King2014" class="citation news cs1">Roberto A. Ferdman; Ritchie King (February 2, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140208074557/http://qz.com/171191/south-koreans-drink-twice-as-much-liquor-as-russians-and-more-than-four-times-as-much-as-americans/">"South Koreans drink twice as much liquor as Russians and more than four times as much as Americans"</a>. Quartz. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://qz.com/171191/south-koreans-drink-twice-as-much-liquor-as-russians-and-more-than-four-times-as-much-as-americans/">the original</a> on February 8, 2014. Retrieved February 9, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quartz&rft.atitle=South+Koreans+drink+twice+as+much+liquor+as+Russians+and+more+than+four+times+as+much+as+Americans&rft.date=2014-02-02&rft.au=Roberto+A.+Ferdman&rft.au=Ritchie+King&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fqz.com%2F171191%2Fsouth-koreans-drink-twice-as-much-liquor-as-russians-and-more-than-four-times-as-much-as-americans%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asia-art.net/korean_paint.html">Korean painting</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100730065004/http://www.asia-art.net/korean_paint.html">Archived</a> July 30, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Asia Art </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.armkor.com/korea-info3.htm">Korean Pottery and Celadon</a>, Asian Relocation Management Korea </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apexart.org/conference/lee.htm">Contemporary Korean Art in 1990s</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180911001355/https://apexart.org/conference/lee.htm">Archived</a> September 11, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, apexart, 1999 </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> (in Korean) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seoul.co.kr/news/newsView.php?id=20100326020003">Whitney Biennal to come to Seoul again</a>, Seoul News, March 26, 2010. Retrieved July 13, 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100710205915/http://gb.or.kr/?mid=main_eng">"Gwangju Biennale"</a>. Gwangju Biennale. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gb.or.kr/?mid=main_eng">the original</a> on July 10, 2010. Retrieved October 29, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gwangju+Biennale&rft.pub=Gwangju+Biennale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgb.or.kr%2F%3Fmid%3Dmain_eng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.korean-pavilion.or.kr/07pavilion/kpEN.html">Korean Pavilion</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516133140/http://www.korean-pavilion.or.kr/07pavilion/kpEN.html">Archived</a> May 16, 2016, at the Portuguese Web Archive, La Biennale di Venezia. </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asianinfo.org/asianinfo/korea/arc/modern_period.htm">Korean architecture</a>, Asian Info Organization </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> Chung Ah-young (March 31, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2010/03/148_63378.html">"Exhibit Focuses on Traditional Architecture"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141220224530/https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/news/art/2010/03/148_63378.html">Archived</a> December 20, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The Korea Times; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://park.org/Korea/Pavilions/PublicPavilions/KoreaImage/e-information/life/tradi-03.html">Photos of traditional Korean shelters</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ata.hannam.ac.kr/korea/k-house1.htm">List of traditional Korean houses</a>, Asian Tradition in Architecture </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/kr">"UNESCO World Heritage: Republic of Korea"</a>. 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Retrieved October 29, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage%3A+Republic+of+Korea&rft.pub=Unesco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Fstatesparties%2Fkr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19990302080251/http://nongae.gsnu.ac.kr/%7Emirkoh/cob1.html">Brief Review of Korea Modern Architecture</a>, Prof. Park Kil-ryong (Kukmin University), modified by Architectural Design Lab, GSNU. </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asianinfo.org/asianinfo/korea/arc/contemporary_architecture.htm">Contemporary Korean architecture</a>, Asian Info Organization </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429055554/http://www.asianewsnet.net/news.php?id=9605&sec=10">"Korean buildings that captivate world"</a>. Archived from the original on April 29, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Korean+buildings+that+captivate+world&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asianewsnet.net%2Fnews.php%3Fid%3D9605%26sec%3D10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>), Asia News, January 15, 2010; Lee Hoo-nam (April 16, 2009).<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://joongangdaily.joins.com/article/view.asp?aid=2903625">"Still, slow waters of Korean architecture"</a>, Joongang Daily (Seoul). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mcgilltribune.com/a-e/surfing-the-korean-wave-how-k-pop-kpop-is-taking-over-the-world-012858/">the original</a> on November 23, 2018. Retrieved May 31, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+McGill+Tribune&rft.atitle=Surfing+the+Korean+Wave%3A+How+K-pop+is+taking+over+the+world+%7C+The+McGill+Tribune&rft.date=2016-02-02&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcgilltribune.com%2Fa-e%2Fsurfing-the-korean-wave-how-k-pop-kpop-is-taking-over-the-world-012858%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNguyen_Hoai_Phuong" class="citation thesis cs1">Nguyen Hoai Phuong, Duong. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/37300/Phuong_thesis_1.docx.pdf?sequence=1">Korean Wave as Cultural Imperialism: A study of K-pop Reception in Vietnam</a> (PDF) (Thesis). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.kocca.kr/portal/bbs/view/B0000204/1938980.do?searchCnd=&searchWrd=&cateTp1=&cateTp2=&useAt=&menuNo=200253&categorys=4&subcate=67&cateCode=0&type=&instNo=0&questionTp=&uf_Setting=&recovery=&option1=&option2=&year=&categoryCOM062=&categoryCOM063=&categoryCOM208=&categoryInst=&morePage=&delCode=&qtp=&pageIndex=1">the original</a> on April 17, 2021. 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Retrieved December 27, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Jersey%2C+Mexico%2C+and+Korea+dropped+from+2014+F1+calendar&rft.pub=BBC+Sport&rft.date=2013-12-04&rft.aulast=Benson&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fsport%2F0%2Fformula1%2F25220593&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-367"><a href="#cite_ref-367">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131228003001/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_2_4.jsp?recommCid=803724&folderId=19927">"Horse Racing"</a>. Korea Be Inspired. <a href="/wiki/Korea_Tourism_Organization" title="Korea Tourism Organization">Korea Tourism Organization</a>. 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_1_2_4.jsp?recommCid=803724&folderId=19927">the original</a> on December 28, 2013. Retrieved December 27, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Korea+Be+Inspired&rft.atitle=Horse+Racing&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.visitkorea.or.kr%2Fenu%2FSI%2FSI_EN_3_1_2_4.jsp%3FrecommCid%3D803724%26folderId%3D19927&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-368"><a href="#cite_ref-368">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJin2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dal_Yong_Jin" title="Dal Yong Jin">Jin, Dal Yong</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/koreasonlinegami00jind">Korea's Online Gaming Empire</a>. The MIT Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/koreasonlinegami00jind/page/n64">59</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01476-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01476-2"><bdi>978-0-262-01476-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea%27s+Online+Gaming+Empire&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=The+MIT+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-262-01476-2&rft.aulast=Jin&rft.aufirst=Dal+Yong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkoreasonlinegami00jind&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmsden,_Alice1992" class="citation book cs1">Amsden, Alice (1992). Asia's Next Giant: South Korea and Late Industrialization. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195076035" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195076035"><bdi>978-0195076035</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asia%27s+Next+Giant%3A+South+Korea+and+Late+Industrialization&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0195076035&rft.au=Amsden%2C+Alice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBreen,_Michael2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Breen_(author)" title="Michael Breen (author)">Breen, Michael</a> (2004). <a href="/wiki/The_Koreans_(book)" title="The Koreans (book)">The Koreans: Who They Are, What They Want, Where Their Future Lies</a>. St. Martin's Griffin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-32609-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-32609-8"><bdi>978-0-312-32609-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Koreans%3A+Who+They+Are%2C+What+They+Want%2C+Where+Their+Future+Lies&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Griffin&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-312-32609-8&rft.au=Breen%2C+Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHart,_Dennis2003" class="citation book cs1">Hart, Dennis (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromtraditiontoc00hart">From Tradition to Consumption: Constructing a Capitalist Culture in South Korea</a>. Seoul: Author. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-89-88095-44-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-89-88095-44-7"><bdi>978-89-88095-44-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Tradition+to+Consumption%3A+Constructing+a+Capitalist+Culture+in+South+Korea&rft.place=Seoul&rft.pub=Author&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-89-88095-44-7&rft.au=Hart%2C+Dennis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffromtraditiontoc00hart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCumings,_Bruce1997" class="citation book cs1">Cumings, Bruce (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/koreasplaceinsun00bruc">Korea's place in the sun</a>. New York: W.W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31681-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31681-0"><bdi>978-0-393-31681-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea%27s+place+in+the+sun&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-393-31681-0&rft.au=Cumings%2C+Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkoreasplaceinsun00bruc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Lew, Yong Ick. The Making of the First Korean President: Syngman Rhee's Quest for Independence (University of Hawai'i Press; 2013); scholarly biography; 576 pages;</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNahm,_Andrew_C.1996" class="citation book cs1">Nahm, Andrew C. (1996). Korea: A history of the Korean people (2nd ed.). Seoul: Hollym. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56591-070-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56591-070-6"><bdi>978-1-56591-070-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea%3A+A+history+of+the+Korean+people+%282nd+ed.%29&rft.place=Seoul&rft.pub=Hollym&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-1-56591-070-6&rft.au=Nahm%2C+Andrew+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneidewind,_Dieter_K.2016" class="citation book cs1">Schneidewind, Dieter K. (2016). Economic Miracle Market South Korea: A Blueprint for Economic Growth in Developing Nations. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-10-0613-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-10-0613-5"><bdi>978-981-10-0613-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+Miracle+Market+South+Korea%3A+A+Blueprint+for+Economic+Growth+in+Developing+Nations&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-981-10-0613-5&rft.au=Schneidewind%2C+Dieter+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYang_Sung-chul1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Yang_Sung-chul" title="Yang Sung-chul">Yang Sung-chul</a> (1999). The North and South Korean political systems: A comparative analysis (rev. ed.). Seoul: Hollym. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56591-105-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56591-105-5"><bdi>978-1-56591-105-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+North+and+South+Korean+political+systems%3A+A+comparative+analysis+%28rev.+ed.%29&rft.place=Seoul&rft.pub=Hollym&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-56591-105-5&rft.au=Yang+Sung-chul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYonhap_News_Agency2004" class="citation book cs1">Yonhap News Agency (2004). Korea Annual 2004. Seoul. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-89-7433-070-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-89-7433-070-5"><bdi>978-89-7433-070-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Korea+Annual+2004&rft.place=Seoul&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-89-7433-070-5&rft.au=Yonhap+News+Agency&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYuan,_Robert_T.1988" class="citation book cs1">Yuan, Robert T. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Biotechnology-South-Korea-Singapore-Taiwan/dp/B009Y3DOVQ">Biotechnology in Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan</a>. Macmillan Publishers ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-10768-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-10768-1"><bdi>978-1-349-10768-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biotechnology+in+Singapore%2C+South+Korea%2C+and+Taiwan&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers+ltd&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-1-349-10768-1&rft.au=Yuan%2C+Robert+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FBiotechnology-South-Korea-Singapore-Taiwan%2Fdp%2FB009Y3DOVQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Korea" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> South Korea at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/South_Korea" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/South Korea">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/South_Korea" class="extiw" title="q:South Korea">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/South_Korea" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/South Korea">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/South_Korea" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/South Korea">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/South_Korea" class="extiw" title="voy:South Korea">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.korea.net/">Official website</a> (Korea.net)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/index.kto">Korea Tourism Guide website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170301031654/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/index.kto">Archived</a> March 1, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kostat.go.kr/portal/eng/index.action">Korea National Statistical Office</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/korea-south/">South Korea</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/krtoc.html">A Country Study: South Korea</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oecd.org/korea/">Korea</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">OECD</a> website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-15289563">South Korea profile</a> from <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/322280/South-Korea">South Korea</a> Encyclopædia Britannica entry</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=KR">Key Development Forecasts for South Korea</a> from <a href="/wiki/International_Futures" title="International Futures">International Futures</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Index_of_Korea-related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Korea_topics" title="Template:Korea topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Korea_topics" title="Template talk:Korea topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Korea_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Korea topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Index_of_Korea-related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Index of Korea-related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">South Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History_of_Korea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korea" title="History of Korea">History of Korea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Korea" title="Military history of Korea">Military history of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Korea" title="List of monarchs of Korea">List of monarchs of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Korean_history" title="Timeline of Korean history">Timeline of Korean history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gojoseon" title="Gojoseon">Gojoseon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dangun_Joseon" class="mw-redirect" title="Dangun Joseon">Dangun Joseon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gija_Joseon" title="Gija Joseon">Gija Joseon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wiman_Joseon" title="Wiman Joseon">Wiman Joseon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jin_(Korean_state)" title="Jin (Korean state)">Jin (Korean state)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto%E2%80%93Three_Kingdoms_period" title="Proto–Three Kingdoms period">Proto–Three Kingdoms of Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buyeo" title="Buyeo">Buyeo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Okjeo" title="Okjeo">Okjeo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ye" title="Eastern Ye">Dongye</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samhan" title="Samhan">Samhan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Four_Commanderies_of_Han" title="Four Commanderies of Han">Four Commanderies of Han</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea" title="Three Kingdoms of Korea">Three Kingdoms of Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Baekje" title="Baekje">Baekje</a> / <a href="/wiki/Silla" title="Silla">Silla</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gaya_confederacy" title="Gaya confederacy">Gaya confederacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_States_period" title="Northern and Southern States period">North–South States Period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Silla" class="mw-redirect" title="United Silla">Later Silla</a> / <a href="/wiki/Balhae" title="Balhae">Balhae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Three_Kingdoms" title="Later Three Kingdoms">Later Three Kingdoms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taebong" title="Taebong">Taebong</a> / <a href="/wiki/Later_Baekje" title="Later Baekje">Later Baekje</a> / <a href="/wiki/Silla" title="Silla">Silla</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Korea under Japanese rule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea">Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Military_Government_in_Korea" title="United States Army Military Government in Korea">United States Army Military Government in Korea</a> / <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Civil_Administration" title="Soviet Civil Administration">Soviet Civil Administration</a> / <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Korea" title="History of South Korea">History of South Korea</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Korea" title="History of North Korea">History of North Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography_of_Korea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Korea" title="Geography of Korea">Geography of Korea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_North_Korea" title="Template:Borders of North Korea">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korean Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of Korea">List of islands of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Korea" title="List of lakes of Korea">List of lakes of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Korea" title="List of mountains in Korea">List of mountains in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Korea" title="List of rivers of Korea">List of rivers of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Korea" title="Provinces of Korea">Provinces of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Korea" title="Regions of Korea">Regions of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_South_Korea" title="Geology of South Korea">Geology of South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floods_in_Korea" title="Floods in Korea">Floods in Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_North_Korea" title="Geography of North Korea">Geography of North Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_North_Korea" title="Administrative divisions of North Korea">Administrative divisions of North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_North_Korea" title="List of cities in North Korea">List of cities in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_cities_of_North_Korea" title="Special cities of North Korea">Special cities of North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_North_Korea" title="Geology of North Korea">Geology of North Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Korea" title="Geography of South Korea">Geography of South Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_South_Korea" title="Administrative divisions of South Korea">Administrative divisions of South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_South_Korea" title="Environment of South Korea">Environment of South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_South_Korea" title="List of cities in South Korea">List of cities in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_special_cities_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="List of special cities of South Korea">List of special cities of South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_South_Korea" title="List of World Heritage Sites in South Korea">List of World Heritage Sites in South Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Politics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Korea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_North_Korea" title="Constitution of North Korea">Constitution of North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_North_Korea" title="Foreign relations of North Korea">Foreign relations of North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="North Korea–South Korea relations">Relations with South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_North_Korea" title="Government of North Korea">Government of North Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_(North_Korean_title)" title="Supreme Leader (North Korean title)">Supreme Leader of North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_North_Korea" title="List of heads of state of North Korea">Heads of state of North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_North_Korea" title="Premier of North Korea">Premier of North Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_North_Korea" title="Human rights in North Korea">Human rights in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Army" title="Korean People's Army">Korean People's Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_North_Korea" title="Law of North Korea">Law of North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_North_Korea" title="Politics of North Korea">Politics of North Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_North_Korea" title="Elections in North Korea">Elections in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_North_Korea#Political_parties_and_elections" title="Politics of North Korea">Politics of North Korea#Political parties and elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Workers' Party of Korea">Workers' Party of Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea">General Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Politburo of the Workers' Party of Korea">Politburo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Secretariat of the Workers' Party of Korea">Secretariat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Affairs_Commission_of_North_Korea" title="State Affairs Commission of North Korea">State Affairs Commission of North Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_State_Affairs_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the State Affairs Commission">President of State Affairs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="North Korea and weapons of mass destruction">North Korea and weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Assembly" title="Supreme People's Assembly">Supreme People's Assembly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Korea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Korea" title="Constitution of South Korea">Constitution of South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Korea" title="Foreign relations of South Korea">Foreign relations of South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="North Korea–South Korea relations">Relations with North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_South_Korea" title="Government of South Korea">Government of South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Korea" title="President of South Korea">President of South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_South_Korea" title="Prime Minister of South Korea">Prime Minister of South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_South_Korea" title="Human rights in South Korea">Human rights in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Armed_Forces" title="Republic of Korea Armed Forces">Republic of Korea Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Korea" title="Politics of South Korea">Politics of South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_South_Korea" title="Elections in South Korea">Elections in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_elections_in_South_Korea" title="Presidential elections in South Korea">Presidential elections in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_elections_in_South_Korea" title="Legislative elections in South Korea">Legislative elections in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_South_Korea" title="List of political parties in South Korea">List of political parties in South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="South Korea and weapons of mass destruction">South Korea and weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(South_Korea)" title="National Assembly (South Korea)">National Assembly (South Korea)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_South_Korea" title="Judiciary of South Korea">Judiciary of South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Korea" title="Supreme Court of Korea">Supreme Court of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Korea" title="Constitutional Court of Korea">Constitutional Court of Korea</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_North_Korea" title="Economy of North Korea">Economy of North Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_North_Korea" title="Automotive industry in North Korea">Automotive industry in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_North_Korea" title="Energy in North Korea">Energy in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_North_Korea" title="Telecommunications in North Korea">Telecommunications in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_North_Korea" title="Tourism in North Korea">Tourism in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_North_Korea" title="Transport in North Korea">Transport in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_won" title="North Korean won">North Korean won</a> (currency)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_North_Korea" title="Agriculture in North Korea">Agriculture in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_famine" class="mw-redirect" title="North Korean famine">North Korean famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangmadang" title="Jangmadang">Jangmadang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_North_Korea" title="Mining in North Korea">Mining in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rason_Special_Economic_Zone" title="Rason Special Economic Zone">Rason Special Economic Zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Korea" title="Economy of South Korea">Economy of South Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_South_Korea" title="Automotive industry in South Korea">Automotive industry in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality_in_South_Korea" title="Economic inequality in South Korea">Economic inequality in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_South_Korea" title="Energy in South Korea">Energy in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_South_Korea" title="Telecommunications in South Korea">Telecommunications in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_South_Korea" title="Tourism in South Korea">Tourism in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_South_Korea" title="Transport in South Korea">Transport in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_won" title="South Korean won">South Korean won</a> (currency)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaebol" title="Chaebol">Chaebol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_services_in_South_Korea" title="Financial services in South Korea">Financial services in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_South_Korea" title="Fishing industry in South Korea">Fishing industry in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle_on_the_Han_River" title="Miracle on the Han River">Miracle on the Han River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_South_Korea" title="Science and technology in South Korea">Science and technology in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_South_Korea" title="Squatting in South Korea">Squatting in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_South_Korea" title="Trade unions in South Korea">Trade unions in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Demographics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Demographics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_North_Korea" title="Demographics of North Korea">Demographics of North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_South_Korea" title="Demographics of South Korea">Demographics of South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_South_Korea" title="Aging of South Korea">Aging of South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_South_Korea" title="Gender inequality in South Korea">Gender inequality in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_birth_rate_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Low birth rate in South Korea">Low birth rate in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_adoption_of_South_Korean_children" title="International adoption of South Korean children">International adoption of South Korean children</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreatown" title="Koreatown">Koreatown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_name" title="Korean name">Korean name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture_of_Korea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Korea" title="Culture of Korea">Culture of Korea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Korea" title="Cinema of Korea">Cinema of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_cuisine" title="Korean cuisine">Korean cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization_in_South_Korea" title="Globalization in South Korea">Globalization in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_martial_arts" title="Korean martial arts">Korean martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_mythology" title="Korean mythology">Korean mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_philosophy" title="Korean philosophy">Korean philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Religion in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ssireum" title="Ssireum">Ssireum</a> (wrestling)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_sword" title="Korean sword">Korean sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_tea_ceremony" title="Korean tea ceremony">Korean tea ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattooing_in_South_Korea" title="Tattooing in South Korea">Tattooing in South Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Korean_art" title="Korean art">Korean art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_architecture" title="Korean architecture">Korean architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_calligraphy" title="Korean calligraphy">Korean calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_drama" title="Korean drama">Korean drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_literature" title="Korean literature">Korean literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_music_of_Korea" title="Traditional music of Korea">Traditional music of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_painting" title="Korean painting">Korean painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_pottery_and_porcelain" title="Korean pottery and porcelain">Korean pottery and porcelain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_North_Korea" title="Culture of North Korea">Culture of North Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_North_Korea" title="Education in North Korea">Education in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_literature" title="North Korean literature">North Korean literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Korea" title="Religion in North Korea">Religion in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_North_Korea" title="Smoking in North Korea">Smoking in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_North_Korea" title="Sport in North Korea">Sport in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arirang_Mass_Games" title="Arirang Mass Games">Arirang Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_North_Korea" title="Propaganda in North Korea">Propaganda in North Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_South_Korea" title="Culture of South Korea">Culture of South Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_South_Korea" title="Education in South Korea">Education in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Korea" title="Religion in South Korea">Religion in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_South_Korea" title="Smoking in South Korea">Smoking in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_South_Korea" title="Sport in South Korea">Sport in South Korea</a></li> <li>Cultural icons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Wave" title="Korean Wave">Korean Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-pop" title="K-pop">K-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage in South Korea">Marriage in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_South_Korea" title="Mass media in South Korea">Media of South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_South_Korea" title="Sexuality in South Korea">Sexuality in South Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Regions_and_administrative_divisions_of_South_Korea" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_and_administrative_divisions_of_South_Korea" title="Template:Regions and administrative divisions of South Korea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_and_administrative_divisions_of_South_Korea" title="Template talk:Regions and administrative divisions of South Korea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regions_and_administrative_divisions_of_South_Korea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regions and administrative divisions of South Korea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Regions_and_administrative_divisions_of_South_Korea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Korea" title="Regions of Korea">Regions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_South_Korea" title="Administrative divisions of South Korea">administrative divisions of South Korea</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Korea" title="Regions of Korea">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gyeonggi_(region)" title="Gyeonggi (region)">Gyeonggi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seoul_Capital_Area" title="Seoul Capital Area">Capital area</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwandong" title="Gwandong">Gwandong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeongdong_(region)" title="Yeongdong (region)">Yeongdong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeongseo" title="Yeongseo">Yeongseo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoseo" title="Hoseo">Hoseo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Chungcheong_Province" title="South Chungcheong Province">Daejeon–Sejong–Chungnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Chungcheong_Province" title="North Chungcheong Province">Chungbuk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honam" title="Honam">Honam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeongnam" title="Yeongnam">Yeongnam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daegu%E2%80%93Gyeongbuk" title="Daegu–Gyeongbuk">Daegu–Gyeongbuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busan%E2%80%93Gyeongnam_Area" title="Busan–Gyeongnam Area">Busan–Ulsan–Gyeongnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Maritime_Industrial_Region" title="Southeastern Maritime Industrial Region">Southeastern MIR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeju_Island" title="Jeju Island">Jeju</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_South_Korea" title="Provinces of South Korea">Provinces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Chungcheong_Province" title="North Chungcheong Province">North Chungcheong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Chungcheong_Province" title="South Chungcheong Province">South Chungcheong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyeonggi_Province" title="Gyeonggi Province">Gyeonggi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Gyeongsang_Province" title="North Gyeongsang Province">North Gyeongsang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Gyeongsang_Province" title="South Gyeongsang Province">South Gyeongsang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Jeolla_Province" title="South Jeolla Province">South Jeolla</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Five_Northern_Korean_Provinces" title="Committee for the Five Northern Korean Provinces">Claimed five Northern Korean Provinces</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_South_Korea" title="Provinces of South Korea">Special self-governing province and States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeju_Province" title="Jeju Province">Jeju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangwon_Province,_South_Korea" title="Gangwon Province, South Korea">Gangwon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeonbuk_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeonbuk State">Jeonbuk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_special_cities_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="List of special cities of South Korea">Special city</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_special_cities_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="List of special cities of South Korea">Special self-governing city</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sejong_City" title="Sejong City">Sejong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_special_cities_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="List of special cities of South Korea">Metropolitan cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Busan" title="Busan">Busan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daegu" title="Daegu">Daegu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daejeon" title="Daejeon">Daejeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwangju" title="Gwangju">Gwangju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incheon" title="Incheon">Incheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulsan" title="Ulsan">Ulsan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Asia" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding: 0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kastellorizo" title="Kastellorizo">Kastellorizo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>2 (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions of China</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>1 Spans the conventional boundary between Asia and another continent.</li> <li>2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in West Asia.</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="East_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:East_Asian_topics" title="Template:East Asian topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:East_Asian_topics" title="Template talk:East Asian topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:East_Asian_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:East Asian topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="East_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:East_Asian_countries" title="Category:East Asian countries">Countries and regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands" title="Ryukyu Islands">Ryukyu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeju_Province" title="Jeju Province">Jeju</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/East_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/80px-East_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/East_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/120px-East_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/East_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/160px-East_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_people" title="East Asian people">Ethnic groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_people" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese_subgroups" title="Han Chinese subgroups">subgroups</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_people" title="Yamato people">Yamato</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Koreans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_China" title="Koreans in China">in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Japan" title="Koreans in Japan">in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakhalin_Koreans" title="Sakhalin Koreans">in Sakhalin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_peoples" title="Mongolic peoples">Mongolic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongols_in_China" title="Mongols in China">in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalkha_Mongols" title="Khalkha Mongols">Khalkha in Mongolia</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_people" title="Qiang people">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_people" title="Ryukyuan people">Ryukyuans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Indigenous Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tujia_people" title="Tujia people">Tujia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_people" title="Yi people">Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_people" title="Zhuang people">Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_China" title="List of ethnic groups in China">other ethnic groups in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unrecognized_ethnic_groups_in_China" title="Unrecognized ethnic groups in China">unrecognized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Chinese_history" title="Ethnic groups in Chinese history">historical</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_East_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of East Asia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_age_reckoning" title="East Asian age reckoning">Age reckoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:East_Asian_architecture" title="Category:East Asian architecture">Architecture‎</a></li> <li>Art <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_art" title="Chinese art">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_art" title="Korean art">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_art" title="Taiwanese art">Taiwanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_blepharoplasty" title="East Asian blepharoplasty">Blepharoplasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Buddhism" title="East Asian Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_calligraphy" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinosphere" title="Sinosphere">Sinosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dance_in_East_Asia" title="Category:Dance in East Asia">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_knotting" title="Chinese knotting">Chinese knotting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_dragon" title="Chinese dragon">Chinese dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cultural_festivals_in_East_Asia" title="Category:Cultural festivals in East Asia">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_design#East_Asian_gardens" title="Garden design">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_hip-and-gable_roof" title="East Asian hip-and-gable roof">Hip-and-gable roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_East_Asia" title="Languages of East Asia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_literature" title="East Asian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_M%C4%81dhyamaka" title="East Asian Mādhyamaka">Mādhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_East_Asia" title="Category:Music of East Asia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:East_Asian_mythology" title="Category:East Asian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_philosophy" title="Eastern philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_and_vertical_writing_in_East_Asian_scripts" title="Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts">Scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_(East_Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal (East Asia)">Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Xenic_pronunciations" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Xenic pronunciations">Sino-Xenic pronunciations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_East_Asian_surnames" title="Lists of East Asian surnames">Surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Television_in_East_Asia" title="Category:Television in East Asia">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_typography" title="East Asian typography">Typography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Yog%C4%81c%C4%81ra" title="East Asian Yogācāra">Yogācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_zodiac" title="Chinese zodiac">Chinese zodiac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Environment_of_East_Asia" title="Category:Environment of East Asia">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Climate_Partnership" title="East Asia Climate Partnership">East Asia Climate Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Monsoon" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian Monsoon">Monsoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_rainy_season" title="East Asian rainy season">Rainy season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Asiatic_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Asiatic Region">Flora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_East_Asia" title="Economy of East Asia">Economy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_East_Asia" title="Category:Politics of East Asia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Japan%E2%80%93South_Korea_trilateral_summit" title="China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit">China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership_for_East_Asia" title="Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia">Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_model" title="East Asian model">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Summit" title="East Asia Summit">East Asia Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Bureau_of_Economic_Research" title="East Asian Bureau of Economic Research">East Asian Bureau of Economic Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Community" title="East Asian Community">East Asian Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Asian_Tigers" title="Four Asian Tigers">Four Asian Tigers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_East_Asia" title="Human rights in East Asia">Human rights in East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_and_harbors_of_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of ports and harbors of the Pacific Ocean">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_stock_exchanges#East_Asian" title="List of Asian stock exchanges">Stock exchanges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_East_Asia" title="History of East Asia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeology_of_East_Asia" title="Category:Archaeology of East Asia">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_cultures_of_East_Asia" title="Category:Archaeological cultures of East Asia">Archaeological cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age#East_Asia" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_countries_in_East_Asia" title="Category:Former countries in East Asia">Former countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sport_in_East_Asia" title="Category:Sport in East Asia">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Friendship_Athletic_Meeting" title="China–Japan–Korea Friendship Athletic Meeting">China–Japan–Korea Friendship Athletic Meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Football_Federation" title="East Asian Football Federation">East Asian Football Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Games" title="East Asian Games">East Asian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Judo_Championships" title="East Asian Judo Championships">East Asian Judo Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:East_Asian_martial_arts" title="Category:East Asian martial arts">East Asian martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Youth_Games" title="East Asian Youth Games">East Asian Youth Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EAFF_E-1_Football_Championship" title="EAFF E-1 Football Championship">EAFF E-1 Football Championship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_East_Asia" title="Category:Education in East Asia">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_East_Asian_Research_Universities" title="Association of East Asian Research Universities">Association of East Asian Research Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CrossAsia" title="CrossAsia">CrossAsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Economic_Review" title="East Asian Economic Review">East Asian Economic Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Image_Collection" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asia Image Collection">East Asia Image Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Law_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asia Law Review">East Asia Law Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_studies" title="East Asian studies">East Asian studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_East_Asian_Studies" title="Journal of East Asian Studies">Journal of East Asian Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Institute_(Ludwigshafen)" title="East Asia Institute (Ludwigshafen)">Ludwigshafen East Asia Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_in_East_Asia" title="Category:Military in East Asia">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_East_Asian_warfare" title="Horses in East Asian warfare">Horses in East Asian warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bansensh%C5%ABkai" title="Bansenshūkai">Bansenshūkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miyamoto_Musashi" title="Miyamoto Musashi">Miyamoto Musashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_War" title="The Art of War">The Art of War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Five_Rings" title="The Book of Five Rings">The Book of Five Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_Sun-sin" title="Yi Sun-sin">Yi Sun-sin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_and_technology_in_East_Asia" title="Category:Science and technology in East Asia">Science and technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Needham_Research_Institute" title="Needham Research Institute">Needham Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_printing_in_East_Asia" title="History of printing in East Asia">Printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:East_Asian_swords" title="Category:East Asian swords">Swords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:East_Asian_traditional_medicine" title="Category:East Asian traditional 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/></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000123088103">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/132441370">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4078029-6">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79126802">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11863345f">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/b9f7d640-46e8-313e-b158-ded6d18593b3">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA03928583?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/3410ac78-7959-43b1-8978-c9103f903ea2">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div 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